1250:"By approximately 130 kya two distinct groups of anatomically modern humans co-existed in Africa: broadly, the ancestors of many modern-day Khoe and San populations in the south and a second central/eastern African group that includes the ancestors of most extant worldwide populations. Early modern human dispersals correlate with climate changes, particularly the tropical African “megadroughts” of MIS 5 (marine isotope stage 5, 135–75 kya) which paradoxically may have facilitated expansions in central and eastern Africa, ultimately triggering the dispersal out of Africa of people carrying haplogroup L3 approximately 60 kya. Two south to east migrations are discernible within haplogroup L0. One, between 120 and 75 ka, represents the first unambiguous long-range modern human dispersal detected by mtDNA and might have allowed the dispersal of several markers of modernity. A second one, within the last 20 kya signalled by L0d, may have been responsible for the spread of southern click-consonant languages to eastern Africa, contrary to the view that these eastern examples constitute relics of an ancient, much wider distribution."
431:
551:
726:, from about 30,000 to 12,000 years ago (also known as "Second Intermediate", between Middle and Late Stone Age. The term Late Stone Age was introduced for South Africa in 1929 by John Hilary Goodwin and C. van Riet Lowe The Lupemban is followed by the so-called Albany industry (12,000 to 9,000 years ago). Finally, the time from 9,000 to 2,000 years ago (7th to 1st millennia BC) is accounted for by the so-called "Wilton inventory"
45:
653:
towards eastern Africa between 120 and 75 kya. Rito et al. (2013) speculate that pressure from such back-migration may even have contributed to the dispersal of East
African populations out of Africa at about 70 kya. During the Middle Stone Age, the climate fluctuated between glacial, rainy, and
648:
some 70 kya. They were much more widespread than today, their modern habitat being reduced due to their decimation in the course of the Bantu expansion. They were dispersed throughout much of
Southern and Southeastern Africa. There was also a significant back-migration of bearers of the
671:
The
Khoisanid populations ancestral to the Khoisan were spread throughout much of Southern and Eastern Africa throughout the Late Stone Age, after about 75,000 years ago. A further expansion, dated to about 20,000 years ago, has been proposed based on the distribution of the
1280:
Henshilwood, Christopher S.; d'Errico, Francesco; Marean, Curtis W.; Milo, Richard G.; Yates, Royden (2001). "An early bone tool industry from the Middle Stone Age at
Blombos Cave, South Africa: implications for the origins of modern human behaviour, symbolism and language".
827:
Bantu-speakers and
Khoisan mixed, as evidenced by rock paintings showing the two different groups interacting. The type of contact remains unknown, although linguistic proof of integration survives to prove interaction was well established, as several
859:(in origin a derogatory term based on a term for "picking up from the ground", i.e. "gathering, scavenging"). It is thought that the San themselves were pushed back by both the advancing Bantu and by the Khoikhoi, retreating to the interior of the
998:
Schlebusch, Carina M.; Malmström, Helena; Günther, Torsten; Sjödin, Per; Coutinho, Alexandra; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R.; Vicente, Mário; Steyn, Maryna; Soodyall, Himla; Lombard, Marlize; Jakobsson, Mattias (3 November 2017).
866:
The Bantu expansion was one of the major demographic movements in human prehistory, sweeping much of the
African continent during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. Bantu-speaking communities reached southern Africa from the
507:
around the first decade of the 3rd century, over 1800 years ago. Early Bantu kingdoms were established in the 11th century. First
European contact dates to 1488, but European colonization began in the 17th century (see
745:
as the dominant economic activity. The arrival of livestock is thought to have introduced concepts of personal wealth and property-ownership as well as the establishment of a political structure of chiefdoms.
957:
historical records about these people begin in the late 15th century, with the beginning of
European exploration. The first historical record of South Africa dates to 1488, by Portuguese explorer
1316:
Henshilwood, Christopher S.; Dubreuil, Benoit (2011). "The Still Bay and
Howiesons Poort, 77-59 ka: Symbolic Material Culture and the Evolution of the Mind during the African Middle Stone Age".
938:, was the first Bantu kingdom in southern Africa, established in the 11th century. The kingdom was the first stage in a development that would culminate in the creation of the
573:
by
Europeans, are in all likelihood direct descendants of the first anatomically modern humans to migrate to Southern Africa more than 130,000 years ago. The term
1263:
A Formal Modeling Approach to Understanding Stone Tool Raw Material Selection in the African Middle Stone Age: A Case Study from Pinnacle Point, South Africa
269:
1200:
Rito, Teresa; Richards, Martin B.; Fernandes, VerĂłnica; Alshamali, Farida; Cerny, Viktor; Pereira, LuĂsa; Soares, Pedro; Gilbert, Tom (13 November 2013).
