1098:
808:, called the alliterative charters. Almost all charters of Eadwig's reign are mainstream. There are Dunstan B charters dating to the reigns of Eadred and Edgar, but none of Eadwig, while only one alliterative charter (S 633) of Eadwig is known, a grant to Worcester minster. His charters were probably drawn up by a central writing office in the king's household which had existed since the 930s. About ninety charters survive, an exceptionally large number, but analysis is limited because only seven are original documents, with the rest being later copies. The sixty dating to 956 seem to have been mainly issued on four occasions, on his coronation in late January, on around 13 February, on a third occasion which cannot be dated, and on about 29 November.
839:
822:
780:
649:
will was his mother
Eadgifu, and Eadwig was not mentioned. She does not appear to have received the bequest as she later complained that she had been "despoiled of all her property", on Eadwig's accession, perhaps because he resented her power. Eadgifu had frequently attested charters in the reigns of her sons Edmund and Eadred, but she attested only one of Eadwig's, whereas Edgar was prominent at his brother's court between 955 and 957, attesting many of his charters. The position of Æthelstan Half-King was too strong for Eadwig to be able to remove him, but in 956 Eadwig appointed several new ealdormen covering parts of the area in Æthelstan's jurisdiction, including Æthelstan's eldest son
641:, and almost all of these were not attested by the king, suggesting that Dunstan was authorised to issue charters in Eadred's name when he was too ill to carry out his duties. When Eadwig succeeded, the court was ruled by powerful factions. He appears to have been determined to show his independence from the previous regime from the start: the historian Ben Snook comments that "Eadwig, unlike his brother Edgar, was clearly his own man. Immediately on coming to power, he acted to put a stop to all this." However, in the view of Keynes, "whether Eadwig and Edgar were able to assert their own independence of action, or remained at the mercy of established interests at court, is unclear".
613:, states that Eadwig, who was "leading a wicked life – as immoderate youth is accustomed to do – loved another woman as if she were his own wife"; he eloped with her, and Oda (Oswald's uncle) went on horseback to the house where she was staying, seized her and took her out of the kingdom. He then urged Eadwig to abandon his wicked ways, and henceforth the king "knelt before Oda with contrite visage". Some historians regard this story as a version of the account of Eadwig's marriage, but Keynes thinks that different stories about Eadwig and his women may have been conflated.
772:
Eadwig's name until his death, and the historian
Frederick Biggs comments that if Edgar had seized control of Mercia, it is unlikely that he would have allowed Eadwig to keep control over the area's coinage. Biggs sees the division as a survival of the early Anglo-Saxon tradition of joint kingship. Benedictine reformers such as Æthelwold opposed division because they wanted uniform monastic observance, which would be jeopardised if different kings supported different practices. Æthelwold criticised Eadwig for dividing the kingdom and praised Edgar for bringing it "back to oneness".
1205:
adopted a much stricter rule, forbidding marriages between people related in seven degrees and counting only once back to the common ancestor, which made marriages between people with a common great-great-great-great-grandparent ineligible. Churchmen denounced marriages within forbidden degrees as incestuous, and in the tenth and eleventh centuries
Continental nobility increasingly tried to avoid such unions. This created severe problems, especially for royalty, as almost all prospective partners of suitable status were too closely related, and in 988
5328:
38:
913:, which they themselves raised from the ground and established in a shrine. The prestige of those clerks was further enhanced by royal generosity, which gave the saint an estate admirably adapted both by its size and by its convenient position. All the same, even at this distance, it is horrible to remember how cruelly the king behaved to the other monasteries, being himself young and foolish, and moved too by the advice of his mistress, who constantly laid siege to his childish mind.
544:, who describes Eadwig as "deeply unpleasant", but most historians are sceptical. Ælfgifu was a member of the highest West Saxon aristocracy and she appears to have been on good terms with Edgar after his accession. He described her as his relative in charters granting her property. The historian Rory Naismith sees the story of Dunstan's intervention at the coronation dinner as "essentially a piece of propaganda designed to blacken the reputation of Eadwig, Ælfgifu and her mother".
565:, Ælfgifu, wife of King Eadwig, appears in a list of "illustrious women, choosing this holy place for the love of God, who have commended themselves to the prayers of the community by the gift of alms". Churchmen of the highest merit were willing to come to court when both the ladies were present. All that can be safely inferred from the story is the high probability that Dunstan was exiled because he had affronted the king, the woman who became the king's wife, and her mother.
390:(northern Northumbria), as the earl of all Northumbria. Eadred died on 23 November 955, and Eadwig succeeded at the age of around fifteen. He was the first king since the early ninth century not to face the threat of imminent foreign invasion, although this could not have been known at the time. In his will Eadred left 1600 pounds to be used for protection of his people from famine or to buy peace from a heathen army, showing that he did not regard England as safe from attack.
657:
no other ruler in Europe is known to have matched that yearly total before the twelfth century. They were mainly in favour of laymen, and it is possible that some church land was being alienated, but only a few estates are known to have formerly been in religious ownership. Historians sometimes assume that he was giving away royal property in order to buy support, but again there is little evidence for this. He may have been selling privileges, allowing landholders to convert
428:. This term is generally taken by historians to refer to Ælfric's status as a relative of Eadwig by marriage, but he may have played a role in bringing up Eadwig. Eadwig and Edgar are not recorded in contemporary sources until 955, when they first attested charters, suggesting that they did not regularly attend court when they were young. King Eadred never married, and his attitude towards the claims of his nephews is uncertain. Eadwig attested Eadred's charters as
909:
was a time when all monasteries wore an unkempt and pitiful air. Even the convent of
Malmesbury, where monks had dwelt for over two hundred and seventy years, he made into a bawdy house for clerks. But you, O Lord Jesus, our creator and re-creator, a skilled artificer well able to reform our deformities, used these unruly and wandering persons to bring to light and public knowledge your treasure that for so many years lay hidden – I mean the body of
918:
a charter of Eadwig granting
Abingdon a wood for building the church suggests that the work continued during his reign. Æthelwold sided with Eadwig over his marriage against Oda and Dunstan and Eadwig probably sent Edgar to be tutored by Æthelwold. Religious reform does not appear to have been an important issue for Edgar and his advisers in 958, when he granted estates to the unreformed house of secular clerks at the minster church of
525:, but he does not name the daughter in his account. "B" aimed both to show Dunstan in a favourable light and to present Eadwig as acting unregally at the coronation feast, thus demonstrating his unfitness to be king. Dunstan was exiled from England, and "B" said that he was driven out as a result of the machinations of Æthelgifu, and that Dunstan's own pupils sided against him. Dunstan's opponents probably included
232:. He later came to be seen as an enemy of monasteries, but most historians think that this reputation is unfair. In 956, he issued more than sixty charters transferring land, a yearly total unmatched by any other European king before the twelfth century, and this is seen by some historians as either an attempt to buy support or rewarding his favourites at the expense of the powerful old guard of the previous reign.
859:) in Eadwig's reign followed the three basic horizontal types of Eadred, HT1, HR1 and HR2. There were also additional horizontal types. Many HT1 coins were produced in the Midlands and South by some 35 moneyers, 17 of whom showed the mint town. There was an unexpectedly high number of HT1 coins from two York moneyers considering the shortness of Eadwig's reign, and 13 moneyers in the rest of north-east England.
499:, who identified himself only as "B", a well born woman and her adult daughter, who hoped to secure a marriage with Eadwig to one of them, were pursuing Eadwig with "indecent proposals", and he offended the assembled nobles by leaving the feast to "caress these whores". Oda urged that he should be brought back to the feast, but almost all the nobles feared to offend the king, and only Dunstan and his relative
768:
against Eadwig. Keynes considers both views of the division of the kingdom plausible, commenting that it may have been the result of dissatisfaction with Eadwig's rule north of the Thames, but on the other hand there would have been no presumption at that period that political unity was desirable for its own sake, and it may always have been intended that Eadwig would share the kingship with his brother.
974:
of his son. Ælfsige was also close to another supporter of Eadwig, Wulfric Cufing, and left him an estate in his will. Ælfsige's lifestyle made him abhorrent to the reformers. He was an enemy of Oda, and
Byrhtferth accused him of gloating over Oda's death and striking his tomb with his staff. When Oda died in 958, Eadwig appointed Ælfsige as Archbishop of Canterbury, but he froze to death in the
776:
959. Æthelstan Half-King appears to have retired around the time of the division; he had been Edgar's foster-father and he may have thought it was the right time to hand over his responsibilities. As Ælfhere was a
Mercian ealdorman, he served under Edgar when the kingdom was divided even though he had been appointed by Eadwig, and he became Edgar's senior ealdorman.
675:
Eadwig and he made the eldest, Ælfheah, his seneschal. Ælfheah and his wife Ælfswith, who was also acknowledged by Eadwig as a relative, benefited from his generosity. Ælfhere, who was to become the pre-eminent lay magnate until his death in 983, was appointed an ealdorman in Mercia in 956. Other ealdormen appointed in the first year of Eadwig's reign were
900:
and many of whom were married, were corrupt and immoral. Like Edmund and Eadred, Eadwig donated both to communities of
Benedictine monks and of secular clergy, but he was later portrayed as an enemy of the movement who despoiled the monasteries and favoured the secular clergy. According to the Benedictine chronicler
517:
your great men." Dunstan first told off the foolish women. As for the king, since he would not get up, Dunstan put out his hand and removed him from the couch where he had been fornicating with the harlots, put his diadem on him, and marched him off to the royal company, parted from his women if only by main force.
730:
aristocracy of remoter areas. In the twenty first century, Christopher Lewis sees the division as the solution to "a dangerously unstable government and a court in deep crisis", while Miller and
Naismith attribute it to an unsuccessful attempt to promote a powerful new faction at the expense of the old guard.
