Early Buddhist texts

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translated into other languages such as Chinese, Tokharian, Khotanese, Sogdian, and Tibetan. Also, new Buddhist texts in India, from at least the third century onward, were directly composed in standard Sanskrit. Manuscripts from the northern tradition, especially those of Central Asian provenance, are therefore often in Prakrit (especially Gāndhārī) or some nonstandard form of Sanskrit, sometimes called Buddhist Sanskrit, an intermediate stage between some Prakrit and standard Sanskrit.

6147: 1606:, could also be considered early Buddhist texts. According to Peter Skilling, the Jataka genre is "one of the oldest classes of Buddhist literature." Sarah Shaw writes that the earliest part of the Pali Jātakas, the verse portions, are "considered amongst the very earliest part of the Pali tradition and date from the fifth century BCE." "Jataka" appears as part of an ancient schema of Buddhist literature called the nine genres of the Buddha's teaching ( 6158: 1075: 868: 3556: 3543: 56: 927:(most visible material dates from the 1st or 2nd century BCE) contain many details from the EBTs such as: the mention of Buddha Gotama and all five past Buddhas of the EBTs, as well as kings Ajātasatru and Pasenadi. Major events from the Buddha's life from the EBTs are mentioned such as his awakening, the first teaching and his death. According to Lüders “… the visit of Ajātasattu is depicted even in details exactly according to the 3533: 1000:; all these I have found and compared with translations from the Pali, and find that in the main they are identical. I do not say literally the same; they differ in minor points, but are identical in plot and all important details. And when the Vinaya and Āgama collections are thoroughly examined, I can have little doubt we shall find most if not all the Pali suttas in a Chinese form. 1031:, which are easily discernable, the variations in question affect hardly anything save the method of expression or the arrangement of the subjects. The doctrinal basis common to the Nikāyas and Āgamas is remarkably uniform. Preserved and transmitted by the schools, the sūtras do not, however, constitute scholastic documents, but are the common heritage of all the sects. 1181:, collections of sutras which parallel the Pali Nikāyas in content as well as structure. There are also some differences between the discourses and collections as modern comparative studies has shown, such as omissions of material, additions and shifts in the location of phrases. These various Agamas possibly come down to us from the 697:, which contain more elaborate and complex narratives, that would be more difficult to memorize. Also, the EBTs are always historically situated in ancient Indian locales, unlike many later Mahayana works, which depict themselves as being taught by the Buddha in heavenly realms or other supernatural circumstances. 971:

Most modern scholarship has generally focused on the Pāli Nikāyas (which have been fully translated into Western languages) and the Chinese Āgamas (only partially translated). As early as the late 19th century, it was known that the Nikāyas and the Āgamas contain a great number of parallel texts. In

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Canonical fragments are included in the Golden Pāli Text, found in a reliquary from Śrī kṣetra dating to the late 3rd or early 4th century AD; they agree almost exactly with extant Pāli manuscripts. This means that the Pāli Tipiṭaka has been transmitted with a high degree of accuracy for well over

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After the death of the founder, Buddhist texts were transmitted orally in Middle Indo-Aryan dialects (Prakrits). While the southern tradition eventually settled on one of these dialects, Pāli, as its canonical language, in India and Central Asia Buddhist texts were successively Sanskritized and/or

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An important feature that marks the Early Buddhist texts are formal characteristics which reflect their origin as orally transmitted literature such as the use of repetition and rhetorical formulas. Other stylistic features which betray orality include: the use of multiple synonyms, standardized

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The textual evidence from various traditions shows that by the 1st century BCE to the fourth century CE, slight differences developed among these parallel documents and that these differences reflected "school affiliation, local traditions, linguistic environment, nonstandardized scripts, or any

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The corresponding pieces of textual material found in the canons of the different sects... probably go back to pre-sectarian times. It is unlikely that these correspondences could have been produced by the joint endeavour of different Buddhist sects, for such an undertaking would have required

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As noted by Mark Allon there are various reasons why these texts are held to have been transmitted orally by modern scholars. These include internal evidence from the texts themselves which indicates that they were to be memorized and recited, the lack of any evidence (whether archeological or

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King Pasenadi of Kosala is said to have used kāsi sandalwood (MN 87.28), indicating that even the highest social strata used locally produced luxuries. This situation is perhaps to be expected given the political divisions in North India at the time, which may have complicated long-distance

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who knew that the Vedic educational system had transmitted a mass of difficult texts, verbatim, in an increasingly archaic language, for more than a thousand years. Since the early Buddhists required a different means of oral transmission, for quite different texts, other

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Toh 287). This text contains some EBT passages, including a section on mindfulness of the body (ch. 5), a section on the ten paths of wholesome action (ch. 1) and a passage (in ch. 2) which is similar to the Discourse on Distinguishing the Six Elements

1622:. According to Martin Straube, while these narratives cannot be dated in a precise manner, "the fact that many narratives are passed on in almost identical form within the canons of the different schools shows that they date back to the time before the 1464:("Great Community"). Some scholars such as Edward Conze have thus emphasized the importance of EBTs that have parallels in both Sthavira and Mahāsāṅghika sources. However, fewer Mahāsāṃghika texts have survived in comparison to Sthavira material. 1486:

is an early Buddhist text which has been tied to the Mahāsāṃghika school, it contains many parallel passages to the Pali suttas. As noted by N. Ross Reat, this text is in general agreement with the basic doctrines of the Sthavira EBTs such as

744:, including the adoption of certain Vedic poetic metres, as well as forms of organization (using topic and number). EBTs share similar terminology and ideas with Vedic texts. They also share certain metaphors and imagery with texts like the 655:

which recounts the death of the Buddha. The early suttas also almost always open by introducing the geographical location of the event they depict, including ancient place names, always preceded by the phrase "thus have I heard"

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According to Sujato, the MPE 2 (Sārnāth) edict makes use of various EBT specific terms such as: "bhikhusaṁgha, bhikhuni-saṁgha, sāsana, upāsaka, anuposatha, saṁgha bheta, saṁgha samaga (Sāñcī version), cila-thitīka (Sāñcī)."

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collections. Andrew Glass has compared a small number of Gandhāran sutras with their Tibetan, Pali, Sanskrit and Chinese parallels and concludes that there is a unity in their doctrines, despite some technical differences.

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1,500 years. There is no reason why such an accurate transmission should not be projected back a number of centuries, at the least to the period when it was written down in the first century BC, and probably further.

729:) and that this was affirmed during communal recitations (where there is little room for improvisation), while others argue that they could have been performed in more poetic and improvisational ways ( 1549:) are considered by scholars to be (mostly) later material (3rd century BCE onwards) and thus are not EBTs. In spite of the relative lateness of the Abhidharma works, according to scholars like 704:, monks who specialized in memorization and recitation of particular collections of texts, until they were eventually recorded in writing after the 1st Century BCE. As noted by Alexander Wynne: 2688: 598:) of monastic rules or doctrinal topics. A large portion of Early Buddhist literature is part of the "sutta" or "sutra" genre, these are usually placed in different collections (called 640:

the main purpose for the composition of the EBTs was to "preserve and to defend an orthodox tradition." He adds that this literary effort was influenced by the Vedic prose of the

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treatises are also a source of EBT fragments. The Sautrantika school was known for focusing on using examples from and references to EBT sutras. These works include Kumaralata's

1753:, MA 162) according to Daniel Malinowski Stuart. There are also further passages in chapter two describing the contemplation of impurity, loving-kindness and pratityasamutpada. 1582:

school. According to Frauwallner's comparative study, these texts were possibly developed and "constructed from the same material", mainly early Buddhist doctrinal lists (Pali:

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were developed, based on communal chanting (saṅgīti). The texts explicitly state that this method was to be employed, and their actual form shows that it was, on a grand scale.

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concepts. According to Lamotte, these 'interpolations' are easily discernible. According to Analayo, the most often proposed hypothesis is that the EA derives from the

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Lamotte, Etienne; Gelongma Karma Migme Chodron. The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nāgārjuna (Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra) Vol. II Chapters XVI–XXX, pp 494–495

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which has survived until today. According to the Theravada tradition, after having been passed down orally, it was first written down in the first century BCE in

541:. According to the Japanese scholar Akira Hirakawa, "any attempt to ascertain the original teachings of the historical Buddha must be based on this literature." 3221:. In: Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy. Ed. by Potter, Karl H. Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD. Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, pp. 28, 33, 37, 41, 43, 48. 2112: 886:

Sujato also notes that the RE 5 (Kālsī) edict states: “Good deeds are difficult to perform,” “bad acts are easy to commit”, which could be a quote from the

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and concluded that despite some differences in technical and practical issues, there was a striking agreement in doctrinal matters. A more recent study by

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Although there is no evidence for writing before Aśoka, the accuracy of oral transmission should not be underestimated. The Buddhist community was full of

4297: 1375:, the division of the canon containing long discourses, belonging to the (Mula)-Sarvastivada school, which dates to the seventh or eighth centuries AD". 1008:

began critical studies of these correspondences. Probably the most important early works in the comparative study of these two collections are Anesaki's

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The EBTs also depict a small scale local economy, during a time before the establishment of the long-distance trading networks, as noted by Brahmali and

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Vinaya Pitaka also survives in Chinese translation. Some of the Agamas have been translated into English by the Āgama Research Group (ARG) at the

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Over time this comparative study of these parallel Buddhist texts became incorporated into modern scholarship on Buddhism, such as in the work of

5216: 2719: 3494: 5440: 2227:. In: Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy. Ed. by Potter, Karl H. Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD. Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, pp. 26-27." 1349:

school. Most of these preserve "canonical" prose sutras, as well as some biographical material on the Buddha's life associated with the Vinaya.

