Earth system governance

1130:. ESG researchers pointed out that those interested in adopting AI within their decision-making systems should first ask critical governance questions about the extent to which AI-informed decisions will be democratic, whether implementing such technology will contribute to North-South (in)equality, and the costs and benefits of involving private sector service providers in public sector operations. Examples for such questions that ESG researchers explore include: "How to provide confidence that AI-informed decision-making is democratically sound? What risk comes from government ownership and operation of AI-models and tools - is it any different to the existing management of public institutions and decisions? What are the risks and opportunities presented by AI to community engagement - how can we ensure that people remain involved in the decisions that affect them?" 797: 22: 1163: 437:

researchers examine how governments and other actors develop and implement policies to address sustainability challenges. They also investigate international agreements, the role of global organizations such as the United Nations and transnational institutions in governing earth systems. By integrating research across all these scales, ESG researchers seek to understand the complexities of sustainability governance and develop actionable solutions that are effective and fair at all levels of society.

1103:, which may inhibit agreement on whether to act, especially in a context of decision-making under uncertainty; (ii) institutional fragmentation and interplay, which make it challenging to add elements to an already crowded ocean governance space in ways that increase coherence and effectiveness; and (iii) the need for the new international legally binding instrument to respond to the complex set of multiple, multilevel, and systemic threats to marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction. 5171: 4513: 5183: 4525: 1003:. The Decade will boost scientific research in this area. ESG research in relationship to oceans tackles fundamental questions of “who gets what?” (justice and allocation), “who gets to decide?” (democracy and power), “how are current systems maintained?” (architecture and agency), and “how do these systems change?” (in the present: agency, adaptiveness and reflexivity; and in the future: anticipation and imagination). 5195: 1096:. The negotiations for such an agreement involved a large number of interested states and stakeholders with vested interests. This means that negotiators faced the classic dilemma of identifying obligations and commitments that are demanding enough to solve the problem but not so demanding that states will oppose their inclusion in an agreement or reject membership in an agreement that includes them. 3353: 3078: 2457: 2390: 1734: 1630: 1540: 1369: 83:

by national or local governments and international organizations to address global and local sustainability problems. The network also examines informal rules and practices, such as unwritten norms and societal behaviors. Additionally, the community explores actor networks, such as relationships and interactions among various stakeholders such as governments, NGOs, and civil society.

866:, ESG represents an attempt to "geopolitically engineer" our way out of the climate crisis. He questions whether the climate is governable and argues that it is way too optimistic and even hubristic to attempt to control the global climate by universal governance regimes. Others regard this particular interpretation of the ESG concept as being too narrow and misleading. 205:(ESG Project). The ESG Project is a network of researchers. It produced the first science and implementation plan for ESG research in 2009. This provided a framework for research activities of ESG scholars during 2009 to 2018. It was followed by a second Science and Implementation Plan in 2018 which is meant to guide the research activities from 2018 onwards. 491:

challenges created through environmental change". Subsequently, ESG researchers have been investigating questions such as "what are the politics of adaptiveness? Which governance processes foster adaptiveness? What attributes of governance systems enhance capacities to adapt? How, when, and why does adaptiveness influence earth system governance?".

3246: 106:, namely “who gets what?” (justice and allocation), “who gets to decide?” (democracy and power), “how are current systems maintained?” (architecture and agency), and “how do these systems change?” (in the present: agency, adaptiveness and reflexivity; and in the future: anticipation and imagination). Another example are 632:. Very often, "transformations imply changes in power relations (e.g. challenging, disrupting or entrenching), and thus are deeply contested, political phenomena". A variety of conceptual approaches have been developed to understand and analyse societal transition or transformation processes, including: 141:

as: "the interrelated and increasingly integrated system of formal and informal rules, rule-making systems, and actor-networks at all levels of human society (from local to global) that are set up to steer societies towards preventing, mitigating, and adapting to global and local environmental change

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criticized the ESG concept by saying: "No matter how much a governance model might emphasize ‘polycentric’ co-ordination (rather than top-down hierarchy), if it remains subordinated to a particular agency and specific ends, then the process is equally about control." Ariel Salleh compared ESG with a