757:'s view, the difference in dates may be because it was always intended that Edgar would rule Mercia as a sub-king, but he was unable to act in person until he came of age when he reached the age of fourteen in 957. The Worcester charter S 633 of 956 (see the "Charters" section below) describes Edgar as
1083:
Eadwig was an unusually generous king who appears to have managed the emerging factional rivalries amongst the
English nobility with remarkable dexterity and political acumen, arguably preserving peace, if not unity, in the kingdom and avoiding the devastating infighting that would tear England apart
899:
and prohibition of personal property, became dominant in religion and politics. Kings before Edgar were sympathetic to its ideals, but they did not take the view of Bishop Æthelwold and his circle that it was the only worthwhile religious life, and that the secular clergy (clerks), who owned property
656:
Historians have often been critical of Eadwig, portraying him as irresponsible or incompetent, and the key evidence cited for this view is the exceptional number of charters he issued in 956. His sixty-odd gifts of land in that year make up around five percent of all genuine Anglo-Saxon charters, and
590:
also questions "B"'s account of the coronation feast, suggesting that Oda may have objected to the marriage on the ground that it was against ecclesiastical law and that "B"'s version may have been based on an unsuccessful attempt by Dunstan and Cynesige to dissuade him from the marriage. In the view
1225:
condemned the marriage as incestuous and a Roman synod demanded that Hugh leave Bertha and sentenced the couple to seven years' penance, but Robert ignored the complaints until it became clear that Bertha was not going to give him a son, and the charge of incest then provided a convenient excuse for
917:
Eadwig gave land to Æthelwold's Abingdon in many charters, leading him to be later regarded by its monks as one of its greatest royal benefactors. He is also named as a benefactor of Abingdon in a charter of 993. The construction of a new church was commenced by Eadred and completed under Edgar, but
908:
For soon, with the support of his pitiful toadies, plunged all men of the monastic order all over England into undeserved calamities, first stripping them of the support of their revenues and then driving them into exile. Dunstan himself as head of all the monks was sent packing into Flanders. That
882:
There is no evidence that coins were struck in the name of Edgar during Eadwig's reign, and coins of Eadwig in Mercia and Northumbria were much more common than would be expected if some had been struck in Edgar's name in 957–959, indicating that all coins were struck in Eadwig's name throughout his
775:
There is no evidence of rivalry between the brothers, but there were disagreements. Soon after becoming king of Mercia Edgar recalled Dunstan from his exile, and he showed his disapproval of Eadwig's treatment of their grandmother by restoring her property when he acceded to the throne of England in
462:
The evidence for Eadwig's reign is ambiguous and unclear, and historians differ widely both on his character and on the politics of his reign. The principal controversies concern his marriage and its dissolution in 958, and the division of the kingdom in 957 between Eadwig, who kept England south of
1033:
Some contemporaries were more sympathetic. Æthelweard, who may have been Eadwig's brother-in-law, wrote that "he for his great beauty got the nickname "All-fair" from the common people. He held the kingdom continuously for four years, and deserved to be loved." The New Minster, where he was buried,
973:
Eadwig's close allies included Ælfsige, who had been appointed Bishop of Winchester by Eadred in 951. Ælfsige was a wealthy married man with a son, who had strong connections with the West Saxon aristocracy. He described Ælfhere's brother, Ælfheah, as "my beloved friend", and appointed him guardian
707:
forming the boundary. According to "B", "King Eadwig was totally abandoned by the people north . They despised him for his imprudent discharge of the power entrusted to him. The wise and sensible he destroyed in a spirit of idle hatred, replacing them with ignoramuses like himself to whom he took a
1053:
Modern historians generally reject "B"'s verdict. Williams sees his comments as "mere spite" from a partisan of Dunstan. Snook says that "B" "conducted a comprehensive hatchet-job on Eadwig's reputation, portraying him as an incompetent, lecherous, vengeful, impious tyrant". "B" and his successors
790:
Little is known of Eadwig after the division of the kingdom. A man called Ælfric became an ealdorman in the south-east in 957, but he probably died in 958. Eadmund, probably Ealdorman of the Western Shires, had usually attested second among the lay magnates after Æthelstan before the division, and
516:
was disporting himself disgracefully between the two women as though they were wallowing in some revolting pigsty. They said to the king: "Our nobles have sent us to ask you to come with all speed to take your proper place in the hall, and not to refuse to show yourself at this happy occasion with
1074:
Eadwig left no family to cultivate his memory, was too easy a target for the moralists-in-politics of the late tenth century. The circumstances of his brief reign were complex and some arguments against him must have been strictly contemporary, part of the debate about succession which took place
665:
which was exempt from most obligations, thus making money but reducing the income of the crown in the long term. However, many of the estates had recently been the subject of royal charters, which means they must have already been bookland, and suggests that in some cases he may have been seizing
648:
even though his will suggests that this location was not his choice. He probably wished to be buried at a reformed Benedictine monastery such as Glastonbury, but Eadwig may have wanted to ensure that his tomb would not become a focus for opponents such as Dunstan. The main beneficiary in Eadred's
255:
became dominant in Edgar's reign with his strong support, and monastic writers praised him and condemned Eadwig as irresponsible and incompetent. Their view was generally accepted by historians until the late twentieth century, but in the twenty-first century some historians have defended Eadwig,
729:
attributed the division to Eadwig having "alienated responsible ecclesiastical opinion". Stenton commented that it was probably through "mere irresponsibility" that Eadwig lost the greater part of his kingdom, that in the society of his West Saxon friends it is likely that he lost touch with the
674:
Some of the hostility towards Eadwig was probably due to his promotion of his friends, especially Ælfhere, at the expense of the old guard, such as Dunstan. Ælfhere and his brothers were acknowledged by several kings as relatives, but the nature of the relationship is unknown. They were close to
771:
Eadwig seems to have retained some seniority. He is described as "King of the English" in his charters, a title which Edgar only occasionally used; Edgar was mostly "King of the Mercians", and rarely also of the Northumbrians and the Britons. All coins, including those issued in Mercia, were in
580:), in 958 "Archbishop Oda separated King Eadwig and Ælfgifu, because they were too closely related". It is not certain what their relationship was, but Eadwig's wife has been identified as the Ælfgifu who made a will naming Æthelweard as her brother, and he has been identified as the chronicler
1204:
Roman civil law forbade marriages within four degrees, counting up from a prospective spouse to the common ancestor and back down the other prospective spouse, which made marriages between first cousins incestuous, and this rule was adopted by the early church. In the ninth century, the church
926:
distributed the lands of the holy churches to rapacious strangers". Eadwig's gifts to monasteries are numerous enough to show that he was not hostile to them, and his reputation as an opponent seems to be due to the fact that he regarded Dunstan as a personal enemy. Some early sources, such as
767:
who attested his charters before the division were loyal to him after it. Both Edgar's prominence as an attester of charters up to the division, and his retention as king of Mercia of ealdormen appointed by Eadwig, are evidence of continuity, and that the division of the kingdom was not a coup
694:
The titles given to kings Edmund and Eadred in charters varied, with the most common being "king of the English". In Eadwig's charters issued before the division of the kingdom in 957, he was variously styled king of "the Anglo-Saxons", "the English", "Albion" and "the whole of Britain". Oda's
235:
In 957, the kingdom was divided between Eadwig, who kept the territory south of the Thames, and Edgar, who became king of the land north of it. Historians disagree whether this had been planned since the beginning of his reign or was the result of a successful revolt brought about by Eadwig's
763:(underking). Charters of 957 to 959 suggest that the division was a peaceful political settlement: ealdormen and bishops with jurisdictions south of the Thames stayed with Eadwig and those with northern ones with Edgar, including those who had been promoted by Eadwig. Almost all
1238:Æthelred declares that "it must never happen that a Christian man marries among his own kin within six degrees of relationship, that is, within the fourth generation". If Ælfgifu was the sister of the chronicler Æthelweard, who stated that Alfred the Great's elder brother King
1030:, "Eadwig, king of the English, since he behaved foolishly in the government entrusted to him, was abandoned by the Mercians and the Northumbrians with contempt". To William of Malmesbury he "was a wanton youth, and one who misused his personal beauty in lascivious behaviour".
569:
The marriage was politically important as part of Eadwig's efforts to strengthen his position as king, and it may have been seen as a threat by the circle around Edgar as it could have cut him out from the prospect of inheriting the crown. According to version "D" of the
927:
Dunstan's biographer B and Byrhtferth, criticised Eadwig but do not list spoliation of the church among his crimes, and he was selected by some monastic forgers as the grantor of estates to their establishments, showing that he was considered a plausible benefactor.
552:
Even in its earliest form it has already assumed a scandalous colour which clashes with better evidence. It is known, for example, that the younger of the two ladies married the king and that she was honoured in one of the greatest of English monasteries. In the
670:
observes that the large number of charters may indicate that Eadwig had to buy support, but too little is known about the background to be sure. The wealth of the crown was so great that the grants do not seem to have significantly depleted its resources.
1066:, and from later sources which elaborate the same themes. It is the case, however, that Eadwig quarrelled with Dunstan, and sent him into exile; and it may be doubted whether a life of the saint would provide impartial evidence for the life of the king.
878:
types under Eadwig. The weight of the coins continued a gradual decline since the reign of Edward the Elder. The high silver content in the period of 85–95% was generally maintained, but as under Eadred there were a few less fine coins produced.
870:, with a cross on both sides of the coin in the centre and the inscriptions round the edge. These were both produced in very limited numbers, but foreshadowed more extensive use in Edgar's reign. East Anglian moneyers had generally used the
620:, which is a northern document dating to the second half of the eleventh century or the early twelfth, is the only source for the annulment. In his view it "is too late to have authority on a subject which invited legendary accretions".
511:
As the nobles had requested, they went in and found the royal crown, brilliant with the wonderful gold and silver and variously sparkling jewels that made it up, tossed carelessly on the ground some distance from the king's head, while
1093:
Other historians are more cautious. Williams comments that "much is still obscure about the politics of Eadwig's reign", and Richard Huscroft agrees, saying that "the evidence about Eadwig's reign remains obscure and ambiguous".
1006:, which had been built by Edward the Elder to serve as a royal mausoleum. Alfred and Edward were buried there, but the only later royal entombment was that of Eadwig, associating his reign with that of his illustrious ancestors.
922:, but in the 970s Benedictine reformers rewrote the history of the 950s and presented Edgar's accession as a victory for the movement over the unfit rule of Eadwig. Æthelwold wrote that Eadwig "through the ignorance of childhood
1088:
What seems clear is that, at this time, the kingdom's leading ecclesiastics, emboldened by the ideology of the monastic reform movement, were keen to enhance their personal and political influence at the expense of the king's
791:
after it he moved up to first in Eadwig's charters until Ælfhere's brother Ælfheah was promoted from seneschal to Ealdorman of Central Wessex shortly before Eadwig died, and immediately went to the head of the lay attesters.
799:
Most charters in the mid-tenth century were written in a style known as the "diplomatic mainstream", but there were also two other traditions, one associated with Dunstan, the Dunstan B charters, and the other with
687:, became ealdorman of Essex. These were sound appointments of men from established families and Edgar kept them when he came to power, but the rivalries between the families of Ælfhere and Æthelstan Half-King's son
1058:
Eadwig has acquired a reputation as a debaucher, an opponent of monasticism, a despoiler of the church, and an incompetent ruler, which derives from the account of him in the earliest life of St Dunstan , written
695:
attestations during Edmund's and Eadred's reigns had been longer and more boastful than those of the king, but these were cut down during Eadwig's time, no longer allowing him to overshadow his royal master.
599:"B's account is a lurid fabrication of Oda's implementation of the procedures of canon law". On the other hand, Sean Miller argues that objections to the marriage were political rather than religious, and
628:
Eadwig's predecessor Eadred suffered from ill health which became much worse in his last years, and he relied on key advisers, including his mother Eadgifu, Archbishop Oda, Abbot Dunstan of Glastonbury,
378:
Like Edmund, Eadred inherited the kingship of the whole of England but soon lost it when York accepted a Viking leader as king. The sequence of events is unclear, but Eadred, Anlaf Sihtricson and
1014:"B"'s condemnation of Eadwig has influenced later opinion. From soon after his death, most judgements of him were harsh, amounting in the view of the historian Shashi Jayakumar to "a type of
1117:
The story of Eadwig and Ælfgifu was a popular subject for artists, playwrights and poets in the second half of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth. Artists included
2803:
347:(southern Northumbria). He then invaded Mercia and Edmund was forced to surrender north-east Mercia to him, but Guthfrithson died in 941. By 944, York was ruled by two Viking kings,
5391:
1034:
also remembered him favourably, saying in its tenth century history that he was "mourned by many tears of his people". The Minster was a beneficiary of Ælfgifu's will, and its
721:, published in 1889, stated that Eadwig carried on the government foolishly and provoked the Mercians and Northumbrians to rebellion by favouring the West Saxons. In 1922,
1226:
ending the marriage. Consanguinity which was ignored at the time of a marriage provided a convenient justification for ending it in other cases, such as that of King
737:
mention the division of the kingdom, and they all describe it as the "succession" of Edgar to the kingship of the Mercians, as if it was a normal and expected event.
1272:
Eadred made bequests to an unspecified location where "he wishes his body to rest", and then property to the Old Minster, implying that they were different places.