606:) and constitute the "Sutta Pitaka" (Skt: Sūtra Pitaka, "Basket of sutras") section of the various early Buddhist Canonical collections called 1334:"The British Library Kharoṣṭhī Manuscripts", Birch bark scrolls in the Gandhari Language and the Kharoṣṭhī script, possibly belonging to the 725:

generally hold that these texts were memorized in fixed form, to be recited verbatim (in contrast to other forms of oral literature, such as

3657: 3178:. In: Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy. Ed. by Potter, Karl H. Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD. Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, p. 27. 2539:. In: Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy. Ed. by Potter, Karl H. Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD. Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, p. 29. 890:(5:8). Likewise, the RE 9 (Girnār) edict states “there is no gift like the gift of the Dhamma”, which could be a quote from the EBTs (see 1266: 1406:

Sanskrit fragments of different early Buddhist Agamas also survive from various sources, including from the archaeological finds in the

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though including much later additions, also includes some EBT parallel passages, including passages on the first sermon at Varanasi.

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Nariman, J. K.; Introduction to the Early Buddhist Texts in Sanskritised Prākit from Literary History of Sanskrit Buddhism, Ch 1–6.

1345:"The Senior Kharoṣṭhī Manuscripts", Birch bark scrolls in the Gandhari Language and the Kharoṣṭhī script, possibly belonging to the 1687: 1473:("Great Event"). This is a mythic life of the Buddha which includes many legendary tales but also includes various EBTs parallels. 436: 1476:

There are also fragments of the Mahāparinirvāṇa and Caṁgi (Pali: Caṅki) sutras of the Mahāsāṃghika dating to the 3rd–4th century.

6032: 5484: 3084: 845:, who is better known for his inclination towards Jainism, one might conjecture that the latest date for the composition of the 5687: 3667: 3353:

in Silk, Jonathan A. (Editor-in-chief) "Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism". Vol. I: Literature and Language. Leiden, Boston 2015

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also agrees with this position. Analayo argues the Majjhima Nikaya and Madhyama Agama contain mostly the same major doctrines.

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internal to the texts) that writing was being used to preserve these texts and the stylistic features of the texts themselves.

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Lamotte, History of Indian Buddhism, From the origins to the Saka era, Institut Orientaliste Louvain-la-neuve, 1988, page 156.

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The Four Buddhist Āgamas in Chinese – A Concordance of their Parts and of the Corresponding Counterparts in the Pāli Nikāyas.

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According to Mark Allon, an important recent find is "a substantial portion of a large Sanskrit birch bark manuscript of the

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The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners: The Buddhist Yogacarabhumi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet

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Mindfulness in Early Buddhism: New Approaches Through Psychology and Textual Analysis of Pali, Chinese and Sanskrit Sources.

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The Four Buddhist Āgamas in Chinese – A Concordance of their Parts and of the Corresponding Counterparts in the Pāli Nikāyas

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The Madhyama-āgama in Śamathadeva’s Abhidharmakośopāyikā-ṭīkā: annotated translation, comparative studies and concordances

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Another important source of early Buddhist material in the Tibetan canon are numerous quotations by Śamathadeva in his

1553:, there are kernels of early pre-sectarian material in the earliest layer of the Abhidharma literature, such as in the 3770: 3406: 1630:, jātakas are the precursors to the various legendary biographies of the Buddha, which were composed at later dates. 6017: 2797:

Abeynayake, oliver. A textual and Historical Analysis of the Khuddaka Nikaya. Colombo, First Edition – 1984, p. 113.

1697: 5702: 5447: 2107: 801:, while it would later become the capital of the Mauryan empire and the largest city in India. They do not mention 2266:

Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies monographs. Equinox, pp. 28, 43–44, 80–81, 122–128, 133–137, 182, 188, 202–206.

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Shulman, E. Forthcoming. 'Orality and Creativity in Early Buddhist Discourses.' In L. Gomez and N. Gummer (eds.),

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Gold Plates containing fragments of the Pali Tipitaka (5th century) found in Maunggan (a village near the city of

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caves, a collection which preserves Early Buddhist, Abhidharma and Mahayana texts in either Sanskrit or Gandhari.

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The Formation of Canons in the Early Indian Nikāyas or Schools in the Light of the New Gāndhārī Manuscript Finds

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is a composite text which is mainly made up of early Buddhist material organized into an Abhidharma type list.

1224:. Buddhist Chinese also shows a significant number of elements which derive from the source language, including 6039: 5692: 5494: 5385: 5330: 3903: 3275:"Abhidhamma Pitaka." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008. 2924: 2090: 3379:(Dharma Drum Buddhist College Research Series 9), Taiwan: Dharma Drum Publishing Corporation (in preparation). 6183: 6009: 5707: 5390: 3682: 3515: 1228:

and phonological transcriptions. Scholarly analysis of these texts have shown that they were translated from

837:, in contrast to other later Buddhist texts which do mention them, is also evidence of its pre-Mauryan date: 5592: 5464: 5435: 5137: 1533:) has been attributed to the Mahāsāṃghikas by various scholars, though this attribution remains uncertain. 1434:

Various Vinaya texts also survive in Sanskrit, including Vinaya texts from the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya and the

985: 648:, these collections also contain the first ever Indian texts to commemorate historical events, such as the 429: 2514: 1035:

Bhiksu Thich Minh Chau (1918– 2012) conducted a comparative study (1991) of the contents in the Theravada

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Kanpa shibu shiagon goshōroku 漢巴四部四阿含互照錄 - The Comparative Catalogue of Chinese Āgamas and Pāli Nikāyas.

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Recent work has also been done on other more fragmentary materials surviving in Sanskrit, Tibetan and

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Fuyan Buddhist Studies, No. 7, pp. 75-100 (2012), Hsinchu: Fuyan Buddhist Institute, ISSN: 2070-0512.

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Canonical Jātaka Tales in Comparative Perspective– The Evolution of Tales of the Buddha's Past Lives.

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are some of the earliest Indian historical documents and they agree with the EBTs in some respects.

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mentions some Buddhist texts which have been identified and which might show that at the time of

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phrases and passages, verse summaries similies, numbered lists and standard framing narratives.

610:("Three Baskets"). The suttas generally contain doctrinal, spiritual and philosophical content. 533:

hold that Early Buddhist texts contain material that could possibly be traced to the historical

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Recent Discoveries of Buddhist Manuscripts from Afghanistan and Pakistan and Their Significance

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There are also various Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya texts which contain early material, including their

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http://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Reference/Early-Buddhist-Texts/02-EBT-Sanskrit-Canon.htm

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Some narrative texts which discuss the past lives of the Buddha and other figures, mainly the

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contains forty-seven discourses. This includes some sutras not found in Pali at all, like the

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Marcus Bingenheimer, Editor in Chief; Bhikkhu Anālayo and Roderick S. Bucknell, Co-Editors.

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Marcus Bingenheimer, Editor in Chief; Bhikkhu Anālayo and Roderick S. Bucknell, Co-Editors.

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Marcus Bingenheimer, Editor in Chief; Bhikkhu Anālayo and Roderick S. Bucknell, Co-Editors.

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While the other Chinese Agamas are mostly doctrinally consistent with the Pali Nikayas, the

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A Less Traveled Path:Meditation and Textual Practice in the Saddharmasmrtyupasthana(sutra).

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Yokohama : Kelly & Walsh (The Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan), 1908

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Complete Corpus, Catalog, Bibliography and Dictionary of early Buddhist texts in Gāndhārī

3437: 2953: 1705:(Compendium of Themes) which includes summaries of key topics found in each sutra of the 842: 783: 771: 265: 165: 160: 3883: 3810: 1802: 1655: 1330:

According to Mark Allon, the most recent major finds include the following collections:

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The Structure of the Sanskrit Dīrgha-āgama from Gilgit vis-à-vis the Pali Dīgha-nikāya.

2888: 2711: 1079: 1051: 287: 5771: 3472: 1682: 1675:. Some of this material is available in English translation by Bhikkhunī Dhammadinnā. 1647: 1642:. Peter Skilling has published English translations of these texts in his two volume " 1457: 1135: 1020: 626: 390: 340: 304: 6150: 6112: 5808: 5793: 5756: 5741: 5514: 5430: 5345: 5182: 5147: 5132: 4859: 4849: 4530: 4377: 4362: 4233: 4156: 4076: 4011: 3943: 3830: 3587: 3466: 3402: 3244: 2892: 2839: 2778: 2665: 2607: 2562: 2494: 2462: 2417: 2385: 2353: 2321: 2289: 2205: 2174: 2063: 1945:

Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor).