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The ESG framework can be used as a lens for understanding and analysing transformations. It is a high-level framework for thinking about governance, and does not give specific guidance on processes of transformation, but is flexible enough to accommodate different conceptual approaches that might be

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but foregrounds that the entire human and non-human world is now at stake, not merely a locality. It is concerned with justice among humans as well as between humans and the natural world. As early as 1972 scholars had called for planetary justice, and more recently (in 2006), the term has been used

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The ESG research community focuses on the study of formal rules and institutions, which include laws, public regulations and policies set by national or local governments and international organizations to address global and local sustainability problems. The network also examines informal rules and

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ESG is not simply about the global level but all levels are relevant. Therefore, researchers study sustainability challenges at local, national and global levels. The ESG research community focuses on the study of formal rules and institutions, which include laws, public regulations and policies set

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Climate governance – that is, effective management of the global climate system – is thus of vital importance. However, building effective collective mechanisms to govern impacts on the climate system at the planetary level presents particular challenges, e.g. the complexity of the relevant science

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has underlined that the international community has a narrow window of opportunity to act to keep global temperature rise at safe levels. Modern international climate governance is organized around three pillars: mitigation, adaptation and means of implementation. Under each pillar are many issues

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Earth system law is intended to be a more generically applicable framework that spans the entire spectrum of law that is relevant for responding to earth system transformation. Researchers are now looking into questions around the understanding of earth system law, its form and content, as well as

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The structural features of global governance architectures can be investigated at micro, meso and macro levels. The micro level includes "dyadic interlinkages between institutions". The meso level includes "regime complexes of loosely coupled institutions". Finally, the macro level is about whole

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Scholars of ESG say that their research is instrumental in addressing governance-related needs of UNDOS. First, it can identify salient frames for ocean problems that trigger policy action. Second, it can inform stakeholder involvement by mapping powerful and marginalized interests and suggesting

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The understanding of adaptiveness in the ESG context is for it to be "an umbrella term for a set of related concepts – vulnerability, resilience, adaptation, robustness, adaptive capacity, social learning and so on – to describe changes made by social groups in response to, or in anticipation of,

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has also been recommended: The ESG community can facilitate this mainstreaming by enhancing knowledge cumulation around ocean issues within the network; engaging more strongly in the production of actionable and action-oriented knowledge; and seeking integration into inter- and transdisciplinary

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Another line of criticism is to link "earth system governance research with dangers of universal, Northern-based intellectual dominance that marginalizes different epistemologies and in particular actors from the Global South". On the other hand, Frank Biermann pointed out that "Much research on

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The first Science and Implementation Plan from 2009 emphasized four cross-cutting themes that were deemed crucial for understanding these problems: power, knowledge, norms, and scale. It also promoted focused case studies on the global water, food, climate, and economic systems, integrating here

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for all people. It requires addressing extreme concentrations of wealth in industrialized and middle-income countries and international redistributions of wealth. There are allocation challenges, both within and between countries. To address these challenges it is critical to realize pro-poor

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they ask: "who are the agents of ESG, how do they become authoritative, and to what effect?" Or in other words "who governs for whom and how and to what effect?". Researchers on agency in ESG thus investigate the "multiple ways in which actors acquire authority to affect the outcomes of ESG".

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ESG is not simply about the global level but all levels are relevant. Therefore, researchers study sustainability challenges at local, national and global levels. They look into how local communities manage natural resources and respond to sustainability changes. At the national level, ESG

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Burch, Sarah; Gupta, Aarti; Inoue, Cristina Y.A.; Kalfagianni, Agni; Persson, Åsa; Gerlak, Andrea K.; Ishii, Atsushi; Patterson, James; Pickering, Jonathan; Scobie, Michelle; Van der Heijden, Jeroen; Vervoort, Joost; Adler, Carolina; Bloomfield, Michael; Djalante, Riyanti (2019).