320:
as the second Lady of the Mercians, but Edward seized her and established full control over Mercia. When he died in 924, he controlled all of England south of the
316:, who was his sister and Æthelred's widow, conquered Viking-ruled eastern Mercia and East Anglia. Æthelflæd died in 918 and the Mercians installed her daughter
5384:
382:
ruled the kingdom of York at different periods until its magnates expelled Erik, and Northumbria became permanently part of England. Eadred then appointed
1242:
was his great-great-grandfather, she and Eadwig were related in the fourth degree on his side and the fifth on hers by their common descent from King
1097:
4472:
Naismith, Rory (2014b). "Prelude to Reform: Tenth-Century English Coinage in Perspective". In Naismith, Rory; Allen, Martin; Screen, Elina (eds.).
1263:
stated that Oda separated Eadwig and Ælfgifu, but John was uncertain whether this was because they were too closely related or they were unmarried.
852:
304:, had accepted Alfred's overlordship, and in the 880s and 890s the Anglo-Saxons ruled Wessex and western Mercia, but the rest of England was under
5377:
356:
206:
603:
sees the annulment as a result of the successful revolt of Edgar, which weakened Eadwig so much that his enemies felt able to act against him.
1042:
is one of the few sources to describe her as Eadwig's wife. In the late tenth or early eleventh century, a slave was freed in his memory at
537:. Æthelwold supported the marriage, describing Ælfgifu in an Abingdon charter as "the king's wife", and she left him an estate in her will.
355:, and in that year Edmund expelled them and recovered full control of England. On 26 May 946, he was stabbed to death trying to protect his
216:
Eadwig became king in 955 aged about fifteen and was no more than twenty when he died in 959. He clashed at the beginning of his reign with
637:, who was so powerful that he was known as the Half-King. Most surviving charters of the last two years of Eadred's reign were produced at
4191:
Keynes, Simon (2013). "Church Councils, Royal Assemblies and Anglo-Saxon Royal Diplomas". In Owen-Crocker, Gale; Schneider, Brian (eds.).
616:
Historians almost all accept that the marriage between Eadwig and Ælfgifu was dissolved, but Stenton was an exception, pointing out that
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3448:
3175:
335:
and thus became the first king of all of England. He died in October 939 and was succeeded by his half-brother and Eadwig's father,
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331:, who may have been king only of Mercia at first, but ruled the whole of his father's realm by the next year. In 927, he conquered
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4379:"Eadwig All-Fair, king of England (955 [cons. 26 January 956] – 1 October 959) (kingdom divided with Edgar, 957)"
1075:
between 955 and 957. At best we have received only half of those arguments, those used to bury Eadwig not to praise him.
209:
from attack by an outlawed thief on 26 May 946. As Edmund's sons were too young to rule he was succeeded by his brother
339:, who was the first king to succeed to the throne of all England. He almost immediately lost control of the north when
479:, probably in late January 956. After the ceremony, a feast was held for the king and his leading magnates, including
5323:
457:
1352:
Southwell was probably transferred to the archbishopric of York when Oscytel was appointed archbishop in 958 or 959.
301:
6149:
3389:
Brooks, Nicholas (1992). "The Career of St Dunstan". In Ramsay, Nigel; Sparks, Margaret; Tatton-Brown, Tim (eds.).
717:
4416:. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 3. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 327–344.
5129:
1054:
wrote "all manner of puerile prattle about his impiety and his unsuitability for high office". In Keynes's view:
592:
256:
while others see his character and the events of his reign as unclear due to uncertain and conflicting evidence.
4251:
Lewis, Christopher (2008). "Edgar, Chester and the Kingdom of the Mercians, 957–959". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).
661:, which they already owned as hereditary family estates which owed food, rent and services to the crown, into
1043:
480:
237:
6051:
6014:
4588:
The Anglo-Saxon Chancery: The History, Language and Production of Anglo-Saxon Charters from Alfred to Edgar
3793:
3646:
3408:
3292:
935:
703:
In the summer of 957, the kingdom was divided between Eadwig in the south and Edgar in the north, with the
4378:
838:
821:
5776:
4453:
Naismith, Rory (2014a). "Money". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
4409:
3367:
987:
733:
Other historians reject the view that the division was caused by Eadwig's failures. Four versions of the
448:
respectively for prince), and while some give Edgar the same title, others show him as Eadwig's brother.
5765:
584:, who was descended from King Æthelred I, which would have made her Eadwig's third cousin once removed.
522:
241:
130:
6061:
5739:
5707:
4635:
Unification and Conquest. A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries
4358:
Miller, Sean (2014). "Eadwig". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
2704:
1130:
1105:
892:
779:
252:
5319:
5310:
4153:
Keynes, Simon (2008b). "A Conspectus of the Charters of King Edgar 957–975". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).
3832:
Jayakumar, Shashi (2008). "Eadwig and Edgar: Politics, Propaganda, Faction". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).
526:
6056:
5851:
5796:
5404:
3314:
Bouchard, Constance (1981). "Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries".
1654:
1168:
1046:
in Cornwall. Æthelred the Unready named his sons after his predecessors, and his fifth son was named
2652:
581:
399:
198:
163:
6174:
5857:
5846:
5552:
5408:
5400:
5151:
4896:
3933:. Anglo-Saxon Charters. Vol. 10. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for the British Academy.
3288:
1282:
1118:
991:
711:
Until the late twentieth century most historians blamed the division on Eadwig's incompetent rule.
667:
541:
492:
225:
418:
of Mercia, was acknowledged as a relative of the royal family, and his sister married the magnate
5826:
5821:
5806:
5781:
4813:
1150:
1003:
725:
saw the division as the result of a revolt by the Mercians against Eadwig's misrule, and in 1984
645:
556:
119:
5488:
6005:
5890:
5836:
5811:
5786:
5771:
5643:
5478:
3542:
3231:
368:
281:
202:
81:
5948:
634:
5995:
5905:
5885:
5816:
5754:
5744:
5734:
5613:
5608:
5581:
5542:
5537:
3789:
947:
901:
862:
Eadwig's reign saw several typological developments: especially the revival in London of the
712:
572:
500:
5700:
5452:
3989:
Keynes, Simon (1985). "King Æthelstan's books". In Lapidge, Michael; Gneuss, Helmut (eds.).
1221:, who was his second cousin, and thus related in the third degree, shocking contemporaries.
6154:
5973:
5920:
5910:
5900:
5873:
5791:
5714:
5648:
5603:
5593:
5587:
5576:
5570:
5520:
4529:
2051:
1231:
967:
722:
534:
488:
476:
352:
245:
221:
8:
6159:
6000:
5953:
5895:
5831:
5628:
5618:
5598:
5564:
5369:
5351:
4874:
1320:
1227:
1214:
1023:
931:
856:
805:
504:
383:
265:
5327:
4794:(1996). "Saint Oswald's Family and Kin". In Brooks, Nicholas; Cubitt, Catherine (eds.).
4412:(2014). "The Problems of Property". In Noble, Thomas. F. X.; Smith, Julia M. H. (eds.).
6037:
5675:
5623:
5547:
4070:. Cambridge, UK: Dept. of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic, University of Cambridge, UK.
4033:
3668:
3529:
3355:
3339:
3026:
2592:
2318:
1940:
1218:
1210:
340:
293:
273:
4331:
1047:
5670:
5483:
5284:
5257:
5231:
5200:
5181:
5159:
5137:
5108:
5070:
5032:
4987:
4956:
4937:
4920:
4882:
4860:
4843:
4835:
4823:
4799:
4777:
4755:
4726:
4688:
4657:
4638:
4621:
4591:
4574:
4566:
4554:
4537:
4515:
4496:
4477:
4458:
4439:
4417:
4395:
4363:
4316:
4315:. Anglo-Saxon Charters. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for the British Academy.
4297:
4278:
4256:
4237:
4218:
4196:
4177:
4158:
4139:
4102:
4071:
4050:
4037:
4025:
3994:
3975:
3956:
3934:
3915:
3914:. Anglo-Saxon Charters. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for the British Academy.
3896:
3895:. Anglo-Saxon Charters. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for the British Academy.
3876:
3859:
3837:
3818:
3801:
3768:
3737:
3720:
3700:
3680:
3654:
3615:
3597:
3578:
3558:
3533:
3521:
3490:
3464:
3433:
3416:
3394:
3375:
3347:
3331:
3300:
3274:
3250:
3217:
3191:
3150:
2580:
2461:
1586:
1260:
1195:
In this period a pound was not a coin but a unit of account equivalent to 240 pence.
1027:
1017:
994:
to Canterbury, but when Edgar succeeded he dismissed Byrhthelm in favour of Dunstan.
959:
919:
691:
were to destabilise the country and broke into open hostilities after Edgar's death.
638:
407:
344:
20:
5531:
5176:(1988). "Æthelwold and the Politics of the Tenth Century". In Yorke, Barbara (ed.).
3359:
676:
5988:
5978:
5868:
5841:
5693:
5525:
5445:
5438:
5361:
5223:
5100:
5062:
5024:
4979:
4912:
4718:
4680:
4613:
4605:
4339:
4094:
4017:
3760:
3623:
3570:
3513:
3456:
3323:
3183:
3142:
2426:
1642:
1026:
were adopted by post-Conquest hagiographers and monastic chroniclers. According to
955:
684:
600:
348:
309:
297:
5244:
5121:
5083:
5045:
5007:
4739:
4701:
4350:
4122:
3781:
3634:
3477:
3204:
3163:
2813:
2046:
1676:
1213:, unsuccessfully sought a daughter of the Byzantine emperor as a wife for his son
5983:
5728:
5558:
5510:
5500:
5494:
4817:
4431:
4210:
3692:
3642:
2821:
2734:
2491:
1286:
1163:
866:, with a crude portrait of the king on the obverse, and in the south-west of the
783:
596:
364:
190:
143:
53:
4332:"Edward [called Edward the Elder] (870s?–924), king of the Anglo-Saxons"
3235:
3212:
Biggs, Frederick (2008). "Edgar's Path to the Throne". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).
2552:
2170:
1896:
6081:
5968:
5925:
5879:
5664:
4791:
4722:
4362:(Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 155–156.
3888:
3712:
3672:
3460:
3187:
1992:
1303:
1222:
1172:
1146:
662:
658:
530:
5104:
5028:
4983:
4916:
4827:
4343:
4098:
4049:. Vol. III. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 456–484.
4021:
3972:
Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources
3764:
3704:
3684:
3146:
419:
398:
Eadwig was born around 940. He was the elder son of Edmund and his first wife
6143:
5252:
Yorke, Barbara (2008). "The Women in Edgar's Life". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).
5227:
5173:
5066:
4924:
4877:(2009). "Problems in doing Comparative History". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.).
4847:
4769:
4747:
4684:
4625:
4578:
4558:
4541:
4436:
William of Malmesbury: Gesta Regum Anglorum, The History of the English Kings
4029:
3880:
3863:
3724:
3627:
3562:
3525:
3504:
Cubitt, Catherine (1997). "The Tenth-Century Benedictine Reform in England".
3420:
3335:
3254:
3130:
2676:
2640:
1800:
1176:
1126:
951:
754:
545:
521:"B" names one of the women as Æthelgifu, the mother of Eadwig's future wife,
379:
19:"Edwy" redirects here. For the airport in Germany with ICAO code "EDWY", see
4879:
Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter
3805:
3517:
1924:
1239:
1037:
37:
6106:
5863:
4457:(Second ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 329–330.