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A history of mindfulness, How insight worsted tranquillity in the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta

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Gandhara birchbark scroll fragments (c. 1st century) from British Library Collection

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often relies on comparative scholarship using these various early Buddhist sources.

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Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems.

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dating to the 1st century CE, making them the earliest EBT manuscripts discovered.

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contain several EBTs which parallel those found in other collections "such as the

641: 317: 270: 6162: 6107: 6059: 5987: 5857: 5655: 5635: 5577: 5489: 5152: 5050: 4897: 4633: 4616: 4601: 4579: 4131: 4001: 3835: 3815: 3091: 2861: 2155: 2116: 1671: 1370: 1247: 1236: 1106: 1044: 774:, which features small scale towns and villages, and small competing states (the 722: 694: 673: 4907: 4061: 4051: 2978:

Bronkhorst, Johannes. The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India, page 14

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The Madhyama Agama: Middle Length Discourses Vol I (Taishō Volume 1, Number 26).

2130:

The Madhyama Agama: Middle Length Discourses Vol I (Taishō Volume 1, Number 26).

2119:. Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai America, Inc. 2013. BDK English Tripiṭaka Series, p. xviii 940:

Other Indian inscriptions from the 1st and 2nd century CE include terms such as

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There are EBTs from various Buddhist schools, especially from the Theravada and

372: 6117: 5820: 5670: 5452: 5032: 5012: 4932: 4621: 4611: 4545: 4382: 3868: 3731: 2109:

The Madhyama Agama: Middle Length Discourses Vol I (Taishō Volume 1, Number 26)

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Mindful Wisdom: The Sati-paṭṭhāna-sutta on Mindfulness, Memory, and Liberation.

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and inscriptions (as early as the second century B.C.E.) seen in sites such as

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are skeptical of the antiquity of the Pali texts, Alexander Wynne notes that:

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of the different Buddhist schools, as well as some material from the earliest

355: 6177: 5887: 5736: 5045: 4947: 4805: 4606: 4584: 4520: 4191: 3986: 3981: 3873: 3542: 3456: 3231: 2884: 2826: 2807: 2762: 2652: 2594: 2549: 2481: 2449: 2404: 2372: 2340: 2308: 2276: 2192: 2178: 2050: 1911: 1797: 1746:

The Application of Mindfulness of the Sacred Dharma (Saddharmasmṛtyupasthāna,

1579: 1564: 1500: 1346: 1335: 1324: 1190: 997: 817: 779: 775: 762: 734: 730: 618: 607: 503: 397: 347: 195: 79: 4345: 4335: 3707: 3022:, (pp. 28-46). Beijing: Religious Culture Press (Zongjiao Wenhua Chubanshe). 2969:

Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai America, Inc. 2013. BDK English Tripiṭaka Series, p. xix

2132:

Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai America, Inc. 2013. BDK English Tripiṭaka Series, p. xvi

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organisation on a scale which was simply inconceivable in the ancient world.

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catalogue states that sutras Toh 287-359 of the General Sutra section are "

1627: 1599: 1569: 1182: 1139: 933:,” and “… the representation of the visit of Sakka follows the text of the 787: 614: 530: 324: 109: 55: 4760: 4745: 4705: 4402: 4066: 3642: 1469: 700:

Early Buddhist texts are believed to have been transmitted by lineages of

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The first schism among the Buddhist community was between the so-called

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school contains the most complete fully extant collection of EBTs in an

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During the 20th century various scholars including Anesaki Masaharu and

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and Chinese, there are also fragmentary collections of EBT materials in

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A. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Vol. II Part II Bharhut Inscriptions

1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1611: 1542: 1492: 1416: 1339: 1246:(EA) has been seen by various scholars such as Johannes Bronkhorst and 1221: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1127: 1119: 1087: 895: 790:, who unified all these small competing states during the 4th century. 488: 484: 104: 4912: 3908: 2145:, in Indian Insights: Buddhism, Brahmanism and Bhakti, Luzac, pp 39–61 1274:

Modern discoveries of various fragmentary manuscript collections from

952:, indicating the existence of a Buddhist literature during this time. 5867: 5840: 5007: 4882: 4594: 4510: 4387: 4277: 4250: 4243: 4206: 4163: 4126: 3893: 3858: 3825: 3800: 3755: 1744:

The Tibetan canon also includes a large Mūlasarvāstivāda text called

1695:; the majority are borrowed from the Āgama collections." The massive 1554: 1290: 1099: 1091: 1074: 909:(304–232 BCE) these were already fixed. These citations include the " 867: 564:

Different genres comprise the Early Buddhist texts, including prose "

377: 190: 5640: 4476: 4330: 4096: 3878: 3747: 3739: 3401:, pp. 54-57. Harvard Oriental Series (Book 75). Harvard University. 2928: 2866:"Some Pali discourses in light of their Chinese parallels, part two" 2091:"Hoary past and hazy memory. On the history of early Buddhist texts" 1960:

Mun-keat, Choong (2000), The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism

1850:

Tse-Fu Kuan. Mindfulness in similes in Early Buddhist literature in

1520:

monastic code, which is almost identical with Sthavira pātimokkhas.

1338:

school. They include prose sutras and verse works like parts of the

1282:

has contributed significantly to the study of Early Buddhist texts.

1123: 1027:

However, with the exception of the Mahāyanist interpolations in the

599: 175: 6157: 5997: 5952: 5897: 5862: 5766: 5425: 4992: 4987: 4937: 4872: 4790: 4755: 4750: 4411: 4282: 4270: 4181: 3840: 3537: 3460: 2238:

The Early Development of Buddhist Literature and Language in India.

1678: 1558: 1275: 1251: 1059: 806: 714: 569: 549: 545: 499: 277: 47: 4982: 4972: 4957: 4780: 4650: 3918: 770:

Regarding the setting, the EBTs generally depict the world of the

180: 5902: 5845: 5830: 4977: 4967: 4942: 4817: 4812: 4770: 4740: 4672: 4638: 4525: 4466: 4461: 4315: 4218: 4056: 4006: 3793: 3619: 1651: 1639: 1619: 1603: 1496: 1232: 924: 841:

Given the importance of the rise of the Maurya empire even under

833:, the omission of any mention of the Mauryas in EBTs such as the 709: 472: 294: 217: 130: 114: 84: 4589: 4357: 1327:

school. A few publications have translated some of these texts.

1165:

These texts have been widely translated into Western languages.

693:

These stylistic features are in contrast to later works such as

5982: 5967: 5803: 5665: 5645: 5420: 5082: 4962: 4952: 4887: 4515: 4471: 4456: 4446: 4416: 4340: 4223: 3991: 3863: 3607: 3602: 3463:

as well as other collections, focusing on Early Buddhist texts.

3061:

in 'Research on the Dīrgha-āgama' (2014) edited by Dhammadinnā.

2952:, General Editor Rint Sybesma. Consulted online on 26 May 2019 2948:

Qingzhi ZHU, “Buddhist Chinese (Buddhist Hybrid Chinese)”, in:

1623: 1615: 1411: 1357: 1225: 1131: 1062:, Mizuno Kogen and Mun-Keat Choong, the common ancestor of the 906: 802: 578: 534: 480: 222: 2036:

A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna

6122: 5957: 5815: 5781: 5761: 5731: 5660: 5077: 4922: 4800: 4795: 4765: 4720: 4567: 4562: 4441: 4146: 3971: 3938: 3928: 2143:

The Oral Composition and Transmission of Early Buddhist Texts

1832: 1159: 887: 778:) with a lower level of urbanisation compared to that of the 741: 587: 583: 3473:

Bibliography of Translations from the Chinese Buddhist Canon

3453: 3151: 3127: 3103: 2519:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

2095:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

1014:

The Comparative Catalogue of Chinese Āgamas and Pāli Nikāyas

750:, such as the single salty taste of the ocean (AN 8.157 vs. 5992: 4785: 4451: 3948: 3477: 495: 469: 2240:

Journal of the Oxford Center for Buddhist Studies 5:89-135

468:. The most widely studied EBT material are the first four 5650: 4186: 2173:. Taipei: Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies: 3–21. 849:, at least for this part of it, is around 350 to 320 BC. 479:. However, some scholars have also pointed out that some 3000:

Singaporean Journal of Buddhist Studies, Volume 1, 2013.

2515:"The Oral Transmission of the Early Buddhist Literature" 1669:(Derge no. 4094 / Peking no. 5595), a commentary to the 1066:

and the Samyukta Agama is the basis for the other EBTs.

3482: 2750:

Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity

3418:

Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox (editors)

3206:

Buddhist manuscripts of the Schøyen collection vol. I.