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Social science research on ESG can offer insights on the factors that have promoted successful negotiation, design, and implementation of international environmental agreements that are similar to the High Seas Treaty. Such findings relevant to those negotiations include

547:, institutionalist, and social green. All of these approaches to planetary stewardship and ESG are not yet apt at realizing a pro-poor vision of justice. They cannot handle the complex causes of planetary crisis, including socioeconomic inequality and social injustice: 828:. The ESG Project started in January 2009. Over time, it has evolved into a broader research alliance that builds on an international network of research centers, lead faculty and research fellows. It is now the largest social science research network in the area of 149:

A simpler version of the same definition is: Earth system governance is the combination of various rules and efforts from actors at all levels of society, from local to global, aimed at guiding actions to prevent, reduce, and adapt to environmental changes.

995:(UNDOS) is a United Nations Decade that runs from 2021 to 2030, with a vision of "the science we need for the ocean we want". UNDOS offers a framework to strengthen connections and weave partnerships between all communities working to study, conserve, and 1239:

and the progressive refinement of scientific knowledge about our global climate and planetary systems, and the challenge of communicating this knowledge to the general public and to policy makers. There is also the urgency of addressing this issue; the

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Biermann, Frank, Michele M. Betsill, Joyeeta Gupta, Norichika Kanie, Louis Lebel, Diana Liverman, Heike Schroeder, and Bernd Siebenhüner, with contributions from Ken Conca, Leila da Costa Ferreira, Bharat Desai, Simon Tay, and Ruben Zondervan (2009)

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The concept of ESG also has its conceptual boundaries: "Questions of international security, global communication, trade regulation, terrorism, or human rights, for instance, are less studied within the earth system governance research community."

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ESG is about the "societal steering of human activities regarding the long-term stability of geobiophysical systems" and "global stewardship for the planet based on non-hierarchical processes of cooperation and coordination at multiple levels".

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seeks to foster interstate cooperation in pursuit of planetary stewardship. Many institutionalist research programs remain focused on the goal of effective protection of the global environment—and not on increasing justice at the same

52:. The integrative paradigm of earth system governance (ESG) has evolved into an active research area that brings together a variety of disciplines including political science, sociology, economics, ecology, policy studies, geography, 972:. Earth system law has the potential to transcend the shortcomings of environmental law, in particular its insufficient understanding and capturing of the complex relations between, and within, social, technical and natural systems. 347:

The second Science and Implementation Plan from 2018 has expanded the original framework of the “5 A’s” to pair them with novel concepts that have become more prominent in the community. This resulted in the following five sets of

873:“proto bio-political regime”. She also stated that "What is minimized in the ESG analysis are major historical tensions between capital and labor, core and periphery, human production and natural reproduction". On the other hand, 380:

practices, such as unwritten norms and societal behaviors. Additionally, the community explores actor networks, such as relationships and interactions among various stakeholders such as governments, NGOs, and civil society.

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By using this framework, ESG researchers can explore the governance and politics of transformations towards sustainability by applying a conceptual lens that takes a political perspective of governance for sustainability.

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is about "a particular relationship between actors and those whom they seek to govern". Categories of agents include states (or countries), businesses and civil society but these categories overlap and are not uniform.

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When scholars conduct research in ESG they theorize about it as analytical practice (explaining current politics), as normative critique (a critique of current systems of governance), and as transformative visioning.

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De Santo, E.M.; Ásgeirsdóttir, á.; Barros-Platiau, A.; Biermann, F.; Dryzek, J.; Gonçalves, L.R.; Kim, R.E.; Mendenhall, E.; Mitchell, R.; Nyman, E.; Scobie, M.; Sun, K.; Tiller, R.; Webster, D.G.; Young, O. (2019).

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on the global governance landscape". Building blocks of architectures of global governance include intergovernmental institutions, international bureaucracies, and non-state, transnational institutions and networks.

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emphasizes the need to tap into the “power of human ingenuity and creativity” for managing planetary problems such as climate change. Justice—at international and local levels—is not a core consideration for

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of ESG has been defined as "the overarching system of public and private institutions, principles, norms, regulations, decision-making procedures and organizations that are valid or active in a given area of

820:(or ESG Project in short) is a research network that builds on the work from about a dozen research centers and hundreds of researchers studying earth system governance. It is a long-term, interdisciplinary 619:

Transformations have been defined as "shifts that involve fundamental changes in structural, functional, relational and cognitive dimensions of linked socio-technical-ecological systems". Examples include

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Biermann, Frank; Betsill, Michele M; Vieira, Susana Camargo; Gupta, Joyeeta; Kanie, Norichika; Lebel, Louis; Liverman, Diana; Schroeder, Heike; Siebenhüner, Bernd; Yanda, Pius Z; Zondervan, Ruben (2010).