3948:
3677:
Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland
3351:
3171:
1614:
1423:
1158:
1138:
1134:
855:. The horizontal coin designs (with the moneyer's name horizontally on the
704:
587:
496:
360:
5458:
4617:
2508:
2386:
1243:
874:
design since the reign of Æthelstan, but may have switched temporarily to
328:
6111:
6096:
5681:
4654:
Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages
4172:
Keynes, Simon (2009). "Edward the Ætheling". In Mortimer, Richard (ed.).
3297:
Coinage in Tenth Century England: From Edward the Elder to Edgar's Reform
2986:
2931:
1860:
1570:
562:
441:
332:
277:
4065:
4045:
Keynes, Simon (1999). "England, c. 900–1016". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.).
2302:
2286:
1335:
has three crosses in the middle (see illustration above). HR coins have
679:
in Mercia and Æthelstan Half-King's son Æthelwold in East Anglia, while
6086:
6076:
6066:
5653:
5515:
4270:
3611:
3343:
1206:
910:
851:
The only coin in common use in late Anglo-Saxon England was the silver
726:
606:
4903::the Family, Career and Connections of Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia".
2524:
1542:
1459:
630:
411:
403:
317:
292:, but in that year the West Saxons achieved a decisive victory at the
205:
were young children when their father was killed trying to rescue his
6101:
6071:
5658:
5633:
5304:
5281:
The Reigns of Edmund, Eadred and Eadwig, 939-959: New Interpretations
3851:
3090:
2071:
2032:
1693:
844:
HT1 style reverse inscribed 'HERIGER MO'. Heriger was a York moneyer.
680:
415:
193:
from 23 November 955 until his death in 959. He was the elder son of
5759:
4474:
Early Medieval Monetary History: Studies in Memory of Mark Blackburn
3697:
Select English Historical Documents of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
3327:
2855:
2775:
2138:
1828:
1514:
213:, who suffered from ill health and died unmarried in his early 30s.
6091:
6032:
5638:
5463:
3699:(in Latin and English). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2688:
2616:
1844:
943:
896:
387:
336:
229:
194:
153:
4438:(in Latin and English). Vol. I. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
4294:
The King's Body: Burial and Succession in Late Anglo-Saxon England
3800:. Vol. XVII. London, UK: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 140.
1022:". The hostile views of Eadwig in the lives of Saints Dunstan and
6009:
5915:
2998:
2827:
2568:
2214:
2154:
1602:
983:
963:
939:
801:
484:
305:
217:
138:
2974:
2354:
1772:
429:
248:. Edgar succeeded to the whole kingdom when Eadwig died in 959.
5801:
5749:
5468:
5344:
3993:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–201.
3415:(in Latin and English). London, UK: Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd.
2540:
2370:
2338:
1912:
1247:
464:
372:
321:
289:
285:
269:
210:
71:
4656:(Paperback ed.). London, UK: Leicester University Press.
3753:"Æthelwine [Ethelwine, Æthelwine Dei Amicus] (d. 992)"
3577:(in Latin and English). Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2481:
2008:
1285:'s catalogue of Anglo-Saxon charters, available online at the
5721:
5136:(in Latin and English). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
2402:
764:
445:
5256:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 143–157.
4934:
Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England, c. 500–1066
4255:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 104–123.
4236:(2nd ed.). Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press.
4067:
An Atlas of Attestations in Anglo-Saxon Charters, c.670–1066
3216:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 124–139.
1343:
has a circle, a cross and a circle instead of three crosses.
930:
In addition to Malmesbury and Abingdon, Eadwig gave land to
5505:
4772:(1988). "Æthelwold and Abingdon". In Yorke, Barbara (ed.).
4553:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
4215:
Byrhtferth of Ramsey: The Lives of St Oswald and St Ecgwine
4195:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 17–182.
3836:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 83–103.
3487:
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, A Collaborative Edition, 6, MS D
2763:
1816:
1788:
979:
975:
5399:
5180:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 65–88.
4798:. London, UK: Leicester University Press. pp. 46–63.
4776:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 43–64.
4176:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 42–62.
4157:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 60–80.
3594:
Dissolving Royal Marriages: A Documentary History 860–1600
3054:
2952:
2950:
2604:
2451:
2449:
2274:
4430:
4392:
The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century
4138:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 3–58.
3393:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 1–23.
3066:
2992:
2739:
2724:
2682:
2104:
2102:
1298:
The charters of 956 are discussed in detail by Keynes in
3430:
Monk-Bishops and the English Benedictine Reform Movement
3078:
3042:
2962:
2895:
2883:
2414:
2226:
2202:
1956:
1760:
1630:
1179:
as Elgiva, but closed after one disastrous performance.
4534:
The Laws of the Kings of England from Edmund to Henry I
4455:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
4360:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
3014:
2947:
2751:
2628:
2446:
2114:
1750:
1748:
1709:
1502:
1480:
1478:
343:, the Viking king of Dublin, crossed the sea to become
4193:
Kingship, Legislation and Power in Anglo-Saxon England
3432:. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.
2871:
2250:
2190:
2126:
2099:
1884:
1721:
666:
estates and selling or giving them to his favourites.
467:, and Edgar, who became king of the land north of it.
4754:(3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
4217:(in Latin and English). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
2919:
2087:
1980:
1872:
1733:
1490:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
410:, where Ælfgifu was buried and venerated as a saint.
276:
in 865. By 878, the army had overrun the kingdoms of
5093:"Edgar [called Edgar Pacificus] (943/4–975)"
4512:
Kingship and Consent in Anglo-Saxon England, 871–978
4476:. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. pp. 39–83.
3616:"Æthelstan (Athelstan) (893/4–939), king of England"
2791:
2496:
2020:
1968:
1745:
1558:
1475:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
5279:Blanchard, Mary; Riedel, Christopher, eds. (2024).
5128:
4857:
English Historical Documents, Volume 1, c. 500–1042
3106:
2843:
2710:
2238:
2220:
1866:
1648:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1530:
1002:Eadwig died on 1 October 959 and was buried in the
962:was founded on a large estate which Eadwig gave to
950:were still in the abbey's hands at the time of the
422:, who is described in a charter of 956 as Eadwig's
308:. Alfred died in 899 and was succeeded by his son,
4008:Keynes, Simon (1994). "The "Dunstan B" Charters".
3953:The Diplomas of King Æthelred the Unready 978–1016
2907:
2262:
1681:
698:
4434:; Thomson, R. M.; Winterbottom, M., eds. (1998).
3641:
2558:
1435:
1411:
1366:
6141:
4296:. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
3875:. Worcester, UK: Ebenezer Baylis & Son Ltd.
3569:
3287:
2980:
2646:
2622:
2598:
2586:
2574:
2546:
1918:
1079:Snook gives the most favourable modern verdict:
5307:at the official website of the British monarchy
5278:
4936:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press Ltd.
1447:
4608:(1981). "The King's Wife in Wessex 800–1066".
4275:The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England 500–1087
4253:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations
4155:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations
4136:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations
3991:Learning and Literature in Anglo-Saxon England
3970:Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1983).
3834:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations
3214:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations
633:, whom he appointed Bishop of Winchester, and
507:, had the courage to face his ire. B went on:
5385:
4953:Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King
4881:. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 5–28.
4842:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
4536:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
4514:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
4495:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3969:
3955:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3719:. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press.
3653:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3596:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3446:
3372:The Early History of the Church of Canterbury
3100:
1429:
272:raids, culminating in invasion by the Viking
4174:Edward the Confessor: The Man and the Legend
3679:. Vol. I. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
3667:
3036:
5952:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
4414:Early Medieval Christianities c. 600 – 1100
3591:
1806:
1102:Edwy and Elgiva, A Scene from Saxon History
1035:
1015:
895:with monasteries following strict rules of
828:
758:
554:
435:
423:
6129:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
5392:
5378:
5326:
5199:. London, UK: Leicester University Press.
5178:Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence
4796:St Oswald of Worcester: Life and Influence
4774:Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence
4590:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press.
201:, who died in 944. Eadwig and his brother
36:
5052:
5014:
4969:
4854:
4834:
4708:
4670:
4548:
4528:
4471:
4452:
4389:
4291:
3858:. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
3831:
3543:"Feminism, Tragedy, and Frances Burney's
3374:. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
2968:
2941:
2889:
2877:
2861:
2769:
2745:
2634:
2610:
2562:
2475:
2471:
2436:
2420:
2324:
2148:
2057:
2014:
2002:
1906:
1838:
1766:
1739:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1548:
1524:
1508:
1484:
1465:
1300:The Diplomas of King Æthelred the Unready
1234:in 1152. The law code of 1008 known as VI
45:Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England
5090:
4950:
4931:
4895:
4651:
4632:
4604:
4565:
4490:
3812:
3551:Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism
3447:Courtney, W. P.; Mills, Rebecca (2021).
3407:
3313:
3135:"Byrhtnoth [Brihtnoth] (d. 991)"
3084:
3032:
3004:
2956:
2455:
2296:
2256:
2180:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2061:
1890:
1854:
1822:
1810:
1794:
1715:
1703:
1580:
1576:
1112:
1096:
1084:during the reign of Æthelred the Unready
778:
393:
5220:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5097:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5059:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5021:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4976:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4873:
4859:(2nd ed.). London, UK: Routledge.
4812:
4790:
4768:
4746:
4715:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4677:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4573:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
4394:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
4336:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4313:Charters of the New Minster, Winchester
4231:
4209:
4152:
4129:
4091:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3757:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3620:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3453:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3299:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
3273:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
3180:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3139:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3096:
2993:Mynors, Thomson & Winterbottom 1998
2833:
2817:
2757:
2698:
2683:Mynors, Thomson & Winterbottom 1998
2601:, pp. 172, 181, 194–195, 199, 272.
2432:
2396:
2392:
2364:
2312:
2280:
2196:
2176:
2160:
2093:
1986:
1930:
1902:
1727:
1496:
1469:
786:Eadwig to his familiar, Ælfwine, in 956
715:in his entry on Eadwig in the original
327:Edward was succeeded by his eldest son
42:Eadwig in the early fourteenth-century
6142:
4408:
4376:
4357:
4329:
4310:
4190:
4171:
4084:
4063:
4044:
4007:
3988:
3947:
3691:
3503:
3484:
3449:"Whalley, Thomas Sedgwick (1746–1828)"
3427:
3388:
3366:
3170:
3048:
3020:
3008:
2937:
2901:
2849:
2837:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2530:
2518:
2514:
2502:
2467:
2380:
2360:
2292:
2077:
2065:
2042:
2038:
2026:
1998:
1950:
1946:
1934:
1878:
1850:
1834:
1778:
1699:
1624:
1592:
1441:
1417:
1405:
1281:A charter's S number is its number in
623:
402:, who died in 944. She and her mother
189: – 1 October 959) was
5373:
5283:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press.
5251:
5213:
5194:
5172:
4819:Edwy and Edilda: a Tale in Five Parts
4585:
4509:
4250:
3928:
3909:
3887:
3870:
3717:The Early Charters of Eastern England
3540:
3268:
3230:
3211:
3129:
3112:
3072:
3060:
2925:
2913:
2865:
2809:
2785:
2781:
2730:
2714:
2694:
2658:
2589:, pp. 146–147, plates 15 and 16.
2487:
2440:
2408:
2376:
2348:
2344:
2332:
2328:
2308:
2232:
2208:
2164:
2081:
1974:
1962:
1782:
1754:
1664:
1636:
1564:
1552:
1536:
1520:
1123:The Insolence of Dunstan to King Edwy
653:, perhaps presaging a rearrangement.
