Panthera leo melanochaita

2396: 2047:, monitoring of lion prides started in 1966. Between 1966 and 1972, two observed lion prides comprised between seven and 10 females each. Females had litters once in 23 months on average. Litters contained two to three cubs. Of 87 cubs born until 1970, only 12 reached the age of two years. Cubs died due to starvation in months when large prey was not available, or following take-over of the prides by new males. Male lions in coalitions are closely related. Between 1974 and 2012, 471 coalitions comprising 796 male lions entered a study area of 2,000 km (770 sq mi). Of these, 35 coalitions included male lions that were born in the area but had left and returned after about two years of absence. Nomadic coalitions became resident at between 3.5 and 7.3 years of age. 945: 1023: 1985: 444: 433: 1644: 2017: 1811: 2598: 1879: 1227: 2113: 1825: 1355: 2471: 861: 2031: 90: 2521: 1846:(386 lb) in East Africa. Females average 83–165 kg (183–364 lb) in Southern Africa and 90–167.8 kg (198–370 lb) in East Africa. Males in northern Kruger National Park weighed 200.01 kg (440.9 lb) on average, whereas females weighed 143.52 kg (316.4 lb) on average, and males in southern Kruger National Park weighed 186.55 kg (411.3 lb) on average and females weighed 118.37 kg (261.0 lb), though there was an outbreak of 2099: 1001: 65: 44: 1999: 1794: 1933: 1012: 2537: 1366:, Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, southern Namibia and South Africa, with a larger hybridization zone to the southwestern lion clade in the Kruger National Park area (Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park). The classification of lions in Uganda is not clarified, since there were no samples included in the most comprehensive recent study. 2637:

Lion populations in Southern and East Africa were referred to by several regional names, including Katanga lion, Transvaal lion, Kalahari lion, Southeast African lion, and Southwest African lion, Masai lion, Serengeti lion, Tsavo lion and Uganda lion. It has also been referred to as 'Eastern-Southern

1217:

Contemporary lion distribution and habitat quality in East and Southern Africa was assessed in 2005, and Lion Conservation Units (LCU) mapped. Between 2002 and 2012, educated guesses for size of populations in these LCUs ranged from 33,967 to 32,000 individuals. The LCUs Ruaha−Rungwa, Serengeti−Mara,

1101:

network. As of 2006, there were an estimated 675 lions in the Tsavo national parks, out of the 2,000 total in Kenya. Between 2004 and 2013, lion guardians around Amboseli National Park identified 65 lions in an area of 3,684 km (1,422 sq mi). Lion populations in Kenya and Tanzania are

3796:

Manuel, M. d.; Ross, B.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M.-H. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten,

2772:

Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.;

1074:

to near extinction in the 20th century. In 2010, the lion population in Uganda was estimated at 408 ± 46 individuals in three protected areas including Queen Elizabeth, Murchison Falls and Kidepo Valley National Parks. Other protected areas in the country probably host less than 10 lions. Lions in

4131: 2491:

regional offices and many wildlife conservation organisations cooperated to develop a Lion Conservation Strategy for Eastern and Southern Africa in 2006. The strategy envisages to maintain sufficient habitat, ensure a sufficient wild prey base, make lion-human coexistence sustainable and reduce

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of animals that were killed by other predators, or died from natural causes. They kept a constant lookout for circling vultures, apparently being aware that vultures indicate a dead animal. Faeces of lions collected near waterholes in Hwange National Park also contained remains of climbing mice

1845:

Average head-to-body length of male lions is 2.47–2.84 m (8 ft 1 in – 9 ft 4 in) with a weight ranging from 150–225 kg (331–496 lb) averaging 187.5 kg (413 lb) in Southern Africa and 145.4–204.7 kg (321–451 lb) averaging 174.9 kg

1218:

Tsavo−Mkomazi and Selous in East Africa, as well as Luangwa, Kgalagadi, Okavango−Hwange, Mid−Zambezi, Niassa and Greater Limpopo in Southern Africa are currently considered lion strongholds. These LCUs host more than 500 individuals each, and the population trend is stable there as of 2012.

1901:

were described on the basis of their mane size and colour. Mane colour varies from sandy, tawny, isabelline, light reddish yellow to dark brown and black. Mane length varies from short to extending to knee joints and under the belly. Lions without a mane were observed in the Tsavo area.

1049:

of skins and during civil wars. As of 2009, between seven and 23 lions were estimated to live in Nechisar National Park located in the Ethiopian Highlands. This small protected area is encroached by local people and their livestock. In 2012, lions were documented in

2309:). They successfully attacked 74 elephants between 1993 and 1996, of which 26 were older than nine years, and one bull over 15 years old. In October 2005, a pride of up to 30 lions killed eight African bush elephants that were between four and eleven years old. 927:

with samples from Southern Africa, and samples from Central Africa shared alleles with samples from Asia. This indicates that Central Africa was a melting pot of lion populations after they had become isolated. They possibly migrated through corridors in the

2081:

with humans than adult lions. In the semi-arid savanna of Zimbabwe's Hwange National Park, 19 lions were radio-collared and tracked between 2002 and 2007. Both female and male lions moved foremost within 2 km (1.2 mi) of waterholes in all seasons.

5965:

Valeix, M.; Loveridge, A. J.; Davidson, Z.; Madzikanda, H.; Fritz, H. & Macdonald, D. W. (2010). "How key habitat features influence large terrestrial carnivore movements: waterholes and African lions in a semi-arid savanna of north-western Zimbabwe".

2944: 4168: 1865:

lion shot in 1936 in eastern Transvaal weighed about 313 kg (690 lb), and was considered to have been one of the heaviest wild lions. In 1963, two lions in Tanzania weighed 320 and 360 kg (700 and 800 lb) after killing several

6516: 3949: 4129:

Bertola, L. D.; Van Hooft, W. F.; Vrieling, K.; Uit De Weerd, D. R.; York, D. S.; Bauer, H.; Prins, H. H. T.; Funston, P. J.; Udo De Haes, H. A.; Leirs, H.; Van Haeringen, W. A.; Sogbohossou, E.; Tumenta, P. N.; De Iongh, H. H. (2011).

4067: 2408:

In Africa, lions are threatened by pre-emptive killing or in retaliation for preying on livestock. Prey base depletion, loss and conversion of habitat have led to a number of subpopulations becoming small and isolated.

2376:

In July 2018, human remains were found in the lion enclosure of a privately owned reserve in South Africa. They were suspected to have been rhino poachers, as they had a high-powered rifle with a silencer, an axe and

2931: 3803: 1140:

due to intensive hunting and conversion of natural habitats for settlements since the early 19th century. In Northern Tuli Game Reserve, 19 lions died between 2005 and 2011 due to poaching, trophy hunting and

2785: 1917:

influence the colour and size of the mane. Its length is an indicator for age and fighting ability of the lion. In Serengeti National Park, female lions favour males with dense and dark manes as mates.

919:

in Republic of the Congo were found to be genetically closely related to lion samples from Namibia and Botswana. A phylogenetic analysis of lion samples from Africa and Asia showed that they shared a

6526: 1909:. Males living in the Kenyan highlands above elevations of 800 m (2,600 ft) develop heavier manes than lions in the more humid and warmer lowlands of eastern and northern Kenya. Average 331:

in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe have increased, but declined in East African range countries. In 2005, a Lion Conservation Strategy was developed for East and Southern Africa.

6795: 769:. In the early 21st century, Mazák's hypothesis about a geographically isolated evolution of the Cape lion was challenged. Genetic exchanges between populations in the Cape, Kalahari and 5622:

West, P. M. (2005). "The Lion's Mane: Neither a token of royalty nor a shield for fighting, the mane is a signal of quality to mates and rivals, but one that comes with consequences".

2457:

Uncontrolled bushfires and hunting of lions and prey species in Zambia's Kafue National Park make it difficult for the lion population to recover. Cub mortality in particular is high.

4624: 3152: 2417:. Although lions and their prey are officially protected in Tsavo National Parks, they are regularly killed by local people, with over 100 known lion killings between 2001 and 2006. 4082: 4193:

Bertola, L. D.; Tensen, L.; Van Hooft, P.; White, P. A.; Driscoll, C. A.; Henschel, P.; Caragiulo, A.; Dias-Freedman, I.; Sogbohossou, E. A.; Tumenta, P. N.; Jirmo, T. H. (2015).

2984:

Bertola, L. D.; Jongbloed, H.; Van Der Gaag, K. J.; De Knijff, P.; Yamaguchi, N.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Bauer, H.; Henschel, P.; White, P. A.; Driscoll, C. A. & Tende, T. (2016).

7246: 2413:

has contributed to population declines in Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Zambia. It is the primary cause for a decline of lion populations in Tanzania's Selous Game Reserve and

6386: 1905:

Mane development is related to age: older males have more extensive manes than younger ones; manes continue to grow up to the age of four to five years, long after lions become

5280: 2373:

took three lions for a walk at Dinokeng Game Reserve in South Africa. A lioness pursued an impala for at least 2 km (1.2 mi), and killed a young woman near her car.

3332:

Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905–1906. Volume 1

1234:

Lions, which can be grouped into the northeastern clade are found in Somalia, Northern Kenya and Ethiopia, with a larger hybridization zone to the Northern lion subspecies (

4704: 3305:"Die von mir in den Jahren 1892–95 in Ost- und Central-Afrika, speciell in den Massai-Ländern und den Ländern am Victoria Nyansa gesammelten und beobachteten Säugethiere" 2555:

kept 16 adult lions. It is assumed that their ancestors, five males and two females, were caught in southwestern Ethiopia as part of a zoological collection for Emperor

7221: 3074:

Barnett, R.; Sinding, M. H.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L.; Bonnet, M.; Araldi, A.; Kienast, I.; Zambarda, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Henschel, P. & Gilbert, M. T. (2018).

4031:

Dubach, J. M.; Briggs, M. B.; White, P. A.; Ament, B. A.; Patterson, B. D. (2013). "Genetic perspectives on "Lion Conservation Units" in Eastern and Southern Africa".

7268: 7291: 5324: 1651:

Lions, which can be grouped into the southwestern clade are found in Angola, Northern Namibia, Northern Botswana and western Zimbabwe, extending southeast into the

7596: 5062:

Hayward, M. W.; Adendorff, J.; O'Brien, J.; Sholto-Douglas, A.; Bissett, C.; Moolman, L. C.; Bean, P.; Fogarty, A.; Howarth, D.; Slater, R.; Kerley, G. I. (2007).

2774: 2492:

factors that lead to further fragmentation of populations. Local communities in several Southern African lion range countries generate significant income through

671:

until the early 21st century. In the 20th century, some authors supported the view of the Cape lion being a distinct subspecies. In 1939, the American zoologist

5113:

Riggio, J.; Jacobson, A.; Dollar, L.; Bauer, H.; Becker, M.; Dickman, A.; Funston, P.; Groom, R.; Henschel, P.; de Iongh, H.; Lichtenfeld, L.; Pimm, S. (2013).

2077:

male lions avoided grasslands and shrublands, but moved in human-dominated areas to a larger extent. Hence, dispersing lions are more vulnerable to coming into

6762: 1045:, where lion populations declined since at least the early 20th century due to trophy hunting by Europeans, killing of lions by local people out of fear, for 5064:"Practical considerations for the reintroduction of large, terrestrial, mammalian predators based on reintroductions to South Africa's Eastern Cape Province" 2363:

Between 1990 and 2004, lions killed more than 560 people in Tanzania, mostly during harvest season in crop fields and in areas where natural prey is scarce.