1427:
Berniell-Lee, G.; Calafell, F.; Bosch, E.; Heyer, E.; Sica, L.; Mouguiama-Daouda, P.; van der Veen, L.; Hombert, J.-M.; Quintana-Murci, L. (2009-07-01).
264:
776:, and lived in settled villages. The Bantu arrived in South Africa in small waves rather than in one cohesive migration. Some groups, ancestral to the
162:
930:, which was located near the northern border of present-day South Africa, at the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe rivers adjacent to present-day
768:, but recent archaeological work places the presence of Bantu-speakers in the region as early as the 3rd century CE. The Bantu-speakers not only had
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increasingly humid causing the early hunter-gatherers of South Africa to adapt their technological advancements, movements, and foraging strategies.
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contains personal ornaments and what are presumed to be the tools used for the production of artistic imagery, as well as bone tools.
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on the African east coast. The Kingdom of Mapungubwe lasted about 80 years, and at its height its population was about 5,000 people.
579:
groups the pre-Bantu populations of South Africa. It entered usage in the early-to-mid 20th century, and was originally coined by
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populations ancestral to the Khoisan of Southern Africa have represented the largest human population during the majority of the
509:
314:
99:
688:
industry occupied southern Africa in areas where annual rainfall is less than a metre (1000 mm; 39.4 in). The contemporary
1392:
Clark, J. D.; Cole, G. H.; Isaac, G. L.; Kleindienst, M. R. (October 1966). "Precision and Definition in African Archaeology".
453:
227:
1127:
Kim, Hie Lim; Ratan, Aakrosh; Perry, George H.; Montenegro, Alvaro; Miller, Webb; Schuster, Stephan C. (4 December 2014).
561:
The Middle Stone Age covers the period from 300,000 to 50,000 years ago. The hunter-gatherers of Southern Africa, named
965:
rounded the Cape of Good Hope. Historical records of the interior begin significantly later, with the foundation of the
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It was long believed at around the middle of the 1st millennium, the Bantu expansion reached Southern Africa from the
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772:, but also practiced agriculture, farming millet, sorghum and other crops. They also displayed skill in working
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1129:"Khoisan hunter-gatherers have been the largest population throughout most of modern-human demographic history"
888:
793:
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420:
349:
344:
891:), preferred to live near the eastern coast of what is present-day South Africa. Others, now known as the
397:
382:
354:
334:
978:
637:
622:
1429:"Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages"
339:
1001:"Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago"
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131:
33:
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1053:"The archaeological evidence for the appearance of pastoralism and farming in southern Africa"
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961:. In November 1497, a fleet of Portuguese ships under the command of the Portuguese mariner
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before 130,000 years ago, possibly before 260,000 years ago. The region remained in the
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855:. Along the way they intermarried with the hunter-gatherers, whom they referred to as
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around 1930. It entered wider usage from the 1960s, based on the proposal of a "
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676:. Rito et al. suggest a connection of this recent expansion with the spread of
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by the early centuries AD. Some of the migrant groups, ancestral to today's
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peoples resemble those represented by the ancient Sangoan skeletal remains.
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from the compound and began to replace "Bushmen" from the 1970s onward (see
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The Late Stone Age in South Africa corresponds to the later phase of the
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made their homes in the north-eastern areas of present-day South Africa.
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Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the !Khoi San and Their Neighbors
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herders; from this time, hunting and gathering gradually gave way to
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peoples made their homes in the northeastern areas of South Africa.
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796:), preferred to live near the coast. Others, now known as the
1369:
Goodwin, Astley John Hilary; van Riet Lowe, Clarence (1929).
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until the 17th century. Southern Africa was first reached by
1113:
The Khoisan peoples of South Africa: Bushmen and Hottentots
773:
693:
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used in 20th-century anthropological literature. Use of
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907:), settled in the interior on the plateau known as the
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The Khoikhoi began to move further south, reaching the
1309:
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Beginning around 2,000 years ago, there are traces of
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1368:
942:
in the 13th century, and with gold trading links to
1526:Walton, J. (1956). "Mapungubwe and Bambandyanalo".
1315:
603:). The term has gradually replaced the former term
1562:
722:, beginning about 50,000 years ago, followed by
1560:
1202:"The First Modern Human Dispersals across Africa"
1046:
1044:
640:timeline, from their early separation before 150
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1503:Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century
1354:(1976). Lee, Richard B.; DeVore, Irven (eds.).
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1050:
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1565:Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration
499:were introduced about 2,000 years ago. The
1478:Queen Victoria's Enemies 1: Southern Africa
1476:Knight, Ian (1989). Windrow, Martin (ed.).
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812:), settled in the Highveld, while today's
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1394:The South African Archaeological Bulletin
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627:The History and Geography of Human Genes
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1480:. Great Britain: Osprey. pp. 3–4.
1190:
621:in genetic genealogy was introduced by
477:(and, inseparably, the wider region of
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1371:The Stone Age Cultures of South Africa
1358:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
1259:
1120:
1051:Lander, Faye; Russell, Thembi (2018).
61:
1501:Hrbek, Ivan; Fasi, Muhammad (1988).
668:contain variable tool technologies.
1528:South African Archeological Journal
1350:
737:. This reflects the arrival of the
515:
510:History of South Africa (1652–1815)
66:
13:
1561:Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006).
565:by their pastoral neighbours, the
14:
1612:
1601:History of South Africa by period
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611:, from which is derived the term
1269:(PhD). Arizona State University.
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43:
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1433:Molecular Biology and Evolution
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651:mitochondrial DNA haplogroup L0
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680:to eastern African languages (
595:in anthropological usage is a
1:
1569:. New York: Norton. pp.
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760:Bantu peoples of South Africa
750:Bantu expansion and aftermath
421:List of years in South Africa
1227:10.1371/journal.pone.0080031
1078:10.1371/journal.pone.0198941
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1283:Journal of Human Evolution
1260:Oetsmo, Simen (May 2017).
979:History of Southern Africa
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646:recent peopling of Eurasia
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495:until the first traces of
475:Prehistory of South Africa
378:Inventions and discoveries
684:). The Middle Stone Age
638:anatomically modern human
151:1887 Annexation (British)
1110:Schapera, Isaac (1930).
554:Rock paintings from the
295:South African Border War
1143:Nature Publishing Group
1026:10.1126/science.aao6266
632:It is thought that the
623:Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca
436:South Africa portal
132:Dingane kaSenzangakhona
1295:10.1006/jhev.2001.0515
844:characteristic of the
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546:Khoisan § Origins
205:South African Republic
137:Mpande kaSenzangakhona
1446:10.1093/molbev/msp069
1134:Nature Communications
928:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
754:Further information:
704:Further information:
587:" language family by
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540:Further information:
530:Further information:
526:Fauresmith (industry)
503:reached the area now
258:Union of South Africa
127:Shaka kaSenzangakhona
77:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
16:South African history
1318:Current Anthropology
355:Ramaphosa presidency
345:Motlanthe presidency
315:Apartheid referendum
163:British colonisation
147:Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo
1218:2013PLoSO...880031R
1151:2014NatCo...5.5692K
1069:2018PLoSO..1398941L
1017:2017Sci...358..652S
940:Kingdom of Zimbabwe
840:) incorporated the
609:Western Cape Blacks
310:Internal resistance
185:Orange River Colony
1505:. London: UNESCO.
1186:, December 4, 2014
1159:10.1038/ncomms6692
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335:Mandela presidency
142:Cetshwayo kaMpande
100:Dutch colonisation
1011:(6363): 652–655.
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766:Niger River Delta
532:Homo gautengensis
481:) lasts from the
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516:Middle Stone Age
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1116:. Routledge.
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865:
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763:
732:
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658:Blombos Cave
656:
634:Homo sapiens
633:
631:
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612:
608:
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574:
560:
556:Western Cape
505:South Africa
488:Homo sapiens
486:
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383:LGBT history
270:World War II
240:Jameson Raid
120:Zulu Kingdom
55:Pre-colonial
54:
36:South Africa
1324:: 361–400.
869:Congo basin
735:pastoralism
605:Cape Blacks
591:. The name
542:Homo naledi
497:pastoralism
290:Legislation
265:World War I
170:Cape Colony
87:Kaditshwene
34:History of
1534:(41): 27.
1487:085045901X
1379:1073720336
985:References
953:The first
728:microliths
644:until the
305:Bantustans
1455:0737-4038
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969:in 1652.
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283:Apartheid
228:Boer Wars
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1005:Science
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810:Basotho
794:Ndebele
743:herding
720:Sangoan
710:Sangoan
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576:Khoisan
571:Bushmen
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569:, and
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1544:JSTOR
1410:JSTOR
1334:S2CID
1267:(PDF)
917:Lemba
913:Venda
905:Sotho
885:Swazi
881:Xhosa
875:(the
834:Xhosa
818:Lemba
814:Venda
790:Swazi
786:Xhosa
778:Nguni
367:Topic
1575:ISBN
1507:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1459:PMID
1451:ISSN
1375:OCLC
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1242:PMID
1173:PMID
1093:PMID
1031:PMID
946:and
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877:Zulu
853:Cape
838:Zulu
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782:Zulu
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692:and
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