359:from attack by a convicted outlaw at
5315:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
5150:
4955:. London, UK: Hambledon and London.
4269:
4087:"Eadwig [Edwy] (c. 940–959)"
3850:
3817:. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge.
3788:
3750:
3731:
3711:
3610:
3391:St Dunstan: His Life, Times and Cult
3176:"Oscytel [Oskytel] (d. 971)"
2797:
2718:
2534:
2268:
2244:
2184:
1687:
1453:
470:
4493:Early Medieval Britain, c. 500–1000
3736:. London, UK: The Hambledon Press.
1339:osettes instead of trefoils, and HR
1323:which has the moneyer's name shown
635:Æthelstan, Ealdorman of East Anglia
13:
5272:
5254:Edgar King of the English, 595–975
4047:The New Cambridge Medieval History
3575:The Chronicle of John of Worcester
1217:. After Hugh died, Robert married
958:and the Archbishop of Canterbury.
904:, writing in the twelfth century:
745:date the division to 955, whereas
495:. According to Dunstan's earliest
268:came under increasing attack from
14:
6186:
5324:National Portrait Gallery, London
5298:
5132:; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (2011).
5017:"Eadred [Edred] (d. 955)"
4234:Aethelred II: King of the English
3912:Charters of Abingdon Abbey Part 2
3271:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society
3264:from the original on 30 May 2012.
1302:and Eadwig's Mercian charters by
1141:, while there were poems such as
827:Silver penny, obverse, inscribed
458:Government in Anglo-Saxon England
371:were young children, their uncle
240:, separated Eadwig from his wife
4855:Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. (1979).
3974:. London, UK: Penguin Classics.
3798:Dictionary of National Biography
3573:; McGurk, Patrick, eds. (1995).
1651:, pp. xxxii–xxxiii, 69, 71.
1346:
1331:refoils top and bottom. Variant
986:. Eadwig then translated Bishop
837:
820:
718:Dictionary of National Biography
6165:Burials at Winchester Cathedral
5429:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
5197:Wessex in the Early Middle Ages
3489:. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer.
2711:Winterbottom & Lapidge 2011
2221:Winterbottom & Lapidge 2011
1867:Winterbottom & Lapidge 2011
1649:Winterbottom & Lapidge 2011
1621:Winterbottom & Lapidge 2011
1609:Winterbottom & Lapidge 2011
1597:Winterbottom & Lapidge 2011
1432:, pp. 9, 12–13, 23, 37–38.
1313:
1292:
1275:
1266:
1259:The twelfth century chronicler
1253:
1198:
1189:
699:Division of the kingdom 957–959
314:Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians
63:23 November 955 – 1 October 959
16:King of England from 955 to 959
5426:Monarchs of England until 1603
4549:Robertson, Agnes, ed. (1956).
4130:Keynes, Simon (2008a). "Edgar
3541:Darby, Barbara (Spring 1997).
2647:Blunt, Stewart & Lyon 1989
2623:Blunt, Stewart & Lyon 1989
2599:Blunt, Stewart & Lyon 1989
2587:Blunt, Stewart & Lyon 1989
2575:Blunt, Stewart & Lyon 1989
2547:Blunt, Stewart & Lyon 1989
302:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians
1:
6170:10th-century English monarchs
5134:The Early Lives of St Dunstan
4637:. London, UK: Edward Arnold.
4277:. London, UK: Edward Arnold.
3931:Charters of St Paul's, London
3893:Charters of Shaftesbury Abbey
2649:, pp. 147, 272, 278–280.
2559:Grierson & Blackburn 1986
1905:, pp. 13 and n. 30, 15;
1359:
1327:orizontally in two lines and
1060:
1009:
753:correctly date it to 957. In
540:"B"'s version is accepted by
481:Oda, Archbishop of Canterbury
367:, and as his sons Eadwig and
259:
244:on the ground that they were
238:Oda, Archbishop of Canterbury
236:enemies. The following year,
183:
104:
5245:UK public library membership
5122:UK public library membership
5084:UK public library membership
5046:UK public library membership
5008:UK public library membership
4740:UK public library membership
4702:UK public library membership
4351:UK public library membership
4134:". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).
4123:UK public library membership
3782:UK public library membership
3635:UK public library membership
3478:UK public library membership
3236:"Saint Beornwald of Bampton"
3205:UK public library membership
3164:UK public library membership
2981:Darlington & McGurk 1995
1919:Darlington & McGurk 1995
7:
6036:British monarchs after the
5222:. Oxford University Press.
5099:. Oxford University Press.
5061:. Oxford University Press.
5023:. Oxford University Press.
4978:. Oxford University Press.
4717:. Oxford University Press.
4709:Stafford, Pauline (2004b).
4679:. Oxford University Press.
4671:Stafford, Pauline (2004a).
4338:. Oxford University Press.
4093:. Oxford University Press.
3759:. Oxford University Press.
3622:. Oxford University Press.
3485:Cubbin, G. P., ed. (1996).
3455:. Oxford University Press.
3428:Cooper, Tracy-Anne (2015).
3413:The Chronicle of Æthelweard
3182:. Oxford University Press.
3141:. Oxford University Press.
954:. He also gave land to the
893:Benedictine reform movement
886:
794:
386:, the Anglo-Saxon ruler of
253:Benedictine reform movement
10:
6191:
4822:. London, UK: J. Dodsley.
4652:Stafford, Pauline (1998).
4633:Stafford, Pauline (1989).
4571:The Times of Saint Dunstan
4390:Molyneaux, George (2015).
4311:Miller, Sean, ed. (2001).
4292:Marafioti, Nicole (2014).
3929:Kelly, Susan, ed. (2004).
3910:Kelly, Susan, ed. (2001).
3813:Huscroft, Richard (2019).
3122:
2521:, pp. 57–58, 173–174.
2490:, pp. 127, 133, 155;
891:During Edgar's reign, the
811:
455:
312:. In the 910s, Edward and
18:
6124:
6047:
6031:
6027:
5964:
5947:
5943:
5420:
5416:
5358:
5349:
5341:
5336:
4917:10.1017/S0263675100003240
4901:Princeps Merciorum Gentis
4022:10.1017/S026367510000452X
3794:"Edwy or Eadwig (d. 959)"
3651:Medieval European Coinage
3101:Courtney & Mills 2021
2713:, pp. xxxii–xxxiii;
2068:, p. 13, table XXXI.
2001:, p. 188 and n. 99;
1430:Keynes & Lapidge 1983
1157:, was published in 1779.
683:, the future hero of the
644:Eadred was buried in the
159:
149:
137:
126:
114:
99:
91:
87:
77:
67:
59:
52:
35:
30:
4814:Whalley, Thomas Sedgwick
3295:; Lyon, Stewart (1989).
3037:Haddan & Stubbs 1869
2411:, pp. 124–125, 138.
1599:, pp. xiii, 67, 69.
1182:
997:
609:, in his hagiographical
493:Archbishop of Canterbury
451:
226:Archbishop of Canterbury
6150:Medieval child monarchs
5214:Yorke, Barbara (2004).
5195:Yorke, Barbara (1995).
5158:. London, UK: Penguin.
5053:Williams, Ann (2004c).
5015:Williams, Ann (2004b).
4972:"Edmund I (920/21–946)"
4970:Williams, Ann (2004a).
4673:"Ælfgifu (fl. 956–966)"
4491:Naismith, Rory (2021).
3815:Making England 796–1042
3592:D'Avray, David (2014).
3518:10.1111/1468-0254.00004
1953:, table XXXIa (6 of 6).
1167:, was performed at the
1151:Thomas Sedgwick Whalley
1149:in 1784. Another poem,
1004:New Minster, Winchester
646:Old Minster, Winchester
548:comments on the story:
430:
288:, and nearly conquered
120:New Minster, Winchester
5091:Williams, Ann (2014).
4951:Williams, Ann (2003).
4932:Williams, Ann (1999).
4723:10.1093/ref:odnb/52307
4232:Lavelle, Ryan (2008).
4085:Keynes, Simon (2004).
4064:Keynes, Simon (2002).
3871:Jones, Arthur (1958).
3461:10.1093/ref:odnb/29162
3188:10.1093/ref:odnb/20897
3039:, p. 679 (XXVII).
1171:on 21 March 1795 with
1109:
1091:
1077:
1068:
1036:
1016:
920:St Werburgh in Chester
915:
829:
787:
759:
567:
555:
519:
475:Eadwig was crowned at
436:
424:
5130:Winterbottom, Michael
5105:10.1093/ref:odnb/8463
5029:10.1093/ref:odnb/8510
4984:10.1093/ref:odnb/8501
4567:Robinson, J. Armitage
4377:Miller, Sean (n.d.).
4344:10.1093/ref:odnb/8514
4330:Miller, Sean (2011).
4099:10.1093/ref:odnb/8572
3873:Anglo-Saxon Worcester
3765:10.1093/ref:odnb/8919
3506:Early Medieval Europe
3147:10.1093/ref:odnb/3429
2944:, pp. 21–22, 70.
2017:, pp. 69–71, 79.
1869:, p. xxxi n. 89.
1143:Edwy: a Dramatic Poem
1113:In art and literature
1100:
1081:
1072:
1056:
906:
902:William of Malmesbury
868:Circumscription Cross
782:
735:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
573:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
550:
509:
456:Further information:
394:Family and early life
264:In the ninth century
6006:William III & II
5571:Henry the Young King
5521:Edward the Confessor
5489:Æthelred the Unready
5228:10.1093/ref:odnb/192
5156:In Search of England
5067:10.1093/ref:odnb/182
4685:10.1093/ref:odnb/179
4551:Anglo-Saxon Charters
4510:Roach, Levi (2013).
3751:Hart, Cyril (2005).
3732:Hart, Cyril (1992).
3628:10.1093/ref:odnb/833
3269:Blair, John (2005).
3063:, pp. 126, 157.
3035:, pp. 172–174;
2812:, pp. 169–170 (
2733:, pp. 104–105;
2685:, pp. 237, 239.
2669:, pp. 336–337;
2395:, pp. 7–8, 13;
2331:, pp. 129–131;
2327:, pp. 224–225;
2311:, pp. 124–125;
2295:, pp. 155–156;
2179:, pp. 364–365;
2080:, pp. 476–477;
2041:, pp. 190–191;
1949:, pp. 185–186;
1933:, p. 366 n. 3;
1702:, pp. 225–226;
1675:, pp. 21, 119;
1232:Eleanor of Aquitaine
968:Bishop of Dorchester
723:J. Armitage Robinson
593:Michael Winterbottom
535:Bishop of Winchester
489:Abbot of Glastonbury
477:Kingston-upon-Thames
406:were benefactors to
353:Ragnall Guthfrithson
228:, and exiled him to
222:Abbot of Glastonbury
103:1 October 959 (aged
5954:Union of the Crowns
5352:King of the English
5320:Portraits of Eadwig
4905:Anglo-Saxon England
4752:Anglo-Saxon England
4618:10.1093/past/91.1.3
4586:Snook, Ben (2015).
4010:Anglo-Saxon England
3075:, pp. 126–127.
2721:, pp. 159–160.
2625:, pp. 236–237.
2537:, pp. 445–449.
2283:, pp. 366–367.
2235:, pp. 124–125.
2211:, pp. 155–156.
1965:, pp. 154–155.
1937:, pp. xi, lxi.
1825:, pp. 268–269.
1797:, pp. 269–276.
1639:, pp. 169–170.
1583:, pp. 123–124.
1472:, pp. 357–358.