3854: 2443:. In February 2018, the carcasses of two male and four female lions were found dead in Ruaha National Park, and were suspected to have died of poisoning. 360:

three subclades are clearly distinguishable. One from northeastern Africa, another one from southwestern Africa and a third one from southeastern Africa.

6580:

Packer, C.; Brink, H.; Kissui, B. M.; Maliti, H.; Kushnir, H.; Caro, T. (2011). "Effects of trophy hunting on lion and leopard populations in Tanzania".

2058: 7226: 7259: 4868: 4271:

Riggio, J.; Jacobson, A.; Dollar, L.; Bauer, H.; Becker, M.; Dickman, A.; Funston, P.; Groom, R.; Henschel, P.; De Iongh, H.; Lichtenfeld, L. (2013).

323:, and are threatened by loss of habitat and prey base, killing by local people in retaliation for loss of livestock, and in several countries also by 6958:

Bruche, S.; Gusset, M.; Lippold, S.; Barnett, R.; Eulenberger, K.; Junhold, J.; Driscoll, C. A.; Hofreiter, M. (2012). "A genetically distinct lion (

7300: 4405: 6315: 6178: 6042: 4460: 884:

of lion samples kept in museums and collected in the wild. Scientists analysed between 32 and 480 lion samples from up to 22 countries. Results of

7273: 2054:

woodlands and preferred habitats near water courses with short grasses, where also prey species gathered. Two or more prides shared home ranges.

6785: 6729: 6493: 4484: 7576: 7536: 5516: 3179: 7190: 6118: 5088: 4591: 3131: 6433: 3797:

T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O'Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020).

5538:

Gnoske, T. P.; Celesia, G. G. & Kerbis Peterhans, J. C. (2006). "Dissociation between mane development and sexual maturity in lions (

4729:

Dolrenry, S.; Hazzah, L.; Frank, L. G. (2016). "Conservation and monitoring of a persecuted African lion population by Maasai warriors".

4494:. Paris: International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife, France & Conservation Force, USA. pp. 21–101. Archived from 2273:). Their prey is usually in the range of 190–550 kg (420–1,210 pounds). In the Serengeti National Park, lions were observed to also 3205: 1853:

The largest known lion measured 3.35 m (11.0 ft) in length and weighed 375 kg (825 lb). An exceptionally heavy male lion near

5657:

Turner, J. A.; Vasicek, C. A.; Somers, M. J. (2015). "Effects of a colour variant on hunting ability: the white lion in South Africa".

1963:. Nevertheless, 17 births have been recorded in five different prides between 2007 and 2015. White lions were selected for breeding in 469:

in 1842 who described a lion specimen from South Africa's Cape Province. In the 19th and 20th centuries, several naturalists described

4066:

O'Brien, S. J.; Martenson, J. S.; Packer, C.; Herbst, L.; de Vos, V.; Joslin, P.; Ott-Joslin, J.; Wildt, D. E. & Bush, M. (1987).

2085:

Lions living near ranches in the vicinity of Tsavo East National Park consisted of three prides, two pairs and a single lion in 2002.

1089:

in the 1990s due to poisoning of lions and poaching of lion prey species. At least 108 lions were killed between 2001 and 2006 in the

7241: 5215:. Maputo, Mozambique: Fondation IGF, Campfire Association, SCI Foundation, The Ratel Trust, Direcção Nacional de Terras e Florestas. 2395: 1031:

The Serengeti and Maasai Mara National Parks and Selous Game Reserve are lion strongholds in East Africa with stable lion populations

5273: 7484: 7376: 5216: 3466:

Zukowsky, L. (1964). "Eine neue Löwenrasse als weiterer Beleg für die Verzwergung der Wirbeltierfauna des afrikanischen Osthorns".

2571: 3976:

Antunes, A.; Troyer, J. L.; Roelke, M. E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Packer, C.; Winterbach, C.; Winterbach, H.; Johnson, W. E. (2008).

7510: 7402: 4695: 3693: 6256: 3739: 2617:. In other East African cultures, it symbolizes laziness. Scars inflicted by lions are regarded as a sign of courage among the 2341:. The total number of people killed is unclear, but allegedly 135 people fell victim to these lions in less than a year before 896:

groups, one in Southern and East Africa, and the other in the northern and eastern parts of its historical range. These groups

5401: 955:

Among six samples of captive lions from Ethiopia, five clustered with samples from East Africa, but one with samples from the

7528: 7420: 7158: 7121: 7088: 7053: 5747: 5714: 5685: 5437: 5395: 5318: 5023: 3611: 3238: 3199: 7515: 7407: 7305: 7164: 6558: 6363: 5459: 1959:. It has normal pigmentation in eyes and skin. They were removed from the wild in the 1970s, thus decreasing the white lion 1151:

due to massive killing of lions by farmers since at least the 1970s. In 2010, the small and isolated lion population in the

6855: 6825: 6466: 5817:

Bygott, J. D.; Bertram, B. C. R. & Hanby, J. P. (1979). "Male lions in large coalitions gain reproductive advantages".

2775:"A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" 6094: 342:

distinct from lion populations in West Africa, Central Africa and Asia. In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the

7656: 7354: 7288: 7251: 2848:

Bauer, H.; Chapron, G.; Nowell, K.; Henschel, P.; Funston, P.; Hunter, L. T.; Macdonald, D. W. & Packer, C. (2015).

7671: 7666: 7661: 7581: 7566: 3916:

Dubach, J.; Patterson, B. D.; Briggs, M. B.; Venzke, K.; Flamand, J.; Stander, P.; Scheepers, L.; Kays, R. W. (2005).

6119:

Davidson, Z., Valeix, M., Van Kesteren, F., Loveridge, A.J., Hunt, J.E., Murindagomo, F. and Macdonald, D.W. (2013).

912: 773:

regions and farther east are considered having been possible through a corridor between the Great Escarpment and the

766: 17: 7283: 7236: 4978:

Ferreira, S. M.; Govender, D.; Herbst, M. (2013). "Conservation implications of Kalahari lion population dynamics".

3589: 7611: 7541: 5458:. University Press of Africa, with contributions from the Kenya National Chamber of Commerce & Industry. 1963. 2420:

Between 2008 and 2013, bones and body parts from at least 2621 individual lions were exported from South Africa to

1559: 1363: 944: 7651: 4658:

stronghold in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, and Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo"

2500: 2338: 6752: 5152:

National Census of Lions and Hyaenas in Uganda. Strategic Action Plan for Large Carnivore Conservation in Uganda

3899: 2439:

In 2014, seven lions in Ikona Wildlife Management Area were reportedly poisoned by a herdsman for attacking his

7601: 7462: 1945: 1206: 1160: 723: 648: 1984: 1022: 443: 6329: 2504: 2342: 1483: 1424: 1390: 1386: 1076: 7256: 6300: 6279: 4547:

Treves, A.; Naughton-Treves, L. (1999). "Risk and opportunity for humans coexisting with large carnivores".

4099:

Mazák, J. H. (2010). "Geographical variation and phylogenetics of modern lions based on craniometric data".

432: 7636: 7631: 7621: 7616: 7591: 3351: 2602: 2370: 1627: 1445: 1156: 829:

is understood as comprising lion populations in the contemporary Southern and East African range countries,

52: 3552: 3398: 3258: 1837:

The lion's fur varies in colour from light buff to dark brown. It has rounded ears and a black tail tuft.

7641: 7606: 7523: 7415: 6896:

Cushman, S. A.; Elliot, N. B.; Bauer, D.; Kesch, K.; Bahaa-el-din, L.; Bothwell, H.; et al. (2018).

4924:"The effect of alternative forms of hunting on the social organization of two small populations of lions 4697:

Lion Killing in the Amboseli-Tsavo Ecosystem, 2001–2006, and its Implications for Kenya's Lion Population

4383: 2078: 1614: 1597: 1593: 1202: 976: 916: 782: 346:

Cat Specialist Group subsumed lion populations according to the major clades into two subspecies, namely

7646: 7586: 5241:

Smuts, G. L.; Robinson, G. A.; Whyte, I. J. (1980). "Comparative growth of wild male and female lions (

2556: 2429: 2353: 1576: 1117: 602: 6686:

Schroeder, R. A. (2018). "Moving Targets: The 'Canned'Hunting of Captive-Bred Lions in South Africa".

3655: 3487: 3379: 3304: 7626: 6721: 6489: 5155: 3327: 1854: 1572: 1124:, estimated at 35 individuals at most in 2004. Lions were reintroduced to this national park in 2015. 1102:

fragmented over 17 patches ranging in size from 86 to 127,515 km (33 to 49,234 sq mi).

852:. This result indicates that the taxonomic position of lions in Central Africa may require revision. 89: 6081: 6019: 6001:

Patterson, B. D., Kasiki, S. M., Selempo, E. and Kays, R. W. (2004). "Livestock predation by lions (

4495: 3918:"Molecular genetic variation across the southern and eastern geographic ranges of the African lion, 3509: 1643: 7247:

National Geographic Wildlife Watch, June 2018: As Tigers Become Rarer, Poachers Are Targeting Lions

6898:"Prioritizing core areas, corridors and conflict hotspots for Lion conservation in Southern Africa" 2986:"Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion ( 1887: 1679: 1453: 1394: 1330: 1313: 1309: 1098: 1094: 743: 5508: 1726: 1193:, lions occurred historically in the Highveld as well, but were restricted to eastern Transvaal's 4143: 2499:

Establishing corridors between protected areas is important for facilitating dispersal of lions.

2044: 1800: 1529: 1471: 1449: 1441: 5172:

Mésochina, P.; Mbangwa, O.; Chardonnet, P.; Mosha, R.; Mtui, B.; Drouet, N.; Kissui, B. (2010).

5063: 1197:

by the 1970s. Between 2000 and 2004, 34 lions were reintroduced to eight protected areas in the

7316: 7113: 7080: 7074: 7070: 6121:"Seasonal diet and prey preference of the African lion in a waterhole-driven semi-arid savanna" 6076: 6014: 4884:

Movements of Reintroduced Lions in Akagera National Park, Rwanda, in Relation to Prey Abundance

1949: 1407: 1263: 1090: 1055: 1046: 742:. Various authors recognized between seven and 10 African lion subspecies. Others followed the 727: 668: 628: 608: 466: 235: 218: 5934:"The devil is in the dispersers: predictions of landscape connectivity change with demography" 2069:

and tracked until 2012. Results show that adult male and female lions preferred grassland and

1878: 975:

with samples from Central Africa, and four with samples from East Africa, indicating that the

765:

hypothesized that the Cape lion evolved geographically isolated from other populations by the

7231: 6309: 6172: 6036: 5306: 4959:

Stander, P. E. (1990). "A suggested management strategy for stock-raiding lions in Namibia".

4862: 4454: 3183: 2771: 2738: 2597: 2302: 2050:

The lion population of Selous Game Reserve has been surveyed since 1996. Lion prides avoided

2016: 1858: 1768: 1610: 1491: 1457: 1428: 1362:

Lions, which can be grouped into the southeastern clade are found in Southern Kenya, Western

1338: 1226: 1198: 1164: 1121: 1080: 746:

proposed by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, recognizing two subspecies including one in Africa.