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Building on extant ESG research, earth system law challenges the conception that legal phenomena concerned with mediating the relationship between humans and the environment are to be categorized as

953:'s planetary context and its perceived socio-ecological crisis”. However, a fuller determination of the precise content, purpose, meaning, and scope of earth system law remains a work in progress. 757:

Many scholars have applied the ESG framework in their research. Examples include the following scholars who are also co-authors of the ESG Project's first science and implementation plan in 2009:

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To analyze how long-term stability can best be balanced with flexibility to respond to new developments. This research explores the politics and processes that enhance adaptiveness in governance.

2953: 110:: Social science research on ESG can offer insights on the factors that have promoted successful negotiation, design, and implementation of international environmental agreements such as the 3247:"Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General - on Int'l Legally Binding Instrument under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea | United Nations Secretary-General" 334:

How can interdisciplinary definitions of allocation and access be developed? What principles underlie planetary justice, and how does planetary justice align with governance effectiveness?

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Edgeworth, Matthew; Bauer, Andrew M.; Ellis, Erle C.; Finney, Stanley C.; Gill, Jacqueline L.; Gibbard, Philip L.; Maslin, Mark; Merritts, Dorothy J.; Walker, Michael J. C. (July 2024).

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builds on neoclassical economics and the assumption of individual rational behavior to argue that economic growth and higher incomes are essential for effective planetary stewardship.

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To investigate the diverse agents beyond national governments, such as businesses, non-profit organizations, or cities, studying their roles, responsibilities, authority, and impact.

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Patterson, James; Schulz, Karsten; Vervoort, Joost; van der Hel, Sandra; Widerberg, Oscar; Adler, Carolina; Hurlbert, Margot; Anderton, Karen; Sethi, Mahendra; Barau, Aliyu (2017).

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pathways towards more inclusive participation. Third, it can support viable and effective ocean solutions based on insights into political support coalitions and governance design.

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in ESG. Agents are more empowered than actors: "Agents are authoritative actors, where authority is understood as the ability to exercise power with legitimacy". For this reason,

2932:. Earth system governance : a core research project of the international human dimensions programme on global environmental change. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. 531:

alone. For the ideals of planetary justice to be achieved, these challenges must be linked to the lives and life worlds of the poorest and most marginalized people of the world.

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ESG research can be carried out under a conceptual framework of five analytical problems which are all highly interlinked. These analytical problems are "problems of the overall

59:

ESG research can be carried out under a conceptual framework of five analytical problems which are all highly interlinked. These analytical problems are "problems of the overall

788:, Lennart Olsson, Asa Persson, Oran R. Young, Fariborz Zelli and many others. In total, more than 550 scholars are formally registered as members of the ESG Project. 1925:

Kotzé, Louis J.; Kim, Rakhyun E.; Blanchard, Catherine; Gellers, Joshua C.; Holley, Cameron; Petersmann, Marie; van Asselt, Harro; Biermann, Frank; Hurlbert, Margot (2022).

1220:) that are engaged in conceiving and analysing climate governance at different levels and across different arenas. In academia, climate governance has become the concern of 271:

To analyze the emergence, design and effectiveness of governance systems as well as the overall integration of global, regional, national and local governance.

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responded to that criticism by saying that there has been "a misunderstanding that this community would study only global institutions" due to the wording of

2111:. Earth system governance: a core research project of the international human dimensions programme on global environmental change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 4491: 4427: 1099:

Research on ESG helps to understand that negotiators for such a treaty must overcome three major challenges to reach meaningful agreement: (i) the

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to refer to global justice from a non-Western philosophical perspective. Scholars are now placing the justice discourse in the broader debate on

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Djalante, Riyanti; Siebenhüner, Bernd; King, Julie P.; Jager, Nicolas W.; Lebel, Louis (2021), Siebenhüner, Bernd; Djalante, Riyanti (eds.),

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Biermann, Frank (2022). "Chapter 21: Earth system governance - World politics in the post-environmental age". In Harris, Paul G. (ed.).