1228:Louis VII of France
1070:Stafford comments:
806:Bishop of Worcester
624:Early reign 955–957
505:Bishop of Lichfield
266:Anglo-Saxon England
246:too closely related
197:and his first wife
6038:Acts of Union 1707
6001:James II & VII
5694:Kenneth I MacAlpin
5479:Edgar the Peaceful
5216:"Ælfsige (d. 959)"
5055:"Ælfhere (d. 983)"
4836:Whitelock, Dorothy
3409:Campbell, Alistair
3289:Blunt, Christopher
2864:, pp. 85–86;
2788:, pp. 47–48).
2697:, pp. 79–80;
2673:, pp. 85, 88.
2665:, pp. 57–58;
2533:, pp. 48–69;
2435:, pp. 29–30;
2163:, pp. 30–31;
1809:, pp. 44–46;
1551:, pp. 84–85;
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1219:Bertha of Burgundy
1211:King of the Franks
1169:Drury Lane Theatre
1110:
1044:St Petroc's Church
788:
341:Anlaf Guthfrithson
294:Battle of Edington
274:Great Heathen Army
6137:
6136:
6120:
6119:
6023:
6022:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5484:Edward the Martyr
5368:
5367:
5359:Succeeded by
5290:978-1-78327-764-3
5263:978-1-84383-928-6
5243:(subscription or
5237:978-0-19-861412-8
5206:978-0-7185-1856-1
5187:978-0-85115-705-4
5165:978-0-14-024733-6
5143:978-0-19-960504-0
5120:(subscription or
5114:978-0-19-861412-8
5082:(subscription or
5076:978-0-19-861412-8
5044:(subscription or
5038:978-0-19-861412-8
5006:(subscription or
4993:978-0-19-861412-8
4962:978-1-85285-382-2
4943:978-0-312-22090-7
4888:978-2-503-52359-0
4866:978-0-415-14366-0
4840:Anglo-Saxon Wills
4805:978-0-7185-0003-0
4783:978-0-85115-705-4
4761:978-0-19-280139-5
4738:(subscription or
4732:978-0-19-861412-8
4700:(subscription or
4694:978-0-19-861412-8
4663:978-0-7185-0174-7
4644:978-0-7131-6532-6
4606:Stafford, Pauline
4597:978-1-78327-006-4
4521:978-1-107-03653-6
4502:978-1-108-44025-7
4483:978-0-367-59999-7
4464:978-0-470-65632-7
4445:978-0-19-820678-1
4423:978-1-107-42364-0
4401:978-0-19-871791-1
4369:978-0-470-65632-7
4349:(subscription or
4322:978-0-19-726223-8
4303:978-1-4426-4758-9
4284:978-0-7131-6376-6
4262:978-1-84383-399-4
4243:978-0-7524-4678-3
4224:978-0-19-955078-4
4202:978-1-84383-877-7
4183:978-1-84383-436-6
4164:978-1-84383-399-4
4145:978-1-84383-399-4
4121:(subscription or
4108:978-0-19-861412-8
4077:978-0-9532697-6-1
4056:978-0-521-36447-8
4000:978-0-521-25902-6
3981:978-0-14-044409-4
3962:978-0-521-02308-5
3940:978-0-19-726299-3
3921:978-0-19-726221-4
3902:978-0-19-726151-4
3843:978-1-84383-399-4
3824:978-1-138-18246-2
3780:(subscription or
3774:978-0-19-861412-8
3743:978-1-85285-044-9
3660:978-0-521-03177-6
3633:(subscription or
3603:978-1-107-64399-4
3584:978-0-19-822261-3
3571:Darlington, R. R.
3496:978-0-85991-467-3
3476:(subscription or
3470:978-0-19-861412-8
3439:978-0-88844-193-5
3400:978-0-85115-301-8
3381:978-0-7185-1182-1
3306:978-0-19-726060-9
3280:978-0-19-921117-3
3223:978-1-84383-399-4
3203:(subscription or
3197:978-0-19-861412-8
3162:(subscription or
3156:978-0-19-861412-8
3051:, pp. 43–44.
2904:, pp. 57–59.
2772:, pp. 83–84.
2613:, pp. 49–50.
2577:, pp. 13–15.
2399:, pp. 64–65.
2315:, pp. 29–30.
1813:, pp. 83–84.
1785:, pp. 76–77.
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1287:Electronic Sawyer
1261:John of Worcester
1121:, who showed his
1028:John of Worcester
1018:damnatio memoriae
960:Southwell Minster
946:which he gave to
932:Worcester Minster
639:Glastonbury Abbey
611:Life of St Oswald
471:Eadwig's marriage
408:Shaftesbury Abbey
169:
168:
21:Norderney Airport
6182:
6029:
6028:
5989:Richard Cromwell
5979:The Protectorate
5969:James I & VI
5945:
5944:
5526:Harold Godwinson
5446:Edward the Elder
5439:Alfred the Great
5423:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5371:
5370:
5342:Preceded by
5334:
5333:
5330:
5294:
5267:
5248:
5241:
5210:
5191:
5169:
5147:
5125:
5118:
5087:
5080:
5049:
5042:
5011:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4966:
4947:
4928:
4892:
4870:
4851:
4831:
4809:
4787:
4765:
4743:
4736:
4705:
4698:
4667:
4648:
4629:
4610:Past and Present
4601:
4582:
4562:
4545:
4530:Robertson, Agnes
4525:
4506:
4487:
4468:
4449:
4427:
4410:Morris, Rosemary
4405:
4386:
4383:anglo-saxons.net
4373:
4354:
4347:
4326:
4307:
4288:
4266:
4247:
4228:
4211:Lapidge, Michael
4206:
4187:
4168:
4149:
4126:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4081:
4060:
4041:
4004:
3985:
3966:
3944:
3925:
3906:
3884:
3867:
3856:Orbis Britanniae
3847:
3828:
3809:
3785:
3778:
3747:
3728:
3708:
3693:Harmer, Florence
3688:
3664:
3643:Grierson, Philip
3638:
3631:
3607:
3588:
3566:
3537:
3500:
3481:
3474:
3443:
3424:
3404:
3385:
3368:Brooks, Nicholas
3363:
3310:
3284:
3265:
3263:
3240:
3227:
3208:
3201:
3167:
3160:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2945:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2831:
2825:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2728:
2722:
2708:
2702:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2528:
2522:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2485:
2479:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2444:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2390:
2384:
2374:
2368:
2358:
2352:
2342:
2336:
2322:
2316:
2306:
2300:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2174:
2168:
2158:
2152:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2075:
2069:
2055:
2049:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1944:
1938:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1848:
1842:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1590:
1584:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1473:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1319:HT coins have a
1317:
1311:
1296:
1290:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1237:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1131:William Hamilton
1106:William Hamilton
1087:
1065:
1062:
1041:
1021:
956:Bishop of London
925:
841:
832:
824:
762:
685:Battle of Maldon
601:Pauline Stafford
560:
439:
433:
427:
425:adoptivus parens
349:Anlaf Sihtricson
310:Edward the Elder
298:Alfred the Great
188:
185:
109:
106:
47:
40:
28:
27:
6190:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6175:House of Wessex
6140:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6116:
6043:
6019:
5984:Oliver Cromwell
5960:
5935:
5930:
5777:Constantine III
5686:
5511:Harold Harefoot
5501:Edmund Ironside
5412:
5407: and
5398:
5364:
5355:
5347:
5301:
5291:
5275:
5273:Further reading
5270:
5264:
5242:
5238:
5207:
5188:
5166:
5144:
5119:
5115:
5081:
5077:
5043:
5039:
5005:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4963:
4944:
4889:
4867:
4806:
4792:Wareham, Andrew
4784:
4762:
4737:
4733:
4699:
4695:
4664:
4645:
4598:
4522:
4503:
4484:
4465:
4446:
4424:
4402:
4370:
4348:
4323:
4304:
4285:
4263:
4244:
4225:
4203:
4184:
4165:
4146:
4132:rex admirabilis
4120:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4078:
4057:
4001:
3982:
3963:
3941:
3922:
3903:
3844:
3825:
3779:
3775:
3744:
3675:, eds. (1869).
3673:Stubbs, William
3661:
3647:Blackburn, Mark
3632:
3604:
3585:
3545:Edwy and Elgiva
3497:
3475:
3471:
3440:
3401:
3382:
3328:10.2307/2846935
3307:
3281:
3261:
3238:
3224:
3202:
3198:
3161:
3157:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3031:
3027:
3023:, p. xxxi.
3019:
3015:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2948:
2936:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2836:, p. 436;
2832:
2828:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2784:, p. 155;
2780:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2729:
2725:
2717:, p. 212;
2709:
2705:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2661:, p. 349;
2657:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2561:, p. 270;
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2529:
2525:
2513:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2486:
2482:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2447:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2391:
2387:
2375:
2371:
2367:, pp. 7–8.
2359:
2355:
2343:
2339:
2323:
2319:
2307:
2303:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2199:, pp. 6–7.
2195:
2191:
2175:
2171:
2159:
2155:
2147:, p. 148;
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2076:
2072:
2056:
2052:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1945:
1941:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1853:, p. 225;
1849:
1845:
1837:, p. 225;
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1591:
1587:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1523:, p. 132;
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1476:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1318:
1314:
1297:
1293:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1235:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1164:Edwy and Elgiva
1155:Edwy and Edilda
1119:William Bromley
1115:
1085:
1063:
1012:
1000:
982:to collect his
948:Bury St Edmunds
936:Bampton Minster
923:
889:
849:
848:
847:
846:
845:
842:
834:
833:
825:
814:
797:
701:
626:
597:Michael Lapidge
473:
460:
454:
396:
365:Gloucestershire
262:
220:, the powerful
191:King of England
186:
180:Eadwig All-Fair
122:
107:
54:King of England
48:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6188:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5976:
5971:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5880:Edward Balliol
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5740:Constantine II
5737:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5668:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5567:
5562:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5532:Edgar Ætheling
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5421:
5414:
5413:
5397:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5374:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5357:
5348:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5337:Regnal titles
5332:
5331:
5317:
5308:
5300:
5299:External links
5297:
5296:
5295:
5289:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5262:
5249:
5236:
5211:
5205:
5192:
5186:
5174:Yorke, Barbara
5170:
5164:
5148:
5142:
5126:
5113:
5088:
5075:
5050:
5037:
5012:
4992:
4967:
4961:
4948:
4942:
4929:
4893:
4887:
4875:Wickham, Chris
4871:
4865:
4852:
4838:, ed. (1930).
4832:
4810:
4804:
4788:
4782:
4766:
4760:
4748:Stenton, Frank
4744:
4731:
4706:
4693:
4668:
4662:
4649:
4643:
4630:
4602:
4596:
4583:
4563:
4546:
4532:, ed. (1925).
4526:
4520:
4507:
4501:
4488:
4482:
4469:
4463:
4450:
4444:
4428:
4422:
4406:
4400:
4387:
4374:
4368:
4355:
4327:
4321:
4308:
4302:
4289:
4283:
4267:
4261:
4248:
4242:
4229:
4223:
4213:, ed. (2009).
4207:
4201:
4188:
4182:
4169:
4163:
4150:
4144:
4127:
4107:
4082:
4076:
4061:
4055:
4042:
4005:
3999:
3986:
3980:
3967:
3961:
3945:
3939:
3926:
3920:
3907:
3901:
3891:, ed. (1996).
3885:
3868:
3848:
3842:
3829:
3823:
3810:
3786:
3773:
3748:
3742:
3729:
3709:
3695:, ed. (1914).