706: 494: 388: 7242:

PetaPixel, September 2018: Lioness Steals Photographer's Canon DSLR and Gives It to Her Cubs

7202: 7037: 6622: 6000: 5061: 4195:"Autosomal and mtDNA markers affirm the distinctiveness of lions in West and Central Africa" 6909: 6640: 6401: 6132: 5931: 5826: 5580: 5569:

West, P. M. & Packer, C. (2002). "Sexual Selection, Temperature, and the Lion's Mane".

4789: 4206: 3601: 3001: 2983: 2865: 2414: 2357: 2266: 2074: 2066: 1953: 1941: 1751: 1700: 1656: 1190: 1185:, where the Cape lion population was eradicated by 1860. A few decades later, lions in the 972: 688: 672: 664: 73: 4384:"A culture of tolerance: coexisting with large carnivores in the Kafa Highlands, Ethiopia" 8: 7571: 6521: 6333: 5203: 3585: 2541: 2298: 2126: 1910: 1857:

weighed 272 kg (600 lb). The longest wild lion reportedly was a male shot near

1713: 1580: 1495: 1479: 1475: 1279: 964: 901: 588: 536: 470: 6913: 6644: 6405: 6136: 5830: 5584: 4793: 4210: 4132:"Genetic diversity, evolutionary history and implications for conservation of the lion ( 3005: 2869: 2424:, and another 3437 lion skeletons between 2014 and 2016. Lion bones are used to replace 2073:

habitat, but avoided woodlands and areas with high human density. By contrast, subadult

1850:

in southern park at the time. Skeletal muscles make up 58.8% of the lion's body weight.

1810: 7106: 7018: 6979: 6932: 6897: 6703: 6663: 6624: 6605: 6425: 6248: 6155: 6120: 5983: 5914: 5842: 5803: 5776: 5639: 5604: 5364: 5347: 5258: 4812: 4773: 4754: 4572: 4529: 4229: 4194: 4160: 4048: 4008: 3977: 3975: 3941: 3886: 3827: 3798: 3766: 3497: 3194:(2 ed.). London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi, Sydney: Bloomsbury. pp. 46−47. 3104: 3075: 3022: 2985: 2888: 2854:) populations are declining rapidly across Africa, except in intensively managed areas" 2849: 2656: 1964: 1334: 1275: 1267: 897: 881: 770: 754: 638: 540: 244: 84: 6145: 4590:

Omoya, E. O.; Mudumba, T.; Buckland, S. T.; Mulondo, P. & Plumptre, A. J. (2014).

4065: 3795: 3708: 2820: 762: 7471: 7363: 7154: 7117: 7084: 7049: 6937: 6707: 6668: 6609: 6597: 6593: 6417: 6343: 6228: 6213: 6160: 5743: 5710: 5681: 5596: 5571: 5555: 5486: 5433: 5427: 5391: 5314: 5019: 4817: 4746: 4564: 4234: 4156: 4112: 4013: 3917: 3891: 3832: 3617: 3607: 3309:

Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abtheilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere

3234: 3195: 3109: 3027: 2893: 2744: 2484: 2112: 1967:. They have been bred in South African camps for use as trophies to be killed during 1772: 1730: 1533: 1259: 1113: 984: 905: 520: 372: 7227:

What Will It Take to Save the East African Lion from Extinction? Hunting or Herding?

7022: 6252: 5987: 5964: 5918: 5608: 4576: 4533: 4381: 4164: 3945: 3774: 3770: 3073: 514: 7476: 7368: 7010: 6971: 6927: 6917: 6695: 6658: 6648: 6589: 6429: 6409: 6295: 6240: 6209: 6150: 6140: 6086: 6024: 5975: 5945: 5906: 5873: 5846: 5834: 5799: 5772: 5631: 5588: 5551: 5380: 5359: 5254: 5130: 5078: 5048: 4987: 4939: 4848: 4807: 4797: 4758: 4738: 4669: 4614: 4556: 4521: 4445: 4440: 4428: 4395: 4382:

Gebresenbet, F.; Baraki, B.; Yirga, G.; Sillero-Zubiri, C. & Bauer, H. (2018).

4362: 4326: 4321: 4309: 4288: 4224: 4214: 4152: 4108: 4068:"Biochemical genetic variation in geographic isolates of African and Asiatic lions" 4040: 4003: 3993: 3933: 3881: 3873: 3822: 3812: 3758: 3099: 3091: 3017: 3009: 2883: 2873: 2726: 2696: 2626: 2527: 2493: 2322: 1824: 1354: 885: 832: 731: 582: 568: 348: 6983: 5537: 5274:

The epidemiology of tuberculosis in free-ranging lions in the Kruger National Park

4052: 4030: 1525: 7339: 7295: 7263: 7138: 6922: 6847: 6817: 6653: 6548: 6458: 6357: 6028: 5735: 5453: 4802: 4651: 4589: 4219: 4192: 3998: 3228: 2680: 2648: 2552: 2356:, which are thought to have preyed on 1,500 to 2,000 people. They were killed by 2242: 2154: 2062: 1906: 1326: 960: 920: 652: 462: 338:

study indicate that lion populations in southern and eastern Africa form a major

335: 308: 296: 5083: 3694:"The Barbary lion and the Cape lion: their phylogenetic places and conservation" 1546: 860: 7447: 7150: 6057: 5932:

Elliot, N. B.; Cushman, S. A.; Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (2014).

5171: 3804:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2421: 2410: 2326: 2226: 2202: 1696: 1508: 1296: 1174: 968: 655:, the other kept in a German zoo that had been imported from the hinterland of 380: 328: 324: 7278: 7042: 7014: 6975: 6090: 5979: 5910: 5135: 5114: 4944: 4923: 4853: 4771: 4674: 4653: 4619: 4525: 4429:"The Mammalian Fauna of the Somali Republic: Status and Conservation Problems" 4400: 4293: 4272: 4044: 3937: 3762: 3095: 2819:

Bauer, H.; Packer, C.; Funston, P. F.; Henschel, P. & Nowell, K. (2016).

2030: 1655:. a There is a larger hybridization zone to the southeastern clade around the 923:

probably between 98,000 and 52,000 years ago. Samples from West Africa shared

327:. Since the turn of the 21st century, lion populations in intensively managed 7560: 7044:

Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture, Volume 1

6895: 6790: 5790:

Bertram, B. (1975). "Social factors influencing reproduction in wild lions".

5201: 4367: 4342: 3597: 2829: 2818: 2732: 2582: 2487:. Today, lion populations are stable only in large protected area complexes. 2451: 2366:

In February 2018, lions killed a suspected poacher near Kruger National Park.

2194: 1898: 1883: 1755: 1178: 815: 592: 572: 530: 364: 7237:

Recovering population of Zimbabwean African lions show low genetic diversity

6005:) and other carnivores on ranches neighboring Tsavo National Parks, Kenya". 5950: 5933: 5878: 5861: 5592: 4340: 3817: 3737: 3621: 2878: 2520: 1940:

White lions have occasionally been encountered in and around South Africa's

6941: 6757: 6672: 6623:

Williams, V. L.; Loveridge, A. J.; Newton, D. J.; Macdonald, D. W. (2017).

6601: 6421: 6164: 5677: 5600: 4821: 4750: 4568: 4560: 4238: 4017: 3895: 3877: 3855:"The origin, current diversity and future conservation of the modern lion ( 3836: 3468:

Milu, Wissenschaftliche und Kulturelle Mitteilungen aus dem Tierpark Berlin

3148: 3144: 3113: 3031: 2897: 2713: 2618: 2470: 2447: 2210: 2178: 2170: 2146: 1914: 1847: 1738: 1521: 1271: 1182: 1170: 1051: 877: 844:-wide data of a wild-born historical lion sample from Sudan clustered with 774: 719: 6997:

Tefera, M. (2003). "Phenotypic and reproductive characteristics of lions (

6579: 6490:"Suspected poacher mauled to death by lions close to Kruger National Park" 6284:

With a Reconstruction of the Natural History of the 'Man-Eaters of Tsavo'"

6229:"Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana" 5816: 3352:"New races of carnivores and baboons from equatorial Africa and Abyssinia" 2847: 2496:, which is a strong incentive for their support of conservation measures. 1142: 667:

of these purported subspecies continued among naturalists and curators of

7497: 7456: 7389: 7348: 6384: 6277: 6244: 5706: 5202:

Chardonnet, P.; Mésochina, P.; Bento, C.; Conjo, D.; Begg, C. l. (2009).

5149: 5112: 4270: 3666:(Second ed.). London: British Museum (Natural History). p. 319. 2614: 2610: 2589:

were found to cluster with those of lions from East and Southern Africa.

2433: 2378: 2290: 1968: 1683: 1411: 971:

analysis using 194 lion samples from 22 countries. Four of these samples

612: 300: 171: 6699: 5859: 5643: 4772:

Dolrenry, S.; Stenglein, J.; Hazzah, L.; Lutz, R. S.; Frank, L. (2014).

4693: 2401:

Taxidermied lion trophy seized by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 2017

1155:

was estimated at 683 to 1,397 individuals in three protected areas, the

7489: 7381: 5635: 5490: 5240: 4742: 3653: 2629:

word for the lion, which also means 'aggressive', 'king' and 'strong'.

2234: 2098: 1927: 1862: 1652: 1487: 1210: 929: 292: 151: 64: 7502: 7394: 6957: 5150:

Mudumba, T.; Mulondo, P.; Okot, E.; Nsubuga, M.; Plumptre, A. (2009).

4991: 4921: 4835:

Bauer, H.; Van Der Merwe, S. (2004). "Inventory of free-ranging lions

3447:

Roberts, A. (1948). "Descriptions of some new subspecies of mammals".

3013: 1000: 837:

comprises lion populations in North, West and Central Africa and Asia.

7222:$ 0.5m funding to stop the decline in the population of African lions 5838: 5390:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 17–21. 4977: 3056:(Ch. H. Smith, 1842) and a Revised List of the Preserved Specimens". 2720: 2284: 2274: 2250: 2070: 1960: 1867: 980: 949: 893: 656: 473:

from Southern and East Africa and proposed the following subspecies:

376: 141: 101: 7310: 7274:

Giant Lions Once Prowled East Africa, 200,000-Year-Old Skull Reveals

6413: 4128: 1068:

since the 1980s and civil unrest posed a threat to lion persistence.

43: 7441: 7333: 6553: 4694:

Frank, L.; Maclennan, S.; Hazzah, L.; Hill, T.; Bonham, R. (2006).

3492:. Vol. 83. Cambridge, Mass. : The Museum. pp. 1–763. 2688: 2134: 1734: 1194: 1186: 1152: 1137: 1109: 1065: 1042: 933: 714: 624: 400: 316: 181: 121: 4886:(Doctoral dissertation). Madison: University of Wisconsin−Madison. 4728: 4307: 1998: 1793: 6879:

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5432:(Third ed.). Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. 4492:

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3334:. Stockholm: P. Palmquists Aktiebolag. pp. 1–58, Plate 1−7. 2432:. Private game ranches in South Africa also breed lions for the 7146: 6339: 3740:"Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion 2672: 2545: 2440: 2349: 2061:, lions have been monitored since 1999. In 2003, 50 lions were 2051: 1956: 1283: 1131: 1127: 1105: 1071: 841: 556: 500: 304: 131: 111: 6517:"Lion kills woman at refuge of South African 'lion whisperer'" 5897:, in the Selous Game Reserve: social and ecological factors". 3052:

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2638:

African lion', 'Southern lion', and as 'southern subspecies'.