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or techno-pessimist orientation amongst ESG researchers. Nevertheless, concerns about technology course through the entire ESG agenda.

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analyzed from a social sciences perspective. The definition of earth system law is “an innovative legal imaginary that is rooted in the

4111: 741: 2076: 897:, for instance by prioritizing work on “planetary justice,” epistemic diversity, decolonializing Western science, or by engaging with 25:

Applying the existing earth system governance (ESG) framework to the challenge of understanding and analysing transformations towards

4584: 1240: 248:, climate, and economic systems), which are likely to be the focus of efforts to bring about transformations towards sustainability. 1111:

Researchers are investigating the impacts, problems, and possibilities surrounding the use of certain emerging technologies—namely,

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that was reached in 2023 will constitute a major innovation in ESG, and could add more complexity and robustness to existing global

3561: 3374:"Can AI transform public decision-making for sustainable development? An exploration of critical earth system governance questions" 2616: 825: 737: 233:

in ESG". The table below shows these five research activities and the main research questions for each of the analytical problems.

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for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. It falls under the

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Waters, C.N.; et al. (8 January 2016). "The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene".

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Planetary justice is a system designed to secure the integrity of the planetary system as well as universal protection of basic

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Earth System Governance: People, Places and the Planet. Science and Implementation Plan of the Earth System Governance Project

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Earth System Governance: People, Places and the Planet. Science and Implementation Plan of the Earth System Governance Project

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Dryzek, John S.; Bowman, Quinlan; Kuyper, Jonathan; Pickering, Jonathan; Sass, Jensen; Stevenson, Hayley (31 July 2019).

1314:. Earth System Governance Report 1 (first science plan), IHDP Report 20. Bonn, IHDP: The Earth System Governance Project. 274:

How do environmental institutions perform within larger governance structures? What environmental impacts arise from non-

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Scholars have argued that planetary justice requires prioritizing poor people's interests within planetary stewardship.

4463: 4341: 4261: 4101: 4076: 3499:"Video #2 of 4: The Pillars of Climate Governance - Paris Knowledge Bridge: Unpacking International Climate Governance" 2596: 858:

The idea of earth system governance (ESG) has been criticized for being too top-down, for placing too much emphasis on

170: 2216:"Access and allocation in earth system governance: lessons learnt in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals" 1208:". A definitive interpretation is complicated by the wide range of political and social science traditions (including 4010: 1815: 1788: 1761: 1093: 21: 4964: 4389: 4346: 3586: 2739:

Earth System Governance Project (2023) Annual Report 2023 of Earth System Governance Project, University of Utrecht

98:. For example in the context of ocean governance, research in ESG helps to address governance-related needs of the 3403: 5199: 4384: 4066: 3995: 3934: 3727: 3619: 2981:"Planetary boundaries at the intersection of Earth system law, science and governance: A state‐of‐the‐art review" 817: 809: 677: 202: 138: 118: 5125: 4306: 4204: 3739: 2136: 1089: 2663: 1018:

Sub-topics where ESG with regards to ocean governance can be applied are for example governance issues around

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To focus on questions of accountability, legitimacy, transparency, and the democratic quality of governance.

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in the governance architecture, i.e. instances of non-governance. For example there is no global treaty on

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to develop a long-term comprehensive international program in this field, which became in 2009 the global

4394: 4326: 3702: 1676:. Routledge handbooks (2nd ed.). London ; New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. 1196:

is the diplomacy, mechanisms and response measures "aimed at steering social systems towards preventing,

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sees planetary degradation as inseparable from questions of social, economic, and political inequalities.

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What attributes of governance systems promote adaptiveness? How does adaptiveness influence governance?

197:, which was published later in 2007. Based on this pioneering contribution, Biermann was invited by the 4979: 4831: 4096: 3717: 3596: 1606:"Protecting biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction: An earth system governance perspective" 1516:"Mainstreaming Earth System Governance into the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development" 1142: 289:

Who are the agents of ESG? How do they exercise their roles, and how can their relevance be evaluated?

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Conceptual framework of five analytical problems for research in ESG (all starting with the letter A)

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in ESG". They share at least four cross-cutting themes which are "power, knowledge, norms and scale".