3689:
3669:Haddan, Arthur
3665:
3659:
3639:
3608:
3602:
3589:
3583:
3567:
3538:
3501:
3495:
3482:
3469:
3444:
3438:
3425:
3411:, ed. (1962).
3405:
3399:
3386:
3380:
3364:
3322:(2): 268–287.
3311:
3305:
3285:
3279:
3266:
3228:
3222:
3209:
3196:
3168:
3155:
3131:Abels, Richard
3126:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3089:
3087:, p. 124.
3077:
3065:
3053:
3041:
3025:
3013:
3007:, p. 55;
2997:
2995:, p. 237.
2985:
2983:, p. 407.
2973:
2969:Jayakumar 2008
2961:
2946:
2942:Marafioti 2014
2930:
2928:, p. 107.
2918:
2906:
2894:
2890:Jayakumar 2008
2882:
2878:Williams 2004c
2870:
2862:Jayakumar 2008
2854:
2842:
2826:
2820:, p. 47 (
2802:
2800:, p. 248.
2790:
2774:
2770:Jayakumar 2008
2762:
2760:, p. 365.
2750:
2748:, p. 920.
2746:Whitelock 1979
2738:
2723:
2703:
2687:
2675:
2651:
2639:
2635:Naismith 2014b
2627:
2615:
2611:Naismith 2014b
2603:
2591:
2579:
2567:
2565:, p. 330.
2563:Naismith 2014a
2551:
2549:, p. 147.
2539:
2523:
2507:
2495:
2480:
2476:Jayakumar 2008
2472:Williams 2004c
2460:
2458:, p. 157.
2445:
2443:, p. 146.
2439:, p. 33;
2437:Molyneaux 2015
2425:
2423:, p. 215.
2421:Molyneaux 2015
2413:
2401:
2385:
2379:, p. 41;
2369:
2353:
2351:, p. 107.
2347:, p. 78;
2337:
2325:Whitelock 1979
2317:
2301:
2299:, p. 234.
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2247:, p. 140.
2237:
2225:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2183:, p. 50;
2169:
2153:
2149:Williams 2004c
2137:
2125:
2123:, p. 262.
2113:
2098:
2086:
2084:, p. 106.
2070:
2064:, p. 48;
2058:Stafford 2004b
2050:
2045:, p. 68;
2031:
2019:
2015:Marafioti 2014
2007:
2005:, p. 555.
2003:Whitelock 1979
1991:
1979:
1977:, p. 155.
1967:
1955:
1939:
1923:
1921:, p. 409.
1911:
1907:Stafford 2004a
1895:
1883:
1881:, p. 156.
1871:
1859:
1843:
1839:Robertson 1925
1827:
1815:
1799:
1787:
1771:
1769:, p. 225.
1767:Whitelock 1979
1759:
1757:, p. 106.
1744:
1740:Stafford 2004a
1732:
1730:, p. 366.
1720:
1718:, p. 235.
1708:
1692:
1680:
1673:Whitelock 1930
1671:, p. 59;
1669:Robertson 1956
1667:, p. 80;
1663:, p. 89;
1661:Jayakumar 2008
1653:
1641:
1629:
1623:, p. 69;
1613:
1601:
1585:
1579:, p. 87;
1569:
1567:, p. 137.
1557:
1555:, p. 236.
1549:Jayakumar 2008
1541:
1529:
1527:, p. 555.
1525:Whitelock 1979
1513:
1511:, p. 330.
1509:Naismith 2014a
1501:
1499:, p. 364.
1489:
1485:Williams 2004b
1474:
1466:Williams 2004a
1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1345:
1312:
1291:
1274:
1265:
1252:
1223:Pope Gregory V
1197:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1173:Charles Kemble
1147:Thomas Warwick
1114:
1111:
1011:
1008:
999:
996:
978:on the way to
888:
885:
843:
836:
835:
826:
819:
818:
817:
816:
815:
813:
810:
796:
793:
784:Charter S 594:
700:
697:
677:Æthelstan Rota
625:
622:
472:
469:
453:
450:
395:
392:
261:
258:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
128:
124:
123:
118:
116:
112:
111:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
50:
49:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6187:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6026:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5963:
5957:
5955:
5950:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5852:Alexander III
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5708:Constantine I
5705:
5703:
5702:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5415:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5390:
5388:
5383:
5381:
5376:
5375:
5372:
5363:
5354:
5353:
5346:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5292:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5276:
5265:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5239:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5152:Wood, Michael
5149:
5145:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5116:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5009:
4995:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4958:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4935:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4897:Williams, Ann
4894:
4890:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4770:Thacker, Alan
4767:
4763:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4432:Mynors, Roger
4429:
4425:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4110:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3949:Keynes, Simon
3946:
3942:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3790:Hunt, William
3787:
3783:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3172:Barrow, Julia
3169:
3165:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3114:
3109:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3086:
3085:Huscroft 2019
3081:
3074:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3045:
3038:
3034:
3033:Williams 2003
3029:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3006:
3005:Campbell 1962
3001:
2994:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2971:, p. 83.
2970:
2965:
2959:, p. 47.
2958:
2957:Stafford 1989
2953:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2927:
2922:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2892:, p. 85.
2891:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2766:
2759:
2754:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2701:, p. 52.
2700:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2637:, p. 69.
2636:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2505:, p. 69.
2504:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2478:, p. 91.
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2456:Williams 1982
2452:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2383:, p. 19.
2382:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2335:, p. 78.
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2297:Naismith 2021
2294:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2271:, p. 90.
2270:
2265:
2259:, p. 87.
2258:
2257:Robinson 1923
2253:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2223:, p. 75.
2222:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2181:Stafford 1989
2178:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2145:Williams 1982
2141:
2135:, p. 92.
2134:
2133:Williams 1999
2129:
2122:
2121:Naismith 2021
2117:
2111:, p. 87.
2110:
2109:Williams 1999
2105:
2103:
2096:, p. 19.
2095:
2090:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2062:Stafford 1989
2059:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2029:, p. 14.
2028:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1989:, p. 30.
1988:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1893:, p. 15.
1892:
1891:Stafford 1981
1887:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1857:, p. 39.
1856:
1855:Campbell 1962
1852:
1847:
1841:, p. 95.
1840:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1823:Bouchard 1981
1819:
1812:
1811:Stafford 1998
1808:
1803:
1796:
1795:Bouchard 1981
1791:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1716:Naismith 2021
1712:
1705:
1704:Williams 2014
1701:
1696:
1690:, p. 59.
1689:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1611:, p. 69.
1610:
1605:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1581:Huscroft 2019
1578:
1577:Williams 1999
1573:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1539:, p. 56.
1538:
1533:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1349:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1246:and his wife
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1177:Sarah Siddons
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:(see image),
1132:
1128:
1127:Royal Academy
1124:
1120:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1007:
1005:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:Domesday Book
949:
945:
941:
938:. Estates at
937:
933:
928:
921:
914:
912:
905:
903:
898:
894:
884:
880:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
840:
831:
823:
809:
807:
803:
792:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
766:
761:
756:
755:Barbara Yorke
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
728:
724:
720:
719:
714:
709:
706:
696:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
672:
669:
664:
660:
654:
652:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
621:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
602:
598:
594:
589:
585:
583:
579:
575:
574:
566:
564:
559:
558:
549:
547:
546:Frank Stenton
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
518:
515:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
491:and a future
490:
486:
482:
478:
468:
466:
459:
449:
447:
443:
438:
432:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
391:
389:
385:
381:
380:Erik Bloodaxe
376:
375:became king.
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
257:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:Edmund I
192:
181:
177:
173:
165:
162:
158:
155:
152:
148:
145:
142:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
46:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
6128:
6107:Elizabeth II
6035:
5951:
5878:
5856:
5847:Alexander II
5764:
5727:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5674:
5663:
5586:
5569:
5557:
5530:
5493:
5473:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5350:
5280:
5253:
5219:
5196:
5177:
5155:
5133:
5096:
5058:
5020:
4997:. Retrieved
4975:
4952:
4933:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4878:
4856:
4839:
4818:
4795:
4773:
4751:
4714:
4676:
4653:
4634:
4612:(91): 3–27.
4609:
4587:
4570:
4550:
4533:
4511:
4492:
4473:
4454:
4435:
4413:
4391:
4382:
4359:
4335:
4312:
4293:
4274:
4252:
4233:
4214:
4192:
4173:
4154:
4135:
4131:
4112:. Retrieved
4090:
4066:
4046:
4013:
4009:
3990:
3971:
3952:
3930:
3911:
3892:
3889:Kelly, Susan
3872:
3855:
3833:
3814:
3797:
3756:
3733:
3716:
3696:
3676:
3650:
3619:
3593:
3574:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3512:(1): 77–94.
3509:
3505:
3486:
3452:
3429:
3412:
3390:
3371:
3319:
3315:
3296:
3293:Stewart, Ian
3270:
3246:
3242:
3213:
3179:
3138:
3115:, p. 6.
3108:
3097:Whalley 1779
3092:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3028:
3016:
3000:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2857:
2845:
2834:Stenton 1971
2829:
2818:Wareham 1996
2805:
2793:
2777:
2765:
2758:Stenton 1971
2753:
2741:
2726:
2706:
2699:Thacker 1988
2690:
2678:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2554:
2542:
2526:
2510:
2498:
2483:
2463:
2433:Lavelle 2008
2428:
2416:
2404:
2397:Keynes 2008b
2393:Keynes 2008a
2388:
2372:
2365:Keynes 2008a
2356:
2340:
2320:
2313:Lavelle 2008
2304:
2288:
2281:Stenton 1971
2276:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2197:Keynes 2008a
2192:
2177:Stenton 1971
2172:
2161:Keynes 2008a
2156:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2094:Wickham 2009
2089:
2073:
2053:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1994:
1987:Keynes 2008a
1982:
1970:
1958:
1942:
1931:Stenton 1971
1926:
1914:
1903:Lapidge 2009
1898:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1846:
1830:
1818:
1807:D'Avray 2014
1802:
1790:
1774:
1762:
1735:
1728:Stenton 1971
1723:
1711:
1695:
1683:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1616:
1604:
1588:
1572:
1560:
1544:
1532:
1516:
1504:
1497:Stenton 1971
1492:
1470:Stenton 1971
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1348:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1283:Peter Sawyer
1277:
1268:
1255:
1200:
1191:
1175:as Edwy and
1162:
1159:Fanny Burney
1154:
1142:
1139:Richard Dadd
1135:William Dyce
1122:
1116:
1101:
1092:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1057:
1052:
1032:
1013:
1001:
972:
929:
916:
907:
890:
881:
875:
872:Bust Crowned
871:
867:
864:Bust Crowned
863:
861:
850:
830:'EADǷIG REX'
798:
789:
774:
770:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
732:
716:
713:William Hunt
710:
705:River Thames
702:
693:
673:
668:Ann Williams
655:
643:
627:
617:
615:
610:
605:
588:Simon Keynes
586:
577:
571:
568:
551:
542:Michael Wood
539:
520:
513:
510:
497:hagiographer
474:
461:
397:
377:
361:Pucklechurch
345:king of York
326:
263:
250:
234:
215:
179:
175:
171:
170:
44:
25:
6155:940s births
6112:Charles III
6097:Edward VIII
5827:Alexander I
5807:Malcolm III
5782:Kenneth III
5682:Elizabeth I
5644:Richard III
4911:: 143–172.
4271:Loyn, Henry
4114:7 September
4016:: 165–193.
3734:The Danelaw
3713:Hart, Cyril
3612:Foot, Sarah
3557:(2): 3–23.
3232:Blair, John
3049:Keynes 2009
3021:Miller 2001
3009:Keynes 2004
2938:Keynes 2004
2902:Cooper 2015
2850:Barrow 2004
2838:Barrow 2004
2671:Cubitt 1997
2667:Morris 2014
2663:Cooper 2015
2531:Keynes 1980
2519:Keynes 2013
2515:Keynes 2004
2503:Keynes 1980
2470:, table L;
2468:Keynes 2002
2381:Brooks 1992
2361:Keynes 2004
2293:Miller 2014
2078:Keynes 1999
2066:Keynes 2002
2043:Harmer 1914
2039:Keynes 1985
2027:Brooks 1992
1999:Keynes 1994
1951:Keynes 2002
1947:Keynes 1994
1935:Cubbin 1996
1879:Miller 2014
1851:Brooks 1984
1835:Brooks 1984
1779:Keynes 2004
1700:Brooks 1984
1625:Keynes 2004
1593:Keynes 2004
1442:Miller 2011
1406:Keynes 2004
1308:The Danelaw
1064: 1000
563:New Minster
557:Liber Vitae
533:and future
529:, Abbot of
442:Old English
420:Ælfric Cild
333:Northumbria
306:Viking rule
296:under King
282:East Anglia
278:Northumbria
224:and future
68:Predecessor
6160:959 deaths
6144:Categories
6087:Edward VII
6077:William IV
6067:George III
5996:Charles II
5891:Robert III
5837:Malcolm IV
5812:Donald III
5787:Malcolm II
5772:Kenneth II
5654:Henry VIII
5614:Richard II
5609:Edward III
5543:William II
5516:Harthacnut
4828:1063203838
3852:John, Eric
3705:1161790266
3685:1046288968
3243:Oxoniensia
3113:Darby 1997
3073:Snook 2015
3061:Snook 2015
2926:Lewis 2008
2914:Yorke 2004
2866:Yorke 2004
2810:Kelly 2004
2786:Blair 1984
2782:Snook 2015
2731:Lewis 2008
2715:Yorke 1995
2695:Yorke 1988
2659:Blair 2005
2488:Snook 2015
2441:Yorke 2008
2409:Biggs 2008
2377:Roach 2013
2349:Jones 1958
2345:Yorke 1988
2333:Yorke 1988
2329:Biggs 2008
2309:Biggs 2008
2233:Biggs 2008
2209:Snook 2015
2165:Abels 2004
2082:Lewis 2008
1975:Snook 2015
1963:Snook 2015
1783:Yorke 1988
1755:Lewis 2008
1665:Yorke 1988
1637:Roach 2013
1565:Biggs 2008
1553:Kelly 2001
1537:Kelly 1996
1521:Yorke 1995
1418:Miller n.d
1360:References
1304:Cyril Hart
1240:Æthelred I
1207:Hugh Capet
1089:authority.
1038:Liber Vitæ
1010:Reputation
911:St Aldhelm
876:Horizontal
727:Henry Loyn
607:Byrhtferth
582:Æthelweard
300:. By 883,
260:Background
187: 940
133:(annulled)
6102:George VI
6072:George IV
6062:George II
5974:Charles I
5956:from 1603
5906:James III
5886:Robert II
5842:William I
5817:Duncan II
5745:Malcolm I
5735:Donald II
5659:Edward VI
5649:Henry VII
5634:Edward IV
5604:Edward II
5594:Henry III
5577:Richard I
5538:William I
5459:Æthelstan
5247:required)
5124:required)
5086:required)
5048:required)
5010:required)
4999:28 August
4925:0263-6751
4899:(1982). "
4848:786120891
4742:required)
4711:"Eadgifu"
4704:required)
4626:0031-2746
4579:465868546
4559:504288415
4542:271025606
4353:required)
4125:required)
4038:161883384
4030:0263-6751
3881:562036457
3864:867807941
3784:required)
3725:645356664
3637:required)
3563:2165-2686
3534:161695919
3526:0963-9462
3480:required)
3421:245905467
3336:0038-7134
3255:0308-5562
3249:: 47–56.
3207:required)
3166:required)
2798:Hart 1966
2719:John 1966
2535:Hart 1992
2269:Loyn 1984
2245:Hunt 1889
2185:Hart 2005
1688:Wood 1999
1454:Foot 2011
1244:Æthelwulf
1161:'s play,
988:Byrhthelm
708:liking."
689:Æthelwine
681:Byrhtnoth
651:Æthelwold
527:Æthelwold
416:ealdorman
357:seneschal
329:Æthelstan
207:seneschal
108: 19
78:Successor
6092:George V
6082:Victoria
6057:George I
5926:James VI
5911:James IV
5901:James II
5874:David II
5869:Robert I
5858:Margaret
5792:Duncan I
5701:Donald I
5639:Edward V
5629:Henry VI
5619:Henry IV
5599:Edward I
5565:Henry II
5464:Edmund I
5453:Ælfweard
5411:monarchs
5405:Scottish
5356:955–959
5311:Eadwig 4
5154:(1999).
4816:(1779).
4750:(1971).
4569:(1923).
4273:(1984).
3951:(1980).
3854:(1966).
3806:33239034
3792:(1889).
3715:(1966).
3649:(1986).
3614:(2011).
3370:(1984).
3360:38717048
3352:11610836
3316:Speculum
3259:Archived
3234:(1984).
3174:(2004).
3133:(2004).
970:in 956.
944:Elmswell
897:celibacy
887:Religion
795:Charters
663:bookland
659:folkland
531:Abingdon
501:Cynesige
431:ætheling
388:Bamburgh
230:Flanders
154:Edmund I
6010:Mary II
5916:James V
5896:James I
5832:David I
5797:Macbeth
5729:Eochaid
5624:Henry V
5559:Matilda
5553:Stephen
5548:Henry I
5409:British
5403:,
5401:English
5322:at the
3344:2846935
3123:Sources
1321:reverse
1125:at the
984:pallium
964:Oscytel
940:Beccles
883:reign.
857:reverse
812:Coinage
802:Cenwald
760:regulus
631:Ælfsige
523:Ælfgifu
485:Dunstan
412:Ælfhere
404:Wynflæd
400:Ælfgifu
318:Ælfwynn
242:Ælfgifu
218:Dunstan
199:Ælfgifu
164:Ælfgifu
131:Ælfgifu
95:940/941
5921:Mary I
5802:Lulach
5766:Amlaíb
5760:Cuilén
5750:Indulf
5676:Philip
5671:Mary I
5474:Eadwig
5469:Eadred
5345:Eadred
5287:
5260:
5234:
5203:
5184:
5162:
5140:
5111:
5073:
5035:
4990:
4959:
4940:
4923:
4885:
4863:
4846:
4826:
4802:
4780:
4758:
4729:
4691:
4660:
4641:
4624:
4594:
4577:
4557:
4540:
4518:
4499:
4480:
4461:
4442:
4420:
4398:
4366:
4319:
4300:
4281:
4259:
4240:
4221:
4199:
4180:
4161:
4142:
4105:
4074:
4053:
4036:
4028:
3997:
3978:
3959:
3937:
3918:
3899:
3879:
3862:
3840:
3821:
3804:
3771:
3740:
3723:
3703:
3683:
3657:
3600:
3581:
3561:
3532:
3524:
3493:
3467:
3436:
3419:
3397:
3378:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3303:
3277:
3253:
3220:
3194:
3153:
2814:S 1794
2047:S 1211
1677:S 1292
1248:Osburh
1236:
1215:Robert
1108:, 1793
1086:
1048:Eadwig
1024:Oswald
924:
765:thegns
487:, the
483:, and
465:Thames
437:cliton
414:, the
373:Eadred
337:Edmund
322:Humber
290:Wessex
286:Mercia
284:, and
270:Viking
211:Eadred
174:(also
172:Eadwig
160:Mother
150:Father
144:Wessex
127:Spouse
115:Burial
72:Eadred
31:Eadwig
5822:Edgar
5722:Giric
5588:Louis
5495:Sweyn
5362:Edgar
4034:S2CID
3530:S2CID
3356:S2CID
3340:JSTOR
3262:(PDF)
3239:(PDF)
2822:S 646
2735:S 667
2492:S 633
1183:Notes
998:Death
992:Wells
853:penny
751:ASC C
747:ASC B
743:ASC F
739:ASC D
618:ASC D
578:ASC D
452:Reign
446:Latin
384:Osulf
369:Edgar
203:Edgar
139:House
82:Edgar
60:Reign
6052:Anne
6015:Anne
6008:and
5864:John
5673:and
5665:Jane
5582:John
5506:Cnut
5305:Edwy
5285:ISBN
5258:ISBN
5232:ISBN
5201:ISBN
5182:ISBN
5160:ISBN
5138:ISBN
5109:ISBN
5071:ISBN
5033:ISBN
5001:2021
4988:ISBN
4957:ISBN
4938:ISBN
4921:ISSN
4883:ISBN
4861:ISBN
4844:OCLC
4824:OCLC
4800:ISBN
4778:ISBN
4756:ISBN
4727:ISBN
4689:ISBN
4658:ISBN
4639:ISBN
4622:ISSN
4592:ISBN
4575:OCLC
4555:OCLC
4538:OCLC
4516:ISBN
4497:ISBN
4478:ISBN
4459:ISBN
4440:ISBN
4418:ISBN
4396:ISBN
4364:ISBN
4317:ISBN
4298:ISBN
4279:ISBN
4257:ISBN
4238:ISBN
4219:ISBN
4197:ISBN
4178:ISBN
4159:ISBN
4140:ISBN
4116:2021
4103:ISBN
4072:ISBN
4051:ISBN
4026:ISSN
3995:ISBN
3976:ISBN
3957:ISBN
3935:ISBN
3916:ISBN
3897:ISBN
3877:OCLC
3860:OCLC
3838:ISBN
3819:ISBN
3802:OCLC
3769:ISBN
3738:ISBN
3721:OCLC
3701:OCLC
3681:OCLC
3655:ISBN
3598:ISBN
3579:ISBN
3559:ISSN
3522:ISSN
3491:ISBN
3465:ISBN
3434:ISBN
3417:OCLC
3395:ISBN
3376:ISBN
3348:PMID
3332:ISSN
3301:ISBN
3275:ISBN
3251:ISSN
3218:ISBN
3192:ISBN
3151:ISBN
1230:and
1137:and
980:Rome
976:Alps
942:and
934:and
749:and
741:and
595:and
463:the
444:and
351:and
251:The
176:Edwy
100:Died
92:Born
5755:Dub
5715:Áed
5313:at
5224:doi
5101:doi
5063:doi
5025:doi
4980:doi
4913:doi
4719:doi
4681:doi
4614:doi
4340:doi
4095:doi
4018:doi
3761:doi
3624:doi
3514:doi
3457:doi
3324:doi
3184:doi
3143:doi
2816:);
1306:in
1153:'s
1145:by
990:of
591:of
561:of
434:or
363:in
178:or
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5230:.
5218:.
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5095:.
5069:.
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4024:.
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3796:.
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3671:;
3645:;
3618:.
3555:XI
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3508:.
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3137:.
3099:;
2949:^
2940:;
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2517:;
2474:;
2448:^
2363:;
2101:^
2060:;
1781:;
1747:^
1595:;
1477:^
1468:;
1368:^
1310:.
1209:,
1129:,
1104:;
1061:c.
1050:.
966:,
804:,
514:he
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324:.
280:,
184:c.
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105:c.
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