5181: 4546: 3606:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546. 3399:"Carnivora Collected By The American Museum Congo Expedition" 2622: 2586: 2425: 2330: 2317:

Several cases of lion attacking people have been documented:

2186: 1932: 1891: 1086: 956: 811: 710: 504: 384: 339: 56: 6848:"Xanda, son of Cecil the lion, killed by hunter in Zimbabwe" 3852: 2562:

In 2006, eight captive lions were registered under the name

864:

Range map including proposed clades and the two subspecies (

5272:

Keet, D. F.; Kriek, N. P. J. & Mills, M. G. L. (1999).

4341:

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Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Barnes, I.; Cooper, A. (2006).

3738:

Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Barnes, I.; Cooper, A. (2006).

3125: 3123: 3076:"No longer locally extinct? Tracing the origins of a lion ( 2536: 2488: 2334: 2130: 1037:

In East and Southern Africa, lion populations declined in:

343: 289: 195: 6549:"Lions eat 'rhino poachers' on South African game reserve" 6459:"South African lions eat 'poacher', leaving just his head" 1134:

due to illegal hunting of prey species in protected areas.

1011: 900:

between 50,000 and 200,000 years ago. It was assumed that

7191:"Lion poaching: the brutal new threat to Africa's prides" 6786:"Lion MASSACRE as six big cats die after eating 'poison'" 6462: 6335:

The man-eaters of Tsavo and other East African adventures

4512:

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3647: 3553:"Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen ( 2929: 2258: 1120:

in the 1990s. A small population was present in Rwanda's

6722:"'Herdsmen' poison lions, vultures — but not in Nigeria" 6385:

Packer, C.; Ikanda, D.; Kissui, B.; Kushnir, H. (2005).

3676: 3664:

Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946

3151:: East and Southern African lion Conservation Workshop, 3120: 1358:

A lion male from the southeastern clade in the Serengeti

848:

in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to

6301:

10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[1:TSOMAL]2.0.CO;2

5860:

Borrego, N.; Ozgul, A.; Slotow, R.; Packer, C. (2018).

5184:: SCI Foundation, MNRT-WD, TAWISA & IGF Foundation. 3866:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3848: 3846: 3286:

Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten

3130:

Bauer, H.; Chardonnet, P.; Nowell, K. (December 2005),

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Known for escapes, South African lion becomes a father

5763:

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5740:

The Serengeti lion: A study of predator–prey relations

3799:"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions" 2104:

Lionesses hunting a Cape buffalo in the Okavango Delta

1230:

A juvenile male from the northeastern clade at Samburu

5568: 5388:

Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

5378: 5348:"Allometric relationships in Lions vs. Domestic Cats" 4908:. Pretoria: University of Pretoria. pp. 116–119. 4600:

in Uganda's savannah parks, using lure count methods"

4420: 2578:, which derived from lions captured in South Africa. 5862:"Lion population dynamics: do nomadic males matter?" 5480: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5018:. New York: Taplinger Publishing. pp. 138–179. 3843: 3425:

Roberts, A. (1929). "New forms of African mammals".

5656: 4922:Snyman, A.; Jackson, C. R.; Funston, P. J. (2015). 4059: 3971: 3969: 3967: 1990:

Tree-climbing lion in Murchison Falls National Park

1189:north of the Orange River were also eradicated. In 908:constituted major barriers between the two groups. 818:assessors subsumed all African lion populations to 7105: 7041: 6278:Kerbis Peterhans, J. C. and Gnoske, T. P. (2001). 5703:Mystery of the White Lions—Children of the Sun God 5509:"Unique social system found in famous Tsavo lions" 4834: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3654:Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). 3565:Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung 3403:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 3269:. London: Chatto and Windus. p. Plate X, 177. 2118:Lions feeding on a giraffe in Kruger National Park 983:. Southeastern Ethiopia is therefore considered a 6953: 6951: 6818:"Zimbabwe's 'iconic' lion Cecil killed by hunter" 6573: 6192:Joubert, D. (2006). "Hunting behaviour of lions ( 5372: 5313:. New York: Courier Corporation. pp. 17–21. 5188: 5038: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4828: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4124: 4122: 3670: 3523:Lundholm, B. (1952). "A skull of a Cape lioness ( 876:Since the beginning of the 21st century, several 7558: 6616: 5994: 5167: 5165: 4647: 4645: 3964: 3681:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 3637:Journal of the Bombay Natural Historical Society 3069: 3067: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 7597:Mammals of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5762: 5234: 4971: 4895: 4893: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4308:Yalden, D. W.; Largen, M. J.; Kock, D. (1980). 3982:revealed by Host and Viral Population Genomics" 3784: 3679:The mammals of Africa. An identification manual 3373: 3371: 3369: 2858:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2773:Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). 2059:Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area 519:, based on two male lions from the environs of 7188: 7103: 6948: 5562: 5531: 5474: 5271: 4998: 4958: 4881: 4867:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 4482: 4467: 4245: 4186: 4119: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3442: 3440: 3420: 3418: 3416: 2574:; about 100 captive lions were registered as 7215:ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System 7035: 6810: 6744: 6055: 5925: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5162: 5106: 4917: 4915: 4642: 3909: 3691: 3685: 3634: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3220: 3178: 3064: 2962: 2337:are part of the zoological collection of the 987:zone between Central and East African lions. 939: 880:studies were conducted to aid clarifying the 7279:BBC Earth: Lions take down an adult elephant 7130: 6870: 6777: 6314:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6226: 6177:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6041:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5502: 5500: 4890: 4774:"A metapopulation approach to African lion ( 4682: 4583: 4459:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4098: 3744:: Implications for its ex situ conservation" 3522: 3516: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3465: 3396: 3377: 3366: 3325: 3319: 3256: 3252: 3250: 3174: 3172: 2507:are key dispersal areas in Southern Africa. 2325:attacked workers during the building of the 7284:The Savuti Lions of the Chobe National Park 6876: 6514: 6049: 5789: 5621: 5429:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats 4511: 4505: 3726: 3635:Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The lions of Asia". 3446: 3437: 3424: 3413: 3302: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 2841: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 1638: 1349: 1221: 1079:form a contiguous population with lions in 990: 730:recognized only two lion subspecies in the 7062: 6783: 6750: 6714: 6280:"The Science of 'Man-Eating*' Among Lions 5810: 5723: 5009: 4961:South African Journal of Wildlife Research 4912: 4427:Funaioli, U. and Simonetta, A. M. (1966). 4301: 3584: 3550: 3535: 3349: 3267:The Naturalist's Library. Vol. 15 Mammalia 3192:The Field Guide to Carnivores of the World 2551:At the beginning of the 21st century, the 822:. Two lion subspecies are now recognised: 452:Lions shot in Kenya's Sotik Plains in 1909 63: 42: 7252:Lobengula the South African guardian lion 6931: 6921: 6883:population in Kafue National Park, Zambia 6685: 6662: 6652: 6629:bones from Africa to East-Southeast Asia" 6487: 6328: 6299: 6200:) in the Chobe National Park, Botswana". 6154: 6144: 6080: 6056:Hayward, M. W.; Kerley, G. I. H. (2005). 6018: 5949: 5892: 5877: 5497: 5363: 5134: 5082: 4943: 4852: 4811: 4801: 4673: 4618: 4444: 4399: 4366: 4325: 4292: 4228: 4218: 4092: 4007: 3997: 3885: 3826: 3816: 3474: 3390: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3279: 3273: 3247: 3226: 3169: 3103: 3051: 3021: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2887: 2877: 391:indicate their close genetic relation to 7269:Holding the line for lions in Mozambique 6227:Power, R. J.; Compion, R. X. S. (2009). 5742:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 5734: 5419: 5279:(Report). South African National Parks. 5115:"The size of savannah Africa: a lion's ( 5051:: University of Natal. pp. 471–475. 4899: 4433:Monitore Zoologico Italiano, Supplemento 4273:"The size of savannah Africa: a lion's ( 3038: 2758: 2596: 2592: 2572:International Species Information System 2535: 2301:, lions also prey on young and subadult 1974: 1931: 1877: 1642: 1353: 1225: 1064:since the early 20th century. Intensive 963:study, eight wild lion samples from the 943: 859: 7136: 6753:"East African lions dying of poisoning" 6288:Journal of East African Natural History 6191: 5893:Spong, G. (2002). "Space use in lions, 5671: 5446: 3978:"The Evolutionary Dynamics of the Lion 3580: 3578: 3296: 1861:in southern Angola in 1973. In 1936, a 14: 7559: 7257:What Happened to Angola's 1,000 Lions? 6996: 6355: 5700: 5304: 4630:from the original on 30 September 2020 4592:"Estimating population sizes of lions 4351:) in Nechisar National Park, Ethiopia" 4310:"Catalogue of the Mammals of Ethiopia" 3557:) Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen 3338: 2904: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2348:The Njombe lions were a lion pride in 7315: 7314: 7068: 7048:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3–6. 6964:European Journal of Wildlife Research 6885:. Cape Town: University of Cape Town. 6798:from the original on 24 February 2018 6765:from the original on 22 February 2018 6732:from the original on 25 February 2018 6625:"A roaring trade? The legal trade in 6496:from the original on 24 February 2018 6469:from the original on 23 February 2018 5519:from the original on 22 February 2014 5506: 5345: 5071:The Open Conservation Biology Journal 3485: 3356:Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 3133:Status and distribution of the lion ( 1897:In the 19th and 20th centuries, lion 1647:Lion in Etosha National Park, Namibia 1209:, 18 lions were trophy hunted and 11 7577:Taxa named by Charles Hamilton Smith 6387:"Lion attacks on humans in Tanzania" 5425: 3575: 2454:in Zimbabwe's Hwange National Park. 2312: 2022:Lions mating in Etosha National Park 1421:Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda 1173:since the early 19th century in the 703:as valid subspecies in East Africa. 6259:from the original on 31 August 2018 5899:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 5542:): solution to the Tsavo riddle?". 5485:. Philadelphia, PA: Chilton Books. 5010:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1975). "Lion 4355:Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science 3677:Meester, J.; Setzer, H. W. (1977). 2933:Conservation Strategy for the Lion 2830:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2803: 2088: 1112:due to killing of lions during the 691:subspecies in Southern Africa, and 483:, based on two lion specimens from 24: 5804:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1975.tb02246.x 5777:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00088.x 5407:from the original on 7 August 2007 5365:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1962.tb03240.x 5259:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x 5222:from the original on 28 April 2020 5094:from the original on 9 August 2017 2950:from the original on 3 August 2020 2930:IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006). 2581:In 2012, samples of lions kept at 2450:and his son Xanda, were killed by 2446:In 2015 and 2017, two male lions, 2036:A lioness with her cub in Botswana 1840: 1783: 749:In the 1970s, the scientific name 307:, lion populations are regionally 25: 7683: 7182: 7167:from the original on 5 March 2024 6858:from the original on 21 July 2017 6828:from the original on 28 July 2015 6561:from the original on 17 July 2018 6366:from the original on 5 March 2024 6146:10.1371/journal.pone.0055182.g001 6100:from the original on 27 June 2015 5462:from the original on 5 March 2024 5327:from the original on 5 March 2024 5205:Conservation status of the lion ( 5174:Conservation status of the lion ( 4710:from the original on 7 March 2023 4408:from the original on 7 March 2023 3952:from the original on 5 March 2024 3380:"New and rare mammals from Congo" 3208:from the original on 5 March 2024 3158:from the original on 29 July 2018 2791:from the original on 30 July 2018 2632: 2605:featured a lion from 1910 to 1932 1816:Female lion in the Okavango Delta 499:, based on two lions killed near 403:. It has been referred to as the 7097: 7036:Hogarth, C.; Butler, N. (2004). 7029: 6990: 6889: 6840: 6679: 6594:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01576.x 6541: 6214:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00626.x 5556:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00200.x 5379:Nowell, K.; Jackson, P. (1996). 5311:Size, Function, and Life History 5286:from the original on 2 July 2021 4157:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02500.x 4113:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00694.x 2943:. Pretoria, South Africa: IUCN. 2609:The lion is an animal symbol in 2519: 2469: 2394: 2111: 2097: 2029: 2015: 1997: 1983: 1823: 1809: 1792: 1560:Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park 1021: 1010: 999: 442: 431: 371:was a black-maned lion from the 88: 7079:. Infobase Publishing. p. 7003:Biodiversity & Conservation 6508: 6481: 6451: 6378: 6349: 6322: 6271: 6220: 6185: 6112: 6058:"Prey preferences of the lion ( 5958: 5886: 5853: 5783: 5756: 5694: 5665: 5659:Open Science Repository Biology 5650: 5615: 5339: 5298: 5265: 5143: 5055: 5032: 4952: 4875: 4765: 4722: 4540: 4485:"Chapter II: Population Survey" 4375: 4334: 4024: 3701:African Lion Working Group News 3628: 3459: 2510: 2501:Makgadikgadi Pans National Park 2460: 2339:Field Museum of Natural History 872:) according to genetic research 587:, a male lion from the area of 4703:. Nairobi: Living with Lions. 4654:"Identifying a potential lion 4446:10.1080/03749444.1966.10736746 4327:10.1080/00269786.1980.11758553 3529:Annals of the Transvaal Museum 3489:A Checklist of African Mammals 3449:Annals of the Transvaal Museum 3427:Annals of the Transvaal Museum 2937:in Eastern and Southern Africa 2483:African lions are included in 1948:. Their whitish fur is a rare 1946:Timbavati Private Game Reserve 1207:Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve 979:was not a complete barrier to 649:Natural History Museum, Vienna 607:, an adult male lion from the 383:analysis of lion samples from 13: 1: 7301:Shamba the South African lion 6962:) population from Ethiopia". 5765:East African Wildlife Journal 5481:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1963). 5209:Linnaeus, 1758) in Mozambique 4281:Biodiversity and Conservation 4136:) in West and Central Africa" 3137:) in East and Southern Africa 2752: 2505:Central Kalahari Game Reserve 1936:A cub in Kruger National Park 1921: 1663: 1370: 1242: 1077:Queen Elizabeth National Park 718:in 1930, when he wrote about 709:subordinated the lion to the 6923:10.1371/journal.pone.0196213 6654:10.1371/journal.pone.0185996 6029:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.01.013 5674:The White Lions of Timbavati 5455:East African Business Digest 5045:The Mammals of the Transvaal 4900:Smithers, R. H. N. (1971). " 4803:10.1371/journal.pone.0088081 4220:10.1371/journal.pone.0137975 4081:(1): 114–124. Archived from 4075:National Geographic Research 3999:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000251 3230:White Lion: Back to the Wild 2603:Coat of arms of South Africa 2540:Tourist petting tame lions, 1404:Democratic Republic of Congo 1157:Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park 913:Batéké Plateau National Park 855: 53:Maasai Mara National Reserve 7: 7038:"Animal Symbolism (Africa)" 5483:Simba: The Life of the Lion 5178:Linnaeus, 1758) in Tanzania 5084:10.2174/1874839200701010001 5039:Rautenbach, I. L. (1978). " 4314:Monitore Zoologico Italiano 3384:Revue de Zoologie Africaine 2784:. Special Issue 11: 71–73. 2641: 2430:traditional Asian medicines 1203:Addo Elephant National Park 977:Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia 917:Odzala-Kokoua National Park 783:Mammal Species of the World 422: 10: 7688: 7657:Mammals of Southern Africa 7112:. Voyageur Press. p. 7108:Big Cats: Kingdom of Might 7040:. In Walter, M. N. (ed.). 6202:African Journal of Ecology 5938:Journal of Applied Ecology 4980:African Journal of Ecology 4857:(inactive 27 August 2024). 4549:Journal of Human Evolution 4514:Environmental Conservation 3660:Oken, 1816, (Brehm, 1829)" 3182:& Barrett, P. (2018). 2385: 1925: 940:Overlap between subspecies 911:Lion samples from Gabon's 413:East-Southern African lion 7672:Mammals described in 1900 7667:Mammals described in 1891 7662:Mammals described in 1843 7582:Mammals described in 1842 7567:Panthera leo melanochaita 7431: 7355:Panthera leo melanochaita 7325:Panthera leo melanochaita 7323: 6976:10.1007/s10344-012-0668-5 6091:10.1017/S0952836905007508 5980:10.1007/s10980-009-9425-x 5911:10.1007/s00265-002-0515-x 5156:Uganda Wildlife Authority 5136:10.1007/s10531-012-0381-4 5123:Biodiversity Conservation 4945:10.1017/S0030605313001336 4854:10.1017/S0030605304000055 4675:10.1017/S003060530700124X 4620:10.1017/S0030605313000112 4526:10.1017/S0376892900016015 4401:10.1017/S0030605316001356 4294:10.1007/s10531-012-0381-4 4045:10.1007/s10592-013-0453-3 3938:10.1007/s10592-004-7729-6 3763:10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0 3330:. In Sjöstedt, Y. (ed.). 3096:10.1007/s10592-017-1039-2 3054:Panthera leo melanochaita 631:-Lang Kalahari Expedition 459:Felis (Leo) melanochaitus 285:Panthera leo melanochaita 250: 243: 228:Panthera leo melanochaita 224: 217: 85:Scientific classification 83: 71: 62: 50: 41: 36:Panthera leo melanochaita 34: 7076:African Mythology A to Z 4368:10.4314/mejs.v6i2.109714 3600:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). 3265:. In Jardine, W. (ed.). 1888:Tsavo East National Park 1873: 1639:South West African clade 1556:Mozambique, South Africa 1350:South East African clade 1222:North East African clade 1099:Tsavo East National Park 991:Distribution and habitat 780:In 2005, the authors of 591:on the eastern shore of 7612:Mammals of South Africa 7189:Carrington, D. (2018). 7104:Brakefield, T. (1993). 7015:10.1023/A:1023641629538 7001:) at Addis Ababa Zoo". 6362:. London: W. H. Allen. 6007:Biological Conservation 5951:10.1111/1365-2664.12282 5593:10.1126/science.1073257 4906:The Mammals of Botswana 4882:Bantlin, D. A. (2017). 4483:Chardonnet, P. (2002). 4144:Journal of Biogeography 3818:10.1073/pnas.1919423117 3559:Panthera (Panthera) leo 3525:Felis leo melanochaitus 2879:10.1073/pnas.1500664112 2045:Serengeti National Park 1801:Serengeti National Park 1668:Lion Conservation Units 1375:Lion Conservation Units 1247:Lion Conservation Units 669:natural history museums 635:Panthera leo webbensies 623:, a male lion from the 567:, a male lion from the 503:and the Gurui River in 210:P. l. melanochaita 7652:Mammals of East Africa 6688:African Studies Review 6356:Rushby, G. G. (1965). 5305:Calder, W. A. (1996). 5016:Wild Cats of the World 4561:10.1006/jhev.1998.0268 3878:10.1098/rspb.2006.3555 3707:: 9–11. Archived from 3692:Yamaguchi, N. (2000). 3227:Schofield, A. (2013). 2606: 2548: 2303:African bush elephants 2231:Phacochoerus africanus 2223:Potamochoerus larvatus 2167:Giraffa camelopardalis 1937: 1894: 1648: 1624:Botswana, South Africa 1429:Virunga National Parks 1408:Itombwe Nature Reserve 1359: 1339:Nairobi National Parks 1231: 1213:between 2005 and 2011. 1165:Gemsbok National Parks 1056:Kafa Biosphere Reserve 952: 948:Lion from Ethiopia at 873: 609:Sabi Sand Game Reserve 562:Felis leo bleyenberghi 467:Charles Hamilton Smith 7602:Mammals of Mozambique 7069:Lynch, P. A. (2004). 6492:. The South African. 5879:10.1093/beheco/ary018 5346:Davis, D. D. (1962). 4347:) and Spotted Hyena ( 4033:Conservation Genetics 3926:Conservation Genetics 3751:Conservation Genetics 3486:Allen, G. M. (1939). 3397:Allen, J. A. (1924). 3378:Lönnberg, E. (1914). 3326:Lönnberg, E. (1910). 3257:Smith, C. H. (1842). 3084:Conservation Genetics 2837:: e.T15951A115130419. 2739:Mapogo lion coalition 2647:Wild cats in Africa: 2600: 2593:Cultural significance 2570:from Tanzania by the 2539: 2476:Lion cubs in Botswana 2239:Alcephalus buselaphus 2159:Connochaetes taurinus 1975:Behaviour and ecology 1935: 1881: 1859:Mucusso National Park 1830:Lion cubs in Zimbabwe 1646: 1357: 1229: 1199:Eastern Cape Province 1122:Akagera National Park 1081:Virunga National Park 967:were included in the 947: 863: 734:, namely the African 510:Felis leo sabakiensis 478:Felis leo somaliensis 409:Southern African lion 389:Republic of the Congo 7463:Panthera leo krugeri 7433:Panthera leo krugeri 7289:A Zambian lion stirs 7232:Lions in East Africa 7137:Jackson, D. (2010). 6877:Midlane, N. (2013). 6582:Conservation Biology 6515:Torchia, C. (2018). 6245:10.3377/004.044.0104 5672:McBride, C. (1977). 5426:Wood, G. L. (1982). 4731:Conservation Biology 4596:and spotted hyaenas 4501:on 10 November 2013. 3303:Neumann, O. (1900). 2415:Katavi National Park 2358:George Gilman Rushby 2255:Kobus ellipsiprymnus 2067:Hwange National Park 1942:Kruger National Park 1799:Adult male lions in 1657:Kruger National Park 1505:Tanzania, Mozambique 1280:Awash National Parks 898:genetically diverged 526:Felis leo roosevelti 471:zoological specimens 74:Etosha National Park 7637:Mammals of Ethiopia 7632:Mammals of Tanzania 7622:Mammals of Zimbabwe 7617:Mammals of Eswatini 7592:Mammals of Botswana 6914:2018PLoSO..1396213C 6784:Winter, S. (2018). 6751:Kamoga, J. (2018). 6700:10.1017/asr.2017.94 6645:2017PLoSO..1285996W 6522:The Washington Post 6406:2005Natur.436..791S 6137:2013PLoSO...855182D 5831:1979Natur.282..839B 5701:Tucker, L. (2003). 5585:2002Sci...297.1339W 5579:(5585): 1339–1943. 5043:(Linnaeus, 1758)". 5014:(Linnaeus, 1758)". 4928:in Southern Africa" 4794:2014PLoSO...988081D 4211:2015PLoSO..1037975B 3872:(1598): 2119–2125. 3811:(20): 10927–10934. 3551:Hemmer, H. (1974). 3350:Heller, E. (1913). 3280:Noack, T. (1891). " 3006:2016NatSR...630807B 2870:2015PNAS..11214894B 2864:(48): 14894–14899. 2299:Chobe National Park 2288:) and common mice ( 2199:Hippotragus equinus 1952:caused by a double 1911:ambient temperature 1581:Kafue Sumbu Complex 1297:Arboweerow−Alafuuto 965:Ethiopian Highlands 959:. For a subsequent 902:tropical rainforest 892:comprises two main 651:that originated in 611:named in honour of 589:Lime Springs, Sotik 551:, a lion skin from 537:Ethiopian Highlands 490:Felis leo massaicus 417:southern subspecies 7642:Mammals of Somalia 7607:Mammals of Namibia 7294:2018-08-07 at the 7262:2018-11-24 at the 6529:on 15 January 2019 6488:Haden, A. (2018). 6359:No More the Tusker 6198:Loxodonta africana 6069:Journal of Zoology 5866:Behavioral Ecology 5792:Journal of Zoology 5636:10.1511/2005.3.226 5624:American Scientist 5544:Journal of Zoology 5507:Borzo, G. (2002). 5247:Journal of Zoology 4743:10.1111/cobi.12703 4101:Journal of Zoology 3780:on 24 August 2006. 3259:"Black maned lion 3080:) living in Gabon" 2994:Scientific Reports 2657:African golden cat 2607: 2549: 2369:In February 2018, 2321:In the 1890s, two 2307:Loxodonta africana 2271:Eudorcas thomsonii 2247:Damaliscus lunatus 2004:Lion pride at the 1938: 1895: 1693:Botswana, Zimbabwe 1649: 1543:Mozambique, Zambia 1360: 1232: 953: 888:indicate that the 874: 870:P. l. melanochaita 850:P. l. melanochaita 827:P. l. melanochaita 788:P. l. bleyenberghi 771:Transvaal Province 677:F. l. bleyenberghi 578:Leo leo hollisteri 541:Theodore Roosevelt 535:, a lion from the 393:P. l. melanochaita 369:P. l. melanochaita 358:P. l. melanochaita 354:P. l. melanochaita 303:. In this part of 254:P. l. bleyenberghi 7647:Mammals of Uganda 7587:Mammals of Angola 7552: 7551: 7317:Taxon identifiers 7160:978-1-86189-735-0 7153:. pp. 1–21. 7123:978-0-89658-329-0 7090:978-0-8160-4892-2 7055:978-1-57607-645-3 6400:(7052): 927–928. 6344:Macmillan and Co. 5968:Landscape Ecology 5825:(5741): 839–841. 5749:978-0-226-73639-6 5716:978-0-620-31409-1 5687:978-0-949997-32-6 5439:978-0-85112-235-9 5397:978-2-8317-0045-8 5320:978-0-486-69191-6 5307:"Skeletal muscle" 5025:978-0-8008-8324-9 4992:10.1111/aje.12003 4343:"Status of Lion ( 3905:on 8 August 2007. 3613:978-0-8018-8221-0 3586:Wozencraft, W. C. 3561:(Linnaeus, 1758)" 3261:Leo melanochaitus 3240:978-0-620-57005-3 3201:978-1-4729-5080-2 3014:10.1038/srep30807 2485:CITES Appendix II 2343:Colonel Patterson 2313:Attacks on humans 2267:Thomson's gazelle 1944:and the adjacent 1781: 1780: 1636: 1635: 1347: 1346: 1114:Rwandan Civil War 985:genetic admixture 932:during the early 906:East African Rift 663:Dispute over the 643:, two lions from 642: 627:collected by the 622: 606: 586: 566: 550: 546:Felis leo nyanzae 534: 521:Mount Kilimanjaro 518: 498: 482: 373:Cape of Good Hope 281: 280: 18:East African lion 16:(Redirected from 7679: 7627:Mammals of Kenya 7545: 7544: 7532: 7531: 7519: 7518: 7506: 7505: 7493: 7492: 7480: 7479: 7467: 7466: 7465: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7424: 7423: 7411: 7410: 7398: 7397: 7385: 7384: 7372: 7371: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7312: 7311: 7218: 7198: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7111: 7101: 7095: 7094: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7047: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7009:(8): 1629–1639. 6994: 6988: 6987: 6955: 6946: 6945: 6935: 6925: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6666: 6656: 6639:(10): e0185996. 6620: 6614: 6613: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6525:. Archived from 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6438: 6432:. Archived from 6391: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6330:Patterson, J. H. 6326: 6320: 6319: 6313: 6305: 6303: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6196:) on elephants ( 6189: 6183: 6182: 6176: 6168: 6158: 6148: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6099: 6084: 6066: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6040: 6032: 6022: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5944:(5): 1169–1178. 5929: 5923: 5922: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5839:10.1038/282839a0 5814: 5808: 5807: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5771:(3–4): 215–225. 5760: 5754: 5753: 5732: 5721: 5720: 5709:: Npenvu Press. 5698: 5692: 5691: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5504: 5495: 5494: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5406: 5385: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5285: 5278: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5221: 5214: 5199: 5186: 5185: 5169: 5160: 5159: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5093: 5086: 5068: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5049:Pietermaritzburg 5036: 5030: 5029: 5007: 4996: 4995: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4919: 4910: 4909: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4866: 4858: 4856: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4815: 4805: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4709: 4702: 4691: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4649: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4629: 4622: 4604: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4489: 4480: 4465: 4464: 4458: 4450: 4448: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4403: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4268: 4243: 4242: 4232: 4222: 4205:(10): e0137975. 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4173: 4167:. Archived from 4151:(7): 1356–1367. 4140: 4126: 4117: 4116: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4072: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4011: 4001: 3992:(11): e1000251. 3973: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3898:. Archived from 3889: 3863: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3830: 3820: 3793: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3773:. Archived from 3748: 3735: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3713: 3698: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3582: 3573: 3572: 3548: 3533: 3532: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3507: 3503: 3501: 3493: 3483: 3472: 3471: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3444: 3435: 3434: 3422: 3411: 3410: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3375: 3364: 3363: 3347: 3336: 3335: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3254: 3245: 3244: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3157: 3142: 3127: 3118: 3117: 3107: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3049: 3036: 3035: 3025: 2981: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2949: 2942: 2927: 2902: 2901: 2891: 2881: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2816: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2790: 2779: 2769: 2727:Elsa the lioness 2697:Black-footed cat 2557:Haile Selassie I 2528:Philadelphia Zoo 2526:Captive lion in 2523: 2494:wildlife tourism 2473: 2398: 2371:Kevin Richardson 2323:Tsavo Man-Eaters 2175:Tragelaphus oryx 2115: 2101: 2089:Hunting and diet 2033: 2019: 2001: 1987: 1913:, nutrition and 1827: 1813: 1796: 1662: 1661: 1484:Mpanga-Kipengere 1369: 1368: 1241: 1240: 1161:Kalahari Gemsbok 1025: 1014: 1003: 886:genetic analyses 882:taxonomic status 804:P. l. hollisteri 767:Great Escarpment 738:and the Asiatic 732:Palearctic realm 693:F. l. hollisteri 675:also recognized 637: 620: 600: 583:Joel Asaph Allen 580: 569:Katanga Province 564: 548: 528: 512: 492: 480: 446: 435: 264:P. l. hollisteri 230: 93: 92: 67: 46: 32: 31: 21: 7687: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7548: 7540: 7535: 7527: 7522: 7514: 7509: 7501: 7496: 7488: 7483: 7475: 7470: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7446: 7445: 7440: 7427: 7419: 7414: 7406: 7401: 7393: 7388: 7380: 7375: 7367: 7362: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7319: 7296:Wayback Machine 7264:Wayback Machine 7201: 7185: 7180: 7170: 7168: 7161: 7135: 7131: 7124: 7102: 7098: 7091: 7067: 7063: 7056: 7034: 7030: 6995: 6991: 6956: 6949: 6908:(7): e0196213. 6894: 6890: 6875: 6871: 6861: 6859: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6801: 6799: 6782: 6778: 6768: 6766: 6749: 6745: 6735: 6733: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6684: 6680: 6621: 6617: 6578: 6574: 6564: 6562: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6532: 6530: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6486: 6482: 6472: 6470: 6457: 6456: 6452: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6414:10.1038/436791a 6389: 6383: 6379: 6369: 6367: 6354: 6350: 6327: 6323: 6307: 6306: 6276: 6272: 6262: 6260: 6233:African Zoology 6225: 6221: 6190: 6186: 6170: 6169: 6117: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6082:10.1.1.611.8271 6064: 6054: 6050: 6034: 6033: 6020:10.1.1.884.8117 5999: 5995: 5963: 5959: 5930: 5926: 5891: 5887: 5858: 5854: 5815: 5811: 5788: 5784: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5736:Schaller, G. B. 5733: 5724: 5717: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5670: 5666: 5655: 5651: 5620: 5616: 5567: 5563: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5505: 5498: 5479: 5475: 5465: 5463: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5344: 5340: 5330: 5328: 5321: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5239: 5235: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5200: 5189: 5170: 5163: 5148: 5144: 5111: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5066: 5060: 5056: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5008: 4999: 4976: 4972: 4957: 4953: 4920: 4913: 4898: 4891: 4880: 4876: 4860: 4859: 4833: 4829: 4778:) conservation" 4770: 4766: 4727: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4683: 4650: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4602: 4598:Crocuta crocuta 4588: 4584: 4545: 4541: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4487: 4481: 4468: 4452: 4451: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4380: 4376: 4349:Crocuta crocuta 4339: 4335: 4306: 4302: 4269: 4246: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4138: 4127: 4120: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4029: 4025: 3974: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3861: 3851: 3844: 3794: 3785: 3777: 3746: 3736: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3714:on 4 March 2016 3711: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3675: 3671: 3652: 3648: 3633: 3629: 3614: 3583: 3576: 3549: 3536: 3521: 3517: 3505: 3504: 3495: 3494: 3484: 3475: 3464: 3460: 3445: 3438: 3423: 3414: 3395: 3391: 3376: 3367: 3348: 3339: 3324: 3320: 3301: 3297: 3278: 3274: 3255: 3248: 3241: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3202: 3177: 3170: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3140: 3128: 3121: 3072: 3065: 3050: 3039: 2982: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2928: 2905: 2846: 2842: 2817: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2777: 2770: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2681:African wildcat 2649:African leopard 2644: 2635: 2613:rituals of the 2595: 2564:P. l. massaicus 2553:Addis Ababa Zoo 2534: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2524: 2513: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2463: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2388: 2315: 2243:common tsessebe 2183:T. strepsiceros 2155:blue wildebeest 2151:Syncerus caffer 2123: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2091: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2002: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1977: 1930: 1924: 1907:sexually mature 1876: 1843: 1841:Size and weight 1835: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1797: 1786: 1784:Characteristics 1748:Angola, Namibia 1665:Range countries 1641: 1438:Kenya, Tanzania 1425:Queen Elizabeth 1387:Murchison Falls 1372:Range countries 1352: 1244:Range countries 1238:) in Ethiopia. 1224: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1006: 1005: 1004: 993: 961:phylogeographic 942: 921:common ancestor 858: 763:Vratislav Mazák 753:was considered 639:Ludwig Zukowsky 618:Leo leo vernayi 598:Leo leo krugeri 565:(Lönnberg 1914) 463:scientific name 456: 455: 454: 453: 449: 448: 447: 438: 437: 436: 425: 381:Phylogeographic 375:, known as the 336:phylogeographic 329:protected areas 239: 232: 226: 213: 199: 87: 28: 27:Lion subspecies 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7685: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7533: 7520: 7507: 7494: 7481: 7468: 7453: 7437: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7412: 7399: 7386: 7373: 7360: 7345: 7329: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7309: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7199: 7184: 7183:External links 7181: 7179: 7178: 7159: 7151:Reaktion Books 7139:"Introduction" 7129: 7122: 7096: 7089: 7061: 7054: 7028: 6989: 6970:(2): 215–225. 6947: 6888: 6869: 6839: 6809: 6776: 6743: 6713: 6678: 6615: 6588:(1): 142–153. 6572: 6540: 6507: 6480: 6450: 6439:on 1 July 2020 6377: 6348: 6321: 6270: 6219: 6208:(2): 279–281. 6184: 6111: 6075:(3): 309–322. 6048: 6013:(4): 507–516. 5993: 5974:(3): 337–351. 5957: 5924: 5905:(4): 303–307. 5885: 5872:(3): 660–666. 5852: 5809: 5798:(4): 463–482. 5782: 5755: 5748: 5722: 5715: 5693: 5686: 5680:: E. Stanton. 5664: 5649: 5630:(3): 226–235. 5614: 5561: 5550:(4): 551–560. 5530: 5496: 5473: 5445: 5438: 5418: 5396: 5381:"African lion" 5371: 5358:(4): 505–514. 5338: 5319: 5297: 5264: 5253:(3): 365–373. 5233: 5187: 5161: 5142: 5105: 5054: 5031: 5024: 4997: 4986:(2): 176–179. 4970: 4951: 4938:(4): 604–610. 4911: 4889: 4874: 4827: 4764: 4737:(3): 467–475. 4721: 4681: 4641: 4613:(3): 394–401. 4582: 4555:(3): 275–282. 4539: 4520:(3): 260–264. 4504: 4466: 4439:(1): 285–347. 4419: 4394:(4): 751–760. 4374: 4361:(2): 127–137. 4333: 4320:(1): 169−272. 4300: 4244: 4185: 4174:on 8 June 2019 4118: 4107:(3): 194–209. 4091: 4088:on 2 May 2013. 4058: 4039:(4): 741–755. 4023: 3963: 3908: 3842: 3783: 3757:(4): 507–514. 3725: 3684: 3669: 3646: 3627: 3612: 3574: 3534: 3515: 3473: 3458: 3436: 3412: 3389: 3365: 3337: 3318: 3315:(VI): 529–562. 3295: 3272: 3246: 3239: 3219: 3200: 3168: 3119: 3090:(3): 611–618. 3063: 3037: 2961: 2903: 2840: 2802: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2736: 2729: 2724: 2717: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2633:Regional names 2631: 2594: 2591: 2525: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2475: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2452:trophy hunters 2434:canned hunting 2422:Southeast Asia 2411:Trophy hunting 2400: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2374: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2346: 2327:Uganda Railway 2314: 2311: 2297:In Botswana's 2227:common warthog 2203:sable antelope 2127:hunt in groups 2125:Lions usually 2117: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2063:radio-collared 2035: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2003: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1926:Main article: 1923: 1920: 1899:type specimens 1875: 1872: 1842: 1839: 1829: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1798: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1591: 1590:Zambia, Malawi 1587: 1586: 1583: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1547:Middle Zambezi 1544: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1307: 1306:Somalia, Kenya 1303: 1302: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1223: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1179:Cape Provinces 1168: 1146: 1135: 1125: 1118:refugee crisis 1103: 1084: 1069: 1059: 1030: 1029: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1009: 1008: 1007: 998: 997: 996: 995: 994: 992: 989: 969:DNA sequencing 941: 938: 857: 854: 839: 838: 830: 800:P. l. massaica 744:classification 728:Morrison-Scott 701:F. l. massaica 661: 660: 653:Webi Shabeelle 632: 621:(Roberts 1948) 615: 603:Austin Roberts 595: 575: 559: 543: 523: 507: 487: 451: 450: 441: 440: 439: 430: 429: 428: 427: 426: 424: 421: 325:trophy hunting 279: 278: 277: 276: 271: 269:P. l. massaica 266: 261: 256: 248: 247: 241: 240: 233: 222: 221: 219:Trinomial name 215: 214: 207: 205: 201: 200: 193: 191: 187: 186: 179: 175: 174: 169: 165: 164: 159: 155: 154: 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 81: 80: 69: 68: 60: 59: 48: 47: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7684: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7555: 7543: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7473: 7469: 7464: 7458: 7454: 7449: 7443: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7422: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7350: 7346: 7341: 7335: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7313: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7187: 7186: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7133: 7125: 7119: 7115: 7110: 7109: 7100: 7092: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7065: 7057: 7051: 7046: 7045: 7039: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6954: 6952: 6943: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6892: 6884: 6880: 6873: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6797: 6793: 6792: 6791:Daily Express 6787: 6780: 6764: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6747: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6628: 6619: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6576: 6560: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6544: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6511: 6495: 6491: 6484: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6365: 6361: 6360: 6352: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6325: 6317: 6311: 6302: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6283: 6274: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6180: 6174: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6131:(2): e55182. 6130: 6126: 6122: 6115: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6061: 6052: 6044: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5997: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5961: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5928: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5751: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5718: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5697: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5668: 5660: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5565: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5501: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5449: 5441: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5422: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5218: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5166: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5118: 5109: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4927: 4918: 4916: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4894: 4885: 4878: 4870: 4864: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4788:(2): e88081. 4787: 4783: 4779: 4777: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4706: 4699: 4698: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4657: 4648: 4646: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4462: 4456: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4276: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4145: 4137: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3986:PLOS Genetics 3983: 3981: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3921: 3912: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3858: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3743: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3680: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3659: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3598:Wilson, D. E. 3595: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3579: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3511: 3499: 3491: 3490: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3470:(1): 269–273. 3469: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3441: 3433:(13): 82–121. 3432: 3428: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3386:(3): 273–278. 3385: 3381: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3262: 3253: 3251: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3223: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3173: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3124: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3079: 3070: 3068: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2946: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2853: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2757: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2734: 2733:The Lion King 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2639: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2599: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2576:P. l. krugeri 2573: 2569: 2568:P. l. nubicus 2565: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2529: 2522: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2472: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2397: 2380: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195:roan antelope 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2114: 2100: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2032: 2018: 2007: 2000: 1986: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1934: 1929: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1900: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1884:maneless lion 1880: 1871: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1838: 1826: 1812: 1802: 1795: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1645: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1598:South Luangwa 1595: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1356: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1228: 1219: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1181:south of the 1180: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1024: 1013: 1002: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 951: 946: 937: 935: 931: 926: 922: 918: 914: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 871: 867: 862: 853: 851: 847: 843: 836: 835: 831: 828: 825: 824: 823: 821: 817: 816:IUCN Red List 813: 809: 808:P. l. nyanzae 805: 801: 797: 796:P. l. vernayi 793: 792:P. l. krugeri 789: 785: 784: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 759:P. l. krugeri 756: 752: 751:P. l. vernayi 747: 745: 741: 740:P. l. persica 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 720:Asiatic lions 717: 716: 712: 708: 704: 702: 698: 697:F. l. nyanzae 694: 690: 686: 685:F. l. vernayi 682: 681:F. l. krugeri 678: 674: 670: 666: 658: 654: 650: 647:, one in the 646: 640: 636: 633: 630: 626: 619: 616: 614: 610: 604: 599: 596: 594: 593:Lake Victoria 590: 584: 579: 576: 574: 573:Belgian Congo 570: 563: 560: 558: 554: 549:(Heller 1913) 547: 544: 542: 539:presented to 538: 532: 527: 524: 522: 516: 511: 508: 506: 502: 496: 491: 488: 486: 479: 476: 475: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 445: 434: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 405:Southern lion 402: 398: 395:samples from 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 365:type specimen 361: 359: 355: 351: 350: 345: 341: 337: 334:Results of a 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 291: 287: 286: 275: 274:P. l. nyanzae 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 259:P. l. krugeri 257: 255: 252: 251: 249: 246: 242: 237: 231: 229: 223: 220: 216: 212: 211: 206: 203: 202: 198: 197: 192: 189: 188: 185: 184: 180: 177: 176: 173: 170: 167: 166: 163: 160: 157: 156: 153: 150: 147: 146: 143: 140: 137: 136: 133: 130: 127: 126: 123: 120: 117: 116: 113: 110: 107: 106: 103: 100: 97: 96: 91: 86: 82: 79: 75: 70: 66: 61: 58: 54: 51:Male lion in 49: 45: 40: 37: 33: 30: 19: 7554: 7432: 7324: 7214: 7209:melanochaita 7208: 7205:Panthera leo 7204: 7195:The Guardian 7194: 7169:. Retrieved 7142: 7132: 7107: 7099: 7075: 7064: 7043: 7031: 7006: 7002: 6999:Panthera leo 6998: 6992: 6967: 6963: 6960:Panthera leo 6959: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6882: 6881:Panthera leo 6878: 6872: 6860:. Retrieved 6851: 6842: 6830:. Retrieved 6821: 6812: 6800:. Retrieved 6789: 6779: 6767:. Retrieved 6758:The Observer 6756: 6746: 6734:. Retrieved 6725: 6716: 6691: 6687: 6681: 6636: 6632: 6627:Panthera leo 6626: 6618: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6563:. Retrieved 6552: 6543: 6531:. Retrieved 6527:the original 6520: 6510: 6498:. Retrieved 6483: 6471:. Retrieved 6453: 6441:. Retrieved 6434:the original 6397: 6393: 6380: 6370:10 September 6368:. Retrieved 6358: 6351: 6334: 6324: 6310:cite journal 6291: 6287: 6282:Panthera leo 6281: 6273: 6261:. Retrieved 6239:(1): 36–44. 6236: 6232: 6222: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6194:Panthera leo 6193: 6187: 6173:cite journal 6128: 6124: 6114: 6102:. Retrieved 6072: 6068: 6060:Panthera leo 6059: 6051: 6037:cite journal 6010: 6006: 6003:Panthera leo 6002: 5996: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5941: 5937: 5927: 5902: 5898: 5895:Panthera leo 5894: 5888: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5739: 5702: 5696: 5678:Johannesburg 5673: 5667: 5661:: e45011830. 5658: 5652: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5547: 5543: 5540:Panthera leo 5539: 5533: 5521:. Retrieved 5512: 5482: 5476: 5464:. Retrieved 5454: 5448: 5428: 5421: 5409:. Retrieved 5387: 5374: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5331:13 September 5329:. Retrieved 5310: 5300: 5288:. Retrieved 5267: 5250: 5246: 5243:Panthera leo 5242: 5236: 5224:. Retrieved 5208: 5207:Panthera leo 5204: 5177: 5176:Panthera leo 5173: 5151: 5145: 5129:(1): 17–35. 5126: 5122: 5117:Panthera leo 5116: 5108: 5096:. Retrieved 5074: 5070: 5057: 5044: 5041:Panthera leo 5040: 5034: 5015: 5012:Panthera leo 5011: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4935: 4931: 4926:Panthera leo 4925: 4905: 4902:Panthera leo 4901: 4883: 4877: 4863:cite journal 4847:(1): 26–31. 4844: 4840: 4839:in Africa". 4837:Panthera leo 4836: 4830: 4785: 4781: 4776:Panthera leo 4775: 4767: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4712:. Retrieved 4696: 4665: 4661: 4656:Panthera leo 4655: 4632:. Retrieved 4610: 4606: 4597: 4594:Panthera leo 4593: 4585: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4496:the original 4491: 4455:cite journal 4436: 4432: 4422: 4410:. Retrieved 4391: 4387: 4377: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4345:Panthera leo 4344: 4336: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4287:(1): 17–35. 4284: 4280: 4275:Panthera leo 4274: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4176:. Retrieved 4169:the original 4148: 4142: 4134:Panthera leo 4133: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4083:the original 4078: 4074: 4061: 4036: 4032: 4026: 3989: 3985: 3980:Panthera leo 3979: 3954:. Retrieved 3932:(1): 15–24. 3929: 3925: 3920:Panthera leo 3919: 3911: 3900:the original 3869: 3865: 3857:Panthera leo 3856: 3808: 3802: 3775:the original 3754: 3750: 3742:Panthera leo 3741: 3716:. Retrieved 3709:the original 3704: 3700: 3687: 3678: 3672: 3663: 3657: 3649: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3602: 3592:Panthera leo 3591: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3531:(32): 21–24. 3528: 3524: 3518: 3488: 3467: 3461: 3452: 3448: 3430: 3426: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3383: 3359: 3355: 3331: 3321: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3266: 3260: 3233:. BookBaby. 3229: 3222: 3210:. Retrieved 3191: 3186:Panthera leo 3185: 3160:, retrieved 3149:South Africa 3145:Johannesburg 3136: 3135:Panthera leo 3132: 3087: 3083: 3078:Panthera leo 3077: 3057: 3053: 2997: 2993: 2988:Panthera leo 2987: 2952:. Retrieved 2936: 2935:Panthera leo 2932: 2861: 2857: 2852:Panthera leo 2851: 2843: 2834: 2828: 2823:Panthera leo 2822: 2793:. Retrieved 2781: 2743: 2731: 2719: 2714:African Cats 2712: 2700: 2692: 2684: 2676: 2668: 2660: 2652: 2636: 2621:. The name ' 2619:Masai people 2608: 2580: 2575: 2567: 2566:, and 23 as 2563: 2561: 2550: 2511:In captivity 2498: 2482: 2461:Conservation 2456: 2445: 2438: 2419: 2407: 2379:wire cutters 2345:killed them. 2316: 2306: 2296: 2289: 2283: 2270: 2262: 2254: 2246: 2238: 2230: 2222: 2215:Equus quagga 2214: 2211:plains zebra 2206: 2198: 2190: 2182: 2179:greater kudu 2174: 2171:common eland 2166: 2158: 2150: 2147:Cape buffalo 2143:Oryx gazella 2142: 2133:foremost on 2124: 2084: 2056: 2049: 2042: 1969:canned hunts 1939: 1915:testosterone 1904: 1896: 1852: 1848:tuberculosis 1844: 1836: 1739:Alto Zambeze 1650: 1577:Sioma Ngwezi 1573:Liuwa Plains 1522:Cahora Bassa 1391:Toro−Semulik 1361: 1235: 1233: 1216: 1201:, including 1183:Orange River 1171:South Africa 1116:and ensuing 1052:cloud forest 1047:illegal sale 1036: 954: 910: 894:evolutionary 878:phylogenetic 875: 869: 865: 849: 845: 840: 833: 826: 819: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 781: 779: 775:Indian Ocean 758: 750: 748: 739: 735: 713: 705: 700: 696: 692: 684: 680: 676: 662: 634: 617: 597: 577: 561: 545: 525: 509: 489: 481:(Noack 1891) 477: 465:proposed by 458: 457: 416: 412: 408: 404: 392: 368: 362: 357: 353: 347: 333: 284: 283: 282: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 227: 225: 209: 208: 204:Subspecies: 194: 182: 35: 29: 7498:iNaturalist 7457:Wikispecies 7390:iNaturalist 7349:Wikispecies 7171:30 November 6802:24 February 6769:24 February 6736:24 February 6694:(1): 8–32. 6533:28 February 6500:25 February 6473:25 February 6294:(1): 1–40. 6263:30 November 6104:30 November 5707:Mapumalanga 5523:30 November 5411:30 November 5154:. Kampala: 5098:30 November 5077:(1): 1–11. 4967:(2): 37–43. 4714:30 November 4634:30 November 3718:30 November 3555:Pantherinae 3527:H. Smith". 3506:|work= 3455:(1): 63–69. 3362:(19): 1–12. 3212:27 December 3162:3 September 3060:(64): 1–44. 2615:Nuer people 2611:shamanistic 2542:Livingstone 1855:Mount Kenya 1729:−Mumbondo, 1671:Area in km 1378:Area in km 1250:Area in km 1054:habitat of 814:. In 2016, 786:recognized 761:. In 1975, 613:Paul Kruger 301:East Africa 196:P. leo 172:Pantherinae 168:Subfamily: 72:Lioness in 7572:Subspecies 7561:Categories 6443:6 December 5513:EurekAlert 5491:B000OKBJQ0 5226:4 December 3656:"Subgenus 3643:: 638–665. 3571:: 167–280. 3180:Hunter, L. 2954:1 December 2753:References 2583:Sana'a Zoo 2436:industry. 2354:Tanganyika 2352:in former 2235:hartebeest 2191:T. angasii 2075:dispersing 1928:White lion 1922:White lion 1863:man-eating 1680:Mapungubwe 1653:Tuli block 1615:Nkhotakota 1518:Mozambique 1472:Biharamulo 1395:Lake Mburo 1211:euthanized 1095:Tsavo West 930:Nile Basin 755:synonymous 293:subspecies 152:Feliformia 148:Suborder: 7340:Q20907143 6726:The Cable 6708:150275315 6610:205658449 6077:CiteSeerX 6015:CiteSeerX 5352:Evolution 5290:13 August 4668:: 60–66. 4178:30 August 3956:29 August 3508:ignored ( 3498:cite book 3409:: 73–281. 3328:"Mammals" 3292:(1): 120. 3282:Felis leo 3000:: 30807. 2721:Born Free 2428:bones in 2285:Dendromus 2251:waterbuck 2135:ungulates 2071:shrubland 1965:captivity 1961:gene pool 1954:recessive 1868:livestock 1628:Kgalagadi 1530:Gorongosa 1450:Tarangire 1442:Serengeti 1236:P. l. leo 1191:Transvaal 981:gene flow 973:clustered 950:Bronx Zoo 866:P. l. leo 856:Phylogeny 846:P. l. leo 834:P. l. leo 820:P. l. leo 810:as valid 736:P. l. leo 657:Mogadishu 415:and the " 377:Cape lion 356:. Within 349:P. l. leo 190:Species: 142:Carnivora 108:Kingdom: 102:Eukaryota 7529:14000234 7448:Q2118614 7442:Wikidata 7421:14000236 7334:Wikidata 7292:Archived 7260:Archived 7165:Archived 7023:24543070 6942:29975694 6902:PLOS ONE 6856:Archived 6854:. 2017. 6852:BBC News 6832:3 August 6826:Archived 6824:. 2015. 6822:BBC News 6796:Archived 6763:Archived 6730:Archived 6728:. 2018. 6673:29065143 6633:PLOS ONE 6602:20825444 6559:Archived 6557:. 2018. 6494:Archived 6467:Archived 6465:. 2018. 6422:16094358 6364:Archived 6332:(1907). 6257:Archived 6253:86371484 6165:23405121 6125:PLOS ONE 6095:Archived 5988:24083943 5919:37631550 5738:(1972). 5644:27858577 5609:15893512 5601:12193785 5517:Archived 5466:18 March 5460:Archived 5402:Archived 5325:Archived 5281:Archived 5217:Archived 5089:Archived 4822:24505385 4782:PLOS ONE 4751:27111059 4705:Archived 4625:Archived 4577:32901765 4569:10074384 4534:86042501 4406:Archived 4239:26466139 4199:PLOS ONE 4165:82728679 4018:18989457 3950:Archived 3946:30414547 3896:16901830 3837:32366643 3771:24190889 3622:62265494 3588:(2005). 3206:Archived 3153:archived 3114:31007636 3032:27488946 2945:Archived 2898:26504235 2795:5 August 2786:Archived 2782:Cat News 2689:Sand cat 2642:See also 2329:. Their 2275:scavenge 2207:H. niger 2137:such as 2079:conflict 1760:123,800 1743:393,760 1735:Camacuio 1710:Botswana 1697:Okavango 1676:Zimbabwe 1632:163,329 1564:150,347 1534:Marromeu 1513:177,559 1500:384,489 1467:Tanzania 1327:Laikipia 1310:Bushbush 1264:Nechisar 1255:Ethiopia 1195:Bushveld 1187:Highveld 1153:Kalahari 1138:Botswana 1110:Tanzania 1091:Amboseli 1066:poaching 1043:Ethiopia 934:Holocene 904:and the 724:Ellerman 715:Panthera 665:validity 625:Kalahari 515:Lönnberg 461:was the 423:Taxonomy 401:Botswana 387:and the 317:Djibouti 297:Southern 245:Synonyms 183:Panthera 158:Family: 132:Mammalia 122:Chordata 118:Phylum: 112:Animalia 98:Domain: 7490:5219408 7382:5219411 7217:. 2016. 7203:"Lion ( 6933:6033387 6910:Bibcode 6862:20 July 6664:5655489 6641:Bibcode 6565:19 July 6430:4312804 6402:Bibcode 6156:3566210 6133:Bibcode 5847:4249090 5827:Bibcode 5581:Bibcode 5572:Science 5119:) view" 4813:3914926 4790:Bibcode 4759:3780510 4277:) view" 4230:4605676 4207:Bibcode 4009:2572142 3887:1635511 3828:7245068 3105:6448349 3023:4973251 3002:Bibcode 2889:4672814 2866:Bibcode 2850:"Lion ( 2705:Cheetah 2665:Caracal 2627:Swahili 2625:' is a 2386:Threats 2279:carrion 2219:bushpig 2163:giraffe 2139:gemsbok 2006:Zambezi 1777:92,372 1773:Caprivi 1769:Khaudum 1765:Namibia 1727:Kissama 1718:12,484 1705:99,552 1688:10,033 1611:Kasungu 1602:72,992 1585:72,569 1551:64,672 1538:82,715 1492:Saadani 1462:75,068 1458:Mkomazi 1343:43,706 1331:Samburu 1318:22,540 1314:Arawale 1301:24,527 1293:Somalia 1288:93,274 1149:Namibia 1143:snaring 1062:Somalia 925:alleles 890:species 645:Somalia 553:Kampala 495:Neumann 485:Somalia 397:Namibia 321:Eritrea 313:Lesotho 309:extinct 238:, 1842) 178:Genus: 162:Felidae 138:Order: 128:Class: 78:Namibia 7542:637857 7516:726450 7503:337030 7408:726452 7395:557401 7157: 7147:London 7120: 7087: 7071:"Lion" 7052: 7021: 6984:508478 6982: 6940: 6930: 6706: 6671: 6661: 6608: 6600: 6461:. 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