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The new paradigm of earth system governance was originally developed in the Netherlands by Professor

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Emancipating Transformations: From controlling ‘the transition’ to culturing plural radical progress

2781:. Earth System Governance Report 1, IHDP Report 20. Bonn, IHDP: The Earth System Governance Project. 5175: 4570: 4229: 4106: 4071: 3820: 3810: 3784: 2676: 1259: 275: 45: 2927: 2637: 4517: 4291: 4134: 3944: 3916: 3639: 3629: 3547: 3373: 3328: 3216: 3146: 3053: 3022: 2478: 2365: 2171: 1926: 1709: 1605: 1562: 1515: 1445: 1334: 1112: 720:. Various start dates for the Anthropocene have been proposed, ranging from the beginning of the 637: 194: 143: 103: 4859: 1851:

Architectures of Earth System Governance: Institutional Complexity and Structural Transformation

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The Idea of Earth System Governance. Unifying tool? Or hegemony for a new capitalist Landnahme?

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Earth System Governance. Science and Implementation Plan of the Earth System Governance Project

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Those research lenses are embedded in four contextual conditions: Transformations, inequality,

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Working Paper der DFG-KollegforscherInnengruppe Postwachstumsgesellschaften, Nr. 10/2013, Jena

2582: 5156: 4869: 4739: 4434: 4379: 4336: 4219: 4194: 4159: 3835: 3272:"Intergovernmental Conference on Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction |" 1217: 922: 513: 508: 5019: 4994: 4949: 4797: 4792: 4754: 4729: 4399: 4369: 4321: 4316: 4239: 4144: 4040: 3863: 3722: 3707: 3682: 3667: 3624: 3464: 3177: 2884: 2426: 2227: 2183: 1938: 1896: 1493:

Sarah Burch, Aarti Gupta, Cristina Yumie Aoki Inoue, Agni Kalfagianni, Åsa Persson (2018).

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is still in its infancy (as per 2021). It is a sub-discipline of ESG, itself a subfield of

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There are five dominant approaches to ESG when viewed together with planetary stewardship:

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analyses of governance architecture, agents, adaptiveness, accountability, and allocation.

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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and time evolution of these systems, and their variability, stability and instability.

91: 3054:"Harnessing the transformative potential of Earth System Law: From theory to practice" 117:

Hundreds of scholars who are interested in ESG research have joined forces within the

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ESG research takes place in four contextual conditions: Transformations, inequality,

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Complex and global challenges that ESG scholars investigate include for example as "

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The Earth System Governance Project’s Science Plan explains the difference between

111: 95: 3329:"Emerging technologies and earth system governance in the anthropocene: Editorial" 5054: 5039: 5014: 4989: 4909: 4904: 4864: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4687: 4636: 4593: 4244: 4154: 4139: 4005: 3970: 3779: 3232: 3217:"The likely impact of the BBNJ Agreement on the architecture of ocean governance" 3178:"Is a New Multilateral Environmental Agreement on Ocean Acidification Necessary?" 3162: 3094: 2716:"Scientists say they've found a site that marks a new chapter in Earth's history" 1469: 1446:"Navigating the anthropocene: the Earth System Governance Project strategy paper" 1335:"Exploring the governance and politics of transformations towards sustainability" 1225: 1127: 1120: 1085: 1019: 914: 894: 846: 762: 733: 669: 237: 142:

and, in particular, earth system transformation, within the normative context of

3095:"United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030)" 5109: 5104: 5099: 5069: 5044: 5034: 5029: 4999: 4924: 4919: 4884: 4844: 4812: 4734: 4719: 4651: 4621: 4169: 4086: 4020: 4015: 3734: 3712: 3647: 3570: 3357: 2644:. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Working Group on the 'Anthropocene' 2413:

Kashwan, Prakash; Biermann, Frank; Gupta, Aarti; Okereke, Chukwumerije (2020).

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of the planet. Accordingly, bio-environmentalists see population pressure and

5215: 5094: 5009: 4969: 4854: 4677: 4661: 4474: 4199: 4184: 4179: 4164: 3985: 3939: 3697: 3201: 3004: 2904: 2816: 2700: 2578: 2297: 2249: 1885:"'Earth system governance' as a crosscutting theme of global change research" 1420: 1081: 1011: 898: 869: 766: 689: 520: 422: 331:

To study the distribution of resources, raising issues of planetary justice.