1590:) which forms the "ancient core" of early Abhidharma. 1423:

Other Sanskrit Agama texts include the (non-Mahayana)

3441:

PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.

2954:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2210-7363_ecll_COM_00000047

1964:

Analayo. Early Buddhist Meditation Studies (Volume 1)

3325:

Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,

3286:

Buddhism and Buddhist Literature of South-East Asia,

548:

Buddhism, these texts are sometimes referred to as "

3264:

Encyclopaedia of Buddhism: Volume VIII, fascicle 3.

3035:. Buddhist Studies Review, Vol. 35, No. 1–2 (2018). 1658:" works "probably extracted from the Āgamas of the 1023:(1988), who commented on their close relationship: 27:

Parallel texts shared by the Early Buddhist schools

2766: 2629:Nagoya: Hajinkaku shobō破塵閣書房, 1929. xvi + 424 pp. 1681:treatises also sometimes quote EBTs. According to 1467:One important source for Mahāsāṃghika EBTs is the 3459:translations in multiple languages from the Pali 1650:, a site of Tibetan Canon translations, the Degé 6175: 3356: 2950:Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics 1638:There are various EBTs collected in the Tibetan 582:), various forms of verse compositions (such as 1856:. Buddhist Foundations of Mindfulness, page 267 1495:" between eternalism and annihilationism, the " 672:These texts were initially transmitted through 556:" texts and are not considered Mahayana works. 3230: 2825: 2548: 2480: 2448: 2403: 2371: 2339: 2307: 2275: 2191: 2049: 1910: 1626:between the schools took place." According to 737:) through the use of basic lists or formulas. 3516: 2856: 2854: 1414:. These finds include versions of a Sanskrit 1261: 430: 4298:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 3469:Selected Pali Suttas in English translation. 3237:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts 2832:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts 2580:Luders, H., Waldschmidt, E., and Mehendale, 2555:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts 2487:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts 2455:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts 2410:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts 2378:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts 2346:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts 2314:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts 2282:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts 2198:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts 2056:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts 1917:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts 2737:A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya. 633:, and other texts of uncertain prominence. 3523: 3509: 3489:Buddhist Manuscripts from Gandhāra project 2851: 2160:"Reflections on Comparative Āgama Studies" 1872:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism, 1646:" (Pāli Text Society, 1994). According to 1610:), and depictions of them appear in early 1235:source languages, with varying degrees of 537:himself or at least to the early years of 437: 423: 3491:at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München 3219:“The Historical Buddha and his Teachings” 3176:“The Historical Buddha and his Teachings” 2689:"Early Meanings of Dependent-Origination" 2584:. Government epigraphist for India, 1963. 2537:“The Historical Buddha and his Teachings” 2225:“The Historical Buddha and his Teachings” 1208:The language of these texts is a form of 1130:(basic list of monastic rules) and other 3497:publications by University of Washington 3299:The Jatakas: Birth Stories of Bodhisatta 3018:. In Wei Shan and Zhang Xuesong (Eds.), 1993: 1719:Numerous sutra quotations by authors of 1293:, but some have also been discovered in 1265: 1073: 959: 923:Some early archeological sites like the 866: 761: 5485:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 2860: 2739:Dharma Drum Academic Publisher. p. 891. 2686: 2154: 1451: 1285:Most of these texts are written in the 1122:mainly consists of the first four Pāli 766:Gangetic plain during the pre-Nanda era 475:, as well as the corresponding Chinese 14: 6176: 5688:List of Buddhist architecture in China 3104:"Sanskrit Āgama Sūtras - SuttaCentral" 2806: 2761: 2651: 2593: 1975: 1900:Vol. 49, No. 4 (May 2010), pp. 393-420 1319:These texts include a parallel to the 1134:material as well as some parts of the 1058:According to some Asian scholars like 529:, Akira Hirakawa, Alexander Wynne and 3504: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2914:Warder, A. K. Indian Buddhism, page 7 2905:Warder, A. K. Indian Buddhism, page 6 2682: 2680: 2512: 2493:, Chroniker Press, pp. 103–104, 2082: 2080: 2078: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1691:cites "about a hundred sūtras of the 1203:Dharma Drum Institute of Liberal Arts 2773:. Oxford University Press. pp. 2384:, Chroniker Press, pp. 25, 34, 1981:Indian Buddhism, 3rd Revised edition 1941: 1939: 1866: 1864: 740:The EBTs also show the influence of 676:. According to Marcus Bingenheimer, 3420:Sarvastivada Buddhist Scholasticism 3330: 3312:Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Volume 1, 3304: 3291: 3243:, Chroniker Press, pp. 45–46, 1593: 1118:The Early Buddhist material in the 813:) as a contemporary of the Buddha. 757: 24: 5475:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 3435:Stuart, Daniel Malinowski (2012), 3343: 3278: 3189:A Critical Study of the Mahāvastu, 3003: 2838:, Chroniker Press, pp. 9–10, 2814:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 42. 2677: 2075: 2005: 1923:, Chroniker Press, pp. 9–10, 1429:Pratītyasamutpādādivibhaṅganirdeśa 1216:佛教漢語) or Buddhist Hybrid Chinese ( 955: 782:era. As such, the EBTs depict the 25: 6195: 3447: 3397:Kragh, Ulrich Timme, ed. (2013). 3208:Hermes Academic Publishing, 2000. 3187:Rahula, Bhikkhu Telwatte (1978). 3152:"The Play in Full - SuttaCentral" 3046:Four Gandhari Samyuktagama Sutras 2998:Mahāyāna in the Ekottarika-āgama, 1936: 1861: 1220:佛教混合漢語) which shows considerable 805:but they mention the Jain leader 494:Besides the large collections in 491:texts could also be quite early. 464:are parallel texts shared by the 6156: 6146: 6145: 5703:Thai temple art and architecture 5448:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 3688:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 3554: 3541: 3531: 2561:, Chroniker Press, p. 110, 2461:, Chroniker Press, p. 106, 2040:Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 38. 1852:Edo Shonin, William Van Gordon, 1735:attributed to Skandhila and the 1633: 1364: 1356:Manuscripts", discovered in the 972:1882, Samuel Beal published his 721:Some scholars such as Wynne and 590:), mixed prose and verse works ( 54: 3555: 3429: 3412: 3391: 3382: 3369: 3317: 3269: 3262:G. P. Malalasekera (ed, 2009), 3256: 3224: 3211: 3198: 3181: 3168: 3144: 3120: 3096: 3077: 3064: 3051: 3038: 3025: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2959: 2942: 2917: 2908: 2899: 2818: 2800: 2791: 2755: 2742: 2729: 2645: 2632: 2619: 2587: 2574: 2542: 2529: 2506: 2474: 2442: 2429: 2416:, Chroniker Press, p. 23, 2397: 2365: 2352:, Chroniker Press, p. 24, 2333: 2320:, Chroniker Press, p. 13, 2301: 2288:, Chroniker Press, p. 67, 2269: 2256: 2243: 2230: 2217: 2204:, Chroniker Press, p. 51, 2185: 2148: 2135: 2122: 2100: 2062:, Chroniker Press, p. 39, 2043: 2027: 1297:. According to Mark Allon, the 1168: 664:combination of these factors." 576:, discourses), monastic rules ( 5693:Japanese Buddhist architecture 5495:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 4575:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 3766:Places where the Buddha stayed 3070:Sujato, Bhikkhu (2005, 2012). 2812:The Buddha's Path to Awakening 1987: 1969: 1952: 1903: 1890: 1877: 1844: 1716:and doctrinal lists (Mātṛka). 13: 1: 5708:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 2625:Akanuma, Chizen 赤沼智善 (1929): 1838: 1712:as well as the topics of the 1536: 1250:as being influenced by later 915:Ambalaṭṭhikā Rāhulovāda Sutta 871:Ashoka Minor Rock Edict No. 3 862: 853:According to Alexander Wynne, 5465:Buddhism and the Roman world 5441:Decline of Buddhism in India 5436:History of Buddhism in India 3536: Topics in 3234:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), 3204:Braarvig, Jens et al., eds. 2956:First published online: 2015 2829:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), 2696:Journal of Indian Philosophy 2552:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), 2484:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), 2452:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), 2407:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), 2375:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), 2343:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), 2311:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), 2279:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), 2195:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), 2053:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), 1914:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), 1885:The Foundations of Buddhism, 1323:, possibly belonging to the 1105:While some scholars such as 1069: 996:, the Kasi-Bhāradvadja, the 974:Buddhist Literature in China 913:", which could refer to the 514:. The modern study of early 7: 4663:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 4403: 2769:The Foundations of Buddhism 1756: 1731:attributed to Ghosaka, the 617:schools, but also from the 559: 10: 6200: 5613:The unanswerable questions 3424:Handbuch Der Orientalistik 3310:Robert E. Buswell (2004). 3044:Andrew Glass, Mark Allon. 2251:The Language of the Sūtras 2167:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 1874:Motilal Banarsidass, p. 3. 1701:contains a section titled 1262:Gandhari and Bactrian EBTs 1173:The EBTs preserved in the 772:second urbanisation period 667: 6141: 6093: 6008: 5923: 5698:Buddhist temples in Korea 5621: 5523: 5406: 5103: 5031: 4858: 4731: 4671: 4306: 4261:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 4172: 4164:Three planes of existence 4112: 3957: 3849: 3779: 3771:Buddha in world religions 3633: 3578: 3550: 2708:10.1007/s10781-007-9030-8 2687:Shulman, Eviatar (2008), 2664:, Santipada, p. 17, 2606:, Santipada, p. 16, 2513:Wynne, Alexander (2004). 2262:Gombrich Richard (2009). 1729:Abhidharmamrtara-sasastra 1667:Abhidharmakośopāyikā-ṭīkā 1212:termed Buddhist Chinese ( 462:early Buddhist discourses 458:early Buddhist literature 5480:Persecution of Buddhists 4701:Four stages of awakening 4082:Three marks of existence 3668:Physical characteristics 3495:Gandharan Buddhist texts 3323:Skilling, Peter (2010). 3284:Skilling, Peter (2010). 2885:10.1558/bsrv.v22i2.14020 2658:A History of Mindfulness 2638:Anesaki, Masaharu 姉崎正治: 2600:A History of Mindfulness 2264:What the Buddha Thought. 2024:JOCBS. 2019(16): 98–148. 1949:SUNY Press. pp. 18, 100. 1870:Mun-Keat Choong (1999). 1299:Gandhāran Buddhist texts 797:as the small village of 4843:Ten principal disciples 3726:(aunt, adoptive mother) 2873:Buddhist Studies Review 2033:Hirakawa, Akira (1993) 2001:. Munshiram Manoharlal. 1733:Abhidharmavatara-sastra 1545:texts and collections ( 1501:three unwholesome roots 847:Mahāparinibbānasuttanta 835:Mahāparinibbānasuttanta 786:before the rise of the 651:Mahāparinibbānasuttanta 5553:Buddhism and democracy 5066:Tibetan Buddhist canon 5061:Chinese Buddhist canon 4293:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 4288:Early Buddhist schools 3351:Narratives: South Asia 3128:"SuttaCentral, Vinaya" 3057:Bucknell, Roderick S. 3020:Religious Studies 2013 2925:"Āgama research group" 1983:. Motilal Banarsidass. 1887:OUP Oxford, pp. 42-43. 1883:Rupert Gethin (1998), 1271: 1175:Chinese Buddhist canon 1116: 1083: 1033: 1002: 968: 872: 860: 851: 827: 767: 747:Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 719: 683: 539:pre-sectarian Buddhism 516:pre-sectarian Buddhism 466:early Buddhist schools 256:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 247:Early Buddhist schools 210:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 5563:Eight Consciousnesses 3673:Life of Buddha in art 3301:, p. xix. Penguin UK. 2236:Cousins, L.S. (2013) 2022:Did the Buddha exist? 1778:Dependent Origination 1751:Saddhatuvibhangasutra 1489:dependent origination 1425:Mahāparinirvāṇasutra, 1269: 1111: 1077: 1025: 978: 963: 870: 855: 839: 822: 765: 706: 678: 6184:Early Buddhist texts 6040:East Asian religions 5470:Buddhism in the West 5041:Early Buddhist texts 4656:Four Right Exertions 4122:Ten spiritual realms 3615:Noble Eightfold Path 3297:Shaw, Sarah (2006). 3195:Motilal Banarsidass. 2435:Tse-fu Kuan (2007). 2141:Allon, Mark (1997), 1995:Gombrich, Richard F. 1773:Noble Eightfold Path 1698:Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra 1608:navaṅga-buddhasāsana 1509:noble eightfold path 1452:Mahāsāṃghika sources 1400:Arthaviniścaya Sūtra 1321:Anattalakkhana Sutta 966:Palm-leaf manuscript 901:A. Wynne notes that 521:Various scholars of 450:Early Buddhist texts 129:Tibetan EBTs in the 74:Early Buddhist Texts 18:Early Buddhist Texts 6163:Religion portal 5910:Temple of the Tooth 5789:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 4828:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 4321:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 4104:Two truths doctrine 3924:Mahapajapati Gotamī 3724:Mahapajapati Gotamī 3366:. 2000. pp. 332-333 2725:on October 10, 2016 1460:("Elders") and the 1444:Lalitavistara Sūtra 903:Minor Rock Edict #3 715:mnemonic techniques 594:), and also lists ( 483:material, like the 166:Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī 6085:Western philosophy 5683:Dzong architecture 5505:Vipassana movement 5500:Buddhist modernism 4928:Emperor Wen of Sui 4696:Pratyekabuddhayāna 4629:Threefold Training 4431:Vipassana movement 4147:Hungry Ghost realm 3967:Avidyā (Ignorance) 3914:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 3663:Great Renunciation 3658:Eight Great Events 3540: 3217:Reat, Noble Ross. 3174:Reat, Noble Ross. 3090:2021-05-14 at the 3014:Allon, M. (2013). 2535:Reat, Noble Ross. 2223:Reat, Noble Ross. 2115:2017-08-02 at the 2097:, 29, (2), 198-206 2020:Wynne, Alexander. 1999:How Buddhism Began 1896:Shulman, Eviatar. 1575:Śāriputrābhidharma 1484:(rice stalk sūtra) 1392:Arthavistara-sūtra 1388:Catuṣpariṣat-sūtra 1272: 1218:fójiào hùnhé Hànyǔ 1185:(the Samyukta and 1084: 976:, where he wrote: 969: 930:Sāmaññaphala Sutta 873: 768: 218:Kingdom of Magadha 6171: 6170: 5809:Om mani padme hum 5515:Women in Buddhism 5431:Buddhist councils 5301:Western countries 5089:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 4850:Shaolin Monastery 4427:Samatha-vipassanā 4037:Pratītyasamutpāda 3841:Metteyya/Maitreya 3759: 3751: 3743: 3735: 3727: 3719: 3711: 3588:Four Noble Truths 3478:Pali Text Society 3349:Straube, Martin. 3336:Bhikkhu Anālayo. 3250:978-1-312-91150-5 2845:978-1-312-91150-5 2784:978-0-19-289223-2 2671:978-1-921842-10-8 2613:978-1-921842-10-8 2568:978-1-312-91150-5 2500:978-1-312-91150-5 2468:978-1-312-91150-5 2423:978-1-312-91150-5 2391:978-1-312-91150-5 2359:978-1-312-91150-5 2327:978-1-312-91150-5 2295:978-1-312-91150-5 2211:978-1-312-91150-5 2087:Oskar von Hinüber 2069:978-1-312-91150-5 1930:978-1-312-91150-5 1768:Four Noble Truths 1551:Erich Frauwallner 1505:four noble truths 1287:Gandhari Language 1039:and Sarvastivada 793:They also depict 638:Oskar von Hinüber 447: 446: 233:Buddhist councils 228:Moggaliputtatissa 16:(Redirected from 6191: 6161: 6160: 6149: 6148: 5988:Sacred languages 5836:Maya Devi Temple 5799:Mahabodhi Temple 5603:Secular Buddhism 5568:Engaged Buddhism 4408: 4256:Tibetan Buddhism 4207:Vietnamese Thiền 3806:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 3757: 3749: 3741: 3733: 3725: 3717: 3709: 3558: 3557: 3545: 3535: 3525: 3518: 3511: 3502: 3501: 3442: 3433: 3427: 3416: 3410: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3373: 3367: 3360: 3354: 3347: 3341: 3334: 3328: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3289: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3242: 3228: 3222: 3215: 3209: 3202: 3196: 3185: 3179: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3100: 3094: 3081: 3075: 3068: 3062: 3055: 3049: 3042: 3036: 3029: 3023: 3012: 3001: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2963: 2957: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2927:. Archived from 2921: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2870: 2858: 2849: 2848: 2837: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2772: 2759: 2753: 2746: 2740: 2735:Analayo (2011). 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2718:, archived from 2693: 2684: 2675: 2674: 2663: 2649: 2643: 2636: 2630: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2605: 2591: 2585: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2560: 2546: 2540: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2492: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2460: 2446: 2440: 2439:Routledge. p. 3. 2433: 2427: 2426: 2415: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2383: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2351: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2319: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2287: 2273: 2267: 2260: 2254: 2247: 2241: 2234: 2228: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2203: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2164: 2152: 2146: 2139: 2133: 2126: 2120: 2104: 2098: 2084: 2073: 2072: 2061: 2047: 2041: 2031: 2025: 2018: 2003: 2002: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1973: 1967: 1956: 1950: 1943: 1934: 1933: 1922: 1907: 1901: 1894: 1888: 1881: 1875: 1868: 1859: 1854:Nirbhay N. Singh 1848: 1660:Mūlasarvāstivāda 1594:Narrative genres 1529:(增壹阿含經; pinyin: 1482:Śālistamba Sūtra 1436:Mūlasarvāstivāda 1410:and the city of 1291:Kharoṣṭhī script 935:Sakkapañha Sutta 877:Edicts of Ashoka 758:Setting and date 631:Mūlasarvāstivāda 527:Richard Gombrich 523:Buddhist studies 439: 432: 425: 361:Mulasarvastivada 125:Śālistamba Sūtra 58: 41: 35: 30: 29: 21: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6174: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6155: 6137: 6089: 6004: 5919: 5656:Ordination hall 5617: 5519: 5490:Buddhist crisis 5402: 5099: 5051:Mahayana sutras 5027: 5023:Thích Nhất Hạnh 4854: 4727: 4667: 4617:Bodhisattva vow 4302: 4168: 4108: 4067:Taṇhā (Craving) 4002:Five hindrances 3953: 3845: 3775: 3629: 3574: 3546: 3529: 3467:Accesstoinsight 3450: 3445: 3434: 3430: 3417: 3413: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3374: 3370: 3364:Indian Buddhism 3361: 3357: 3348: 3344: 3335: 3331: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3305: 3296: 3292: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3240: 3229: 3225: 3216: 3212: 3203: 3199: 3186: 3182: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3158: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3136: 3134: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3112: 3110: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3092:Wayback Machine 3082: 3078: 3069: 3065: 3056: 3052: 3043: 3039: 3030: 3026: 3013: 3004: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2964: 2960: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2868: 2859: 2852: 2846: 2835: 2823: 2819: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2785: 2760: 2756: 2752:, 2013, page 2. 2747: 2743: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2691: 2685: 2678: 2672: 2661: 2650: 2646: 2637: 2633: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2603: 2592: 2588: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2558: 2547: 2543: 2534: 2530: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2490: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2458: 2447: 2443: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2413: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2381: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2349: 2338: 2334: 2328: 2317: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2285: 2274: 2270: 2261: 2257: 2248: 2244: 2235: 2231: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2201: 2190: 2186: 2162: 2153: 2149: 2140: 2136: 2127: 2123: 2117:Wayback Machine 2105: 2101: 2085: 2076: 2070: 2059: 2048: 2044: 2032: 2028: 2019: 2006: 1992: 1988: 1974: 1970: 1957: 1953: 1944: 1937: 1931: 1920: 1908: 1904: 1895: 1891: 1882: 1878: 1869: 1862: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1759: 1741:of Harivarman. 1703:Vastusaṃgrahaṇī 1683:Etienne Lamotte 1672:Abhidharmakosha 1636: 1596: 1539: 1531:zēngyī-ahánjīng 1497:five aggregates 1454: 1367: 1311:Saṃyutta-nikāya 1264: 1248:Etienne Lamotte 1237:sanskritisation 1210:Ancient Chinese 1187:Madhyama Agamas 1171: 1136:Khuddaka Nikāya 1107:Gregory Schopen 1072: 1064:Samyutta Nikaya 1045:Bhikkhu Analayo 1037:Majjhima Nikaya 1021:Etienne Lamotte 958: 956:Extant material 865: 760: 695:Mahayana sutras 670: 562: 443: 414: 413: 412: 411: 249: 239: 238: 237: 212: 202: 201: 200: 145: 137: 136: 135: 68: 39: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6197: 6187: 6186: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6153: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6020: 6014: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5929: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5720:Greco-Buddhist 5712: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5671:Burmese pagoda 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5627: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5529: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5453:Greco-Buddhism 5450: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5412: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5386:United Kingdom 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5331:Czech Republic 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5210: 5205: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5095:Abhidharmadīpa 5092: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5013:B. R. Ambedkar 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4933:Songtsen Gampo 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4737: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4612:Eight precepts 4609: 4599: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4491: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4400: 4390: 4385: 4383:Five Strengths 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4323: 4318: 4312: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4178: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4124: 4118: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4022:Mental factors 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3963: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3874:Mahamoggallāna 3871: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3789:Avalokiteśvara 3785: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3753: 3745: 3737: 3729: 3721: 3713: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3590: 3584: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3528: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3464: 3449: 3448:External links 3446: 3444: 3443: 3428: 3411: 3390: 3381: 3368: 3355: 3342: 3329: 3316: 3303: 3290: 3277: 3268: 3255: 3249: 3232:Sujato, Bhante 3223: 3210: 3197: 3180: 3167: 3143: 3119: 3095: 3076: 3063: 3050: 3037: 3024: 3002: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2958: 2941: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2850: 2844: 2827:Sujato, Bhante 2817: 2808:Gethin, Rupert 2799: 2790: 2783: 2763:Gethin, Rupert 2754: 2748:Crosby, Kate; 2741: 2728: 2702:(2): 297–317, 2676: 2670: 2653:Sujato, Bhante 2644: 2631: 2618: 2612: 2595:Sujato, Bhante 2586: 2573: 2567: 2550:Sujato, Bhante 2541: 2528: 2505: 2499: 2482:Sujato, Bhante 2473: 2467: 2450:Sujato, Bhante 2441: 2428: 2422: 2405:Sujato, Bhante 2396: 2390: 2373:Sujato, Bhante 2364: 2358: 2341:Sujato, Bhante 2332: 2326: 2309:Sujato, Bhante 2300: 2294: 2277:Sujato, Bhante 2268: 2255: 2242: 2229: 2216: 2210: 2193:Sujato, Bhante 2184: 2147: 2134: 2121: 2099: 2074: 2068: 2051:Sujato, Bhante 2042: 2026: 2004: 1986: 1968: 1951: 1935: 1929: 1912:Sujato, Bhante 1902: 1889: 1876: 1860: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1763:Buddhist texts 1758: 1755: 1725:Drstantapankti 1708:Samyukta-āgama 1693:Lesser Vehicle 1635: 1632: 1595: 1592: 1538: 1535: 1526:Ekottara Āgama 1453: 1450: 1384:Māyājāla sutra 1366: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1350: 1343: 1315:Saṃyuktāgama." 1303:Ekottarikāgama 1263: 1260: 1244:Ekottara Agama 1170: 1167: 1096:Indic language 1071: 1068: 1041:Madhyama Agama 1012:and Akanuma's 1006:Akanuma Chizen 957: 954: 942:dhamma-kathika 864: 861: 784:Gangetic Plain 759: 756: 669: 666: 644:. As noted by 561: 558: 445: 444: 442: 441: 434: 427: 419: 416: 415: 410: 409: 408: 407: 406: 405: 404: 403: 402: 401: 387: 380: 370: 369: 368: 363: 358: 353: 352: 351: 337: 330: 322: 321: 320: 315: 302: 301: 300: 297: 292: 291: 290: 285: 275: 274: 273: 266:Ekavyāvahārika 252: 251: 250: 245: 244: 241: 240: 236: 235: 230: 225: 220: 214: 213: 208: 207: 204: 203: 199: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 161:Mahāmoggallāna 158: 153: 151:Gautama Buddha 147: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 134: 133: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 95:Gandhāran EBTs 92: 87: 82: 77: 70: 69: 64: 63: 60: 59: 51: 50: 43: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6196: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6152: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6007: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5925:Miscellaneous 5922: 5916: 5915:Vegetarianism 5913: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5737:Buddha in art 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5391:United States 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5196: 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K. 1972: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1948: 1942: 1940: 1932: 1926: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1906: 1899: 1893: 1886: 1880: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1857: 1855: 1847: 1843: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1798:Vinaya Pitaka 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1634:Other sources 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1580:Dharmaguptaka 1577: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1565:Dharmaskandha 1561: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1521: 1519: 1518: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1439: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1401: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1365:Sanskrit EBTs 1359: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1347:Dharmaguptaka 1344: 1341: 1337: 1336:Dharmaguptaka 1333: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1325:Dharmaguptaka 1322: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307:Vana-saṃyutta 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1268: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222:vernacularity 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1197:schools. The 1196: 1192: 1191:Dharmaguptaka 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1081: 1076: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1030: 1024: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 977: 975: 967: 964:Burmese-Pali 962: 953: 951: 947: 943: 938: 936: 932: 931: 926: 925:Bharhut stupa 921: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 897: 893: 889: 884: 880: 878: 869: 859: 854: 850: 848: 844: 838: 836: 832: 826: 821: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 776:mahajanapadas 773: 764: 755: 753: 752:Bṛhadāraṇyaka 749: 748: 743: 738: 736: 735:Rupert Gethin 732: 728: 724: 718: 716: 711: 705: 703: 698: 696: 691: 687: 682: 677: 675: 665: 661: 659: 658:evaṃ me sutaṃ 654: 652: 647: 643: 639: 636:According to 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 619:Dharmaguptaka 616: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 580: 575: 571: 567: 557: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 440: 435: 433: 428: 426: 421: 420: 418: 417: 399: 398:Dharmaguptaka 395: 394: 392: 388: 385: 381: 379: 376: 375: 374: 371: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 349: 348:Dharmaguptaka 345: 344: 342: 338: 335: 331: 328: 327: 326: 323: 319: 316: 313: 312: 311: 308: 307: 306: 303: 298: 296: 293: 289: 288:Prajñaptivāda 286: 284: 281: 280: 279: 276: 272: 271:Lokottaravāda 269: 268: 267: 264: 263: 262: 259: 258: 257: 254: 253: 248: 243: 242: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 215: 211: 206: 205: 197: 196:Anāthapiṇḍika 194: 192: 189: 187: 186:Mahākātyāyana 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 141: 140: 132: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 75: 72: 71: 67: 62: 61: 57: 53: 52: 49: 45: 44: 38: 32: 31: 19: 6103:Bodhisattvas 6023:Christianity 6018:Baháʼí Faith 5883:Dharmachakra 5873:Prayer wheel 5863:Prayer beads 5631:Architecture 5510:969 Movement 5294:Saudi Arabia 5272:Central Asia 5265:South Africa 5087: 5070: 5040: 5003:Panchen Lama 4908:Buddhapālita 4504:Satipatthana 4499:Mindful Yoga 4412:Recollection 4326:Brahmavihara 4197:Japanese Zen 4192:Chinese Chan 4152:Animal realm 3959:Key concepts 3781:Bodhisattvas 3593:Three Jewels 3483:Gandhari.org 3454:SuttaCentral 3436: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3398: 3393: 3384: 3376: 3371: 3363: 3358: 3350: 3345: 3337: 3332: 3324: 3319: 3314:pp. 400-401. 3311: 3306: 3298: 3293: 3288:pp. 161-162. 3285: 3280: 3271: 3263: 3258: 3236: 3226: 3218: 3213: 3205: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3175: 3170: 3159:. 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Warder 1607: 1597: 1587: 1586:, Sanskrit: 1583: 1573: 1570:Sarvastivada 1563: 1557: 1546: 1541:The various 1540: 1530: 1524: 1523:The Chinese 1522: 1515: 1513: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1468: 1466: 1462:Mahāsāṃghika 1455: 1442: 1440: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1415: 1405: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1380:Dīrgha Āgama 1378:This Gilgit 1377: 1371: 1368: 1329: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1284: 1273: 1241: 1230:Middle Indic 1217: 1214:fójiào Hànyǔ 1213: 1207: 1199:Mahasamghika 1183:Sarvastivada 1177:include the 1172: 1169:Chinese EBTs 1164: 1140:Sutta Nipata 1117: 1112: 1104: 1085: 1057: 1049: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1026: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1003: 979: 973: 970: 949: 945: 941: 939: 934: 928: 922: 918: 914: 910: 900: 885: 881: 874: 856: 852: 846: 840: 834: 829:As noted by 828: 823: 815: 810: 798: 792: 788:Nanda empire 769: 751: 745: 739: 731:L.S. Cousins 720: 707: 699: 692: 688: 684: 679: 674:oral methods 671: 662: 657: 649: 635: 623:Mahāsāṅghika 615:Sarvāstivāda 612: 595: 591: 577: 573: 563: 543: 531:A. K. Warder 520: 493: 461: 457: 453: 449: 448: 373:Vibhajyavāda 325:Sarvāstivāda 314:Vātsīputrīya 261:Mahāsāṃghika 144:Early sangha 5948:Dharma talk 5777:Asalha Puja 5573:Eschatology 5376:Switzerland 5356:New Zealand 5284:Middle East 5193:Philippines 5113:Afghanistan 4918:Bodhidharma 4903:Buddhaghosa 4823:Householder 4733:Monasticism 4686:Bodhisattva 4541:Prostration 4494:Mindfulness 4422:Anapanasati 4405:Kammaṭṭhāna 4202:Korean Seon 4142:Asura realm 4137:Human realm 4077:Ten Fetters 4032:Parinirvana 3934:Uppalavanna 3899:Mahākaccana 3884:Mahākassapa 3816:Kṣitigarbha 3811:Ākāśagarbha 3708:Suddhodāna 3653:Four sights 3580:Foundations 3426:, page 108. 3074:, Santipada 3048:, pp 5, 15. 1721:Sautrantika 1656:Śrāvakayāna 1408:Tarim Basin 1280:Afghanistan 1256:Mahasamgika 998:Mahāmangala 994:Dhammacakka 982:Parinibbāna 843:Candragupta 831:von Hinüber 795:Pataliputra 742:Vedic texts 727:epic poetry 646:von Hinüber 554:Śrāvakayāna 485:Patimokkhas 356:Sautrāntika 329:(Haimavata) 310:Pudgalavada 299:(Haimavata) 283:Bahuśrutīya 171:Mahakasyapa 6065:Psychology 6045:Gnosticism 6033:Comparison 6028:Influences 6010:Comparison 5893:Bhavacakra 5851:Kushinagar 5826:Pilgrimage 5772:Māgha Pūjā 5727:Bodhi Tree 5543:Buddhology 5533:Abhidharma 5525:Philosophy 5458:Menander I 5326:Costa Rica 5277:Uzbekistan 5118:Bangladesh 5072:Dhammapada 5056:Pali Canon 5018:Ajahn Chah 4998:Dalai Lama 4898:Kumārajīva 4893:Vasubandhu 4868:The Buddha 4776:Zen master 4711:Sakadagami 4691:Buddhahood 4622:Pratimokṣa 4437:Shikantaza 4393:Meditation 4368:Deity yoga 4239:Madhyamaka 4132:Deva realm 4027:Mindstream 3977:Bodhicitta 3889:Aṅgulimāla 3756:Devadatta 3732:Yaśodharā 3635:The Buddha 3625:Middle Way 3161:2022-05-14 3137:2022-05-14 3113:2022-05-14 2935:2017-10-28 1839:References 1828:Theragatha 1823:Therigatha 1818:Dhammapada 1813:Itivuttaka 1783:Pāli Canon 1644:Mahasutras 1612:Indian art 1572:, and the 1543:Abhidharma 1537:Abhidharma 1517:Prātimokṣa 1493:middle way 1417:Udanavarga 1372:Dirghagama 1340:Dharmapada 1158:, and the 1156:Theragatha 1152:Therigatha 1148:Dhammapada 1144:Itivuttaka 1128:Patimokkha 1120:Pāli Canon 1088:Pāli Canon 990:Sigalovada 986:Brahmajāla 950:suttantika 911:Rāhulāvada 863:Archeology 799:Pataligama 627:Mahīśāsaka 608:Tripitakas 489:Abhidharma 391:Mahīśāsaka 366:Vaibhāṣika 341:Mahīśāsaka 105:Abhidharma 100:Prātimokṣa 66:Scriptures 6133:Festivals 6113:Buddhists 6075:Theosophy 5878:Symbolism 5868:Hama yumi 5841:Bodh Gaya 5608:Socialism 5583:Evolution 5558:Economics 5396:Venezuela 5311:Australia 5306:Argentina 5230:Sri Lanka 5225:Singapore 5143:Indonesia 5105:Countries 5046:Tripiṭaka 5008:Ajahn Mun 4883:Nagarjuna 4878:Aśvaghoṣa 4761:Anagārika 4756:Śrāmaṇerī 4751:Śrāmaṇera 4746:Bhikkhunī 4706:Sotāpanna 4595:Passaddhi 4536:Offerings 4511:Nekkhamma 4388:Iddhipada 4308:Practices 4278:Theravada 4251:Vajrayana 4244:Yogachara 4214:Pure Land 4127:Six Paths 4114:Cosmology 3894:Anuruddha 3869:Sāriputta 3859:Kaundinya 3851:Disciples 3826:Vajrapāṇi 3678:Footprint 3643:Tathāgata 3191:chapter 2 2996:Analayo, 2893:247872609 2179:1017-7132 1555:Theravada 1470:Mahāvastu 1458:Sthaviras 1195:Kasyayipa 1138:(mainly 1100:Sri Lanka 1092:Theravada 1080:Sriksetra 1070:Pāli EBTs 1052:Gandhāran 811:Nātaputta 754:2.4.11). 642:Brāhmaṇas 504:Khotanese 384:Kāśyapīya 378:Theravāda 334:Kāśyapīya 318:Saṃmitīya 305:Sthaviras 191:Devadatta 156:Sāriputta 120:Mahāvastu 80:Tripiṭaka 6178:Category 6151:Category 6080:Violence 6050:Hinduism 5998:Sanskrit 5953:Hinayana 5938:Amitābha 5898:Swastika 5767:Uposatha 5757:Holidays 5742:Calendar 5588:Humanism 5426:Kanishka 5416:Timeline 5240:Thailand 5208:Kalmykia 5203:Buryatia 5188:Pakistan 5173:Mongolia 5168:Maldives 5163:Malaysia 5128:Cambodia 4993:Shamarpa 4988:Nichiren 4938:Xuanzang 4873:Nagasena 4791:Rinpoche 4521:Pāramitā 4363:Devotion 4283:Navayana 4271:Dzogchen 4234:Nichiren 4182:Mahayana 4174:Branches 4052:Saṅkhāra 3801:Mañjuśrī 3758:(cousin) 3750:(cousin) 3718:(mother) 3710:(father) 3698:Miracles 3648:Birthday 3565:Glossary 3538:Buddhism 3461:Tipitaka 3088:Archived 2864:(2005). 2810:(1992). 2765:(1998). 2716:59132368 2655:(2012), 2597:(2012), 2158:(2008). 2113:Archived 2089:(2006). 1997:(1997). 1979:(2004). 1757:See also 1679:Mahayana 1648:84000.co 1604:Avadanas 1559:Vibhanga 1507:and the 1499:", the " 1438:Vinaya. 1427:and the 1390:and the 1295:Bactrian 1289:and the 1276:Pakistan 1258:school. 1252:Mahayana 1060:Yin Shun 1029:Ekottara 809:(a.k.a. 807:Mahavira 710:Brahmins 560:Overview 550:Hinayana 546:Mahayana 525:such as 512:Gāndhārī 500:Sanskrit 278:Gokulika 115:Avadanas 48:Buddhism 37:a series 6128:Temples 6108:Buddhas 6070:Science 6060:Judaism 6055:Jainism 5973:Lineage 5933:Abhijñā 5903:Thangka 5846:Sarnath 5831:Lumbini 5752:Funeral 5747:Cuisine 5623:Culture 5598:Reality 5548:Creator 5538:Atomism 5408:History 5381:Ukraine 5341:Germany 5260:Senegal 5250:Vietnam 5178:Myanmar 4978:Shinran 4968:Karmapa 4943:Shandao 4913:Dignāga 4838:Śrāvaka 4818:Donchee 4813:Kappiya 4771:Sayadaw 4741:Bhikkhu 4716:Anāgāmi 4673:Nirvana 4639:Samadhi 4526:Paritta 4467:Tonglen 4462:Mandala 4417:Smarana 4398:Mantras 4346:Upekkha 4316:Bhavana 4266:Shingon 4219:Tiantai 4072:Tathātā 4062:Śūnyatā 4057:Skandha 4047:Saṃsāra 4042:Rebirth 4017:Kleshas 4007:Indriya 3909:Subhūti 3794:Guanyin 3748:Ānanda 3740:Rāhula 3620:Nirvana 3560:Outline 3327:p. 171. 3266:p. 822. 2862:Anālayo 2156:Anālayo 1962:" and " 1652:Kangyur 1640:Kangyur 1624:schisms 1620:Bharhut 1600:Jatakas 1578:of the 1568:of the 1547:Pitakas 1503:", the 1491:, the " 1358:Bamiyan 1354:Schøyen 1309:of the 1233:Prakrit 1226:calques 1124:Nikāyas 1090:of the 946:peṭakin 917:(MN 61) 894:9:5 or 780:Mauryan 723:Analayo 702:bhāṇaka 668:Orality 600:Nikayas 508:Tibetan 473:Nikayas 295:Caitika 131:Kangyur 110:Jatakas 85:Nikayas 34:Part of 6123:Sutras 6118:Suttas 5983:Siddhi 5968:Koliya 5943:Brahmā 5858:Poetry 5804:Mantra 5794:Kasaya 5666:Pagoda 5646:Kyaung 5641:Vihāra 5636:Temple 5578:Ethics 5421:Ashoka 5371:Sweden 5366:Poland 5361:Norway 5351:Mexico 5336:France 5321:Canada 5316:Brazil 5255:Africa 5235:Taiwan 5198:Russia 5123:Bhutan 5083:Vinaya 4963:Naropa 4953:Saraha 4888:Asanga 4644:Prajñā 4553:Refuge 4516:Nianfo 4477:Tertön 4472:Tantra 4457:Ganana 4447:Tukdam 4373:Dhyāna 4341:Mudita 4336:Karuṇā 4229:Risshū 4224:Huayan 4157:Naraka 4097:Anattā 4092:Dukkha 4087:Anicca 3992:Dharma 3944:Channa 3879:Ānanda 3864:Assaji 3831:Skanda 3734:(wife) 3703:Family 3683:Relics 3608:Sangha 3603:Dharma 3598:Buddha 3405: 3247: 2891: 2842: 2781: 2714: 2668: 2610: 2565: 2497: 2465: 2420: 2388: 2356: 2324: 2292: 2208: 2177: 2066: 1958:e.g. " 1927: 1727:, the 1714:Vinaya 1685:, the 1616:Sanchi 1588:mātṛkā 1584:mātikā 1562:, the 1412:Turfan 1386:, the 1179:Āgamas 1132:Vinaya 1126:, the 992:, the 988:, the 984:, the 948:, and 907:Ashoka 898:354). 825:trade. 818:Sujato 803:Ashoka 604:Agamas 596:matika 579:Vinaya 566:suttas 552:" or " 535:Buddha 481:Vinaya 477:Āgamas 223:Ashoka 176:Ānanda 90:Āgamas 46:Early 6095:Lists 5963:Kalpa 5958:Iddhi 5821:Music 5816:Mudra 5782:Vassa 5762:Vesak 5732:Budai 5678:Candi 5661:Stupa 5593:Logic 5346:Italy 5245:Tibet 5183:Nepal 5153:Korea 5148:Japan 5138:India 5133:China 5078:Sutra 5033:Texts 4983:Dōgen 4973:Hōnen 4958:Atiśa 4923:Zhiyi 4833:Achar 4801:Tulku 4796:Geshe 4781:Rōshi 4766:Ajahn 4721:Arhat 4681:Bodhi 4651:Vīrya 4568:Sacca 4563:Satya 4558:Sādhu 4546:Music 4489:Merit 4482:Terma 4442:Zazen 4378:Faith 4331:Mettā 4012:Karma 3972:Bardo 3939:Asita 3929:Khema 3919:Upāli 3904:Nanda 3742:(son) 3716:Māyā 3693:Films 3570:Index 3241:(PDF) 2889:S2CID 2869:(PDF) 2836:(PDF) 2723:(PDF) 2712:S2CID 2692:(PDF) 2662:(PDF) 2604:(PDF) 2559:(PDF) 2491:(PDF) 2459:(PDF) 2414:(PDF) 2382:(PDF) 2350:(PDF) 2318:(PDF) 2286:(PDF) 2202:(PDF) 2163:(PDF) 2060:(PDF) 1921:(PDF) 1833:Udana 1803:Āgama 1352:"The 1160:Udana 888:Udana 588:udāna 584:gāthā 574:sūtra 181:Upāli 76:(EBT) 5993:Pāḷi 5978:Māra 5888:Flag 5289:Iran 5213:Tuva 5158:Laos 4786:Lama 4634:Śīla 4602:Śīla 4590:Pīti 4580:Sati 4531:Puja 4452:Koan 4358:Dāna 3949:Yasa 3836:Tārā 3403:ISBN 3245:ISBN 2840:ISBN 2779:ISBN 2666:ISBN 2608:ISBN 2563:ISBN 2495:ISBN 2463:ISBN 2418:ISBN 2386:ISBN 2354:ISBN 2322:ISBN 2290:ISBN 2206:ISBN 2175:ISSN 2064:ISBN 1925:ISBN 1618:and 1602:and 1479:The 1441:The 1397:The 1305:and 1278:and 1193:and 1086:The 980:The 875:The 592:geya 586:and 510:and 496:Pali 470:Pali 454:EBTs 5715:Art 5651:Wat 4187:Zen 2881:doi 2704:doi 1662:". 1420:. 1189:), 1162:). 937:.” 896:Dhp 660:). 602:or 570:Skt 568:" ( 544:In 460:or 456:), 6180:: 5217:ru 3422:, 3154:. 3130:. 3106:. 3005:^ 2887:. 2877:22 2875:. 2871:. 2853:^ 2777:. 2775:42 2710:, 2700:36 2698:, 2694:, 2679:^ 2523:27 2521:. 2517:. 2171:21 2169:. 2165:. 2093:, 2077:^ 2007:^ 1938:^ 1909:* 1863:^ 1511:. 1431:. 1394:. 1239:. 1205:. 1154:, 1150:, 1146:, 1142:, 1102:. 1016:. 944:, 892:AN 820:: 733:, 629:, 625:, 621:, 572:: 506:, 502:, 393:) 343:) 40:on 5219:) 5215:( 4433:) 4429:( 3524:e 3517:t 3510:v 3409:. 3193:. 3164:. 3140:. 3116:. 2938:. 2895:. 2883:: 2824:* 2787:. 2706:: 2253:. 2181:. 2038:, 1966:" 1858:. 1749:( 1710:, 1446:, 1313:/ 1082:) 919:. 656:( 653:, 452:( 438:e 431:t 424:v 400:) 396:( 389:( 386:) 382:( 350:) 346:( 339:( 336:) 332:( 20:)

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