241: 2521: 1563:"The decade of ocean science for sustainable development: What is at stake?" 5074: 4974: 4899: 4447: 3845: 3604: 2664:

https://www.iugs.org/_files/ugd/f1fc07_ebe2e2b94c35491c8efe570cd2c5a1bf.pdf

2529: 1602: 962: 950: 890: 724:(12,000–15,000 years ago), to as recently as the 1960s. The biologist 665: 658: 629: 608: 544: 425:, no comprehensive laws or treaties in relationship to the atmosphere, the 373: 3455:

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van der Heijden, Jeroen; Bulkeley, Harriet; Certomà, Chiara, eds. (2019).

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Planetary justice cannot be a debate among academics and activists in the

173:

and their many constituent subsystems fluxes and processes, the resulting

5064: 5059: 5049: 4984: 4724: 4611: 4030: 4025: 3990: 3853: 3193: 2692: 2564: 2366:"Planetary justice as a challenge for earth system governance: Editorial" 2002:

Betsill, Michele M.; Benney, Tabitha M.; Gerlak, Andrea K., eds. (2020).

1221: 986: 930: 777: 40:) is a broad area of scholarly inquiry that builds on earlier notions of 2912: 2872: 2630: 1244:

and policies, illustrating the many ways climate change affects society.

236:

At the center of the ESG framework are particular problem domains (i.e.

5079: 4934: 4189: 4174: 4000: 3980: 3526: 2996: 1387:"Earth system law: The juridical dimensions of earth system governance" 1229: 863: 829: 826:

International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change

824:

research alliance. Its origins are an international program called the

748:

sparking significant disagreement from scientists working in the field.

323:

performance? What designs can best balance interests and perspectives?

320: 199:

International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change

102:. There are fundamental research questions regarding ocean science for 2772: 2770: 2108:

Transparency in global environmental governance: critical perspectives

712:. The effects of human activities on Earth can be seen for example in 4744: 4631: 4458: 4404: 3858: 2985:

Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law

2873:"The Conquering of Climate: Discourses of Fear and Their Dissolution" 2415:"Planetary justice: Prioritizing the poor in earth system governance" 1062:

United Nations agreement on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction

1045: 744:(IUGS) rejected the Anthropocene Epoch proposal for inclusion in the 705: 701: 697: 693: 137:(ESG) is defined in the 2009 Science and Implementation Plan of the 4251: 2767: 2588: 2276:

International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics

2220:

International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics

958: 673: 454: 4562: 3476: 3182:

Review of European Community & International Environmental Law

2966: 2848: 2823: 1332: 572:

of natural resources as major causes of environmental degradation.

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Kim, Rakhyun E.; Blanchard, Catherine; Kotzé, Louis J. (2022).

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Gonçalves, Leandra R.; May, Candace K.; Webster, D.G. (2022).

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opening the 2018 Utrecht Conference on Earth System Governance

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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

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Biermann, Frank; Dirth, Elizabeth; Kalfagianni, Agni (2020).

1737:

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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

1368: 1106: 681: 2313: 1927:"Earth system law: Exploring new frontiers in legal science" 3271: 3119: 2929:

Earth system governance: world politics in the anthropocene

2638:"What is the Anthropocene? – current definition and status" 2412: 2270:

Dellas, Eleni; Pattberg, Philipp; Betsill, Michele (2011).

2134: 2078:

Global environmental governance and the accountability trap

736:

re-invented and popularized the term. However, in 2024 the

640:, sustainability pathways, and transformative adaptation. 3120:"Ocean Decade – The Science We Need For The Ocean We Want" 2475: 1442: 2674: 2322:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–25, 2081:. Earth system governance. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 2571: 2501: 2363: 1924: 1068:

It was adopted on 19 June 2023 and is a legally binding

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focuses on the constraints of biological limits, or the

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UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)

933:, as well as more traditional environmental concerns". 841:, from 2019 to 2024. Previously the secretariat was at 3358: