East Germany - Knowledge

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distance toward the state. Around 1956 this began to develop into a more neutral stance accommodating conditional loyalty. The government was no longer regarded as illegitimate; instead, the church leaders started viewing the authorities as installed by God and, therefore, deserving of obedience by Christians. But on matters where the state demanded something which the churches felt was not in accordance with the will of God, the churches reserved their right to say no. There were both structural and intentional causes behind this development. Structural causes included the hardening of Cold War tensions in Europe in the mid-1950s, which made it clear that the East German state was not temporary. The loss of church members also made it clear to the leaders of the church that they had to come into some kind of dialogue with the state. The intentions behind the change of attitude varied from a traditional liberal Lutheran acceptance of secular power to a positive attitude toward socialist ideas.

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pressure from line-loyal teachers to join the organization. By the end of 1949, around one million young people had joined it, which corresponded to almost a third of the young people. Only in Berlin, where other youth organizations were also admitted due to the four-power status, the proportion of FDJ members in youth was limited to just under 5 percent in 1949. In 1985, the organization had about 2.3 million members, corresponding to about 80 percent of all GDR youths between the ages of 14 and 25. Most young people tacitly ended their FDJ membership after completing their apprenticeship or studies when they entered the workforce. However, during the period of military service in the NVA, those responsible (political officer, FDJ secretary) attached great importance to reviving FDJ membership. The degree of organisation was much higher in urban areas than in rural areas.

3118: 5071: 4559: 4545: 4528: 8749: 5674: 4771: 9516: 3783:, distributed thousands of brochures inviting GDR citizens to a picnic near the border at Sopron (near Hungary's border with Austria). The local Sopron organizers knew nothing of possible GDR refugees, but envisaged a local party with Austrian and Hungarian participation. But with the mass exodus at the Pan-European Picnic, the subsequent hesitant behavior of the Socialist Unity Party of East Germany and the non-intervention of the Soviet Union broke the dams. Thus the barrier of the Eastern Bloc was broken. Tens of thousands of East Germans, alerted by the media, made their way to Hungary, which was no longer ready to keep its borders completely closed or force its border troops to open fire on escapees. The GDR leadership in East Berlin did not dare to completely lock down their own country's borders. 4075: 3191: 3712: 3470: 3315: 2296:(SPD). The two former parties were notorious rivals when they were active before the Nazis consolidated all power and criminalized them, and official East German and Soviet histories portrayed this merger as a voluntary pooling of efforts by the socialist parties and symbolic of the new friendship of German socialists after defeating their common enemy; however, there is much evidence that the merger was more troubled than commonly portrayed, and that the Soviet occupation authorities applied great pressure on the SPD's eastern branch to merge with the KPD, and the communists, who held a majority, had virtually total control over policy. The SED remained the ruling party for the entire duration of the East German state. It had close ties with the Soviets, which maintained 6337:

consumer, it led to the substitution of GDR money with time, barter, and hard currencies. The socialist economy became steadily more dependent on financial infusions from hard-currency loans from West Germany. East Germans, meanwhile, came to see their soft currency as worthless relative to the Deutsche Mark (DM). Economic issues would also persist in East Germany after the reunification of the west and the east. According to the federal office of political education (23 June 2009) 'In 1991 alone, 153 billion Deutschmarks had to be transferred to eastern Germany to secure incomes, support businesses and improve infrastructure... by 1999 the total had amounted to 1.634 trillion Marks net... The sums were so large that public debt in Germany more than doubled.'

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pronounced by the Federal Republic of Germany but on the contrary repeatedly explicitly rejected. If the conduct of the Federal Republic of Germany towards the German Democratic Republic is assessed in the light of its détente policy, in particular, the conclusion of the Treaty as de facto recognition, then it can only be understood as de facto recognition of a special kind. The special feature of this Treaty is that while it is a bilateral Treaty between two States, to which the rules of international law apply and which like any other international treaty possesses validity, it is between two States that are parts of a still existing, albeit incapable of action as not being reorganized, comprehensive State of the Whole of Germany with a single body politic.

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informers who would spy on people more directly and report to their Stasi handlers. These collaborators were hired in all walks of life and had access to nearly every organisation in the country. At the end of the GDR in 1990 there were approximately 109,000 still active informants at every grade. Repressive measures carried out by the Stasi can be roughly divided into two main chronological groupings: pre and post 1971, when Honecker came to power. According to the historian Nessim Ghouas, "There was a change in how the Stasi operated under Honecker in 1971. The more brutal aspects of repression seen in the Stalinist era (torture, executions, and physical repression descending from the GDR's earlier days) was changed with a more selective use of power."

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realised. A person could be targeted by the Stasi for expressing politically, culturally, or religiously incorrect views; for performing hostile acts; or for being a member of a group which was considered sufficiently counter-productive to the socialist state to warrant intervention. As such, writers, artists, youth sub-cultures, and members of the church were often targeted. If after preliminary research the Stasi found an individual warranted action against them then they would open an 'operational case' in regard to them. There were two desirable outcomes for each case: that the person was either arrested, tried, and imprisoned for an ostensibly justified reason, or if this could not be achieved that they were debilitated through the application of

4573: 8333: 4739: 8548: 4439: 4425: 4453: 4827: 4691: 6553: 3266: 4783: 4640: 9252: 4667: 4882: 4482: 8009: 4723: 4679: 4944: 10096: 4628: 4755: 977: 154: 4799: 4815: 10180: 5298: 4059: 3909:'s declaration of accession to the Federal Republic had initiated the process of reunification, the act of reunification itself (with its many specific terms, conditions and qualifications, some of which involved amendments to the West German Basic Law) was achieved constitutionally by the subsequent Unification Treaty of 31 August 1990 – that is, through a binding agreement between the former Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic, now recognising each other as separate sovereign states in international law. The treaty was then voted into effect prior to the agreed date for Unification by both the Volkskammer and the 6653:, which made the home of millions of Germans part of Poland and the Soviet Union. This was in contrast from Poland, which increased during that time; from 24 million in 1950 (a little more than East Germany) to 38 million (more than twice of East Germany's population). This was primarily a result of emigration – about one quarter of East Germans left the country before the Berlin Wall was completed in 1961, and after that time, East Germany had very low birth rates, except for a recovery in the 1980s when the birth rate in East Germany was considerably higher than in West Germany. 6216: 4209: 9534:-accredited laboratories for many years. The development and implementation of a state-supported sports doping program helped East Germany, with its small population, to become a world leader in sport during the 1970s and 1980s, winning a large number of Olympic and world gold medals and records. Another factor for success was the furtherance system for young people in the GDR. Sports teachers at school were encouraged to look for certain talents in children of ages 6 to 10. For older pupils it was possible to attend grammar schools with a focus on sports (for example sailing, football and swimming). 5249: 138: 1095: 4981: 4652: 213: 5100: 4613: 4929: 3303:. This was formalized in 1974 when the reunification clause was removed from the revised East German constitution. West Germany, in contrast, maintained that it was the only legitimate government of Germany. From 1949 to the early 1970s, West Germany maintained that East Germany was an illegally constituted state. It argued that the GDR was a Soviet puppet-state, and frequently referred to it as the "Soviet occupation zone". West Germany's allies shared this position until 1973. East Germany was recognized primarily by socialist countries and by the 4959: 1064: 17971: 4711: 17795: 4842: 4496: 2439: 9003:. Texts had to be submitted and shows approved in advance; performances were watched. No one was exempt from this, not even famous artists with connections to the highest circles of the SED government. Under this pressure, strategies were developed to bring critical texts to the audience despite censorship. For example, Heinz Quermann always deliberately built an extreme gag into his entertainment programme so that the censors would have something to cut and the other gags would be less critically scrutinised. 4914: 5120:

three stripes for Friendship Council Chairmen, two stripes for Group Council Chairmen and Friendship Council members, one stripe for all other Group Council members. In some cases, symbols for special functions were also sewn on at this point, for example a red cross for a boy paramedic. Dark blue trousers or skirts were worn and a dark blue cap served as a headgear with the pioneer emblem as a cockade. At the beginning of the 1970s, a windbreaker/blouson and a dark red leisure blouse were added.

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popular) on the subject was produced. This activity subsided in the late 1960s amid perceptions that it had started to become counterproductive. Official and scholarly attention to atheism renewed beginning in 1973, though this time with more emphasis on scholarship and on the training of cadres than on propaganda. Throughout, the attention paid to atheism in East Germany was never intended to jeopardise the cooperation that was desired from those East Germans who were religious.

2557: 3638:, notes, "this phenomenon was completely hidden. For the state-SED (the East German communist party), it was impossible to admit the existence of neo-Nazis, since the foundation of the GDR was to be an anti-fascist state. The Stasi kept an eye on them, but they were considered to be outsiders or thick-skinned bullies. These young people grew up hearing double talk. At school, it was forbidden to talk about the Third Reich and, at home, their grandparents told them how, thanks to 5348: 4468: 223: 19347: 17858: 5223: 5390: 9218: 2486: 17915: 5340: 5067:" ("For peace and socialism be ready – always ready"). This was usually shortened to "Be ready – always ready". This was recited at the raising of the flag. One person said the first part, "Be ready!": this was usually the pioneer leader, the teacher or the head of the local pioneer group. The pioneers all answered "Always ready", stiffening their right hand and placing it against their forehead with the thumb closest and their little finger facing skywards. 1427: 2435:. Disagreements over the policies to be followed in the occupied zones quickly led to a breakdown in cooperation between the four powers, and the Soviets administered their zone without regard to the policies implemented in the other zones. The Soviets withdrew from the ACC in 1948; subsequently, as the other three zones were increasingly unified and granted self-government, the Soviet administration instituted a separate socialist government in its zone. 1513: 8722:. Compared to the music of the FRG, the freedom of art was less restricted by private-sector guidelines, but by guidelines from the state and the SED. Nevertheless, many musicians strove to explore the existing boundaries. Despite the state's support for music education, there were politically motivated conflicts with the state, especially among rock, blues and folk musicians and songwriters, as well as composers of so-called serious music. 3451: 8630: 8657: 5847: 4342: 3962: 6208: 19335: 10230: 3018: 1002: 5900: 19359: 9081: 5091:

membership quota of up to 98 percent of the students (in the later years of the GDR) shows, the six- or ten-year-olds (or their parents) had to become active on their own in order not to become members. Nevertheless, there were also children who did not become members. Rarely, students were not admitted because of poor academic performance or bad behavior "as a punishment" or excluded from further membership.

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Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin was regarded as a violation of the constitution and public order and prevented by police measures (cf. the Declaration of the Interior Ministers of the Federation and the Länder, October 1959). It was not until 1969 that the Federal Government decreed "that the police should no longer intervene anywhere against the use of the flag and coat of arms of the GDR."

3032: 6260:(state) enterprises earned 97% of the net national income. To ensure stable prices for goods and services, the state paid 80% of basic supply costs. The estimated 1984 per capita income was $ 9,800 ($ 22,600 in 2015 dollars) (this is based on an unreal official exchange rate). In 1976, the average annual growth of the GDP was 5 percent. This made the East German economy the richest in all of the 10072: 6180:

around etc. These acts frequently led to unemployment, social isolation, and poor mental health. Many people had various forms of mental or nervous breakdown. Similarly to physical imprisonment, Zersetzung methods had the effect of paralysing a person's ability to operate but with the advantage of the source being unknown or at least unprovable. There is ongoing debate as to whether weaponised

3578: 2324:, issued a proposal to reunify Germany with a policy of neutrality, with no conditions on economic policies and with guarantees for "the rights of man and basic freedoms, including freedom of speech, press, religious persuasion, political conviction, and assembly" and free activity of democratic parties and organizations. The West demurred; reunification was not then a priority for the 9989: 3686:, nevertheless, recalls the fact that anti-fascist commemoration in the GDR had "a hagiographic and indoctrination character". As in the case of the memory of the protagonists of the German labour movement and the victims of the camps, it was "staged, censored, ordered" and, during the 40 years of the regime, was an instrument of legitimisation, repression and maintenance of power. 52: 4224: 6163:

forms of social and cultural organisation; that espoused an official, all-encompassing, utopian (or, depending on one's point of view, dystopian) ideology; and that used physical and mental terror and repression to achieve its goals, mobilise the masses, and silence opposition- all of which was made possible by the buildup of a vast state security service.

3845: 3634:. However, in 1961, the share of former NSDAP members among the senior Interior Ministry administration staff was less than 10% in the GDR, compared to 67% in the FRG. While in West Germany, a work of memory on the resurgence of Nazism was carried out, this was not the case in the East. Indeed, as Axel Dossmann, professor of history at the 8440:(BEK), where he negotiated with the government while at the same time working within the institutions of this Protestant body. He won the regional elections for the Brandenburg state assembly at the head of the SPD list in 1990. Stolpe remained in the Brandenburg government until he joined the federal government in 2002. 6176:(in German, "decomposition") methods. In the Honecker era, Zersetzung became the primary method of Stasi repression, due in large part to an ambition to avoid political fallout from wrongful arrest. Historian Mike Dennis says "Between 1985–1988, the Stasi conducted about 4,500 to 5,000 OVs (operational cases) per year." 5261:'s emphasis of the 'accelerated construction of socialism' at the 4th Parliament and a radicalisation of SED policy in July 1952. In turn, a more severe anti-religious agenda, whose aim was to obstruct the Church youths' work, grew within the FDJ, ultimately reaching a high point in mid-April 1953 when the FDJ newspaper 5759:. According to Herf, "the Middle East was one of the crucial battlefields of the global Cold War between the Soviet Union and the West; it was also a region in which East Germany played a salient role in the Soviet bloc's antagonism toward Israel." While East Germany saw itself as an "anti-fascist state", it regarded 5127:

blue scarf was common in the GDR. It was not until 1973, on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the organization, that the red scarf was introduced for the Thälmann pioneers, while the young pioneers remained with the blue scarf. The change of color of the scarf was solemnly designed in the pioneer organization.

10464:). This was not a new departure as 'dirty tricks' had been widely used in the 1950s and 1960s. The distinctive feature was the primacy of operational decomposition over other methods of repression in a system to which historians have attached labels such as post-totalitarianism and modern dictatorship.'cite book 3801:. The Leipzig demonstrations became a weekly occurrence, with a turnout of 10,000 people at the first demonstration on 2 October, peaking at an estimated 300,000 by the end of the month. The protests were surpassed in East Berlin, where half a million demonstrators turned out against the regime on 4 November. 11830:, p. 350 Following a Soviet order in February 1948, the German Economic Commission became a nascent state structure for all intents and purposes, with competence far beyond the economy proper; it gained the power to issue orders and directives to all German organs within the Soviet Occupation Zone. 8709:

East Germany's culture was strongly influenced by communist thought and was marked by an attempt to define itself in opposition to the west, particularly West Germany and the United States. Critics of the East German state have claimed that the state's commitment to Communism was a hollow and cynical

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After 1945, the Church did fairly well in integrating Catholic exiles from lands to the east (which mostly became part of Poland) and in adjusting its institutional structures to meet the needs of a church within an officially atheist society. This meant an increasingly hierarchical church structure,

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of the East German Lutheran churches gradually changed its relations with the state from hostility to cooperation. From the founding of the GDR in 1949, the Socialist Unity Party sought to weaken the influence of the church on the rising generation. The church adopted an attitude of confrontation and

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The more direct forms of repression such as arrest and torture could mean significant international condemnation for the GDR. However, the Stasi still needed to paralyse and disrupt what it considered to be 'hostile-negative' forces (internal domestic enemies) if the socialist goal was to be properly

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Even those who are most critical of the concept admit that the regime possessed most, if not all, of the objective traits associated with the term, i.e., rule by a single party or elite that dominated the state machinery; that centrally directed and controlled the economy; mass communication, and all

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The epaulettes of the blue shirt, in contrast to epaulettes on military uniforms, did not serve to make visible rank or unit membership, but were used at most to put a beret through. Official functions in the FDJ, for example FDJ secretary of a school or apprentice class, had no rank badges and could

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The blue shirt (also: FDJ shirt or FDJ blouse) was since 1948 the official organizational clothing of the GDR youth organization Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ). On official occasions, FDJ members had to wear their blue shirts. The FDJ shirt – an FDJ blouse for girls – was a

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The flag of the German Democratic Republic consisted of three horizontal stripes in the traditional German-democratic colors black-red-gold with the national coat of arms of the GDR in the middle, consisting of hammer and compass, surrounded by a wreath of corn as a symbol of the alliance of workers,

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On 9 November 1989, a few sections of the Berlin Wall were opened, resulting in thousands of East Germans crossing freely into West Berlin and West Germany for the first time in nearly 30 years. Krenz resigned a month later, and the SED opened negotiations with the leaders of the incipient Democratic

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Today, 20 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, 57 percent, or an absolute majority, of eastern Germans defend the former East Germany.' The GDR had more good sides than bad sides. There were some problems, but life was good there,' say 49 percent of those polled. Eight percent of eastern Germans

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For the people who stayed in East Germany, a majority of them (57%) defend the GDR, with 49% of those polled saying that "The GDR had more good sides than bad sides. There were some problems, but life was good there", while 8% oppose all criticism of East Germany and say that "Life there was happier

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Cinemas in the GDR also showed foreign films. Czechoslovak and Polish productions were more common, but certain western movies were shown, though the numbers of these were limited because it cost foreign exchange to buy the licences. Further, films representing or glorifying what the state viewed as

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than the SED realised. In 1976, Wolf Biermann was allowed to tour in the West and this was immediately taken as an opportunity to denaturalise him and refuse him permission to return. Numerous artists protested against this and were forced to leave the country – some after serving prison sentences –

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received little official attention. In the mid-1950s, as the Cold War heated up, atheism became a topic of major interest for the state, in both domestic and foreign contexts. University chairs and departments devoted to the study of scientific atheism were founded and much literature (scholarly and

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From the 1970s onwards, official patches and pins were issued for certain events, which could be worn on the FDJ shirt. There was no fixed wearing style. The orders and decorations that ordinary FDJ members received until the end of their membership at the age of 19 to 24 – usually the badge of good

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The FDJ clothing was the blue FDJ shirt ("blue shirt") – for girls the blue FDJ blouse – with the FDJ emblem of the rising sun on the left sleeve. The greeting of the FDJers was "friendship". Until the end of the GDR, the income-dependent membership fee was between 0.30

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was never a taboo in the GDR. The Nazis' crimes were the subject of extensive film, theatre and literary productions. In 1991, 16% of the population in West Germany and 6% in East Germany had antisemitic prejudices. In 1994, 40% of West Germans and 22% of East Germans felt that too much emphasis was

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the German Democratic Republic is in the international-law sense a State and as such a subject of international law. This finding is independent of recognition in international law of the German Democratic Republic by the Federal Republic of Germany. Such recognition has not only never been formally

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over Germany as a whole and established normal relations between the two Germanies. Both countries were admitted into the United Nations on 18 September 1973. This also increased the number of countries recognizing East Germany to 55, including the US, UK and France, though these three still refused

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The SED will refrain from talks with the churches, since it must be seen as an 'atheistic party against the Church'. Thus, negotiations must be led by the State, which is understood to be non-partisan, namely by the state Secretary for Church Affairs. But decisions on Church policies are to be made

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In der Sozialpolitik hielten sich die Kontinuitäten und die Brüche mit der deutschen Tradition etwa die Waage. Seit Mitte der sechziger Jahre, vor allem aber in der Ära Honecker, in der die 'Einheit von Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik' zum Leitprinzip erhoben wurde, wurde die Sozialpolitik die wohl

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was a response, that most of the bands were therefore simply banned, the others were strictly controlled. For example, Thomas Natschinski's band had to change its English name "Team 4" to the German name "Thomas Natschinski and his group". Other bands were not so conformist. Renft in particular was

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in nature, but this assertion has been challenged by studies that have found that the East German leadership was genuinely committed to the advance of scientific knowledge, economic development, and social progress. However, Pence and Betts argue, the majority of East Germans over time increasingly

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The first standard of the president had the shape of a rectangular flag in the colors black-red-gold with the inscription "President" in yellow in the red stripe, as well as "D.D.R." (contrary to the official abbreviation with dots) in the stripe below in black letters. The flag was surrounded by a

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was established in the Buchenwald camp memorial site, with the creation of a museum in 1958, and the annual celebration of the Buchenwald oath taken on 19 April 1945 by the prisoners who pledged to fight for peace and freedom. In the 1990s, the 'state anti-fascism' of the GDR gave way to the 'state

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With a generational change in the episcopacy taking place in the early 1980s, the state hoped for better relations with the new bishops, but the new bishops instead began holding unauthorised mass meetings, promoting international ties in discussions with theologians abroad, and hosting ecumenical

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Zersetzung methods varied and were tailored depending on the individual being targeted. They are known to have included sending offensive mail to a person's house, the spreading of malicious rumours, banning them from traveling, sabotaging their career, breaking into their house and moving objects

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The state security service (SSD) was commonly known as the Stasi, and it was fundamental to the socialist leadership's attempts to reach their historical goal. It was an open secret in the GDR that the Stasi read people's mail and tapped phone calls. They also employed a vast network of unofficial

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From 1988 there was an extended clothing range, consisting of a Nicki in the colors white, light yellow, turquoise or pink (with an imprint of the symbol of the pioneer organization), long and short trousers with a snap belt and, for the colder months, a lined windbreaker in red for girls and gray

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From the 1960s, the requirement of trousers/skirt was dispensed with in many places, and the dress code was also relaxed with regard to the cap. For pioneer afternoons or other activities, often only the triangular scarf was worn. In contrast to the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries, a

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At the request of the DSU, the first freely elected People's Chamber of the GDR decided on 31 May 1990 that the GDR state coat of arms should be removed within a week in and on public buildings. Nevertheless, until the official end of the republic, it continued to be used in a variety of ways, for

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The massive demonstration in East Berlin on 4 November coincided with Czechoslovakia formally opening its border to West Germany. With the West more accessible than ever before, 30,000 East Germans made the crossing via Czechoslovakia in the first two days alone. To try to stem the outward flow of

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Almost all East German highways, railroads, sewage systems and public buildings were in a state of disrepair at the time of reunification, as little was done to maintain infrastructure in the GDR's last decades. Unified German public spending has had to pour more than $ 2 trillion into the former

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and their music. In the beginning, this music was still tolerated and supported by the GDR leadership, especially with the help of the FDJ. The high point of this era was 1965, when GDR bands not only got radio and television appearances, but were even allowed to make recordings. However, the SED

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There is general consensus among academics that the GDR fulfilled most of the criteria to be considered a totalitarian state. There is, however, ongoing debate as to whether the more positive aspects of the regime can sufficiently dilute the harsher aspects so as to make the totalitarian tag seem

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Upon request, the young people were admitted to the FDJ from the age of 14. Membership was voluntary according to the statutes, but non-members had to fear considerable disadvantages in admission to secondary schools as well as in the choice of studies and careers and were also exposed to strong

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The pioneer clothing consisted of white blouses and shirts that could be purchased in sporting goods stores. On the left sleeve there was a patch with the embroidered emblem of the pioneer organization and, if necessary, a rank badge with stripes in the color of the scarf. These rank badges were

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On the other hand, the new regime made relatively few changes in the historically independent domains of the sciences, the engineering professions, the Protestant churches, and in many bourgeois lifestyles. Social policy, says Ritter, became a critical legitimization tool in the last decades and

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claimed that the Protestant population in East Germany had the most admirable Church in Protestantism, because the communists there had not been able to win a spiritual victory over them. By 1989, membership in the Christian churches had dropped significantly. Protestants constituted 25% of the

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By law of 26 September 1955, the state coat of arms with hammer, compass and wreath of corn was determined, as the state flag continues black-red-gold. By law of 1 October 1959, the coat of arms was inserted into the state flag. Until the end of the 1960s, the public display of this flag in the

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The smaller Catholic Church in eastern Germany had a fully functioning episcopal hierarchy in full accord with the Vatican. During the early postwar years, tensions were high. The Catholic Church as a whole (and particularly the bishops) resisted both the East German state and Marxist–Leninist

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about the rise of the extreme right in the everyday life of the inhabitants of the former GDR, in particular the terrorist group NSU, with the German journalist Odile Benyahia-Kouider explaining that "it is no coincidence that the neo-Nazi party NPD has experienced a renaissance via the East".

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The government used money and prices as political devices, providing highly subsidised prices for a wide range of basic goods and services, in what was known as "the second pay packet". At the production level, artificial prices made for a system of semi-barter and resource hoarding. For the

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Membership in the Young Pioneers and the Thälmann Pioneers was formally voluntary. On the other hand, it was taken for granted by the state and thus by the school as well as by many parents. In practice, the initiative for the admission of all students in a class came from the school. As the

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on the one hand, and German traditions filtered through the interwar experiences of German communists on the other. Throughout its existence GDR consistently grappled with the influence of the more prosperous West, against which East Germans continually measured their own nation. The notable

3775:. In particular, it tested whether Moscow would give the Soviet troops stationed in Hungary the command to intervene. Extensive advertising for the planned picnic was made by the Paneuropean Union through posters and flyers among the GDR holidaymakers in Hungary. The Austrian branch of the 3241:

owed to the Soviets impoverished the Soviet Zone of Occupation and severely weakened the East German economy. In the 1945–46 period the Soviets confiscated and transported to the USSR approximately 33% of the industrial plant and by the early 1950s had extracted some US$ 10 billion in

5775:, and the GDR recognized the state prior to reunification. After becoming a member of the UN, East Germany "made excellent use of the UN to wage political warfare against Israel an enthusiastic, high-profile, and vigorous member" of the anti-Israeli majority of the General Assembly. 5817:

and East Germany. By the 1950s, East Germany had become Iceland's fifth largest trading partner. East German influence in Iceland significantly declined in the 1970s and 1980s following a schism between the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and the Icelandic Socialist Party over the

3739:, and then make the illegal crossing from Hungary to Austria and to West Germany beyond. By July, 25,000 East Germans had crossed into Hungary; most of them did not attempt the risky crossing into Austria but remained instead in Hungary or claimed asylum in West German embassies in 10060:, some of the original residents of the GDR "still feel they don't belong or that they're strangers in unified Germany" as life in the GDR was "just more manageable". He warns German society should watch out in case Ostalgie results in a distortion and romanticization of the past. 3413:

legitimate representative of a dormant "Germany as whole". The two Germanies each relinquished any claim to represent the other internationally; which they acknowledged as necessarily implying a mutual recognition of each other as both capable of representing their own populations

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As West Germany was reorganized and gained independence from its occupiers (1945–1949), the GDR was established in East Germany in October 1949. The emergence of the two sovereign states solidified the 1945 division of Germany. On 10 March 1952, (in what would become known as the

6093:(combat groups of the working class) numbered around 400,000 for much of their existence, and were organised around factories. The KdA was the political-military instrument of the SED; it was essentially a "party Army". All KdA directives and decisions were made by the ZK's 3754:

on 19 August 1989 then set in motion a chain reaction leading to the end of the GDR and disintegration of the Eastern Bloc. It was the largest mass escape from East Germany since the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961. The idea of opening the border at a ceremony came from

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The flags of the People's Navy for combat ships and boats bore the coat of arms with olive branch wreath on red, for auxiliary ships and boats on blue flag cloth with a narrow and centrally arranged black-red-gold band. As Gösch, the state flag was used in a reduced form.

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The text Resurrected from Ruins of the National Anthem of the GDR is by Johannes R. Becher, the melody by Hanns Eisler. From the beginning of the 1970s to the end of 1989, however, the text of the anthem was no longer sung due to the passage "Deutschland einig Vaterland".

5112:. At first this was blue, but from 1973, the Thälmann pioneers wore a red necktie like the pioneers in the Soviet Union, while the Young Pioneers kept the blue one. Pioneers wore their uniforms at political events and state holidays such as the workers' demonstrations on 9948:

Conceptualizing the GDR as a dictatorship has become widely accepted, while the meaning of the concept dictatorship varies. Massive evidence has been collected that proves the repressive, undemocratic, illiberal, nonpluralistic character of the GDR regime and its ruling

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long-sleeved shirt of blue color with a folding collar, epaulettes and chest pockets. On the left sleeve was the FDJ symbol of the rising sun sewn up. Until the 1970s, the blue shirts were only made of cotton, later there was a cheaper variant made of polyester mixture.

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The East German economy began poorly because of the devastation caused by the Second World War, the loss of so many young soldiers, the disruption of business and transportation, the allied bombing campaigns that decimated cities, and reparations owed to the USSR. The

10218:. However, the enforcement of atheism existed only for the first few years. After that, the state allowed churches to have a relatively high level of autonomy. Atheism is embraced by Germans of all ages, though irreligion is particularly common among younger Germans. 5240:

Freie Deutsche Jugend, organization was meant for young people, both male and female, between the ages of 14 and 25 and comprised about 75% of the young population of former East Germany. In 1981–1982, this meant 2.3 million members. After being a member of the

14201: 9071:

In the 1980s, censorship seemed to loosen up. Lyrics about the longing for freedom (including Albatros by Karat) became possible. But it was only in the course of the peaceful revolution that songs by Veronika Fischer were heard on the radio again in October 1989.

4558: 3400:

as a sovereign state under international law; but it fully acknowledged that, within the structures of international law, the GDR was an independent sovereign state. By distinction, West Germany then viewed itself as being within its own boundaries, not only the

5107:

The pioneers' uniform consisted of white shirts and blouses bought by their parents, along with blue trousers or skirts until the 1970s and on special occasions. But often the only thing worn was the most important sign of the future socialist – the triangular

10700:"Business America. (27 February 1989). German Democratic Republic: long history of sustained economic growth continues; 1989 may be an advantageous year to consider this market – Business Outlook Abroad: Current Reports from the Foreign Service" 10011:

wrote, "East Germans resent the wealth possessed by West Germans; West Germans see the East Germans as lazy opportunists who want something for nothing. East Germans find 'Wessis' arrogant and pushy, West Germans think the 'Ossis' are lazy good-for-nothings."

4770: 8504: 2495:

East Germany regarded East Berlin as its capital, and the Soviet Union and the rest of the Eastern Bloc diplomatically recognized East Berlin as the capital. However, the Western Allies disputed this recognition, considering the entire city of Berlin to be

13972: 8388: 4544: 14680:

Brown, Timothy S. "'Keeping it Real' in a Different 'Hood: (African-) Americanization and Hip-hop in Germany." In The Vinyl Ain't Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture, ed. by Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle, pp. 137–150.

3549:

anti-communism' of the FRG. From then on, the dominant interpretation of GDR history, based on the concept of totalitarianism, led to the equivalence of communism and Nazism. Historian Anne-Kathleen Tillack-Graf shows, with the help of the newspaper

5914:

The government of East Germany had control over a large number of military and paramilitary organisations through various ministries. Chief among these was the Ministry of National Defence. Because of East Germany's proximity to the West during the

4527: 1491:, and on dividing Berlin, the German capital, among the Allied powers as well. Initially, this meant the formation of three zones of occupation, i.e., American, British, and Soviet. Later, a French zone was carved out of the US and British zones. 5256:

The FDJ increasingly developed into an instrument of communist rule and became a member of the 'democratic bloc' in 1950. However, the FDJ's focus of 'happy youth life', which had characterised the 1940s, was increasingly marginalised following

16436: 16382: 10765:, 2005, p. 314. ("However the collapse of the Soviet empire, associated with the disintegration of the Soviet satellite regimes in East-Central Europe, including the German Democratic Republic, brought about a dramatic change of agenda.") 10401:(FRG) was a term used by East Germans, or by West Germans who held a pro-East-German view. Colloquially, West Germans called West Germany simply Germany (reflecting West Germany's claim to represent the whole of Germany), or alternatively the 1096: 4090:

There were four periods in East German political history. These included: 1949–1961, which saw the building of socialism; 1961–1970 after the Berlin Wall closed off escape was a period of stability and consolidation; 1971–1985 was termed the

3835:, to schedule free elections and begin the process of democratization. As part of this process, the SED eliminated the clause in the East German constitution guaranteeing the Communists leadership of the state. The change was approved in the 9059:

Es war einmal ein Luftballon (Once Upon a Time There Was a Balloon) was put on the Index because of the line, "They know no borders, the balloons of the world". It was not until 1987 that Udo Jürgens was allowed to perform again in the GDR.

6192:

considers that there are between 300,000 and 500,000 victims of direct physical torture, Zersetzung, and gross human rights violations due to the Stasi. Victims of historical Zersetzung can now draw a special pension from the German state.

8926:, young East Germans were able to develop a hip hop culture of their own. East Germans accepted hip hop as more than just a music form. The entire street culture surrounding rap entered the region and became an outlet for oppressed youth. 4403:

peasants and intelligentsia. First drafts of Fritz Behrendt's coat of arms contained only a hammer and wreath of corn, as an expression of the workers' and peasants' state. The final version was mainly based on the work of Heinz Behling.

8964:, was rendered as a museum about him, featuring more than three hundred instruments, which, in 1980, received some 70,000 visitors. In Leipzig, the Bach archive contains his compositions and correspondence and recordings of his music. 1459:

transformations instituted by the communist regime were particularly evident in the abolition of capitalism, the overhaul of industrial and agricultural sectors, the militarization of society, and the political orientation of both the

5738:

It was estimated that altogether, 2,000–4,000 DDR military and security experts were dispatched to Africa. In addition, representatives from African and Arab countries and liberation movements underwent military training in the GDR.

4826: 3916:

The great economic and socio-political inequalities between the former Germanies required government subsidies for the full integration of the German Democratic Republic into the Federal Republic of Germany. Because of the resulting

9998:

Many East Germans initially regarded the dissolution of the GDR positively, but this reaction partly turned sour. West Germans often acted as if they had "won" and East Germans had "lost" in unification, leading many East Germans

3891:

that had been abolished in the 1952 redistricting were restored. On 3 October 1990, the five states officially joined the Federal Republic of Germany, while East and West Berlin united as a third city-state (in the same manner as

3388:

to recognize East Berlin as the capital, and insisted on a specific provision in the UN resolution accepting the two Germanies into the UN to that effect. Following the Ostpolitik, the West German view was that East Germany was a

8882:

West German television and radio could be received in many parts of the East. The Western influence led to the formation of more "underground" groups with a decisively western-oriented sound. A few of these bands – the so-called

10478: 9198:

had high status in the GDR, which allowed it to be very proactive. This often brought it into confrontation with the state. Benno Besson once said, "In contrast to artists in the west, they took us seriously, we had a bearing."

4130:

The Potsdam Agreement committed the Soviets to support a democratic form of government in Germany, though the Soviets' understanding of democracy was radically different from that of the West. As in other Soviet-bloc countries,

6023:, and transferred to the Ministry of National Defense, as part of the National People's Army. In 1973, it was separated from the NVA, but it remained under the same ministry. At its peak, it numbered approximately 47,000 men. 1438:, later forming these occupied territories into two independent countries. Light grey: territories annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union; dark grey: West Germany (formed from the US, UK and French occupation zones, including 8485: 6077:, which was mainly involved with facilities security and plain clothes events security. They were the only public-facing wing of the Stasi. The Stasi numbered around 90,000 men, the Guards Regiment around 11,000–12,000 men. 3921:

in the former East Germany, the causes of the failure of this integration continue to be debated. Some western commentators claim that the depressed eastern economy is a natural aftereffect of a demonstrably inefficient

17687: 3642:, we had the first motorways." On 17 October 1987, thirty or so skinheads violently threw themselves into a crowd of 2,000 people at a rock concert in the Zionskirche without the police intervening. In 1990, the writer 5037:. In the 1960s and 1970s, nearly all schoolchildren between ages 6 and 14 were organised into Young Pioneer or Thälmann Pioneer groups, with the organisations having "nearly two million children" collectively by 1975. 3218:, rioted against a 10% production-quota increase. Initially a labour protest, the action soon included the general populace, and on 17 June similar protests occurred throughout the GDR, with more than a million people 1324:(GDR). Both terms were used in East Germany, with increasing usage of the abbreviated form, especially since East Germany considered West Germans and West Berliners to be foreigners following the promulgation of its 3809:, led local negotiations with the government and held town meetings in the concert hall. The demonstrations eventually led Erich Honecker to resign in October; he was replaced by a slightly more moderate communist, 1290:, which replaced the Potsdam Agreement on the status and borders of a future, reunited Germany. The GDR ceased to exist when its five states ("Länder") joined the Federal Republic of Germany under Article 23 of the 4602:

The ships and boats of the Border Brigade Coast on the Baltic Sea and the boats of the border troops of the GDR on the Elbe and Oder carried a green bar on the Liekjust like the service flag of the border troops.

14023: 11365:

Die Geschichte der DDR ist im wesentlichen zwischen zwei Polen einzubetten. Den einen Pol bildet die Sowjetisierung Den anderen Pol bildeten deutsche Traditionen, vor allem die Vorstellungen der kommunistischen

13969: 14815: 1065: 8591:

conferences. The new bishops became less politically oriented and more involved in pastoral care and attention to spiritual concerns. The government responded by limiting international contacts for bishops.

1030:(GDR) adopted in 1949 was identical to that of West Germany (FRG). In 1959, the government of this country issued a new version of the flag bearing the national emblem, serving to distinguish East from West. 16251: 15636: 8312:

When it first came to power, the Communist party asserted the compatibility of Christianity and Marxism–Leninism and sought Christian participation in the building of socialism. At first, the promotion of

11368:[The history of the GDR is essentially embedded between two poles. Sovietization formed one pole German traditions formed the other pole, above all the ideas of the communist workers' movement.] 10434:

For example, the economist Jörg Roesler – see: Jörg Roesler: Ein Anderes Deutschland war möglich. Alternative Programme für das wirtschaftliche Zusammengehen beider deutscher Staaten, in:

8715:

regarded the state's ideals to be hollow, though there was also a substantial number of East Germans who regarded their culture as having a healthier, more authentic mentality than that of West Germany.

6232:

dismantled and transported to Russia the infrastructure and industrial plants of the Soviet Zone of Occupation. By the early 1950s, the reparations were paid in agricultural and industrial products; and

5781:, due to its wealth of unexploited natural resources, was sought out as an ally of East Germany, with Iraq being the first Arab country to recognise East Germany on 10 May 1969, paving the way for other 2519:(24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949). The Soviet army initiated the blockade by halting all Allied rail, road, and water traffic to and from West Berlin. The Allies countered the Soviets with the 2504:. According to Margarete Feinstein, East Berlin's status as the capital was largely unrecognized by the West and by most Third World countries. In practice, the ACC's authority was rendered moot by the 16446: 16392: 9064:, for example, had similar problems. Despite all his efforts (such as his song Sonderzug nach Pankow (Special Train to Pankow)), he was only allowed to perform once before the fall of the Wall, at the 6540:

for the purpose of relaying and receiving communications from Soviet satellites and to serve as a participant in the international telecommunications organization established by the Soviet government,

3790:

announced that his country would no longer restrict movement from Hungary into Austria. Within two days, 22,000 East Germans crossed into Austria; tens of thousands more did so in the following weeks.

10439:, No. II/2010, pp. 34–46. Historian Ulrich Busch argued that the currency union came too early; see Ulrich Busch: Die Währungsunion am 1. Juli 1990: Wirtschaftspolitische Fehlleistung mit Folgen, in: 8465: 8445: 8401: 5316: 1042: 8850:

held a similar international festival for schlager musicians from 1971 until shortly before reunification. There was a national schlager contest hosted yearly in Magdeburg from 1966 to 1971 as well.

6645:

The East German population declined by three million people throughout its forty-one year history, from 19 million in 1948 to 16 million in 1990; of the 1948 population, some four million

6184:, such as X-ray transmitters, were used in combination with the psychological warfare methods of Zersetzung. About 135,000 children were educated in special residential homes; the worst of them was 9537:

Sports clubs were highly subsidized, especially sports in which it was possible to get international fame. For example, the major leagues for ice hockey and basketball just included 2 teams each.

17680: 2053: 8587:, a Catholic charity organisation. By 1950, therefore, there existed a Catholic subsociety that was well adjusted to prevailing specific conditions and capable of maintaining Catholic identity. 4782: 4722: 16079:

flatly oppose all criticism of their former home and agree with the statement: 'The GDR had, for the most part, good sides. Life there was happier and better than in reunified Germany today."'

13858: 9433:, an expatriate who lived in East Germany, also starred in several films. These films were part of the phenomenon of Europe producing alternative films about the colonization of the Americas. 6101:. They received their training from the Volkspolizei and the Ministry of the Interior. Membership was voluntary, but SED members were required to join as part of their membership obligation. 10290:

The SED's leaders went by different names. Until 1950, there were two co-chairmen, after which the office of General Secretary, titled First Secretary between 1953 and 1976, was established.

3913:

by the constitutionally required two-thirds majorities, effecting on the one hand the extinction of the GDR, and on the other the agreed amendments to the Basic Law of the Federal Republic.

19092: 1751: 6502:

By the mid-1980s, East Germany possessed a well-developed communications system. There were approximately 3.6 million telephones in usage (21.8 for every 100 inhabitants), and 16,476

4754: 12210:

Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung 'Neues Deutschland' über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen

10518:

This quote has no cross-referencing to ground its authenticity. For a detailed overview of the issues of Brecht's legacy after his death within the Berliner Ensemble, see David Barnett,

17673: 2285: 16059: 12409:

Lahodynsky, Otmar (9 August 2014). "Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall" [Pan-European picnic: the Dress Rehearsal for the Fall of the Berlin Wall].

15744: 15611: 4690: 13997: 6529:

were assigned to all major towns and cities, they were only used for switching international calls. Instead, each location had its own list of dialing codes with shorter codes for

6467:. They numbered more than 100,000 by 1989. Many, such as future politician Zeca Schall (who emigrated from Angola in 1988 as a contract worker) stayed in Germany after the Wende. 5767:(PLO) in its armed struggle against Israel. In 1974, the GDR government recognized the PLO as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people". The PLO declared the 5646:

in 1961 but retained special legal status until 1968, when the residents approved the new (draft) constitution. Despite the city as a whole being legally under the control of the

5123:

However, the pioneer clothing was only worn completely on special occasions, such as flag appeals, commemoration days or festive school events, but it was usually not prescribed.

4738: 4438: 4943: 1286:

was held in the country, and international negotiations between the four former Allied countries and the two German states commenced. The negotiations led to the signing of the

11492: 10440: 10436: 4424: 17893: 8768:

were some of the most popular mainstream bands in East Germany. Like most mainstream acts, they were members of the SED, appeared in state-run popular youth magazines such as

4572: 4127:(SPD) in the Soviet-controlled zone. However, the SED quickly transformed into a full-fledged Communist party as the more independent-minded Social Democrats were pushed out. 3311:(1955), West Germany did not establish (formal) diplomatic ties with any country – except the Soviets – that recognized East German sovereignty. 14450: 3396:

state organisation of parts of Germany outside the Federal Republic. The Federal Republic continued to maintain that it could not within its own structures recognize the GDR

17990: 16222: 15799: 12485: 2474:, the First Deputy Prime Minister of the USSR, pursued German reunification, but he was removed from power that same year before he could act on the matter. His successor, 8583:

whereas in the area of religious education, press, and youth organisations, a system of temporary staff was developed, one that took into account the special situation of

4814: 4639: 3520:

of 1524–1525 and the role played by the heroes of the class struggle during Prussia's industrialization. Other notable figures and reformers from Prussian history such as

2317: 14019: 10015:

In addition, many East German women found the West more appealing, and left the region never to return, leaving behind an underclass of poorly educated and jobless men.

5709: 5377: 4452: 11019: 5273:

FDJ gangs were sent to church meetings to heckle those inside and school tribunals interrogated or expelled students who refused to join the FDJ for religious reasons.

13814:

Oppression and Scarcity: The History and Institutional Structure of the Marxist-Leninist Government of East Germany and Some Perspectives on Life in a Socialist System

12214:

GDR politics of remembrance. Shown in the report of the daily newspaper 'Neues Deutschland' on the national memorial sites in Buchenwald, Ravensbrück and Sachsenhausen

10559: 5735:

The first military agreement was signed in 1973 with the People's Republic of the Congo. In 1979 friendship treaties were signed with Angola, Mozambique and Ethiopia.

14805: 10905: 1378:

and not to the area within the boundaries of the Federal Republic of Germany. However, this use was not always consistent and West Berliners frequently used the term

14319: 14300:

Martin Onnasch, "Konflikt und Kompromiss: Die Haltung der evangelischen Kirchen zu den gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen in der DDR am Anfang der fünfziger Jahre," ,

13322: 8832: 5697:), the GDR provided experts for military hardware maintenance and personnel training, and oversaw creation of secret security agencies based on its own Stasi model. 4881: 4315: 1816: 360: 16247: 12389: 14659: 8479: 6189: 4666: 2043: 15840: 15628: 12118: 10609: 9210:

is the last major building erected by the GDR, making it an exceptional architectural testimony to how Germany overcame its former division. Here, Berlin's great

6436:

Loyalty to the SED was a primary criterion for getting a good job – professionalism was secondary to political criteria in personnel recruitment and development.

1180:. This paved the way for East Germany's reunification with the West. Unlike the government of West Germany, the SED did not see its state as the successor to the 18724: 16468: 16306: 10728: 4627: 2348: 16284: 6556:

A woman and her husband, both medical students, and their triplets in East Germany in 1984. The GDR had state policies to encourage births among educated women.

1361:, a district in the East of Berlin.). Over time, however, the abbreviation "DDR" was also increasingly used colloquially by West Germans and West German media. 19429: 18729: 16092: 13732: 10022:

As of 2014, the vast majority of residents in the former GDR prefer to live in a unified Germany. However, a feeling of nostalgia persists among some, termed "

5364:

knowledge – were usually not worn. As a rule, only full-time FDJ members on the way to the nomenklatura at an older age achieved awards, which were also worn.

3872: 2373:

past, imprisoning many former Nazis and preventing them from holding government positions. The SED set a primary goal of ridding East Germany of all traces of

2048: 1867: 1287: 1260: 702: 15719: 13139: 11490:

On the discussion about Social Democrats joining the SED see Steffen Kachel, Entscheidung für die SED 1946 – ein Verrat an sozialdemokratischen Idealen?, in:

9592:, which the East won 1–0; but West Germany, the host, went on to win the World Cup. East Germany had a revolutionary technology for two-stroke engines called 6137:(people's sanitation service), both established in 1964, two years after the introduction of conscription, in response to political pressure by the national 4595:

The flags of the military units of the GDR bore the national coat of arms with a wreath of two olive branches on a red background in the black-red-gold flag.

3284:

replaced him. While the Ulbricht government had experimented with liberal reforms, the Honecker government reversed them. The new government introduced a new

18358: 18139: 17033: 9429:

chief when he visited the United States in the 1990s, and the television crew accompanying him showed the tribe one of his movies. American actor and singer

8490: 4710: 3900:). On 1 July, a currency union preceded the political union: the "Ostmark" was abolished, and the Western German "Deutsche Mark" became the common currency. 2123: 15768: 15378: 5360:

not be read on the FDJ shirt. However, the members of the FDJ order groups officially wore the FDJ shirt together with a red armband during their missions.

12760:

Wegner, Gregory (February 1996). "In the Shadow of the Third Reich: The 'Jugendstunde' and the Legitimation of Anti-Fascist Heroes for East German Youth".

9932:-scale meltdown in 1976. All East German nuclear power plants had to be shut down after reunification, because they did not meet Western safety standards. 4841: 4798: 3630:

Although officially built in opposition to the 'fascist world' in West Germany, in 1954, 32% of public administration employees were former members of the

3063: 14775: 13669: 10747: 9019:

realised that it could not control this movement, which was basically rebellious and oriented towards the West, and steer it in a direction it liked. The

5813:

During the Cold War, especially during its early years, the East German government attempted to build closer diplomatic relations and trade links between

4958: 19434: 11310:"Each spring, millions of workmen from all parts of western Russia arrived in eastern Germany, which, in political language, is called East Elbia." from 10498: 9333: 4197: 1921: 1852: 936: 13948: 9052:, for example, did not return from a performance in West Berlin in 1981, whereupon her songs were no longer allowed to be played by GDR radio stations. 8434:

became a lawyer for the Brandenburg Protestant Church in 1959 before taking up a position at church headquarters in Berlin. In 1969 he helped found the

6533:

and longer codes for long-distance calls. After unification, the existing network was largely replaced, and area codes and dialing became standardised.

17886: 16360: 14690: 11515: 1274:

In 1989 numerous social, economic, and political forces in the GDR and abroad, one of the most notable being peaceful protests starting in the city of

13703: 5963:

period was introduced in 1962. It was regarded by NATO officers as the best military in the Warsaw Pact. The NVA consisted of the following branches:

16414: 13854: 9577: 3723:

In May 1989, following widespread public anger over the faking of results of local government elections, many GDR citizens applied for exit visas or

9321:, where the local teams shot and produced films. The East German industry became known worldwide for its productions, especially children's movies ( 9171:

In the 1970s, a parallel theatre scene sprung up, creating theatre "outside of Berlin" in which artists played at provincial theatres. For example,

3299:

of NATO. However, from the 1960s onward, East Germany began recognizing itself as a separate country from West Germany and shared the legacy of the

19082: 16371: 14226:

de Silva, Brendan (2000). "The Protestant Church and the East German State: an organisational perspective". In Cooke, Paul; Grix, Jonathan (eds.).

12311: 8810: 5685:

After receiving wider international diplomatic recognition in 1972–73, the GDR began active cooperation with Third World socialist governments and

3596: 10759:

Towards a Global Community of Historians: the International Historical Congresses and the International Committee of Historical Sciences 1898–2000

10063:

In 2023, a poll found that 40% of Germans living in the former East Germany identify as East Germans rather than German, which 52% identified as.

19275: 19190: 17016: 16778: 9176: 8736: 5994: 4805: 2942: 2107: 16033: 15021: 12496: 10877: 10112:

party (which has roots in the SED) continues to have a stronghold and occasionally wins a plurality in the East, such as in the German State of

9024:

repeatedly banned from performing and later also the blues rock band Freygang, whose members went into hiding and then played under pseudonyms.

4241:" as a condition of their existence. However, the parties did have representation in the Volkskammer and received some posts in the government. 18918: 14851: 10699: 9600:

defected to Japan, taking the technology secret with him over to Suzuki. After the defection, East German motorcycle racing effectively ended.

4776:

Emblem of Air Force of the National People's Army of the German Democratic Republic before 1959 (until 1956 the People's Police Air of the GDR)

2267: 655: 14514: 10930: 10486: 17879: 15544: 15046: 14474: 12040: 10584: 10076: 9969: 8129: 5058: 2478:, rejected reunification as equivalent to returning East Germany for annexation to the West; hence reunification was off the table until the 1291: 14569: 3827:

of the GDR resigned. This left only one avenue open for Krenz and the SED: completely abolishing travel restrictions between East and West.

18967: 18531: 17982: 16150: 14157: 10258: 10206:. Eastern Germany is perhaps the least religious region in the world. An explanation for this, popular in other regions, is the aggressive 10100: 8821: 8777: 8393: 8327: 5967: 3227: 1589: 15736: 15601: 14083: 14053: 4678: 1328:

in 1968. West Germans, the western media and statesmen initially avoided the official name and its abbreviation, instead using terms like

153: 19180: 18860: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17995: 14407: 13989: 12994: 9450:

Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, several films depicting life in the GDR have been critically acclaimed. Some of the most notable were

5982: 5956: 4269: 3107: 2344: 1857: 1681: 16000: 15954: 15911: 15227: 14317:

Bowers, Stephen R. (Spring 1982). "Private Institutions in Service to the State: The German Democratic Republic's Church in Socialism".

11406: 11349: 11243: 11117: 5070: 19389: 16814: 11289: 11065: 10798: 10490: 10168: 10164: 8496: 4481: 3674:

of its responsibility for the genocide of the Jews and fabricated the myth of a diplomatic corps that "did not know". On the contrary,

3735:

on 2 May 1989. Although formally the Hungarian frontier was still closed, many East Germans took the opportunity to enter Hungary via

3488:

From the beginning, the newly formed GDR tried to establish its own separate identity. Because of the imperial and military legacy of

19112: 18847: 18387: 18192: 17924: 17627: 10826: 8896: 8020:'s city center in September 1986, at the time East Germany's largest coastal and port city, and the sixth largest city in the country 5556: 4149: 3853: 3521: 3117: 2515:

The deepening Cold War conflict between the Western Powers and the Soviet Union over the unresolved status of West Berlin led to the

1634: 15398: 14629: 14129: 13479:

Glaeser, Andreas (2003). "Power/Knowledge Failure: Epistemic Practices and Ideologies of the Secret Police in Former East Germany".

4612: 19250: 19215: 19164: 18949: 18230: 18134: 17959: 17705: 17696: 14442: 13297:. Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division. pp. 169–170. 11773:... claims of East Berlin as the capital of the GDR, ... East Berlin was not recognized by the West and most Third World countries. 11029: 10502: 9404: 9106:. Alternatively, other influences tried to establish a "working-class theatre", played for the working class by the working class. 8967:

Governmental support of classical music maintained some 168 publicly funded concert, opera, chamber, and radio orchestras, such as

8872: 5373: 3509: 3242:

reparations in agricultural and industrial products. The poverty of East Germany, induced or deepened by reparations, provoked the

3056: 1757: 16214: 12316: 8748: 4897: 4495: 19384: 18597: 16506: 11858: 11097: 10845: 6110: 5689:. While the USSR was in control of the overall strategy and Cuban armed forces were involved in the actual combat (mostly in the 5673: 4311: 4165: 3169:), an omnibus alliance of every party and mass organisation in East Germany. The NF was established to stand for election to the 2615: 17444: 17216: 13345: 11585: 6013:

in West Germany. It was controlled by the Ministry of the Interior. Following the remilitarisation of East Germany in 1956, the

5552:, the remainder of which were annexed by Poland, remained in the GDR and were attached to Mecklenburg and Saxony, respectively. 19238: 18872: 18765: 18602: 18334: 18086: 18024: 13907: 12466: 11435: 9515: 5725: 3887:

on 23 August 1990, the German Democratic Republic declared its accession to the Federal Republic of Germany. The five original

3295:

for all of Germany, a claim supported by most of the Communist bloc. It claimed that West Germany was an illegally-constituted

3250:("desertion from the republic") to West Germany, further weakening the GDR's economy. Western economic opportunities induced a 3215: 3156:(German Democratic Republic – GDR), based on a socialist political constitution establishing its control of the 1968: 1549: 17346: 16981: 16184: 15657: 14599: 5242: 4994: 4964: 4949: 4865: 19210: 18413: 18300: 17400: 16545: 15994: 15948: 15905: 15354: 15315: 15221: 15004: 14975: 14943: 14914: 14885: 14789: 14754: 14401: 14353: 14237: 14139: 13826: 13108: 13035: 12736: 12225: 12153: 11987: 11283: 11237: 10792: 10663: 10531: 10494: 10043: 9457: 6497: 4467: 4328:). The Left Party continues to be a political force in many parts of Germany, albeit drastically less powerful than the SED. 4281:

Important non-parliamentary mass organisations in East German society included the German Gymnastics and Sports Association (

4169: 4153: 4074: 3794: 2996: 2927: 2860: 1176:, before being democratized and liberalized in 1989 as a result of the pressure against communist governments brought by the 1110: 995: 622: 568: 16165: 14651: 14359: 14243: 13932:

In the period between the Second World War and 1961, a total of 3.8 million people emigrated from East to West Germany.

13832: 11540: 10567: 5712:

in Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde. In the 1970s official cooperation was established with other socialist states, such as the

3763:, then Hungarian Prime Minister, who promoted the idea. The patrons of the picnic, Habsburg and Hungarian Minister of State 3711: 3147:

assumed administrative authority in the Soviet occupation zone, thus becoming the predecessor of an East German government.

2466:

from Central Europe, which the three Western Allies (the United States, France, the United Kingdom) rejected. Soviet leader

2407:

effective until the restoration of German sovereignty. In eastern Germany, the Soviet Occupation Zone (SBZ –

19087: 19062: 18609: 18272: 13884: 12448:

Lahodynsky, Otmar (13 June 2019). "Eiserner Vorhang: Picknick an der Grenze" [Iron curtain: Picnic at the Border].

10148: 8613: 8542: 8294:

population, Catholics 5%. The share of people who considered themselves non-religious rose from 5% in 1950 to 70% in 1989.

5510: 4304: 4026: 3868: 2359: 1985: 1802: 1686: 1579: 1544: 1185: 15851: 13312: 8603: 19414: 19409: 18029: 10152: 9585: 9581: 9520: 8608: 4928: 4181: 3998: 3492:, the SED repudiated continuity between Prussia and the GDR. The SED destroyed a number of symbolic relics of the former 3469: 3314: 3049: 2823: 2591: 1604: 1584: 1325: 475: 18867: 18161: 17871: 17590: 15447: 11759:

State Symbols: The Quest for Legitimacy in the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, 1949–1959

8976: 6514:; in 1991, several months after reunification, East German telephone exchanges were incorporated into country code +49. 3190: 2087: 1450:

Explaining the internal impact of the GDR government from the perspective of German history in the long term, historian

1141:. Although the GDR had to pay substantial war reparations to the Soviets, its economy became the most successful in the 259: 19255: 18944: 18882: 18393: 18149: 17665: 17621: 17526: 16987: 14877: 13613: 12346: 12110: 11846:

government of the Soviet zone. Its chairman was Heinrich Rau (SED), and four of his six deputies were also SED members.

10598: 10248: 10133: 9396: 8809:, which was very popular in the west, also gained a foothold early on in East Germany, and numerous musicians, such as 8275: 6476: 6456: 4832: 4651: 4265: 4124: 3942:, and the speed with which the entire process was implemented did not leave room for East German enterprises to adapt. 3087: 2962: 2756: 2611: 2293: 2260: 2005: 1876: 1711: 1629: 1559: 1554: 1539: 17156: 10626: 8332: 5276: 137: 19230: 19057: 19037: 18962: 18877: 18842: 18800: 18398: 16901: 16866: 16828: 16788: 16751: 16725: 16697: 16654: 16612: 16571: 16519: 15697: 14499: 13791: 13642: 13434: 13405: 13268: 12988: 12696: 12572: 12430: 11953: 11924: 11797: 11766: 11733: 11691: 11653: 11163: 10975: 10304: 8696: 6074: 5886: 5831: 5801:

during the early years of Assad's regime and, as it did in Iraq, used its influence to minimise tensions between the

5794: 5764: 5713: 5663: 4389: 4045: 3860: 3614: 2390: 2304:

continued to maintain forces in the territory of the former East Germany until 1994), with the purpose of countering

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to the southeast, and West Germany to the southwest and west. Internally, the GDR also bordered the Soviet sector of

1161: 982: 931: 88: 16276: 13371: 13135: 8826: 4371: 4005: 3566: 1483:, i.e., the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), and the Soviet Union (USSR), agreed on dividing a defeated 19424: 19117: 18928: 18524: 18383: 18264: 18200: 17929: 15707: 10300: 10215: 9467: 8598: 4904: 4888: 4201: 4185: 4116: 3562: 3231: 3097: 2606: 2336: 2281: 2029: 1797: 1650: 1564: 1169: 15776: 15506: 10452:'In the age of detente, the Stasi's main method of combating subversive activity was 'operational decomposition' ( 8547: 5785:

states to later do the same. East Germany attempted to play a decisive role in mediating the conflict between the

2657: 2399:

conferences of 1945, the Allies established their joint military occupation and administration of Germany via the

19122: 18471: 18354: 18205: 18144: 17934: 13944: 12819: 10506: 10141: 8278:

to handle the government's contact with churches and with religious groups; the SED remained officially atheist.

6088: 5530: 5044:, but organised in such a way as to teach schoolchildren aged 6 – 14 socialist ideology and prepare them for the 4213: 3727:

contrary to GDR laws. The impetus for this exodus of East Germans was the removal of the electrified fence along

2768: 2633: 2224: 1931: 1885: 1671: 1609: 1594: 1208: 159: 11614: 9273:

was the official radio broadcasting organisation from 1952 until unification. The organization was based in the

4913: 3512:

was removed from East Berlin. Instead, the SED focused on the progressive heritage of German history, including

19144: 19042: 18994: 18827: 18755: 18215: 17970: 17944: 16927: 15184: 13677: 13584: 13550: 13521: 13463: 12901: 11725: 9925: 9065: 8678: 6460: 6444: 5868: 5690: 5545: 5281: 4566:(The standard was maintained until 7 September 1960, when Wilhelm Pieck died and the presidency was abolished.) 4367: 3983: 3728: 3505: 3372: 2637: 2596: 2377:. It is estimated that between 180,000 and 250,000 people were sentenced to imprisonment on political grounds. 2149: 1706: 1691: 1640: 1148:

Before its establishment, the country's territory was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the

430: 18837: 15128: 15106: 10108:

The divide between the East and the West can be seen in contemporary German elections. The left-wing populist

8008: 6552: 4012: 3666:

The historian Sonia Combe observes that until the 1990s, the majority of West German historians described the

19394: 19154: 19052: 18832: 18476: 18225: 17954: 17584: 15464:

Enns, Anthony (1 December 2007). "The politics of Ostalgie: post-socialist nostalgia in recent German film".

10482: 10479:

Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia#Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg

10397:), on the other hand, was never accepted in West Germany since it was considered a political statement. Thus 9714: 9251: 8674: 8274:, although some people remained loyal to Christian communities. In 1957, the state authorities established a 6493: 6452: 5864: 5729: 5518: 5015: 4579: 4363: 4136: 3979: 3558: 3160: 2253: 2239: 1973: 1727: 1645: 1523: 943: 70: 17377: 11507: 9480:(Go for Zucker) by Dani Levi. Each film is heavily infused with cultural nuances unique to life in the GDR. 3265: 19198: 18897: 18887: 18656: 18461: 18325: 18315: 18154: 17511: 17481: 17171: 15897: 15080: 13051:

Herf, Jeffrey (2014). "'At War with Israel': East Germany's Key Role in Soviet Policy in the Middle East".

11937: 11600:

Gomez Gutiérrez, J.J. & Bruschi, V. (2003). "Socialist Unity Party of Germany". In N. Schlager (Ed.),

10474: 10087: 9980: 9364: 9287:

or DDR-FS, was the state television broadcaster from 1952. Reception of Western broadcasts was widespread.

8372: 8356: 8314: 8125: 6284: 5207: 5134:

Suitable pioneers were trained as paramedics; after their training, they wore the badge "Young Paramedic".

4104: 3806: 3675: 3430: 2629: 2234: 2189: 2144: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1138: 921: 582: 183: 15253: 14539: 8933:, and in supporting composers to write new works in that tradition. Notable East German composers include 4095:

Era, and saw closer ties with West Germany; and 1985–1990 saw the decline and extinction of East Germany.

3544:

The communist regime of the GDR based its legitimacy on the struggle of anti-fascist militants. A form of

2328:

of West Germany, and the NATO powers declined the proposal, asserting that Germany should be able to join

19243: 19149: 18923: 18517: 18446: 18220: 17949: 17565: 17061: 16604: 16529: 15869:

Blum, Martin (Winter 2000). "Remaking the East German Past: 'Ostalgie,' Identity, and Material Culture".

15807: 14746: 13605: 13053: 10655: 10095: 9820: 9728: 8984: 8980: 8368: 6440: 5686: 5514: 4079: 3994: 2649: 2601: 2586: 2581: 2536: 1721: 1212: 1204: 62: 17: 19295: 15580: 14932:

Brecht, Turkish Theater, and Turkish-German Literature: Reception, Adaptation, and Innovation After 1960

6439:

Beginning in 1963 with a series of secret international agreements, East Germany recruited workers from

6141:

Protestant Church upon the GDR's government. In the 1970s, East German leaders acknowledged that former

5327:) was one of the largest music events in East Germany, held between 1970 and 1990. It was hosted by the 4552:(The emblem of the GDR was changed on 28 May 1953 and already resembled the final coat of arms of 1955.) 19325: 19009: 18892: 18691: 18079: 17794: 17184: 17139: 17126: 17110: 16743: 16563: 15871: 15822: 14711: 14212: 13818: 13215: 13167: 13027: 12669: 12077: 10683: 10523: 10243: 10211: 10160: 10156: 9345: 9232: 9149: 9098: 9000: 8837: 8719: 6241:, an important natural port, were given to Poland by the decision of Stalin and in accordance with the 5721: 5011: 4120: 3525: 3134: 3077: 2828: 2798: 2571: 2289: 2204: 2015: 1732: 913: 16794: 13780:"Planning Ahead and Falling Behind: The East German Economy in Comparison with West Germany 1936–2002" 13510:

The Conditions, Means and Methods of the MfS in the GDR: An Analysis of the Post and Telephone Control

13452:

The Conditions, Means and Methods of the MfS in the GDR: An Analysis of the Post and Telephone Control

9399:

in these films often took the role of displaced people who fight for their rights, in contrast to the

8579:

ideology. The state allowed the bishops to lodge protests, which they did on issues such as abortion.

6045:

in 1956, the Ministry of the Interior maintained its own public order barracked reserve, known as the

5678: 3786:

The next major turning point in the exodus came on 10 September 1989, when Hungarian Foreign Minister

37:

This article is about the country that existed from 1949 to 1990. For the modern east of Germany, see

19399: 19260: 19132: 16100: 16023: 15940: 15800:"30 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Germany recalls the economic gulf between East and West" 14276: 13481: 12539: 11564: 10057: 9921:

East Germany, to make up for the region's neglect and malaise and bring it up to a minimal standard.

6249: 6048: 6032: 5932: 5904: 5301:

Pioneer choir "August Bebel" Zwickau of the pioneer house "Wilhelm Pieck" in Zwickau (Schwanenschloß)

4789: 4745: 4729: 4619: 4533: 3927: 2645: 2641: 2576: 2117: 1460: 1149: 17541: 17499:

Argues the history of East Germany is taught in 21st-century German schools, but not its literature.

15396:

Cook, Roger F. (28 June 2007). "Good Bye, Lenin!: Free-Market Nostalgia for Socialist Consumerism".

14841: 11465:

Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (18 July 2008).

10707: 8803:

label. All were required to open live performances and albums with the East German national anthem.

5297: 4835:

coat of arms of the fighting groups of the working class, without oak leaves (between 1953 and 1990)

4538:(The emblem was already introduced on 12 January 1950, the standard was adopted on 29 January 1951.) 19203: 19127: 18760: 18661: 15976: 15334:

The Women's Film, Konrad Wolf, and Defa After the "Biermann Affair": Solo Sunny (Konrad Wolf, 1980)

14511: 14155:

Fulbrook, Mary (January 1957). "The Limits Of Totalitarianism: God, State and Society in the GDR".

11315: 10733: 10008: 9554: 9355: 6322: 5946: 5797:. The East German government also attempted to foster close relations with the Ba'athist regime of 5389: 4657: 4352: 4246: 3951: 3376: 3285: 3183:. However, after 1950, political power in East Germany was held by the First Secretary of the SED, 2653: 2463: 1089: 1058: 348: 16123: 15845: 15054: 14702:"From Krauts with Attitudes to Turks with Attitudes: Some Aspects of Hip-Hop History in Germany". 14471: 12050: 11602:

St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide: Major Events in Labor History and Their Impact.

10458:) which was the central element in what Hubertus Knabe has called a system of 'quiet repression' ( 9572:

The East and the West also competed via sport. GDR athletes dominated several Olympic sports; the

9055:

West German productions were also subject to censorship in East Germany. For example, the song by

4518:

stripe of yellow color. An original of the standard is in the German Historical Museum in Berlin.

4058: 3179:), the East German parliament. The first and only president of the German Democratic Republic was 19067: 18572: 18441: 18367: 18171: 17551: 17547: 17462: 17328: 16945: 16858: 16766: 15475: 14561: 12852: 12688: 10850: 10563: 10352: 10117: 10116:

where it remains one of the major parties. The region also sees disproportionate support for the

9403:

of the time, where they were often either not mentioned at all or are portrayed as the villains.

8667: 8646: 6637: 6518: 6202: 5857: 5150: 5006:, was a youth organisation of schoolchildren aged 6 to 14 in East Germany. They were named after 4356: 3972: 3533: 3517: 3368: 3364: 2920: 2621: 2479: 2386: 2199: 1488: 1454:(2002) has argued that the East German state was defined by two dominant forces – 1415: 1279: 1130: 836: 804: 688: 197: 18320: 13162: 10509:(East Region, for EKiBB-East Ambit, Görlitz, Greifswald and KPS, and since 1970 for Anhalt too). 10190:

All of the new states have populations where 90-95% of people do not have a migrant background.

8946: 8637:

About 600,000 children and youth were subordinate to East German residential child care system.

3230:

to aid the police in ending the riot; some fifty people were killed and 10,000 were jailed (see

1926: 19285: 19280: 19220: 18671: 18614: 18560: 18555: 18408: 17829: 17749: 17038: 14075: 14045: 12282: 12217: 10374:

for East Germany, it was not entered to the root before the country was reunited with the west.

10253: 10137: 9505: 9417: 9407:

were often cast as Native Americans because of the small number of Native Americans in Europe.

8561: 8349: 6503: 6215: 6181: 6145:

and sanitation service soldiers were at a disadvantage when they rejoined the civilian sphere.

6120: 5802: 5647: 5529:, their post-war territorial demarcations approximating the pre-war German demarcations of the 5445: 4294: 3879:, which led to agreement on the conditions for German unification. By a two-thirds vote in the 3876: 3627:

in the GDR, particularly during the celebrations of the liberation of the concentration camps.

2786: 2680: 2501: 2416: 2400: 2058: 1958: 1480: 1189: 798: 18310: 17479:

Steding, Elizabeth Priester (2014). "Losing Literature: The Reduction of the GDR to History".

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The Workers' and Peasants' State: Communism and Society in East Germany Under Ulbricht 1945–71

10179: 9512:, a sports doctor, described as the architect of East Germany's state-sponsored drug program. 4208: 1938: 19404: 19379: 18795: 18666: 18491: 18403: 18362: 18176: 18072: 17803: 17764: 17243: 16919: 15980: 15934: 15891: 15689: 15407: 13779: 13634: 13602:

Political Epistemics: The Secret Police, the Opposition, and the End of East German Socialism

12762: 12620: 12096: 11390: 11333: 11269: 11111: 10935: 10782: 10203: 10199: 9750: 9493: 9317: 9279: 9203: 8957: 8307: 8133: 6507: 5786: 5466: 4980: 4314:" (PDS) which continued for a decade after reunification before merging with the West German 4132: 3888: 3545: 3481: 3473: 3353: 2983: 2625: 2229: 2214: 2092: 1847: 1828: 1247:

was a significant problem as many emigrants were well-educated young people; such emigration

608: 38: 17914: 16834: 12893: 11055: 10752: 9576:

club of the security agencies won more than 200 Olympic medals. Of special interest was the

5943:(NVA) was the largest military organisation in East Germany. It was formed in 1956 from the 5248: 5245:, which was for schoolchildren ages 6 to 14, East German youths would usually join the FDJ. 5099: 507: 19314: 19047: 18957: 18780: 18708: 18676: 18626: 18621: 18339: 17278:

The East German Leadership and the Division of Germany: Patriotism and Propaganda 1945–1953

17027: 16060:"Homesick for a Dictatorship: Majority of Eastern Germans Feel Life Better under Communism" 10263: 9538: 9437:

capitalist ideology were not bought. Comedies enjoyed great popularity, such as the Danish

8796: 8417: 8064: 6687: 6646: 6142: 6020: 5612: 5541: 5034: 4319: 3864: 3849: 3706: 3529: 3493: 3442:

Travel between the GDR and Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary became visa-free from 1972.

2978: 2806: 2793: 2685: 2459: 2159: 2154: 2134: 1900: 1435: 1248: 1165: 1114: 1027: 715: 462: 143: 31: 19290: 14874:

The Triumph of the Ordinary: Depictions of Daily Life in the East German Cinema, 1949–1989

13571:

Dennis, Mike (2003). "Tackling the enemy- quiet repression and preventive decomposition".

13537:

Dennis, Mike (2003). "Tackling the Enemy: Quiet Repression and Preventive Decomposition".

11466: 4019: 8: 19351: 19077: 18785: 18636: 18589: 18577: 18456: 18435: 18429: 17901: 17862: 17198: 16686:

The Other Germany: Perceptions and Influences in British-East German Relations, 1945–1990

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Stasi-Zensur-Machtdiskurse: Publikationsgeschichten und Materialien zu Jurek Beckers Werk

14935: 14781: 14621: 14393: 12114: 11464: 10743: 10128:. This is in stark distinction from the West where the more centrist parties such as the 9589: 9462: 9236: 9068:

on the occasion of the event "Rock für den Frieden" (Rock for Peace) on 25 October 1983.

9020: 9014:

At the beginning of the 1960s, the youth of the GDR were also under the influence of the

8968: 8942: 6252:

of the German Democratic Republic was like that of the USSR. In 1950, the GDR joined the

5999:

The border troops of the Eastern sector were originally organised as a police force, the

5955:), when East Germany joined the Warsaw Pact. From its creation, it was controlled by the 3918: 3751: 3702: 3501: 3380: 3255: 3176: 2497: 2443: 2404: 2194: 1252: 1177: 674: 523: 17695: 17459:

The East German Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of the GDR

17355:(1976). "Historians of the German Democratic Republic on Antisemitism and Persecution". 16969:

Funke, Mark (2021). "Hall of Mirrors: The Antiquarian Book Trade in Communist Germany".

14897:

Harkin, Patrick (2011). "Brecht on 17 June: Establishing the Facts". In Bradley, Laura;

13210: 12245: 12190: 8842:

gained national fame. From 1962 to 1976, an international schlager festival was held in

4237:

The member parties were almost completely subservient to the SED and had to accept its "

1995: 19072: 18651: 18641: 18466: 18349: 17442:(April 2002). "Die DDR in der Deutschen Gesichte" [The GDR in German History]. 17427: 17260: 17214:(April 2002). "Die DDR in der Deutschen Gesichte" [The GDR in German History]. 17074: 17000: 16971: 16894:

Stasi State or Socialist Paradise? The German Democratic Republic and What Became of It

16820: 16537: 16365: 15685: 15673: 15606: 15572: 15511: 15427: 15338: 14846: 14715: 14695: 14182: 14174: 14020:"Zusammenfassende Übersichten – Eheschließungen, Geborene und Gestorbene 1946 bis 2015" 13317: 13308: 13232: 13184: 13070: 12787: 12685:

Repainting the Little Red Schoolhouse: A History of Eastern German education, 1945–1995

12556: 12145: 11677: 11639: 11505: 11208: 11087: 10109: 9929: 9550: 9383: 9122: 6522: 5768: 4868:, which was for schoolchildren ages 6 to 14, East German youths would usually join the 3760: 3635: 3308: 3223: 2773: 2733: 2705: 2545: 2396: 2184: 1890: 1837: 1431: 1421: 1282:

and the establishment of a government committed to liberalization. The following year,

637: 353: 212: 17412:"Central European History since 1989: Historiographical Trends and Post-Wende 'Turns'" 14302:

Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte / Halbjahresschrift für Theologie und Geschichtswisseschaft,

11855: 9842: 9509: 3592: 3288:

which defined the German Democratic Republic as a "republic of workers and peasants".

19419: 18979: 18745: 18646: 18451: 17548:

Scenes from Behind the Wall: Images of East Germany 1989/90" Exhibit Collection C0235

17439: 17431: 17396: 17288: 17211: 17147: 17044: 16923: 16897: 16862: 16824: 16784: 16747: 16732: 16721: 16693: 16650: 16629: 16608: 16567: 16541: 16515: 16069: 15990: 15944: 15901: 15827: 15693: 15564: 15487: 15431: 15419: 15350: 15311: 15217: 15000: 14971: 14939: 14910: 14881: 14785: 14777:

Virtual Walls?: Political Unification and Cultural Difference in Contemporary Germany

14750: 14723: 14495: 14397: 14349: 14233: 14186: 14135: 13822: 13787: 13730:

Boroch, Wilfried (1996). "Social policy as an institutional transformation problem".

13638: 13609: 13580: 13576: 13546: 13542: 13517: 13459: 13430: 13401: 13264: 13236: 13211:"Targeting the Periphery: The Role of Iceland in East German Foreign Policy, 1949–89" 13188: 13104: 13093: 13031: 12984: 12897: 12823: 12779: 12742: 12732: 12702: 12692: 12568: 12450: 12411: 12221: 12149: 11983: 11949: 11920: 11912: 11793: 11762: 11739: 11729: 11715: 11697: 11687: 11659: 11649: 11582: 11386: 11329: 11279: 11233: 11212: 11200: 11180: 11159: 10991: 10971: 10788: 10659: 10527: 9593: 9476: 9411:

was well known in these roles, often playing the righteous, kindhearted and charming

9228: 9118: 9103: 9037: 8884: 8815: 8568: 8564: 8270:

Religion became contested ground in the GDR, with the governing communists promoting

6280: 6242: 6008: 5778: 5506: 5328: 5235: 5026: 4935: 4920: 4869: 4251: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3756: 3667: 3552: 3384: 3292: 2738: 2661: 2475: 2451: 2112: 2038: 1895: 1451: 1157: 542: 298: 19225: 17306: 17282: 15576: 13916: 13291:

Solsten, Eric; et al. (Library of Congress. Federal Research Division) (1996).

13074: 11443: 10413:(Federal Republic or Federal Territory, respectively), referring to the country and 9860:. Originally a Protestant feast day, it was demoted as an official holiday in 1967. 9790:

Thursday after the 5th Sunday after Easter. Was not an official holiday after 1967.

9444: 9359:(Five Cartridges), about resistance against fascism, became internationally famous. 5007: 4135:

were allowed. Nevertheless, every political party in the GDR was forced to join the

3513: 3349:("Eastern Policy") of "Change Through Rapprochement" of the pragmatic government of 19363: 18770: 18129: 17759: 17734: 17580: 17490: 17472:

Remembering and Rethinking the GDR: Multiple Perspectives and Plural Authenticities

17419: 17364: 17118: 17102: 17096: 17021: 16376: 15986: 15653: 15629:"Olympics; Coaches Concede That Steroids Fueled East Germany's Success in Swimming" 15556: 15479: 15466: 15411: 15342: 14959: 14591: 14202:"Dialogue as a Strategy of Struggle: Religious Politics in East Germany, 1957–1968" 14166: 13699: 13513: 13490: 13455: 13224: 13176: 13062: 12771: 12490: 12168: 12019: 11892: 11192: 11024: 9527: 9269: 9255: 9049: 6650: 6059:, equipped as motorised infantry, and they numbered between 12,000 and 15,000 men. 5923:. Defining what was a military force and what was not is a matter of some dispute. 5822:, along with free market economic reforms implemented by Iceland during the 1960s. 5600: 5459: 5424: 5280:

East Berlin: XII Parliament of the FDJ during the opening in the Great Hall of the

5078:

Both Pioneer groups would often have massive parades, honoring and celebrating the

3939: 3935: 3844: 3655: 3497: 3423: 3335: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2332:

and that such a negotiation with the Soviet Union would be seen as a capitulation.

1905: 1476: 1455: 1302:

on 3 October 1990. Several of the GDR's leaders, notably its last communist leader

1134: 862: 17558:

Geschichte des ostdeutschen Designs – history of east German design

12354: 9165: 8867:, the Golden Voice from Prague, was beloved in both German states. Hungarian band 8753: 6536:

In 1976 East Germany inaugurated the operation of a ground-based radio station at

18812: 18344: 18305: 18166: 17779: 17611:

Mauerkarte – Detailed interactive map of the border between East and West Germany

17569: 17532: 16876: 16850: 16810: 16774: 16711: 16665: 15451: 15213: 14996: 14518: 14478: 14339: 14227: 13976: 13812: 13258: 13024:

Undeclared Wars with Israel: East Germany and the West German Far Left, 1967–1989

12963: 12944: 12045: 11973: 11862: 11589: 11556: 11544: 11537: 11229:

The Sanctity of Rural Life: Nobility, Protestantism, and Nazism in Weimar Prussia

10053: 9772: 9562: 9546: 9452: 9400: 9157: 9138: 9134: 8930: 8929:

The government of the GDR was invested in both promoting the tradition of German

8854: 8846:, garnering participants from between 18 and 22 countries each year. The city of 8760:

A special feature of GDR culture is the broad spectrum of German rock bands. The

8731: 8584: 8572: 8508: 8456: 8410: 8286: 8239: 8173: 8046: 5790: 5624: 5487: 5320: 5258: 3923: 3322:, Chairman of the State Council of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) 3277: 3238: 3195: 3184: 3111: 2870: 2516: 2438: 2351: 2097: 2000: 1375: 1173: 1126: 1122: 1046: 395: 118: 17368: 16166:"What's 'wrong' with east Germany? Look to its long neglect by the wealthy west" 13880: 12917: 10778: 10739: 9941: 9260: 6537: 5650:, and diplomatic objections of the Allied governments, the GDR administered the 5226:

Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ) was founded on 7 March 1946 under the leadership of

5142:

The Pioneer songs were sung at any opportunity, including the following titles:

3767:, who did not attend the event, saw the planned event as an opportunity to test 1351:

The centre of political power in East Berlin was – in the West – referred to as

19339: 19185: 18750: 18486: 18481: 17774: 17769: 17754: 17724: 17719: 17600: 17521: 17392: 17082: 16717: 16189: 16128: 15855: 15713: 15678: 15560: 15545:"Anabolic steroids in sport: biochemical, clinical and analytical perspectives" 14771: 14345: 13494: 13426: 13397: 13088: 12890:

Staatssozialismus und gesellschaftliche Differenzierung: eine empirische Studie

12728: 12531: 12394: 12142:

Touring Beyond the Nation: A Transnational Approach to European Tourism History

11917:

The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949.

11883: 11022:[Krenz, Schabowski and Kleiber had nothing more to say to each other]. 10996: 10762: 10235: 10081: 10048: 9974: 9542: 9328: 9323: 9093: 9085: 9061: 8806: 8431: 5907: 5798: 5772: 5584: 5480: 5473: 5452: 5410: 5403: 5227: 5030: 4238: 4067: 3817:

the population, the SED proposed a law loosening travel restrictions. When the

3736: 3724: 3716: 3419: 3323: 3319: 3281: 3269: 3245: 3219: 3126: 3036: 3022: 2763: 2520: 2471: 2470:, a Communist proponent of reunification, died in early March 1953. Similarly, 2366: 2365:

The government of East Germany denounced West German failures in accomplishing

2355: 2209: 2020: 1228: 1106: 659: 495: 407: 383: 306: 302: 17605: 17423: 17152:

The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949

17048: 16881:

The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy & Soviet Communism Since 1945

16560:

Creating German Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State

15444: 14806:"Interview With Conductor Kurt Masur: 'The Spirit of 1989 Has Been Exhausted'" 13180: 11896: 11196: 9408: 9056: 6310:. East Germans with friends or relatives in the West (or with any access to a 4820:

The national ensign of the GDR Volkspolizei-Bereitschaften (from 1962 to 1990)

4716:

Emblem of the Ministry of State Security (MfS) (Stasi) of the GDR (until 1990)

3258:, and on the night of 12 August 1961, East German soldiers began erecting the 2446:(purple); the Soviet zone, East Germany (red) surrounded West Berlin (yellow). 19373: 19265: 19019: 18775: 18686: 18565: 18496: 18330: 17839: 17729: 17594: 17384: 16953: 16937: 16911: 16707: 16681: 16633: 16596: 16555: 16073: 15491: 15423: 15346: 15281:

Filmernst | Das Kompetenzzentrum für Film – Schule – Kino im Land Brandenburg

14837: 14727: 14719: 13389: 12844: 12783: 12746: 12720: 11969: 11945: 11785: 11561:

The German Question: The Stalin Note of 1952 and the Problem of Reunification

11204: 10959: 10647: 10207: 9776: 9742:(approx. 'International Day of the Struggle and Celebration of the Workers') 9692: 9670: 9471: 9350: 9184: 9110: 9028: 8890: 8800: 8782: 8551: 8500: 8460: 8303: 8271: 6464: 6311: 6234: 6155: 5819: 5549: 5417: 5191:"Wenn Mutti früh zur Arbeit geht" – "When Mother Goes to Work in the Morning" 5169: 4083: 4063: 3931: 3331: 3180: 3122: 2850: 2509: 2467: 2428: 2340: 2321: 2219: 2082: 2010: 1963: 1747: 1224: 1193: 896: 449: 379: 274: 261: 17494: 15483: 12827: 12706: 12023: 11743: 11701: 11663: 10187:

There are more migrants in former West Germany than in former East Germany.

9240: 9221: 9161: 8475:

Federation of the Free Protestant Churches in the German Democratic Republic

6510:(East German Post Office). East Germany was assigned telephone country code 6302:

Until the 1960s, East Germans endured shortages of basic foodstuffs such as

5505:(though legally it was not fully part of the GDR's territory), and the five 5179:"Die Heimat hat sich schön gemacht" – "Our Homeland Has Smartened Itself Up" 4139:, a broad coalition of parties and mass political organisations, including: 2442:

West Germany (blue) comprised the Western Allies' zones, excluding disputed

19270: 19159: 18681: 18107: 18095: 18043: 17986: 17744: 17644: 17352: 17341: 17066: 16441: 16028: 15568: 15332: 15209:

Representing East Germany Since Unification: From Colonization to Nostalgia

14906: 14898: 14272: 14255: 13797: 13708: 13704:"'I've been shafted twice': Stasi victims and their quest for compensation" 13019: 12866: 12307: 12010:

Krisch, Henry (December 1979). "Soviet-GDR Relations in the Honecker Era".

11975:

Contemporary Germany: Essays and Texts on Politics, Economics & Society

11265: 11113:

Facts about Germany: The Federal Republic of Germany, 1959 – Germany (West)

10882: 10630: 9857: 9597: 9439: 9412: 9369: 9172: 9145: 9130: 9114: 9041: 8972: 8950: 8934: 8868: 8792: 8765: 8557: 8451: 8290: 6541: 6223:

automobile was a profitable product made in the German Democratic Republic.

6126: 6116: 6040: 5960: 5952: 5752: 5748: 5438: 5347: 5054: 3772: 3764: 3683: 3647: 3639: 3356: 3350: 3300: 3296: 3157: 3144: 2955: 2890: 2880: 2841: 2728: 1502: 1484: 1403: 1371: 1244: 1181: 1153: 1142: 1118: 641: 17389:

Becoming East Germans: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities After Hitler

16983:

Germany's Cold War: The Global Campaign to Isolate East Germany, 1949–1969

16333: 15415: 9964: 9109:

After Brecht's death, conflicts began to arise between his family (around

6325:

could afford Western products and export-quality East German products via

2556: 18999: 18984: 18631: 18259: 18048: 17824: 17812: 17784: 17739: 17714: 17575: 17268: 17056: 16958:

Becoming East German: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities after Hitler

16473: 16311: 16064: 14810: 13423:

Becoming East German: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities After Hitler

13394:

Becoming East German: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities After Hitler

13066: 12960:

Youth Politics in East Germany: The Free German Youth Movement, 1946–1968

12941:

Youth Politics in East Germany: The Free German Youth Movement, 1946–1968

12816:

Antifascism & the Historical Identity of East German Youth, 1961–1989

12564: 12176: 11790:

Becoming East German: Socialist Structures and Sensibilities after Hitler

11719: 11681: 11643: 11092: 10863: 9798: 9648: 9566: 9501: 9489: 9379: 9340: 9217: 9180: 9126: 9015: 9004: 8938: 8916: 8876: 8788: 8711: 8383: 8375:(Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland, EKD) at the Conference of Eisenach ( 8282: 8028: 6261: 6138: 5974: 5920: 5782: 5717: 5502: 5494: 5431: 5396: 5109: 4848: 4761: 4217: 4119:, SED). It was created in 1946 through the Soviet-directed merger of the 3882: 3832: 3643: 3327: 3259: 3251: 3211: 3205: 2743: 2455: 2420: 2313: 2139: 2129: 1779: 1738: 1716: 1443: 1439: 1299: 1295: 1256: 1236: 1216: 595: 534: 253: 222: 17293:

Constructing Socialism: Technology and Change in East Germany, 1945–1990

15893:

That Was the Wild East: Film Culture, Unification, and the 'New' Germany

11683:

Russian Commands and German Resistance: The Soviet Occupation, 1945–1949

11645:

Russian Commands and German Resistance: The Soviet Occupation, 1945–1949

11619:

Political prisoners in the German Democratic Republic | Communist Crimes

9561:

had successes in European competition. Many East German players such as

5339: 5222: 5188:"Lied der jungen Naturforscher" – "Song of the Young Nature Researchers" 4696:

Flag of the Ministry of State Security (Stasi), East Germany, until 1990

2512:, and the Soviet sector of Berlin became fully integrated into the GDR. 1442:); red: East Germany (formed from the Soviet occupation zone, including 1426: 18509: 17338:

The GDR Remembered: Representations of the East German State since 1989

17079:

Dictatorship as Experience: Towards a Socio-Cultural History of the GDR

16643:

Red Prometheus: Engineering and Dictatorship in East Germany, 1945–1990

15379:"Films And The Fall Of The Berlin Wall: A Cinematic History, Post-1989" 14178: 12791: 12471: 11721:

Constructing Socialism: Technology and Change in East Germany 1945–1990

10027: 9890: 9596:, allowing them to win motorcycle races with little competition. Racer 9558: 9422: 9374: 9310: 9045: 8988: 8922: 8914:

culture reached the ears of the East German youth. With videos such as

8901: 8864: 8681: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8526: 8522: 8424: 8341: 8224: 8158: 8013: 6530: 6526: 6317: 6292: 6257: 6173: 5951:(Barracked People's Police), the military units of the regular police ( 5871: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3986: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3810: 3802: 3787: 3651: 3631: 3429:

This assessment of the Basic Treaty was confirmed in a decision of the

3344: 2813: 2485: 2325: 2102: 1980: 1395: 1390:(eastern Germany) was used to describe all the territories east of the 1358: 1303: 1264: 1200: 1184:(1871–1945) and abolished the goal of unification in the constitution ( 419: 294: 17302:

The Currency of Socialism: Money and Political Culture in East Germany

16623: 13753:

The Currency of Socialism: Money and Political Culture in East Germany

13228: 9992:

A booth selling East German and communist-themed memorabilia in Berlin

8459:

there was a number of smaller Protestant bodies, including Protestant

1251:

the state economically. In response, the GDR government fortified its

18540: 18249: 18112: 17903: 17844: 17253:

The Plans That Failed: An Economic History of East Germany, 1945–1989

17167: 16884: 16673: 16646: 16501: 16338: 14967: 14389: 13292: 12725:

Power and Society in the GDR, 1961–1979: The 'Normalisation of Rule'?

12375:

Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV – ORF "Report", 25 June 2019.

12193:[In Buchenwald, the anti-fascists have lost the memory war]. 12074:

The Imperfect Union; Constitutional Structures for German Unification

11979: 11275: 10967: 10831: 10125: 10113: 9868: 9573: 9430: 9032: 8907: 8518: 8505:

Federation of the Reformed Churches in the German Democratic Republic

8364: 8052: 6517:

An unusual feature of the telephone network was that, in most cases,

6481: 6330: 6326: 6096: 5608: 5522: 5079: 3910: 3824: 3698: 3671: 3454: 3450: 3418:

in participating in international bodies and agreements, such as the

3360: 3304: 2432: 1990: 1792: 1399: 17411: 17193: 14312: 14310: 14170: 12775: 12314:[The GDR as a Bone of Contention in Research and Politics]. 11908: 11906: 10821: 10680:

The Imperfect Union: Constitutional Structures of German Unification

9267:

Television and radio in East Germany were state-run industries; the

8853:

Bands and singers from other socialist countries were popular, e.g.

8656: 8336:

A 1980 meeting between representatives of the BEK and Erich Honecker

5846: 4341: 4303:), an organisation for the elderly. Another society of note was the 3961: 1374:) was a term almost always in reference to the geographic region of 18701: 17557: 16961: 16689: 16387: 15982:

The Transparent State: Architecture and Politics in Postwar Germany

15180: 14275:. Christianity and the Encounter of the World Religions (New York: 13163:"'Tough negotiations'. The two Germanys in Syria and Iraq, 1963–74" 12617:

The Constitutional Jursiprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany

12499:[Pan-European picnic – With the picnic basket to freedom]. 12093:

The Constitutional Jursiprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany

11060: 10371: 10023: 9959: 9214:

tradition lives on, today bringing viewers state-of-the-art shows.

8961: 8389:

Federation of Protestant Churches in the German Democratic Republic

8360: 8345: 8088: 6272: 6238: 6229: 5919:(1945–92), its military forces were among the most advanced of the 5916: 5588: 5041: 4092: 3744: 3659: 3458: 2505: 2164: 1862: 1306:, were later prosecuted for offenses committed during the GDR era. 1268: 554: 16740:

The East German Economy, 1945–2010: Falling Behind Or Catching Up?

15132: 15102: 15022:"Benno Besson, 83, Director of Plays and Brecht Disciple, Is Dead" 13657: 11750: 8629: 8049:(314,437) (Chemnitz until 1953, reverted to original name in 1990) 5267:

reported on details of the 'criminal' activities of the 'illegal'

3276:

In 1971, Ulbricht was removed from leadership after Soviet leader

19014: 18295: 18254: 18053: 17657: 14307: 12497:"Paneuropäisches Picknick – Mit dem Picknickkorb in die Freiheit" 11903: 10129: 9195: 9080: 8911: 8847: 8843: 8530: 8100: 8094: 8076: 8058: 8040: 8034: 8017: 6288: 6276: 6253: 6220: 6207: 6019:

was transformed into a military force in 1961, modeled after the

5899: 5814: 5705: 5620: 5616: 5604: 5596: 5580: 5113: 3897: 3867:, a coalition headed by the East German branch of West Germany's 3798: 3732: 3489: 2908: 2710: 1842: 1786: 1743: 1275: 338: 327: 17136:

Love in the Time of Communism: Intimacy and Sexuality in the GDR

14290:

The Limits Of Totalitarianism: God, State and Society in the GDR

12191:"À Buchenwald, les antifascistes ont perdu la guerre mémorielle" 11020:"Krenz, Schabowski und Kleiber hatten sich nichts mehr zu sagen" 9031:

were banned from performing because they had different ideas of

5033:. It was founded on 13 December 1948 and broke apart in 1989 on 3875:

Talks) were held involving the two German states and the former

3750:

The opening of a border gate between Austria and Hungary at the

3536:(1755–1813) were upheld by the SED as examples and role models. 18790: 18582: 18064: 17834: 17516: 16916:

The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker

16663: 15737:"Drug Testing; East German Steroids' Toll: 'They Killed Heidi'" 15076: 14531: 13631:

The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker

13566: 13564: 13562: 13260:

Comrades in Arms: Military Masculinities in East German Culture

13095:

The Road to Jerusalem: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict

10121: 9569:

became integral parts of the reunified national football team.

9497: 9391: 9207: 9188: 8761: 8353: 8112: 8070: 6329:. Consumer goods also were available, by post, from the Danish 6307: 6268: 6185: 5760: 5756: 5628: 5627:(Chemnitz until 1953 and again from 1990) from Saxony; and (x) 5526: 5173: 4984:

Pionierorganisation Ernst Thälmann, founded on 13 December 1948

4645:

Service flag for auxiliary ships and boats of the People's Navy

3893: 3740: 2424: 2374: 2335:

In 1949 the Soviets turned control of East Germany over to the

2301: 1353: 1232: 236: 19358: 17240:

Security Empire: The Secret Police in Communist Eastern Europe

15249: 11881:

Baras, Victor (1975). "Beria's Fall and Ulbricht's Survival".

9303:, which was subdivided in different local groups, for example 9096:, who brought back many artists out of exile and reopened the 8382:

In 1969, the regional Protestant churches in East Germany and

5700:

Already in the 1960s, contacts were established with Angola's

3383:(December 1972), which relinquished any separate claims to an 2508:, East Berlin's status as occupied territory largely became a 19004: 18974: 16185:"Why is everyone in Germany talking about Thuringia and AfD?" 15936:

Fallen Elites: The Military Other in Post-Unification Germany

12469:[Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world]. 12467:"DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln" 11506:

Stiftung Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.

9944:

in 2010 summarized the consensus of most recent scholarship:

9426: 9211: 6303: 6296: 6068: 5763:

as a "fascist state" and East Germany strongly supported the

5668: 4223: 3318:

Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)

3307:, along with some "scattered sympathizers". According to the 3096: – SPD) in the Soviet zone merged to form the 1655: 17610: 17606:

Map – Europe 1949: NATO and the Two Germanys (omniatlas.com)

17231:

The Making of the GDR 1945–53: From Antifascism to Stalinism

16763:

Within Walls: Private Life in the German Democratic Republic

14443:"The Secret of East German Censorship – Who's Watching Who?" 14385:

Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe since 1919

13768:, James Hawes (2018), federal office of political education 13559: 11972:; Leaman, Jeremy; Parkes, Stuart; Tolkiehn, Barbara (2014). 11968: 11815:

City Under Siege: The Berlin Blockade and Airlift, 1948–1949

11493:

Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung

10441:

Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung

10437:

Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung

10120:, a right-wing populist party, particularly in the state of 5742: 4672:

Service flag for ships and boats of the Border Brigade Coast

4633:

Service flag for combat ships and boats of the People's Navy

2318:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

1357:(the seat of command of the Soviet forces in Germany was in 1223:

capital. It also bordered the three sectors occupied by the

1121:

on 3 October 1990. Until 1989, it was generally viewed as a

18989: 18913: 18855: 17164:

Socialist Modern: East German Everyday Culture and Politics

14430:

Socialist modern: East German everyday culture and politics

14232:. German Monitor. Amsterdam: Rodopi B.V. pp. 104–105. 13909:

The Power of Freedom: Central and Eastern Europe After 1945

11156:

Worlds of Work: Building an International Sociology of Work

10071: 9988: 9296: 8106: 8082: 6511: 6448: 5701: 5694: 5636: 5632: 5579:, named after their district centres, were as follows: (i) 5378:

List of leaders of administrative divisions of East Germany

5185:"Kleine weiße Friedenstaube" – "Little White Dove of Peace" 5165:"Jetzt bin ich Junger Pionier" – "Now I Am a Young Pioneer" 4289: 2370: 2329: 2305: 1701: 1666: 1529: 1391: 17697:

Administrative divisions of the German Democratic Republic

17242:. Yale-Hoover Series on Authoritarian Regimes. New Haven: 16215:"Die Rechten ziehen in den Osten, Ausländer in den Westen" 15602:"Political Pressure Dismantles East German Sports Machine" 14494:. 2. Auflage. Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2000, 13670:"After the fall: The hidden trauma behind the Berlin Wall" 13372:"Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police" 12392:[The Berlin Wall began to crumble in Burgenland]. 9523:

lining up before a match against Australia on 15 June 1974

9504:, and winter sports. The success is largely attributed to 16668:; Collier, Erwin L.; Rueschemeyer, Marilyn, eds. (1989). 15852:"East German nuclear plant demolition proves challenging" 15803: 14905:. Edinburgh German Yearbook. Vol. 5. Rochester, NY: 13915:. Centre for European Studies. p. 58. Archived from 10784:

Civil Society & Dictatorship in Modern German History

10367: 10183:

Proportion of Germans without a migrant background (2016)

10163:. In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern the NPD was represented from 9531: 9152:

successfully toured Europe and Asia including Japan with

5755:

argues that East Germany was waging an undeclared war on

4062:

SED logotype: the Communist–Social Democrat handshake of

3226:, on 18 June 1953 the government of the GDR enlisted the 948: 17181:

Conflict and Stability in the German Democratic Republic

16816:

The Stasi: East German Intelligence and Security Service

16383:"Why Eastern Germany is the Most Godless Place On Earth" 14341:

The East German State and the Catholic Church, 1945–1989

13857:[I love Thuringia, I love Germany] (in German). 13658:

The East German penal system in Torgau from 1950 to 1990

9541:

was the most popular sport. Club football teams such as

6190:

International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims

5959:. It was an all-volunteer force until an eighteen-month 5197:"Hab'n Se nicht noch Altpapier" – "Got Any Waste Paper?" 4732:

of the German Democratic Republic (from 1956 until 1990)

1467:

mixed socialist and traditional elements about equally.

233:

Location of the East Germany (dark green)

16209: 16207: 11615:"Political prisoners in the German Democratic Republic" 11510:[LeMO Chapter: Forced Association to the SED]. 10483:

Evangelical Church of the Görlitz Ecclesiastical Region

10419:(Federal citizen) for its citizens, with the adjective 9389:

The film industry was remarkable for its production of

5146:"Wir tragen die Blaue Fahne" – "We Carry the Blue Flag" 4244:

The Volkskammer also included representatives from the

16975:. Vol. 70, no. 4 (Winter). pp. 603–617. 16601:

Politics and Popular Opinion in East Germany 1945–1965

15250:"DEFA – Stiftung – Home" 15154: 15103:"Das BE – ein Theater für Zeitgenossen" 14502:, Eintrag zum Internationalen Schlagerfestival Dresden 13136:"The GDR and the PLO: East Germany's Palestine Policy" 12839: 12837: 11579:

Otto Grotewohl (1894–1964): Eine politische Biographie

10481:(EKiBB, East Ambit, for East Berlin and Brandenburg), 9474:

for bestberg Film in a Foreign Language) in 2006, and

9295:

The prolific cinema of East Germany was headed by the

5064:

Für Frieden und Sozialismus seid bereit – Immer bereit

4988: 4310:

After the fall of Socialism, the SED was renamed the "

3871:, which advocated speedy reunification. Negotiations ( 2523:(1948–49) of food, fuel, and supplies to West Berlin. 19323: 17902:

Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their

16738:

Berghoff, Hartmut; Balbier, Uta Andrea, eds. (2013).

16093:"Rewriting ideal history: The Ostalgie expression in 13346:"The Stasi files: Germany's 600-million-piece puzzle" 12390:"Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln" 9113:) and other artists about Brecht's legacy, including 9027:

Even convinced socialists like the singer-songwriter

8486:

Federation of the Free Protestant Churches in Germany

6080: 5116:, as well as at school festivals and pioneer events. 3222:

in some 700 cities and towns. Fearing anti-communist

3166:

Nationale Front der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik

2124:

De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania

1384:

to denote the Federal Republic. Before World War II,

1320:(German Democratic Republic), usually abbreviated to 17522:

AHF – Nationale Volksarmee : NVA

16942:

Anatomy of a Dictatorship: Inside the GDR, 1949–1989

16204: 11318:. Viereck's, Volume 8. Fatherland Corporation, 1918. 11053: 10906:"Eugene Register-Guard – Google News Archive Search" 10225: 8799:. Most of these artists recorded on the state-owned 6073:

The Ministry of State Security (Stasi) included the

5203:"Laßt Euch grüßen, Pioniere" – "Greetings, Pioneers" 4590: 2300:

until the dissolution of the Soviet regime in 1991 (

17265:

Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall

17092:

The Rise and Fall of the German Democratic Republic

16277:"Ausländeranteil in Deutschland nach Bundesländern" 16271: 16269: 15708:"Sports Doping Statistics Reach Plateau in Germany" 15680:

Faust's Gold: Inside the East German doping machine

14743:

Theatre for the People: The Story of the Volksbühne

12849:

Anatomy of a Dictatorship: Inside the GDR 1949–1989

12834: 12596: 12561:

Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall

12383: 12381: 10499:

Evangelical Church of the Church Province of Saxony

9738:

Internationaler Kampf- und Feiertag der Werktätigen

8718:GDR culture and politics were limited by the harsh 8420:, the BEK churches again merged with the EKD ones. 6115:Every man was required to serve eighteen months of 4764:

with the Order of Karl Marx (between 1956 and 1990)

4109:The ruling political party in East Germany was the 3689: 3587:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

3359:, established normal diplomatic relations with the 2354:assumed most executive authority. Socialist leader 16437:"Eastern Germany: the most godless place on Earth" 16182: 15821: 15677: 13786:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 66. 13263:. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 8. 13092: 9488:East Germany was very successful in the sports of 8352:onwards. In 1948, freed from the influence of the 5074:Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation Parade in 1953 3480:) in 1982. Built in 1972, it was once part of the 1434:, the Allies jointly occupied Germany west of the 17601:East German anthem with English and German lyrics 17517:DDR Museum Berlin – Culture of GDR 17010:The Role of the Masses in the Collapse of the GDR 16469:"Only the Old embrace God in former East-Germany" 16415:"East Germany the 'most atheistic' of any region" 16307:"Only the Old Embrace God in Former East Germany" 14993:Brecht and Political Theatre: The Mother on Stage 14534:[ROTE GITARREN – The official homepage]. 13945:"Germany Population – Historical Background" 12666:1989: The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe 8994: 8289:. In 1961, the renowned philosophical theologian 6506:stations. Both of these networks were run by the 6347:Growth in GDP per capita in East and West Germany 6148: 3539: 19371: 17591:Stamps Catalog of the German Democratic Republic 16891: 16809: 16713:Friendly Enemies: Britain and the GDR, 1949–1990 16266: 16183:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche (6 February 2020). 14903:Brecht and the GDR: Politics, Culture, Posterity 14614: 12424: 12422: 12378: 12312:"Die DDR als Zankapfel in Forschung und Politik" 12281: 12262: 9092:East German theatre was originally dominated by 8371:from most parts of Germany came together as the 5501:Until 1952, East Germany comprised the capital, 5213:"Friede auf unserer Erde" – "Peace on Our Earth" 3926:. But many East German critics contend that the 3646:received a death threat for writing an essay on 3161:National Front of the German Democratic Republic 65:for awkward phrasing and excessive passive voice 17469: 17123:Germany Divided: From the Wall to Reunification 16737: 14554: 11153: 10957: 9603: 9160:. In the 1960s, he became the Intendant of the 5995:Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic 5162:"Der Volkspolizist" – " The People's Policeman" 4859: 3771:'s reaction to an opening of the border on the 3392:government within a single German nation and a 2347:and held the office until his death, while the 1219:, which was also administered as the country's 17470:Saunders, Anna; Pinfold, Debbie, eds. (2012). 17378:"The Banalities of East German Historiography" 14584: 14524: 11856:East Berlin 17 June 1953: Stones Against Tanks 11423:wichtigste Legitimationsgrundlage des Staates. 11058:[National Front in the Eastern Zone]. 10642: 10640: 10198:As of 2009, more Germans are non-believers in 9258:with character from the stop-animation series 5182:"Auf zum Sozialismus" – "Onwards to Socialism" 4168:, DBD). The party merged with the West German 3670:in June 1944 as an "invasion", exonerated the 3214:according to the GDR's officially promulgated 3202:On 16 June 1953, workers constructing the new 1338:(Soviet Occupation Zone; often abbreviated to 1188:). The SED-ruled GDR was often described as a 19430:States and territories disestablished in 1990 18525: 18080: 17887: 17681: 17336:Hodgin, Nick; Pearce, Caroline, eds. (2011). 17325:Women's Writing and Historiography in the GDR 17073: 16706: 16680: 16248:"Ausländische Bevölkerung nach Ländern – bpb" 16024:"Educated women leave east German men behind" 14830: 13208: 12647: 12645: 12551: 12549: 12419: 11538:Anna M. Cienciala "History 557 Lecture Notes" 11232:. Oxford University Press. pp. 187–188. 10931:"Files: 350 dies trying to flee East Germany" 10694: 10692: 10056:, a historian and political scientist at the 10019:and better than in reunified Germany today". 8130:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 5825: 5059:Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization 4792:of the German Democratic Republic (1959–1990) 3057: 2261: 17335: 17314: 16952: 15711: 15445:2006 Academy Award for "The Lives of Others" 15277:"Filmdatenbank | Das Schulgespenst | Inhalt" 14842:"Brecht Would Not Applaud His Theater Today" 14158:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 13855:"Ich liebe Thüringen, ich liebe Deutschland" 13313:"East German Military: Warsaw Pact's Finest" 12867:"Free German Youth 1949–1990 (East Germany)" 12207: 11866: 11784: 11154:Cornfield, Daniel B.; Hodson, Randy (2002). 11141:The Language of Human Rights in West Germany 10459: 10453: 10420: 10414: 10408: 10402: 10388: 10350: 10335: 10259:Economic history of the German reunification 10101:2024 European Parliament election in Germany 10037: 10031: 9896: 9874: 9848: 9826: 9804: 9782: 9756: 9736: 9721: 9698: 9676: 9654: 9632: 9530:were the most detected doping substances in 9007:of Silly founded the term "green elephant" ( 8888: 8858: 8517:. There were also other Protestants such as 8512: 8435: 6315: 6132: 6124: 6094: 6086: 6054: 6046: 6038: 6026: 6014: 6006: 6000: 5972: 5944: 5938: 5574: 5560: 5268: 5262: 5062: 5045: 4323: 4298: 4282: 4273: 4255: 4228: 4191: 4175: 4159: 4143: 4110: 3904: 3880: 3836: 3818: 3550: 3342: 3243: 3203: 3170: 3164: 3151: 3138: 3101: 3091: 3081: 2925: 2811: 2454:on common German policies, the USSR via the 1398:), as reflected in the works of sociologist 1385: 1379: 1365: 1343: 1333: 1315: 1079: 894: 884: 876: 868: 540: 521: 195: 175: 110: 15542: 14734: 12983:. Princeton University Press. p. 184. 10646: 10637: 9331:fairy tales and modern productions such as 5957:Ministry of National Defence (East Germany) 5367: 5103:Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation uniform 4847:Logo of the Warsaw Treaty Organization or " 4578:Standard of the chairman of the Council of 4370:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4145:Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands 3823:rejected it on 5 November, the Cabinet and 3086: – KPD) and the part of the 2403:(ACC), a four-power (US, UK, USSR, France) 19435:States and territories established in 1949 18532: 18518: 18087: 18073: 17894: 17880: 17688: 17674: 17161: 17089: 16407: 16242: 16240: 15823:"'76 E. German Nuclear Incident Described" 15504: 15330: 12976: 12642: 12586: 12584: 12546: 12514: 12512: 12447: 12408: 12329: 12327: 12111:"Texas Law: Foreign Law Translations 1973" 11581:" H-German, H-Net Reviews. November 2010. 11555: 11381: 11379: 11377: 11375: 11225: 11185:Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie 10689: 10491:Evangelical Lutheran Church of Mecklenburg 9915: 9764:The translation means "Day of Liberation" 8443:Apart from the Protestant state churches ( 6104: 5669:Support of Third World socialist countries 4152:, CDU), which merged with the West German 4112:Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands 3945: 3841:on 1 December 1989 by a vote of 420 to 0. 3150:On 7 October 1949 the SED established the 3103:Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands 3064: 3050: 2268: 2254: 221: 211: 30:"GDR" redirects here. For other uses, see 17628:Soviet Military Administration in Germany 17542:East German Propaganda, Calvin University 17228: 17199:Perspecta: The Yale Architectural Journal 16534:The German Democratic Republic Since 1945 16250:. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. 15975: 15769:"1974 FIFA World Cup Germany, Germany FR" 14769: 14532:"ROTE GITARREN – Die Offizielle Homepage" 13698: 12957: 12938: 12246:"Antisémite, l'Allemagne de l'Est ?" 11761:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 78. 11756: 11508:"LeMO Kapitel: Zwangsvereinigung zur SED" 11049: 11047: 10827:Perspecta: The Yale Architectural Journal 10066: 9496:, swimming, gymnastics, track and field, 8697:Learn how and when to remove this message 8437:Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen in der DDR 8407:Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen in der DDR 8340:East Germany, historically, was majority 8328:Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen in der DDR 5968:Land Forces of the National People's Army 5926: 5887:Learn how and when to remove this message 5743:East Germany and the Middle East conflict 5557:East German Administrative Reform of 1952 4975: 4390:Learn how and when to remove this message 4193:Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands 4177:Liberal-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands 4046:Learn how and when to remove this message 3854:Christian Democratic Union (East Germany) 3615:Learn how and when to remove this message 3599:, without removing the technical details. 2490:West and East Berlin with the Berlin Wall 2280:The ruling communist party, known as the 177:Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt Euch! 89:Learn how and when to remove this message 18539: 18231:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 17133: 17062:Beyond the Wall: East Germany, 1949–1990 16936: 16910: 16892:De La Motte, Bruni; Green, John (2015). 16595: 16528: 16461: 16354: 16334:"East Germany world's most godless area" 16057: 16021: 15932: 15889: 15019: 14958: 14798: 14337: 14225: 14154: 13810: 13628: 13420: 13388: 13014: 13012: 12962:. Oxford Historical Monographs. Oxford: 12943:. Oxford Historical Monographs. Oxford: 12843: 12719: 12041:"East Germany: The Price of Recognition" 11839: 11676: 11638: 11577:Roth, Gary. "Review of Hoffmann, Dierk: 11028:(in German). 31 May 2008. Archived from 10562:[Population level] (in German). 10503:Evangelical Lutheran Church in Thuringia 10178: 10094: 10070: 9987: 9963: 9706:Was not an official holiday after 1967. 9514: 9250: 9216: 9079: 8747: 8735: 8628: 8546: 8331: 8007: 6551: 6214: 6206: 5983:Air Forces of the National People's Army 5898: 5672: 5642:East Berlin was made the country's 15th 5374:Administrative divisions of East Germany 5346: 5338: 5296: 5275: 5247: 5221: 5200:"Pioniere voran!" – "Onwards, Pioneers!" 5098: 5069: 4979: 4512: 4270:Democratic Women's Federation of Germany 4222: 4207: 4073: 4057: 3843: 3710: 3510:equestrian statue of Frederick the Great 3468: 3449: 3313: 3264: 3189: 3116: 2484: 2437: 1425: 1090:[ˈdɔʏtʃədemoˈkʁaːtɪʃəʁepuˈbliːk] 740:108,875 km (42,037 sq mi) 216: 17550:, Special Collections Research Center, 17478: 17275: 17259: 17250: 17146: 17117: 17101: 16994: 16670:East Germany in Comparative Perspective 16640: 16507:Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 16237: 15543:Kicman, A.T.; Gower, D.B. (July 2003). 14990: 14304:1990, Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp. 152–165. 14123: 14121: 14076:"Dresden, Germany Population 1950–2019" 14046:"Leipzig, Germany Population 1950–2019" 13777: 13599: 13478: 13343: 13307: 13290: 13160: 13087: 12814:Plum, Catherine J. (11 February 2005). 12809: 12807: 12805: 12803: 12801: 12663: 12633: 12614: 12581: 12555: 12530: 12509: 12324: 12090: 12035: 12033: 11942:Berlin Wall: A World Divided, 1961–1989 11812: 11467:"Allied Occupation of Germany, 1945-52" 11372: 11264: 10773: 10771: 10042:"nostalgia"). This was depicted in the 9246: 8386:broke away from the EKD and formed the 6340: 6111:Conscientious objection in East Germany 5544:). The western parts of two provinces, 5521:(named Province of Saxony until 1946), 5053:The program was designed to follow the 5040:The pioneer group was loosely based on 4952:Emblem (13 December 1948 – August 1990) 4161:Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands 3093:Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands 14: 19372: 18335:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 17438: 17322: 17299: 17287: 17210: 17162:Pence, Katherine; Betts, Paul (2008). 16875: 16849: 16773: 16429: 16103:Centre for International Film Research 16053: 16051: 15654:"East German Dope Still Leaves Tracks" 15652:Kirschbaum, Erik (15 September 2000). 15399:Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies 15199: 15131:. Deutsches-theater.de. Archived from 14896: 14854:from the original on 14 September 2016 14740: 14316: 14127: 14119: 14117: 14115: 14113: 14111: 14109: 14107: 14105: 14103: 14101: 14086:from the original on 28 September 2019 14056:from the original on 28 September 2019 14022:. DESTATIS – Statistisches Bundesamt. 13750: 13729: 13570: 13536: 13507: 13449: 13209:Ingimundarson, V. (6 September 2010). 13161:Trentin, Massimiliano (17 July 2008). 12887: 12759: 12682: 12428: 12248:[Anti-Semite, East Germany?]. 12216:] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: 12139: 12009: 11936: 11714: 11385: 11328: 11178: 11138: 11044: 8281:In 1950, 85% of the GDR citizens were 6574: 6211:Map of the East German economy, 8/1990 6154:excessive. According to the historian 3114:infrastructure and industrial plants. 2380: 18513: 18301:1949 East German State Railway strike 18273:World Federation of Democratic Youth 18068: 17875: 17669: 17351: 17237: 17055: 16968: 16760: 16554: 16163: 16036:from the original on 17 November 2018 15797: 15639:from the original on 20 November 2018 15627:Janofsky, Michael (3 December 1991). 15614:from the original on 20 November 2018 15438: 15376: 15301: 15205: 14929: 14836: 14472:Bericht auf wdr4.de vom 22. Juli 2007 14453:from the original on 16 December 2017 13301: 13256: 13009: 12651: 12464: 12387: 12317:Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 12306: 12302: 12300: 12243: 12239: 12237: 12188: 12121:from the original on 20 December 2016 12071: 11880: 11827: 11412:from the original on 16 November 2019 11391:"Die DDR in der deutschen Geschichte" 11355:from the original on 16 November 2019 11334:"Die DDR in der deutschen Geschichte" 11292:from the original on 23 December 2019 11120:from the original on 21 December 2019 11100:from the original on 3 February 2016. 11068:from the original on 11 November 2013 10846:"Three Top Commies Flee East Germany" 10777: 10615:from the original on 2 February 2014. 10579: 10577: 10495:Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Saxony 8871:performed in both German states, and 6498:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc 6487: 6037:After the NVA was separated from the 5718:People's Democratic Republic of Yemen 4967:Flag (13 December 1948 – August 1990) 4460:(26 September 1955 to 2 October 1990) 4200:, NDPD), merged with the West German 4184:, LDPD), merged with the West German 4150:Christian Democratic Union of Germany 3795:demonstrated against the ruling party 3597:make it understandable to non-experts 1494: 1309: 1088: 1057: 27:Country in Central Europe (1949–1990) 18172:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 17456: 17445:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 17217:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 17178: 17007: 16979: 16500: 16121: 15868: 15600:Tagilabue, John (12 February 1991). 15463: 15395: 14818:from the original on 19 October 2017 14632:from the original on 19 October 2017 14602:from the original on 19 October 2017 14572:from the original on 19 October 2017 14542:from the original on 19 October 2017 14381: 13951:from the original on 1 November 2009 13905: 13861:from the original on 1 February 2017 13050: 13018: 12997:from the original on 1 December 2019 12918:"The Rules of the Thälmann Pioneers" 12813: 12798: 12602: 12590: 12518: 12433:[And then the Gate Opened]. 12333: 12271:] (in French). pp. 166–167. 12208:Tillack-Graf, Anne-Kathleen (2012). 12030: 11842:, p. 38 The DWK had become the 11399:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 11393:[The GDR in German history] 11342:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 11336:[The GDR in German history] 11246:from the original on 1 December 2019 10768: 10269: 10149:National Democratic Party of Germany 8679:adding citations to reliable sources 8650: 8624: 8543:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin 8276:State Secretariat for Church Affairs 6119:. For the medically unqualified and 5869:adding citations to reliable sources 5840: 5657: 5654:of Berlin as part of its territory. 5331:and featured international artists. 5217: 4368:adding citations to reliable sources 4335: 4305:Society for German-Soviet Friendship 4198:National Democratic Party of Germany 4166:Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany 4137:National Front of Democratic Germany 3984:adding citations to reliable sources 3955: 3679:placed on the genocide of the Jews. 3571: 2284:(SED), formed on 21 April 1946 from 1803:World Federation of Democratic Youth 1243:part of the FRG). Emigration to the 1199:Geographically the GDR bordered the 1129:"workers' and peasants' state". The 45: 16090: 16048: 15747:from the original on 1 October 2018 15722:from the original on 1 October 2018 15533:Hartgens and Kuipers (2004), p. 515 15020:Rockwell, John (25 February 2006). 14435: 14229:East Germany: Continuity and Change 14098: 14026:from the original on 11 August 2018 14000:from the original on 11 August 2018 13887:from the original on 11 August 2010 13369: 11757:Feinstein, Margarete Myers (2001). 10349:Population statistics according to 9935: 9443:or movies with the French comedian 8756:(center) giving autographs in 1980. 8409:, BEK), in 1970 also joined by the 6656: 6188:penal institution (till 1975). The 5351:Members with the uniform of the FDJ 5159:"Pioniermarsch" – "Pioneers' March" 5021:The group was a subdivision of the 4995:Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation 4989:Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation 4965:Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation 4950:Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation 4564:Standard of the president 1955–1960 4444:Provisional coat of arms of the GDR 4430:Provisional coat of arms of the GDR 4182:Liberal Democratic Party of Germany 3291:Initially, East Germany claimed an 2450:Seven years after the Allies' 1945 24: 18394:Sovietization of the Baltic states 17622:Allied Occupation Zones in Germany 17418:. Vol. 48. pp. 238–248. 16988:University of North Carolina Press 16582: 15957:from the original on 27 April 2016 15798:Beard, Stephen (4 November 2019). 15505:Helmstaedt, Karin (19 July 2000). 15256:from the original on 26 April 2008 15230:from the original on 26 March 2015 15187:from the original on 23 March 2010 15161:from the original on 23 March 2010 14964:Daring to Play: A Brecht Companion 14878:University of North Carolina Press 14662:from the original on 12 April 2017 14410:from the original on 27 April 2016 13994:DESTATIS – Statistisches Bundesamt 13881:"East Germany: country population" 13344:Goehler, Laura (7 November 2014). 13325:from the original on 1 August 2018 12297: 12234: 11978:(in German). London and New York: 11054:Berlin Korrespondent (June 1949). 10819: 10801:from the original on 20 March 2015 10574: 10520:A History of the Berliner Ensemble 9283:(DFF), from 1972 to 1990 known as 9048:. Other artists left voluntarily. 8879:toured East Germany in the 1970s. 8594:List of apostolic administrators: 6569: 6477:Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany) 6081:Combat groups of the working class 5793:and supported the creation of the 4833:Combat Groups of the Working Class 4503:(1 October 1959 to 3 October 1990) 4475:(7 October 1949 to 1 October 1959) 4446:(28 May 1953 to 26 September 1955) 4266:Free German Trade Union Federation 4125:Social Democratic Party of Germany 3569:were politically instrumentalised 3484:and is Leipzig's tallest building. 3254:. In response, the GDR closed the 3216:Sixteen Principles of Urban Design 3088:Social Democratic Party of Germany 3083:Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands 2294:Social Democratic Party of Germany 1877:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 25: 19446: 19390:1990 disestablishments in Germany 18265:World Federation of Trade Unions 17572: (archived 28 September 2007) 17505: 16287:from the original on 12 July 2018 16124:"Ostalgia: Romanticizing the GDR" 16122:Dick, Wolfgang (3 October 2013). 15735:Longman, Jere (26 January 2004). 15377:Scott, Sheena (5 November 2019). 15274: 15083:from the original on 4 March 2018 14131:The Statesman's Year-Book 1990–91 12429:Greven, Ludwig (19 August 2014). 11518:from the original on 14 June 2012 11183:[A text in its context]. 10964:Democratization in Eastern Europe 10305:Soviet occupation zone of Germany 10174: 9588:, a first-round match during the 9144:In the 1950s, the Swiss director 6470: 6267:Notable East German exports were 6075:Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment 6049:Volkspolizei-Bereitschaften (VPB) 5832:Group of Soviet Forces in Germany 5808: 5765:Palestine Liberation Organization 5664:Foreign relations of East Germany 5314:The Festival of Political Songs ( 5156:"Thälmann-Lied" – "Thälmann Song" 4684:Service flag of the border troops 4591:War and service flags and symbols 3719:in East Berlin on 4 November 1989 3500:manor-houses were torn down, the 2391:Soviet occupation zone of Germany 1152:abolishing German sovereignty in 983:Soviet occupation zone in Germany 19357: 19345: 19333: 18482:January 1991 events in Lithuania 18140:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 18094: 17969: 17913: 17856: 17793: 17581:RFE/RL East German Subject Files 17512:Border Museum at Schifflersgrund 17357:The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 16956:; Port, Andrew I., eds. (2013). 16710:; LaPorte, Norman, eds. (2010). 16684:; LaPorte, Norman, eds. (2005). 16326: 16299: 16225:from the original on 9 June 2023 16176: 16157: 16143: 16115: 16084: 16015: 15969: 15926: 15914:from the original on 21 May 2016 15883: 15862: 15834: 15814: 15791: 15761: 15660:from the original on 3 June 2008 15587: 15536: 15527: 15498: 15457: 15389: 15370: 15324: 15295: 15268: 15242: 15173: 15147: 15121: 15109:from the original on 30 May 2010 15095: 15069: 15039: 15013: 14984: 14952: 14923: 14890: 14866: 14763: 14684: 14674: 14652:"Biografija: Muzičar Dado Topić" 14644: 14505: 14484: 14465: 14422: 14375: 14362:from the original on 3 June 2016 14331: 14294: 14282: 14266: 14246:from the original on 3 June 2016 14219: 14199: 14193: 14148: 14068: 14038: 14012: 13982: 13963: 13937: 13899: 13873: 13847: 13835:from the original on 16 May 2016 13804: 13784:High Growth of an Underachiever? 13771: 13759: 13744: 13723: 13692: 13662: 13651: 13622: 13593: 13530: 13501: 13472: 13443: 13414: 13382: 13363: 13337: 13284: 13250: 13202: 13154: 13128: 13117: 13081: 13044: 12970: 12951: 12932: 12465:Roser, Thomas (17 August 2014). 12263:Benyahia-Kouider, Odile (2013). 12173:Red Flag: A History of Communism 12049:. 1 January 1973. Archived from 11919:Harvard University Press, 1995. 11648:. New York: P. Lang. p. 5. 11056:"Nationale Front in der Ostzone" 10512: 10487:Evangelical Church in Greifswald 10467: 10446: 10228: 10216:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 9468:Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck 9362:Films about daily life, such as 8999:All productions were subject to 8776:. Other popular rock bands were 8655: 8455:) united in the EKD/BEK and the 8321: 8297: 6345: 5988: 5845: 5388: 5382: 4957: 4942: 4927: 4912: 4905:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 4896: 4889:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 4880: 4840: 4825: 4813: 4797: 4781: 4769: 4753: 4737: 4721: 4709: 4689: 4677: 4665: 4650: 4638: 4626: 4611: 4571: 4557: 4543: 4526: 4494: 4480: 4466: 4451: 4437: 4432:(12 January 1950 to 28 May 1953) 4423: 4340: 4331: 4117:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 3960: 3852:coalition, which was led by the 3654:in the GDR. SPDA Vice President 3576: 3557:, how the national memorials of 3508:was built in its place, and the 3301:united German state of 1871–1945 3232:Uprising of 1953 in East Germany 3098:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 3030: 3016: 2555: 2282:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 1798:World Federation of Trade Unions 1511: 1263:were killed by border guards or 1192:; historians described it as an 1170:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 1000: 975: 152: 136: 50: 18206:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 16254:from the original on 7 May 2019 16058:Bonstein, Julia (3 July 2009). 16003:from the original on 7 May 2016 15549:Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 15051:www.berlinstory-andtravels.info 13766:The shortest history of Germany 13142:from the original on 5 May 2018 12910: 12881: 12859: 12820:University of Wisconsin-Madison 12753: 12713: 12676: 12668:(2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: 12657: 12627: 12608: 12524: 12479: 12458: 12441: 12402: 12388:Szabo, Hilde (16 August 1999). 12369: 12339: 12293:] (in French). p. 179. 12275: 12256: 12201: 12182: 12162: 12133: 12103: 12084: 12065: 12003: 11962: 11930: 11874: 11849: 11833: 11821: 11806: 11778: 11708: 11670: 11632: 11607: 11594: 11571: 11549: 11530: 11499: 11484: 11458: 11428: 11321: 11304: 11258: 11219: 11172: 11147: 11132: 11104: 11096:. 21 October 1968. p. 65. 11080: 11012: 10992:"Repeal the racist asylum laws" 10984: 10951: 10923: 10898: 10870: 10854:. 23 January 1953. pp. 1–2 10838: 10813: 10722: 10672: 10619: 10599:"Human Development Report 1990" 10591: 10507:Evangelical Church of the Union 10428: 10377: 10360: 9227:Important theatres include the 8991:was their prominent conductor. 8666:needs additional citations for 8567:, Joseph Ratzinger (the future 8377:Kirchenversammlung von Eisenach 8348:) from the early stages of the 8003: 6547: 6089:Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse 5979: – People's Navy 5856:needs additional citations for 5771:on 15 November 1988 during the 5681:during his visit to East Berlin 5513:(in 1947 renamed Mecklenburg), 5325:Festival des politischen Liedes 5288: 5252:FDJ Organisation Parade in 1969 5194:"Gute Freunde" – "Good Friends" 4744:Emblem of the Ground Forces of 4550:Presidential standard 1953–1955 4133:non-communist political parties 4098: 3971:needs additional citations for 3861:its last election in March 1990 3445: 3153:Deutsche Demokratische Republik 2824:German revolutions of 1848–1849 2298:military forces in East Germany 1317:Deutsche Demokratische Republik 1168:. The GDR was dominated by the 1081:Deutsche Demokratische Republik 865:(1949–1990), officially named: 112:Deutsche Demokratische Republik 19385:1949 establishments in Germany 19038:Azerbaijan People's Government 17597: (archived 2 January 2013) 17194:"The Wall You Will Never Know" 16997:The German Democratic Republic 16813:; Popplewell, Richard (1996). 16625:The German Democratic Republic 16022:Connolly, Kate (31 May 2007). 15331:Heiduschke, Sebastian (2013). 15275:LISUM, Filmernst-Kinobüro im. 14741:Davies, Cecil William (1977). 14481:, retrieved 30 September 2014. 11726:Johns Hopkins University Press 10822:"The Wall You Will Never Know" 10552: 10473:The Eastern churches were the 10370:was reserved as corresponding 10343: 10328: 10319: 10310: 10307:, before the GDR's foundation. 10293: 10284: 10275: 10249:History of Germany (1945–1990) 9926:Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant 9365:Die Legende von Paul und Paula 8995:Censorship in the music sector 8536: 8416:. In June 1991, following the 8209:Religion in East Germany, 1989 8143:Religion in East Germany, 1950 6666:Average population (thousand) 6149:Totalitarianism and repression 5908:changing-of-the-guard ceremony 5714:People's Republic of the Congo 4070:, establishing the SED in 1946 3658:, for his part, complained in 3540:Remembrance of the Third Reich 3409:government, but also the sole 3373:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 13: 1: 18487:January 1991 events in Latvia 18477:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 18226:Socialist Republic of Romania 18201:People's Republic of Bulgaria 18193:People's Republic of Albania 18162:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 17585:Blinken Open Society Archives 17576:Pictures of the GDR 1949–1973 17566:East Berlin, past and present 17535: (archived 8 April 2010) 17482:German Politics & Society 16855:The GDR: Moscow's German Ally 16164:Hoyer, Katja (7 March 2024). 16091:Hou, Yushi (2 October 2017). 14521:, retrieved 23 December 2010. 14209:Contemporary European History 13990:"Population by area in 1,000" 12980:Moscow's Third World Strategy 12977:Rubinstein, Alvin Z. (1990). 12244:Combe, Sonia (January 2021). 10540: 10443:, No. II/2010, pp. 5–24. 10193: 10151:(NPD) was represented in the 8511:also had its presence as the 6681:Crude death rate (per 1,000) 6678:Crude birth rate (per 1,000) 6494:Telecommunications in Germany 6275:brand; automobiles under the 6264:until reunification in 1990. 6053:. These units were, like the 5687:national liberation movements 5595:(state) of Mecklenburg; (iv) 5085: 5016:Buchenwald concentration camp 4808:used for vehicles (1949–1990) 4312:Party of Democratic Socialism 4284:Deutscher Turn- und Sportbund 4227:Poster with the inscription " 3140:Deutsche Wirtschaftskomission 2411:) comprised the five states ( 2240:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 1164:, bounded on the east by the 319: 18472:Collapse of the Soviet Union 18462:Fall of communism in Albania 17172:University of Michigan Press 16980:Gray, William Glenn (2003). 16783:. Longman, PearsonEd.co.uk. 16417:. Dialog International. 2012 16151:"33 Jahre Wiedervereinigung" 15898:University of Michigan Press 14512:Informationen zu Chris Doerk 14261:exclusively 'in the party' . 13751:Zatlin, Jonathan R. (2007). 12664:Sarotte, Mary Elise (2014). 11813:Haydock, Michael D. (2000). 11226:Baranowski, Shelley (1995). 11181:"Ein Text in seinem Kontext" 10587:. World Inequality Database. 10545: 10475:Evangelical Church of Anhalt 10387:(FRG) for West Germany, the 10383:The use of the abbreviation 9843:Day of Repentance and Prayer 9812:50 days after Easter Sunday 9784:Vatertag/Christi Himmelfahrt 9604:Official and public holidays 8619: 8373:Protestant Church in Germany 8126:Christianity in East Germany 6131:(construction units) or the 5334: 5208:May There Always Be Sunshine 4864:After being a member of the 4860:Political and social emblems 4105:Constitution of East Germany 3807:Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra 3797:, especially in the city of 3431:Federal Constitutional Court 3363:states. This policy saw the 2526: 2235:Fall of communism in Albania 2190:Polish Round Table Agreement 2145:Cuban intervention in Angola 878:Mark der Deutschen Notenbank 184:Workers of the world, unite! 7: 19078:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 18447:End of communism in Hungary 18216:Hungarian People's Republic 17658:Federal Republic of Germany 17645:Federal Republic of Germany 17300:Zatlin, Jonathan R (2007). 17090:Kupferberg, Feiwel (2002). 16641:Dolores, Augustine (2007). 16605:Manchester University Press 14999:. pp. 108–12, 129–31. 14747:Manchester University Press 13811:Sperlich, Peter W. (2006). 13606:University of Chicago Press 13573:The Stasi: Myth and Reality 13539:The Stasi: Myth and Reality 13124:Israel's struggle in the UN 13054:Journal of Cold War Studies 12615:Kommers, Donald P. (2012). 12486:Frank, Michael (journalist) 12431:"Und dann ging das Tor auf" 12347:"The Berlin Wall (1961–89)" 12189:Combe, Sonia (April 2020). 12140:Zuelow, Eric G. E. (2011). 12091:Kommers, Donald P. (2012), 11312:The Stronghold of Junkerdom 10656:Manchester University Press 10650:; Osmond, Jonathan (2002). 10629:(in German). Archived from 10395:Federal Republic of Germany 10221: 9953: 9582:Federal Republic of Germany 8985:Staatsoper Unter den Linden 8981:Berliner Sinfonie Orchester 8887:("the other bands") – were 8423:Between 1956 and 1971, the 8119: 6684:Natural change (per 1,000) 6649:from the lands east of the 6525:was not possible. Although 6429: 6426: 6416: 6413: 6405: 6402: 6394: 6391: 6383: 6380: 6372: 6369: 6117:compulsory military service 5836: 5691:People's Republic of Angola 5061:. The pioneers' slogan was 5010:, the former leader of the 4230:Berlin – Hauptstadt der DDR 4080:United Nations headquarters 3779:, which was then headed by 3272:, head of state (1971–1989) 1623:Allied and satellite states 1364:When used by West Germans, 1070:), officially known as the 996:Federal Republic of Germany 10: 19451: 19415:Former socialist republics 19410:Former countries in Europe 18211:German Democratic Republic 17637:German Democratic Republic 17387:; Port, Andrew I. (eds.). 17229:Pritchard, Gareth (2000). 17192:Preuss, Evelyn I. (2005). 17185:Cambridge University Press 17140:Cambridge University Press 17127:Princeton University Press 17111:Cambridge University Press 17029:GDR: An Historical Outline 16744:Cambridge University Press 16587: 16564:Princeton University Press 16493: 15872:Journal of Popular Culture 15561:10.1258/000456303766476977 15507:"East German Doping Trial" 14712:Cambridge University Press 14213:Cambridge University Press 13819:Greenwood Publishing Group 13495:10.3167/015597703782353023 13376:The New York Times Archive 13028:Cambridge University Press 12670:Princeton University Press 12634:Conradt, David P. (2008). 12540:W. W. Norton & Company 12078:Princeton University Press 11788:; Port, Andrew I. (2013). 10684:Princeton University Press 10524:Cambridge University Press 10390:Bundesrepublik Deutschland 10244:Leadership of East Germany 10212:German Democratic Republic 10003:) to resent West Germans ( 9957: 9715:International Workers' Day 9586:German Democratic Republic 9418:Die Söhne der großen Bärin 9395:, or Western-like movies. 9099:Theater am Schiffbauerdamm 9075: 8729: 8725: 8644: 8640: 8540: 8325: 8301: 8123: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6491: 6237:, with its coal mines and 6200: 6196: 6108: 6066: 6030: 5992: 5930: 5829: 5826:Soviet military occupation 5805:and the Ba'athist regime. 5795:National Progressive Front 5730:People's Republic of Benin 5722:Somali Democratic Republic 5661: 5371: 5309: 5306:and 5.00 marks per month. 5233: 5206:"Immer lebe die Sonne" – " 5153:" – "Our Little Trumpeter" 5094: 5082:success of their nations. 5014:, who was executed at the 5012:Communist Party of Germany 4992: 4121:Communist Party of Germany 4102: 3949: 3869:Christian Democratic Union 3696: 3526:Karl August von Hardenberg 3135:German Economic Commission 3078:Communist Party of Germany 2829:North German Confederation 2799:Confederation of the Rhine 2409:Sowjetische Besatzungszone 2384: 2369:and renounced ties to the 2290:Communist Party of Germany 1470: 1419: 1413: 1409: 1335:Sowjetische Besatzungszone 1125:and described itself as a 1072:German Democratic Republic 107:German Democratic Republic 36: 29: 19312: 19173: 19105: 19030: 18937: 18906: 18820: 18809: 18738: 18717: 18548: 18422: 18399:Information dissemination 18376: 18326:1956 Hungarian Revolution 18316:1953 East German uprising 18284: 18242: 18185: 18122: 18102: 18039: 18020: 17978: 17967: 17920: 17911: 17853: 17802: 17791: 17704: 17654: 17634: 17618: 17424:10.1017/S0008938915000588 17369:10.1093/leobaeck/21.1.173 17315:Historiography and memory 16628:. Dresden: Zeit im Bild. 16562:. Princeton, New Jersey: 16101:University of Southampton 15977:Barnstone, Deborah Ascher 15941:Stanford University Press 15933:Bickford, Andrew (2011). 15890:Naughton, Leonie (2002). 15712: 15183:. Volksbuehne-berlin.de. 15129:"Deutsches Theater: Home" 14714:: 225–265. October 1998. 14277:Columbia University Press 13600:Glaeser, Andreas (2011). 13181:10.1080/14682740802222155 12505:(in German). 17 May 2010. 11897:10.1080/09668137508411013 11565:Columbia University Press 11440:spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk 11197:10.1007/s11614-006-0033-6 11158:. Springer. p. 223. 10058:Free University of Berlin 9910: 9521:East German football team 9466:(The Lives of Others) by 9425:). He became an honorary 9290: 8857:from Poland known as the 8414:Herrnhuter Brüdergemeinde 8261: 8253: 8248: 8238: 8233: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8195: 8187: 8182: 8172: 8167: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 7994: 6635: 6587:— 6250:centrally planned economy 6033:Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft 6027:Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft 5615:from Saxony-Anhalt; (ix) 5381: 3143:–DWK) under its chairman 3108:elections of October 1946 2458:(10 March 1952) proposed 2160:1984 Los Angeles Olympics 1479:during World War II, the 1024: 1016: 954: 942: 930: 920: 908: 855: 835: 825: 815: 797: 793:149/km (385.9/sq mi) 787: 783: 773: 763: 753: 749: 744: 734: 729: 725: 712: 699: 684: 671: 652: 633: 618: 605: 592: 579: 564: 560: 550: 531: 517: 513: 501: 491:• 1949–1964 (first) 489: 485: 473: 469: 455: 445:• 1949–1960 (first) 443: 439: 429: 425: 413: 401: 389: 373: 369: 359: 347: 326: 313: 290: 246: 208: 196: 190: 176: 170: 132: 127: 105: 18384:Emigration and defection 18221:Polish People's Republic 17416:Central European History 17410:Port, Andrew I. (2015). 17376:Port, Andrew I. (2013). 17179:Port, Andrew I. (2007). 17134:McLellan, Josie (2011). 17107:East Germany and Détente 16859:George Allen & Unwin 15347:10.1057/9781137322326_14 15105:. Berliner-ensemble.de. 14338:Schaefer, Bernd (2010). 13294:Germany: A country study 12958:McDougall, Alan (2004). 12939:McDougall, Alan (2004). 12072:Quint, Peter E. (1991), 11871:. Retrieved 16 May 2007. 11316:George Sylvester Viereck 11179:Pollak, Michael (2005). 10947:– via Google News. 10894:– via Google News. 10009:Deborah Ascher Barnstone 9555:1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig 9483: 9349:(Jacob the Liar), about 8977:Sächsische Staatskapelle 8633:East German schoolsystem 8514:Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine 8471:Evangelische Freikirchen 8315:Marxist–Leninist atheism 6323:foreign currency account 6287:brands; hunting rifles, 6062: 6056:Kasernierte Volkspolizei 5947:Kasernierte Volkspolizei 5747:East Germany pursued an 5569:disestablished the five 5368:Administrative districts 5137: 4760:The coat of arms of the 3952:Politics of East Germany 3934:, the artificially high 3793:Many other GDR citizens 3341:In the early 1970s, the 3330:and Austrian chancellor 3286:East German Constitution 3228:Soviet Occupation Forces 2464:superpower disengagement 2343:(1876–1960), who became 1981:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990 1284:a free and fair election 1113:on 7 October 1949 until 1059:[ˈɔstˌdɔʏtʃlant] 320:Religion in East Germany 19425:Soviet satellite states 19088:North Korea (1947–1948) 19083:North Korea (1946–1947) 18442:Fall of the Berlin Wall 18368:1981 protests in Kosovo 18306:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 17863:East Germany portal 17552:George Mason University 17495:10.3167/gps.2014.320403 17463:Oxford University Press 17329:Oxford University Press 17251:Steiner, André (2010). 17157:excerpt and text search 17008:Grix, Jonathan (2000). 16995:Grieder, Peter (2012). 16960:. New York and Oxford: 16946:Oxford University Press 16896:. Artery Publications. 16767:Oxford University Press 15476:Oxford University Press 15450:10 October 2011 at the 15077:"Friedrichstadt-Palast" 14991:Bradley, Laura (2006). 14477:27 January 2016 at the 14320:East European Quarterly 13947:. Country-studies.com. 13629:Fulbrook, Mary (2008). 13508:Ghouas, Nessim (2004). 13450:Ghouas, Nessim (2004). 13421:Fulbrook, Mary (2015). 12853:Oxford University Press 12689:Oxford University Press 12283:Benyahia-Kouider, Odile 12220:. pp. 2–3, 88–91. 12024:10.1163/187633079X00150 11861:23 January 2011 at the 11588:17 October 2012 at the 10851:Sarasota Herald-Tribune 10564:Statistisches Bundesamt 10353:Statistisches Bundesamt 10303:was established in the 10118:Alternative for Germany 9916:Decrepit infrastructure 9891:Second Day of Christmas 9508:under the direction of 9401:North American westerns 9327:, film versions of the 8833:Hartmut Schulze-Gerlach 8647:Culture of East Germany 8556:(left to right) Bishop 6519:direct distance dialing 6333:, and Genex companies. 6203:Economy of East Germany 6182:directed energy devices 6121:conscientious objectors 6105:Conscientious objection 5679:José Eduardo dos Santos 5607:from Brandenburg; (vi) 5151:Unser kleiner Trompeter 4458:Coat of arms of the GDR 3946:Government and politics 3534:Gerhard von Scharnhorst 3522:Karl Freiherr vom Stein 3121:GDR leaders: President 2480:fall of the Berlin wall 2387:Allied-occupied Germany 2308:bases in West Germany. 2225:End of the Soviet Union 2200:Fall of the Berlin Wall 1760: (until 1948) 1735: (until 1977) 1724: (until 1989) 1658: (until 1961) 1637: (until 1961) 1416:History of East Germany 1402:and political theorist 1288:Final Settlement treaty 1280:fall of the Berlin Wall 689:Fall of the Berlin Wall 291:Official languages 198:Auferstanden aus Ruinen 18810:Current and historical 17830:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 17323:Bridge, Helen (2002). 17276:Spilker, Dirk (2006). 16445:. 2012. Archived from 16391:. 2012. Archived from 14930:Gezen, Ela E. (2018). 13975:13 August 2009 at the 13778:Sleifer, Jaap (2006). 13676:. IRCT. Archived from 13579:Limited. p. 114. 13545:Limited. p. 112. 12683:Rodden, John. (2002). 11867: 10706:. 1989. Archived from 10627:"Top-Level-Domain .DD" 10460: 10454: 10421: 10415: 10409: 10403: 10389: 10351: 10336: 10254:Inner German relations 10184: 10153:Saxon State Parliament 10103: 10090: 10067:Electoral consequences 10038: 10032: 9993: 9983: 9951: 9897: 9875: 9869:First Day of Christmas 9849: 9827: 9805: 9783: 9757: 9737: 9734:The official name was 9722: 9699: 9677: 9655: 9633: 9524: 9264: 9224: 9089: 8889: 8859: 8757: 8745: 8634: 8575: 8513: 8470: 8450: 8436: 8406: 8350:Protestant Reformation 8337: 8021: 6557: 6316: 6224: 6212: 6165: 6133: 6125: 6095: 6087: 6055: 6047: 6039: 6015: 6007: 6001: 5973: 5945: 5939: 5933:National People's Army 5927:National People's Army 5911: 5905:National People's Army 5803:Syrian Communist Party 5682: 5648:Allied Control Council 5575: 5561: 5511:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 5352: 5344: 5324: 5302: 5285: 5282:Palace of the Republic 5269: 5263: 5253: 5231: 5104: 5075: 5063: 5046: 4985: 4976:Young Pioneer programs 4790:National People's Army 4788:Emblem of aircraft of 4746:National People's Army 4730:National People's Army 4620:National People's Army 4411:example on documents. 4324: 4299: 4283: 4274: 4256: 4234: 4229: 4220: 4192: 4176: 4160: 4144: 4111: 4087: 4071: 3905: 3881: 3856: 3837: 3819: 3720: 3693:(German reunification) 3551: 3506:Palace of the Republic 3485: 3466: 3440: 3375:(September 1971), the 3343: 3338: 3280:supported his ouster; 3273: 3244: 3204: 3199: 3171: 3165: 3152: 3139: 3130: 3106:), which then won the 3102: 3100:(SED – 3092: 3082: 2926: 2812: 2681:Linear Pottery culture 2502:Allied Control Council 2492: 2447: 2417:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 2401:Allied Control Council 1914:Protests and uprisings 1447: 1386: 1380: 1366: 1344: 1334: 1316: 1314:The official name was 1235:known collectively as 1213:Allied-occupied Berlin 1190:Soviet satellite state 1131:economy of the country 1080: 1050: 895: 885: 877: 869: 623:Socialist constitution 541: 522: 111: 18492:Breakup of Yugoslavia 17244:Yale University Press 17077:; Duffy, Eve (1999). 16920:Yale University Press 15484:10.1093/screen/hjm049 15416:10.1353/smr.2007.0027 15408:German Studies Canada 15306:(in German). Berlin: 15302:Müller, Beate (200). 15047:"Berlin East germany" 14517:28 April 2016 at the 14432:. p. 37 for Maaz, 58. 14382:Webb, Adrian (2008). 13635:Yale University Press 13099:. Macmillan. p. 12888:Jurich, Dirk (2006). 12763:German Studies Review 12621:Duke University Press 12250:Le Monde diplomatique 12195:Le Monde diplomatique 12097:Duke University Press 11686:. New York: P. Lang. 11271:Political Romanticism 10936:The Victoria Advocate 10878:"5 Flee East Germany" 10729:Karl Dietrich Erdmann 10461:lautlose Unterdrukung 10182: 10098: 10088:2017 federal election 10074: 9991: 9981:2017 federal election 9979:for Die Linke in the 9967: 9946: 9898:2. Weihnachtsfeiertag 9876:1. Weihnachtsfeiertag 9751:Victory in Europe Day 9518: 9463:Das Leben der Anderen 9386:, were very popular. 9280:Deutscher Fernsehfunk 9275:Funkhaus Nalepastraße 9254: 9220: 9204:Friedrichstadt-Palast 9083: 9036:including members of 9011:) for such passages. 8958:Johann Sebastian Bach 8751: 8739: 8632: 8550: 8335: 8308:Irreligion in Germany 8302:Further information: 8134:Irreligion in Germany 8011: 6561:Historical population 6555: 6508:Deutsche Post der DDR 6492:Further information: 6256:trade bloc. In 1985, 6218: 6210: 6160: 6143:construction soldiers 6016:Deutsche Grenzpolizei 6002:Deutsche Grenzpolizei 5902: 5787:Iraqi Communist Party 5676: 5350: 5342: 5300: 5279: 5251: 5234:Further information: 5225: 5102: 5073: 5047:Freie Deutsche Jugend 5023:Freie Deutsche Jugend 4993:Further information: 4983: 4513:Presidential standard 4257:Freie Deutsche Jugend 4226: 4211: 4103:Further information: 4077: 4061: 3847: 3759:, who proposed it to 3714: 3472: 3453: 3435: 3371:(December 1970), the 3317: 3268: 3194:SED First Secretary, 3193: 3120: 3110:. The SED government 3076:On 21 April 1946 the 2607:Territorial evolution 2488: 2441: 2385:Further information: 2349:SED general secretary 2230:Post-Soviet conflicts 2215:Breakup of Yugoslavia 2118:Albanian–Soviet split 1829:Anti-Soviet partisans 1772:Related organizations 1429: 1420:Further information: 1259:in 1961. Many people 569:Original constitution 39:New states of Germany 19395:Communism in Germany 19315:History of socialism 18340:1970 Polish protests 18321:1956 Poznań protests 18186:Soviet-allied states 17641:(concurrent with the 17457:Ross, Corey (2002). 16761:Betts, Paul (2013). 15718:. 26 February 2003. 15252:. Defa-stiftung.de. 15206:Cooke, Paul (2005). 14936:Boydell & Brewer 14782:Boydell & Brewer 14394:Taylor & Francis 13733:Transition Economies 13608:. pp. 492–494. 13067:10.1162/JCWS_a_00450 12475:(in German). Vienna. 11543:20 June 2010 at the 11116:. 1959. p. 20. 10787:. UPNE. p. 37. 10686:, 2012, pp. 125–126. 10570:on 13 November 2013. 10455:operative Zersetzung 10316:Jointly as Chairmen. 10281:Partially recognised 10264:Scotland-GDR Society 9247:Television and radio 8947:Rudolf Wagner-Régeny 8675:improve this article 8497:Free Lutheran Church 8418:German reunification 6688:Total fertility rate 6341:Consumption and jobs 6314:) and the necessary 6269:photographic cameras 6021:Soviet Border Troops 5940:Nationale Volksarmee 5865:improve this article 5542:provinces of Prussia 5035:German reunification 4618:Service flag of the 4364:improve this section 4272:, with seats in the 4204:after reunification. 4188:after reunification. 4172:after reunification. 4156:after reunification. 3980:improve this article 3865:Alliance for Germany 3850:Alliance for Germany 3707:German reunification 3530:Wilhelm von Humboldt 3518:German Peasants' War 3502:Berliner Stadtschloß 3494:Prussian aristocracy 3482:Karl-Marx-University 3379:(May 1972), and the 2943:Expulsion of Germans 2909:Contemporary Germany 2807:German Confederation 2460:German reunification 2345:President of the GDR 2210:Barricades in Latvia 2155:1980 Moscow Olympics 2135:Cuban Missile Crisis 1430:On the basis of the 1348:or "so-called GDR". 1255:and later built the 1162:Soviet-occupied zone 1105:), was a country in 1028:Flag of East Germany 463:Sabine Bergmann-Pohl 204:("Risen from Ruins") 32:GDR (disambiguation) 19251:Estonia (1918–1919) 19145:Hungary (1949–1989) 18457:Romanian revolution 18430:Revolutions of 1989 18311:1953 Plzeň uprising 17261:Sarotte, Mary Elise 17075:Jarausch, Konrad H. 17034:Verlag Zeit im Bild 16797:on 22 February 2012 16780:The Fall of the GDR 16664:Baylis, Thomas A.; 16281:www.laenderdaten.de 15841:Grotelüschen, Frank 15674:Ungerleider, Steven 15341:. pp. 115–21. 15310:. pp. 129–30. 15308:Max Niemeyer Verlag 15181:"Volksbühne Berlin" 15057:on 22 December 2017 14970:. pp. 101–07. 14840:(11 January 1976). 14814:. 12 October 2010. 14492:Rocklexikon der DDR 14128:Paxton, J. (2016). 14080:www.macrotrends.net 14050:www.macrotrends.net 13922:on 11 November 2013 13906:Laar, Mart (2010). 13702:(6 November 2019). 13680:on 9 September 2021 13311:(8 November 1988). 13309:Trainor, Bernard E. 13257:Smith, Tom (2020). 12723:, ed. (July 2013). 12557:Sarotte, Mary Elise 12502:Süddeutsche Zeitung 12115:University of Texas 12053:on 18 December 2011 12012:East Central Europe 11678:Peterson, Edward N. 11640:Peterson, Edward N. 11471:2001-2009.state.gov 10958:Pridham, Geoffrey; 10744:Wolfgang J. Mommsen 10633:on 4 November 2015. 10560:"Bevölkerungsstand" 10340:on 8 December 1958. 9928:narrowly avoided a 9590:1974 FIFA World Cup 9578:only football match 9356:Fünf Patronenhülsen 9237:Maxim Gorki Theater 9164:often working with 9066:Palast der Republik 9021:Leipzig Beat Revolt 8969:Gewandhausorchester 8943:Ernst Hermann Meyer 8501:Old Lutheran Church 8024:(1988 populations) 6562: 6523:long-distance calls 6349: 4295:People's Solidarity 4268:. There was also a 4214:Palast der Republik 3919:deindustrialization 3805:, conductor of the 3752:Pan-European Picnic 3703:Peaceful Revolution 3367:(August 1970), the 3256:inner German border 3125:and Prime Minister 2757:Early Modern period 2744:Eastward settlement 2405:military government 2381:Zones of occupation 2358:(1894–1964) became 2195:Revolutions of 1989 1326:second constitution 1253:inner German border 1178:Revolutions of 1989 675:Peaceful Revolution 503:• 1990 (last) 457:• 1990 (last) 271: / 19216:Byelorussia (1919) 18467:Singing Revolution 18350:June 1976 protests 18135:Soviet occupations 17440:Ritter, Gerhard A. 17289:Stokes, Raymond G. 17238:Pucci, M. (2020). 17212:Ritter, Gerhard A. 17148:Naimark, Norman M. 17001:Palgrave Macmillan 16972:The Book Collector 16821:Palgrave Macmillan 16538:Palgrave Macmillan 15858:. 13 January 2010. 15830:. 21 January 1990. 15779:on 27 January 2017 15741:The New York Times 15690:St. Martin's Press 15686:Thomas Dunne Books 15633:The New York Times 15607:The New York Times 15512:The Globe and Mail 15339:Palgrave Macmillan 15026:The New York Times 14938:. pp. 80–85. 14909:. pp. 84–99. 14876:(Chapel Hill, NC: 14872:Joshua Feinstein, 14847:The New York Times 14447:blogs.hss.ed.ac.uk 13883:. Populstat.info. 13318:The New York Times 12894:LIT Verlag Münster 12287:L'Allemagne paiera 12265:L'Allemagne paiera 12146:Ashgate Publishing 11792:. Berghahn Books. 11716:Stokes, Raymond G. 11436:"Yalta Conference" 11387:Ritter, Gerhard A. 11330:Ritter, Gerhard A. 11139:Wildenthal, Lora. 10710:on 9 November 2007 10185: 10104: 10091: 9994: 9984: 9551:FC Carl Zeiss Jena 9525: 9384:Wolfgang Kohlhaase 9265: 9225: 9123:Erwin Strittmatter 9090: 8956:The birthplace of 8758: 8746: 8635: 8576: 8338: 8022: 6560: 6558: 6488:Telecommunications 6225: 6213: 6134:Volkshygienedienst 5912: 5683: 5353: 5345: 5343:Uniform of the FDJ 5303: 5286: 5254: 5232: 5105: 5076: 5029:), East Germany's 4986: 4536:standard 1951–1953 4247:mass organisations 4235: 4221: 4088: 4072: 3889:East German states 3859:East Germany held 3857: 3721: 3636:University of Jena 3504:was razed and the 3486: 3467: 3465:from 1953 to 1990) 3424:Helsinki Final Act 3339: 3309:Hallstein Doctrine 3274: 3224:counter-revolution 3200: 3133:In March 1948 the 3131: 3037:History portal 3023:Germany portal 2774:Kingdom of Prussia 2734:Kingdom of Germany 2706:Barbarian kingdoms 2498:occupied territory 2493: 2448: 2185:Singing Revolution 1959:Novocherkassk 1962 1495:1949 establishment 1461:educational system 1448: 1432:Potsdam Conference 1422:History of Germany 1310:Naming conventions 1294:, and its capital 1261:attempting to flee 1150:Berlin Declaration 901:(from 1 July 1990) 811:1989 estimate 508:Lothar de Maizière 476:Head of Government 354:Socialist republic 227:Show map of Europe 69:You can assist by 19321: 19320: 19308: 19307: 19304: 19303: 19101: 19100: 18843:Congo-Brazzaville 18739:Regional variants 18507: 18506: 18452:Velvet Revolution 18414:Telephone tapping 18388:list of defectors 18177:Tito–Stalin split 18062: 18061: 17869: 17868: 17664: 17663: 17655:Succeeded by 17402:978-0-85745-974-9 17119:McAdams, A. James 17103:McAdams, A. James 16547:978-0-333-26219-1 16449:on 26 August 2012 16395:on 26 August 2012 15996:978-0-203-79988-8 15950:978-0-8047-7396-6 15907:978-0-472-08888-1 15828:Los Angeles Times 15356:978-1-137-32232-6 15317:978-3-484-35110-3 15223:978-1-84520-189-0 15006:978-0-19-928658-4 14977:978-1-136-70911-1 14960:Wekwerth, Manfred 14945:978-1-64014-024-0 14916:978-1-57113-492-9 14886:978-0-8078-5385-6 14880:, 2002), 80–109. 14791:978-1-57113-980-1 14756:978-0-7190-0666-1 14428:Pence and Betts, 14403:978-0-203-92817-2 14355:978-1-84545-852-2 14239:978-90-420-0579-2 14141:978-0-230-27119-7 13828:978-0-275-97565-4 13700:Oltermann, Philip 13577:Pearson Education 13543:Pearson Education 13370:Koehler, John O. 13229:10.1080/713999929 13110:978-0-02-568360-0 13037:978-1-107-08986-0 12966:. pp. 43–45. 12947:. pp. 37–38. 12738:978-1-78238-101-3 12636:The German Polity 12542:. pp. 98–99. 12227:978-3-631-63678-7 12155:978-0-7546-6656-1 11989:978-1-317-87977-0 11938:Taylor, Frederick 11927:pp. 167–169. 11913:Norman M. Naimark 11366:Arbeiterbewegung. 11285:978-1-351-49869-2 11239:978-0-19-536166-7 11088:"Vom Sogenannten" 10830:. Cambridge, MA: 10794:978-1-58465-866-5 10665:978-0-7190-6289-6 10532:978-1-107-05979-5 10526:, 2015), 146–70. 10425:(Federal German). 10334:Dissolved by the 10270:Explanatory notes 9940:German historian 9908: 9907: 9856:Wednesday before 9834:National holiday 9758:Tag der Befreiung 9594:expansion chamber 9528:Anabolic steroids 9477:Alles auf Zucker! 9334:Das Schulgespenst 9285:Fernsehen der DDR 9233:Deutsches Theater 9229:Berliner Ensemble 9150:Deutsches Theater 9119:Erwin Geschonneck 9104:Berliner Ensemble 8885:Die anderen Bands 8707: 8706: 8699: 8625:Child care system 8569:Pope Benedict XVI 8565:Gerhard Schaffran 8495:, as well as the 8357:German Christians 8285:, while 10% were 8266: 8265: 8200: 8199: 8012:Hanseatic-themed 8001: 8000: 6643: 6642: 6434: 6433: 6243:Potsdam Agreement 6123:, there were the 6009:Bundesgrenzschutz 6005:, similar to the 5897: 5896: 5889: 5769:Palestinian state 5658:Foreign relations 5591:created from the 5329:Free German Youth 5243:Thälmann Pioneers 5236:Free German Youth 5218:Free German Youth 5027:Free German Youth 5004:Thälmann Pioneers 4936:Free German Youth 4921:Free German Youth 4866:Thälmann Pioneers 4400: 4399: 4392: 4252:Free German Youth 4056: 4055: 4048: 4030: 3863:. The winner was 3781:Karl von Habsburg 3777:Paneuropean Union 3769:Mikhail Gorbachev 3757:Otto von Habsburg 3715:Demonstration on 3668:Normandy landings 3625: 3624: 3617: 3553:Neues Deutschland 3546:resistance "cult" 3532:(1767–1835), and 3385:exclusive mandate 3377:Transit Agreement 3326:, U.S. president 3293:exclusive mandate 3074: 3073: 3005: 3004: 2899: 2898: 2739:Holy Roman Empire 2616:Holy Roman Empire 2476:Nikita Khrushchev 2452:Potsdam Agreement 2395:In the Yalta and 2362:until his death. 2278: 2277: 2113:Sino-Soviet split 2093:Tito–Stalin split 2088:Czechoslovak coup 2066: 2065: 2006:Ukraine 1989–1991 1944:East Germany 1953 1886:Soviet occupation 1452:Gerhard A. Ritter 1158:Potsdam Agreement 1135:centrally planned 1115:its reunification 1035: 1034: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 988: 987: 827:• Per capita 708:12 September 1990 666:18 September 1973 403:• 1971–1989 391:• 1950–1971 375:• 1946–1950 275:52.517°N 13.400°E 239: (dark grey) 99: 98: 91: 16:(Redirected from 19442: 19400:Communist states 19362: 19361: 19350: 19349: 19348: 19338: 19337: 19336: 19329: 19171: 19170: 19028: 19027: 18818: 18817: 18813:socialist states 18692:African-American 18534: 18527: 18520: 18511: 18510: 18296:Goryani Movement 18276: 18268: 18234: 18196: 18130:Yalta Conference 18089: 18082: 18075: 18066: 18065: 17973: 17917: 17896: 17889: 17882: 17873: 17872: 17861: 17860: 17859: 17821: 17797: 17735:Frankfurt (Oder) 17690: 17683: 17676: 17667: 17666: 17649: 17647: 17638: 17619:Preceded by 17616: 17615: 17562: 17538: 17528:That was the GDR 17498: 17475: 17466: 17453: 17435: 17406: 17382: 17372: 17345: 17332: 17305: 17296: 17281: 17272: 17256: 17247: 17234: 17225: 17207: 17188: 17175: 17155: 17143: 17130: 17114: 17095: 17086: 17070: 17052: 17042: 17025: 17013: 17004: 16991: 16976: 16965: 16949: 16933: 16907: 16888: 16877:Childs, David H. 16872: 16851:Childs, David H. 16846: 16844: 16842: 16837:on 10 March 2012 16833:. Archived from 16811:Childs, David H. 16806: 16804: 16802: 16793:. Archived from 16775:Childs, David H. 16770: 16757: 16731: 16703: 16677: 16666:Childs, David H. 16660: 16637: 16618: 16577: 16551: 16530:McCauley, Martin 16525: 16487: 16486: 16484: 16482: 16465: 16459: 16458: 16456: 16454: 16433: 16427: 16426: 16424: 16422: 16411: 16405: 16404: 16402: 16400: 16380: 16369: 16361:Kamann, Matthias 16358: 16352: 16351: 16349: 16347: 16330: 16324: 16323: 16321: 16319: 16303: 16297: 16296: 16294: 16292: 16273: 16264: 16263: 16261: 16259: 16244: 16235: 16234: 16232: 16230: 16221:. 3 April 2016. 16219:KATAPULT-Magazin 16211: 16202: 16201: 16199: 16197: 16180: 16174: 16173: 16161: 16155: 16154: 16147: 16141: 16140: 16138: 16136: 16119: 16113: 16112: 16110: 16108: 16088: 16082: 16081: 16055: 16046: 16045: 16043: 16041: 16019: 16013: 16012: 16010: 16008: 15987:Psychology Press 15973: 15967: 15966: 15964: 15962: 15930: 15924: 15923: 15921: 15919: 15887: 15881: 15880: 15866: 15860: 15859: 15849: 15838: 15832: 15831: 15825: 15818: 15812: 15811: 15795: 15789: 15788: 15786: 15784: 15775:. Archived from 15765: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15752: 15731: 15729: 15727: 15717: 15716: 15703: 15684:(1st ed.). 15683: 15669: 15667: 15665: 15648: 15646: 15644: 15623: 15621: 15619: 15591: 15585: 15584: 15583:on 29 June 2012. 15579:. Archived from 15555:(Pt 4): 321–56. 15540: 15534: 15531: 15525: 15524: 15522: 15520: 15502: 15496: 15495: 15461: 15455: 15442: 15436: 15435: 15393: 15387: 15386: 15374: 15368: 15367: 15365: 15363: 15328: 15322: 15321: 15299: 15293: 15292: 15290: 15288: 15272: 15266: 15265: 15263: 15261: 15246: 15240: 15239: 15237: 15235: 15203: 15197: 15196: 15194: 15192: 15177: 15171: 15170: 15168: 15166: 15151: 15145: 15144: 15142: 15140: 15135:on 26 March 2010 15125: 15119: 15118: 15116: 15114: 15099: 15093: 15092: 15090: 15088: 15073: 15067: 15066: 15064: 15062: 15053:. Archived from 15043: 15037: 15036: 15034: 15032: 15017: 15011: 15010: 14988: 14982: 14981: 14956: 14950: 14949: 14927: 14921: 14920: 14894: 14888: 14870: 14864: 14863: 14861: 14859: 14834: 14828: 14827: 14825: 14823: 14802: 14796: 14795: 14770:Lys, Franziska; 14767: 14761: 14760: 14738: 14732: 14731: 14699: 14691:Elflein, Dietmar 14688: 14682: 14678: 14672: 14671: 14669: 14667: 14648: 14642: 14641: 14639: 14637: 14618: 14612: 14611: 14609: 14607: 14588: 14582: 14581: 14579: 14577: 14558: 14552: 14551: 14549: 14547: 14536:rote-gitarren.de 14528: 14522: 14509: 14503: 14488: 14482: 14469: 14463: 14462: 14460: 14458: 14439: 14433: 14426: 14420: 14419: 14417: 14415: 14379: 14373: 14371: 14369: 14367: 14335: 14329: 14328: 14314: 14305: 14298: 14292: 14286: 14280: 14270: 14264: 14263: 14253: 14251: 14223: 14217: 14216: 14206: 14197: 14191: 14190: 14152: 14146: 14145: 14125: 14096: 14095: 14093: 14091: 14072: 14066: 14065: 14063: 14061: 14042: 14036: 14035: 14033: 14031: 14016: 14010: 14009: 14007: 14005: 13986: 13980: 13967: 13961: 13960: 13958: 13956: 13941: 13935: 13934: 13929: 13927: 13921: 13914: 13903: 13897: 13896: 13894: 13892: 13877: 13871: 13870: 13868: 13866: 13851: 13845: 13844: 13842: 13840: 13808: 13802: 13801: 13775: 13769: 13763: 13757: 13756: 13748: 13742: 13741: 13727: 13721: 13720: 13718: 13716: 13696: 13690: 13689: 13687: 13685: 13666: 13660: 13655: 13649: 13648: 13626: 13620: 13619: 13597: 13591: 13590: 13568: 13557: 13556: 13534: 13528: 13527: 13514:Cuvillier Verlag 13505: 13499: 13498: 13476: 13470: 13469: 13456:Cuvillier Verlag 13447: 13441: 13440: 13418: 13412: 13411: 13386: 13380: 13379: 13367: 13361: 13360: 13358: 13356: 13341: 13335: 13334: 13332: 13330: 13305: 13299: 13298: 13288: 13282: 13281: 13279: 13277: 13254: 13248: 13247: 13245: 13243: 13216:Cold War History 13206: 13200: 13199: 13197: 13195: 13168:Cold War History 13158: 13152: 13151: 13149: 13147: 13132: 13126: 13121: 13115: 13114: 13098: 13085: 13079: 13078: 13048: 13042: 13041: 13016: 13007: 13006: 13004: 13002: 12974: 12968: 12967: 12955: 12949: 12948: 12936: 12930: 12929: 12927: 12925: 12914: 12908: 12907: 12885: 12879: 12878: 12876: 12874: 12863: 12857: 12856: 12841: 12832: 12831: 12811: 12796: 12795: 12757: 12751: 12750: 12717: 12711: 12710: 12680: 12674: 12673: 12661: 12655: 12649: 12640: 12639: 12631: 12625: 12624: 12612: 12606: 12600: 12594: 12588: 12579: 12578: 12553: 12544: 12543: 12528: 12522: 12516: 12507: 12506: 12494: 12483: 12477: 12476: 12462: 12456: 12455: 12445: 12439: 12438: 12426: 12417: 12416: 12406: 12400: 12399: 12385: 12376: 12373: 12367: 12366: 12364: 12362: 12357:on 19 April 2005 12353:. Archived from 12343: 12337: 12331: 12322: 12321: 12310:(9 April 2020). 12304: 12295: 12294: 12291:Germany Will Pay 12279: 12273: 12272: 12269:Germany will pay 12260: 12254: 12253: 12241: 12232: 12231: 12205: 12199: 12198: 12186: 12180: 12169:David Priestland 12166: 12160: 12159: 12137: 12131: 12130: 12128: 12126: 12107: 12101: 12100: 12088: 12082: 12081: 12069: 12063: 12062: 12060: 12058: 12037: 12028: 12027: 12007: 12001: 12000: 11998: 11996: 11966: 11960: 11959: 11934: 11928: 11910: 11901: 11900: 11878: 11872: 11870: 11853: 11847: 11837: 11831: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11810: 11804: 11803: 11782: 11776: 11775: 11754: 11748: 11747: 11712: 11706: 11705: 11674: 11668: 11667: 11636: 11630: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11611: 11605: 11604:St. James Press. 11598: 11592: 11575: 11569: 11568: 11557:Steininger, Rolf 11553: 11547: 11534: 11528: 11527: 11525: 11523: 11503: 11497: 11488: 11482: 11481: 11479: 11477: 11462: 11456: 11455: 11453: 11451: 11442:. Archived from 11432: 11426: 11425: 11419: 11417: 11411: 11396: 11383: 11370: 11369: 11362: 11360: 11354: 11339: 11325: 11319: 11308: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11262: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11251: 11223: 11217: 11216: 11176: 11170: 11169: 11151: 11145: 11144: 11136: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11108: 11102: 11101: 11084: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11051: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11025:Berliner Zeitung 11016: 11010: 11009: 11007: 11005: 11000:. 29 August 1997 10988: 10982: 10981: 10955: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10927: 10921: 10920: 10918: 10916: 10902: 10896: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10874: 10868: 10867: 10861: 10859: 10842: 10836: 10835: 10820:Preuss, Evelyn. 10817: 10811: 10810: 10808: 10806: 10775: 10766: 10756: 10737: 10726: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10715: 10704:Business America 10696: 10687: 10678:Peter E. Quint. 10676: 10670: 10669: 10644: 10635: 10634: 10623: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10608:. January 1990. 10603: 10595: 10589: 10588: 10581: 10572: 10571: 10566:. Archived from 10556: 10535: 10516: 10510: 10471: 10465: 10463: 10457: 10450: 10444: 10432: 10426: 10424: 10418: 10412: 10406: 10392: 10381: 10375: 10364: 10358: 10356: 10347: 10341: 10339: 10332: 10326: 10325:October–December 10323: 10317: 10314: 10308: 10297: 10291: 10288: 10282: 10279: 10238: 10233: 10232: 10231: 10210:policies of the 10085: 10041: 10035: 9978: 9936:Authoritarianism 9900: 9878: 9852: 9830: 9828:Tag der Republik 9808: 9786: 9760: 9740: 9725: 9702: 9680: 9658: 9636: 9608: 9607: 9346:Jakob der Lügner 9301:Deutsche Film AG 9277:in East Berlin. 9270:Rundfunk der DDR 9256:Gerhard Behrendt 9050:Veronika Fischer 8979:in Dresden; and 8910:. Additionally, 8905: 8894: 8862: 8841: 8830: 8819: 8786: 8702: 8695: 8691: 8688: 8682: 8659: 8651: 8599:Erfurt-Meiningen 8516: 8494: 8483: 8473:) united in the 8468: 8448: 8439: 8404: 8397: 8206: 8205: 8140: 8139: 6661: 6660: 6657:Vital statistics 6651:Oder-Neisse line 6576: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6350: 6344: 6321: 6136: 6130: 6100: 6092: 6058: 6052: 6044: 6018: 6012: 6004: 5978: 5950: 5942: 5892: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5872: 5849: 5841: 5639:from Thuringia. 5601:Frankfurt (Oder) 5578: 5565:(districts) and 5564: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5319: 5272: 5266: 5066: 5057:Pioneer program 5049: 4961: 4946: 4931: 4916: 4900: 4884: 4844: 4829: 4817: 4801: 4785: 4773: 4757: 4741: 4728:Coat of arms of 4725: 4713: 4693: 4681: 4669: 4654: 4642: 4630: 4615: 4575: 4561: 4547: 4530: 4498: 4484: 4470: 4455: 4441: 4427: 4395: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4375: 4344: 4336: 4327: 4302: 4300:Volkssolidarität 4286: 4277: 4259: 4232: 4195: 4179: 4163: 4147: 4114: 4078:GDR flag at the 4051: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4029: 3988: 3964: 3956: 3938:offered for the 3936:rate of exchange 3908: 3886: 3840: 3822: 3725:left the country 3656:Wolfgang Thierse 3620: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3600: 3580: 3579: 3572: 3556: 3478:University Giant 3369:Treaty of Warsaw 3365:Treaty of Moscow 3348: 3249: 3209: 3177:People's Chamber 3174: 3168: 3155: 3142: 3105: 3095: 3085: 3066: 3059: 3052: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3019: 2931: 2914: 2913: 2847: 2846: 2817: 2701:Migration Period 2696:Germanic peoples 2691:Urnfield culture 2559: 2549: 2531: 2530: 2500:governed by the 2270: 2263: 2256: 2179: 2126: 2077: 1922:Poland 1944–1989 1906:Operation Jungle 1825: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1773: 1624: 1534: 1532: 1526: 1515: 1514: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1489:occupation zones 1477:Yalta Conference 1456:Soviet communism 1436:Oder–Neisse line 1389: 1383: 1369: 1347: 1337: 1332:(Eastern Zone), 1319: 1160:established the 1100: 1099: 1098: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1061: 1056: 1045: 1004: 1003: 992: 991: 979: 978: 972: 971: 956: 955: 900: 888: 880: 872: 863:East German mark 851: 850: 842: 821:$ 525.29 billion 808: 703:Final Settlement 691: 667: 648:21 December 1972 644: 625: 571: 546: 527: 478: 465: 286: 285: 283: 282: 281: 276: 272: 269: 268: 267: 264: 249:and largest city 228: 225: 218: 215: 201: 200: 179: 178: 156: 140: 122: 114: 103: 102: 94: 87: 83: 80: 74: 54: 53: 46: 21: 19450: 19449: 19445: 19444: 19443: 19441: 19440: 19439: 19370: 19369: 19368: 19356: 19346: 19344: 19334: 19332: 19324: 19322: 19317: 19300: 19281:Slovakia (1919) 19181:Alsace-Lorraine 19169: 19097: 19026: 18933: 18902: 18811: 18805: 18734: 18713: 18544: 18538: 18508: 18503: 18418: 18372: 18359:Soviet reaction 18345:Croatian Spring 18289: 18287: 18280: 18274: 18266: 18238: 18232: 18194: 18181: 18167:Berlin Blockade 18118: 18117: 18098: 18093: 18063: 18058: 18035: 18032: 18016: 18013: 17974: 17965: 17962: 17918: 17907: 17900: 17870: 17865: 17857: 17855: 17849: 17815: 17806:(1949–52; 1990) 17798: 17789: 17750:Karl-Marx-Stadt 17700: 17694: 17660: 17651: 17643: 17642: 17640: 17639: 17636: 17632: 17630: 17626: 17624: 17570:Wayback Machine 17560: 17536: 17533:Wayback Machine 17508: 17503: 17502: 17409: 17403: 17380: 17375: 17317: 17312: 17311: 17191: 17036: 17026: 17019: 16930: 16904: 16869: 16840: 16838: 16831: 16800: 16798: 16791: 16754: 16728: 16700: 16657: 16621: 16615: 16590: 16585: 16583:Further reading 16580: 16574: 16548: 16522: 16496: 16491: 16490: 16480: 16478: 16467: 16466: 16462: 16452: 16450: 16435: 16434: 16430: 16420: 16418: 16413: 16412: 16408: 16398: 16396: 16381: 16374: 16363: 16359: 16355: 16345: 16343: 16342:. 20 April 2012 16332: 16331: 16327: 16317: 16315: 16305: 16304: 16300: 16290: 16288: 16275: 16274: 16267: 16257: 16255: 16246: 16245: 16238: 16228: 16226: 16213: 16212: 16205: 16195: 16193: 16181: 16177: 16162: 16158: 16149: 16148: 16144: 16134: 16132: 16120: 16116: 16106: 16104: 16089: 16085: 16056: 16049: 16039: 16037: 16020: 16016: 16006: 16004: 15997: 15974: 15970: 15960: 15958: 15951: 15931: 15927: 15917: 15915: 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14803: 14799: 14792: 14772:Dreyer, Michael 14768: 14764: 14757: 14749:. p. 126. 14739: 14735: 14701: 14693: 14689: 14685: 14679: 14675: 14665: 14663: 14650: 14649: 14645: 14635: 14633: 14620: 14619: 14615: 14605: 14603: 14590: 14589: 14585: 14575: 14573: 14562:"Rote Gitarren" 14560: 14559: 14555: 14545: 14543: 14530: 14529: 14525: 14519:Wayback Machine 14510: 14506: 14489: 14485: 14479:Wayback Machine 14470: 14466: 14456: 14454: 14441: 14440: 14436: 14427: 14423: 14413: 14411: 14404: 14396:. p. 185. 14380: 14376: 14365: 14363: 14356: 14336: 14332: 14315: 14308: 14299: 14295: 14287: 14283: 14279:, 1963), p. 20. 14271: 14267: 14249: 14247: 14240: 14224: 14220: 14204: 14198: 14194: 14171:10.2307/3679269 14153: 14149: 14142: 14126: 14099: 14089: 14087: 14074: 14073: 14069: 14059: 14057: 14044: 14043: 14039: 14029: 14027: 14018: 14017: 14013: 14003: 14001: 13988: 13987: 13983: 13977:Wayback Machine 13968: 13964: 13954: 13952: 13943: 13942: 13938: 13925: 13923: 13919: 13912: 13904: 13900: 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According to 10044:Wolfgang Becker 9996: 9995: 9972: 9962: 9956: 9938: 9918: 9913: 9850:Buß- und Bettag 9628:New Year's Day 9606: 9563:Matthias Sammer 9547:1. FC Magdeburg 9510:Manfred Höppner 9486: 9458:Wolfgang Becker 9453:Good Bye Lenin! 9293: 9249: 9187:at the theater 9158:Evgeny Schwartz 9139:Ekkehard Schall 9135:Peter Palitzsch 9078: 8997: 8931:classical music 8899: 8855:Czerwone Gitary 8835: 8824: 8813: 8780: 8734: 8732:Jazz in Germany 8728: 8703: 8692: 8686: 8683: 8672: 8660: 8649: 8643: 8627: 8622: 8573:Joachim Meisner 8555: 8554:, Dresden, 1987 8545: 8539: 8509:Moravian Church 8488: 8477: 8464: 8457:Catholic Church 8444: 8400: 8391: 8369:United churches 8330: 8324: 8310: 8300: 8268: 8267: 8259: 8246: 8231: 8202: 8201: 8193: 8180: 8165: 8136: 8124:Main articles: 8122: 8047:Karl-Marx-Stadt 8006: 6675:Natural change 6659: 6550: 6500: 6490: 6473: 6423:Total 1950–1989 6343: 6205: 6199: 6151: 6113: 6107: 6083: 6071: 6065: 6035: 6029: 5997: 5991: 5935: 5929: 5893: 5882: 5876: 5873: 5862: 5850: 5839: 5834: 5828: 5811: 5745: 5704:, Mozambique's 5671: 5666: 5660: 5625:Karl-Marx-Stadt 5559:established 14 5499: 5498: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5446:Karl-Marx-Stadt 5442: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5383: 5380: 5372:Main articles: 5370: 5337: 5315: 5312: 5291: 5270:Junge Gemeinden 5259:Walter Ulbricht 5238: 5220: 5140: 5097: 5088: 4997: 4991: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4962: 4953: 4947: 4938: 4932: 4923: 4917: 4908: 4901: 4892: 4885: 4862: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4851:" (14 May 1955) 4845: 4836: 4830: 4821: 4818: 4809: 4802: 4793: 4786: 4777: 4774: 4765: 4758: 4749: 4742: 4733: 4726: 4717: 4714: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4685: 4682: 4673: 4670: 4661: 4655: 4646: 4643: 4634: 4631: 4622: 4616: 4593: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4576: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4539: 4537: 4531: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501:Flag of the GDR 4499: 4490: 4488: 4487:Commercial flag 4485: 4476: 4474: 4473:Flag of the GDR 4471: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4396: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4361: 4345: 4334: 4107: 4101: 4052: 4041: 4035: 4032: 3989: 3987: 3977: 3965: 3954: 3948: 3924:command economy 3731:'s border with 3709: 3697:Main articles: 3695: 3621: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3593:help improve it 3590: 3581: 3577: 3542: 3516:'s role in the 3463:Karl-Marx-Stadt 3448: 3278:Leonid Brezhnev 3239:war reparations 3196:Walter Ulbricht 3185:Walter Ulbricht 3070: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3007: 3006: 2988: 2967: 2934: 2911: 2901: 2900: 2871:Weimar Republic 2844: 2834: 2833: 2820: 2789: 2779: 2778: 2759: 2749: 2748: 2724: 2716: 2715: 2711:Frankish Empire 2686:Únětice culture 2676: 2668: 2667: 2612:Historic states 2567: 2547: 2540: 2529: 2517:Berlin Blockade 2491: 2393: 2383: 2352:Walter Ulbricht 2274: 2245: 2244: 2180: 2177: 2170: 2169: 2122: 2098:Berlin Blockade 2078: 2076:Cold War events 2075: 2068: 2067: 1991:Kazakhstan 1986 1822: 1817: 1815: 1808: 1807: 1774: 1771: 1764: 1763: 1625: 1622: 1615: 1614: 1535: 1530: 1524: 1522: 1512: 1503: 1497: 1473: 1463:and the media. 1424: 1418: 1412: 1381:Westdeutschland 1376:Western Germany 1367:Westdeutschland 1312: 1174:communist party 1166:Oder-Neiße line 1123:communist state 1094: 1093: 1085: 1063: 1062: 1054: 1041: 1031: 1001: 976: 904: 848: 847: 846: 840: 828: 818: 802: 790: 776: 766: 756: 737: 718: 705: 695:9 November 1989 692: 687: 680:13 October 1989 677: 665: 662: 645: 636: 626: 621: 611: 598: 585: 572: 567: 537: 504: 492: 474: 461: 458: 446: 416: 404: 396:Walter Ulbricht 392: 376: 343: 297: 279: 277: 273: 270: 265: 262: 260: 258: 257: 256: 250: 242: 241: 230: 229: 226: 219: 203: 181: 166: 165: 164: 162: 157: 149: 148: 146: 141: 123: 116: 108: 95: 84: 78: 75: 68: 55: 51: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19448: 19438: 19437: 19432: 19427: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19407: 19402: 19397: 19392: 19387: 19382: 19367: 19366: 19354: 19342: 19319: 19318: 19313: 19310: 19309: 19306: 19305: 19302: 19301: 19299: 19298: 19293: 19288: 19283: 19278: 19273: 19268: 19263: 19261:Hungary (1919) 19258: 19253: 19248: 19247: 19246: 19241: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19218: 19213: 19208: 19207: 19206: 19201: 19193: 19188: 19183: 19177: 19175: 19168: 19167: 19162: 19157: 19152: 19147: 19142: 19137: 19136: 19135: 19130: 19128:Czech Republic 19123:Czechoslovakia 19120: 19115: 19109: 19107: 19103: 19102: 19099: 19098: 19096: 19095: 19090: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19065: 19063:Inner Mongolia 19060: 19055: 19050: 19045: 19043:East Turkestan 19040: 19034: 19032: 19025: 19024: 19023: 19022: 19012: 19007: 19002: 18997: 18992: 18987: 18982: 18977: 18972: 18971: 18970: 18965: 18960: 18952: 18947: 18941: 18939: 18935: 18934: 18932: 18931: 18926: 18921: 18916: 18910: 18908: 18904: 18903: 18901: 18900: 18895: 18890: 18885: 18880: 18875: 18870: 18865: 18864: 18863: 18858: 18850: 18845: 18840: 18835: 18830: 18824: 18822: 18815: 18807: 18806: 18804: 18803: 18798: 18793: 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18753: 18748: 18742: 18740: 18736: 18735: 18733: 18732: 18727: 18725:United Kingdom 18721: 18719: 18715: 18714: 18712: 18711: 18706: 18705: 18704: 18696: 18695: 18694: 18684: 18682:United Kingdom 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(1986). 16619: 16613: 16597:Allinson, Mark 16592: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16578: 16572: 16556:Weitz, Eric D. 16552: 16546: 16526: 16520: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16489: 16488: 16474:Spiegel Online 16460: 16428: 16406: 16372:Facius, Gernot 16353: 16325: 16298: 16265: 16236: 16203: 16190:Deutsche Welle 16175: 16156: 16142: 16129:Deutsche Welle 16114: 16095:Goodbye, Lenin 16083: 16047: 16014: 15995: 15989:. p. 92. 15968: 15949: 15943:. p. 10. 15925: 15906: 15900:. p. 14. 15882: 15861: 15856:Deutsche Welle 15833: 15813: 15790: 15760: 15758: 15757: 15732: 15714:Deutsche Welle 15704: 15698: 15670: 15649: 15624: 15586: 15535: 15526: 15497: 15456: 15437: 15388: 15369: 15355: 15323: 15316: 15294: 15267: 15241: 15222: 15198: 15172: 15146: 15120: 15094: 15068: 15038: 15012: 15005: 14983: 14976: 14951: 14944: 14922: 14915: 14889: 14865: 14838:Tynan, Kenneth 14829: 14811:Spiegel Online 14797: 14790: 14762: 14755: 14733: 14683: 14673: 14643: 14626:Deutsche Mugge 14613: 14583: 14566:Deutsche Mugge 14553: 14523: 14504: 14483: 14464: 14434: 14421: 14402: 14374: 14354: 14346:Berghahn Books 14330: 14306: 14293: 14281: 14265: 14238: 14218: 14215:. p. 174. 14200:Toth, Helena. 14192: 14147: 14140: 14097: 14067: 14037: 14011: 13981: 13962: 13936: 13898: 13872: 13846: 13827: 13803: 13792: 13770: 13758: 13743: 13722: 13691: 13661: 13650: 13643: 13621: 13615:978-0226297941 13614: 13592: 13585: 13558: 13551: 13529: 13522: 13516:. p. 59. 13500: 13471: 13464: 13458:. p. 58. 13442: 13435: 13427:Berghahn books 13413: 13406: 13398:Berghahn books 13390:Fulbrook, Mary 13381: 13362: 13336: 13300: 13283: 13269: 13249: 13223:(3): 113–140. 13201: 13175:(3): 353–380. 13153: 13127: 13116: 13109: 13080: 13061:(2): 129–163. 13043: 13036: 13008: 12989: 12969: 12950: 12931: 12909: 12902: 12896:. p. 32. 12880: 12869:. Flagspot.net 12858: 12845:Fulbrook, Mary 12833: 12797: 12770:(1): 127–146. 12752: 12737: 12729:Berghahn Books 12721:Fulbrook, Mary 12712: 12697: 12675: 12656: 12641: 12626: 12623:. p. 309. 12607: 12605:, p. 615. 12595: 12580: 12573: 12545: 12536:Berlin Journal 12523: 12508: 12478: 12457: 12440: 12418: 12401: 12395:Wiener Zeitung 12377: 12368: 12338: 12323: 12296: 12274: 12255: 12233: 12226: 12200: 12181: 12161: 12154: 12132: 12102: 12083: 12064: 12029: 12018:(2): 152–172. 12002: 11988: 11982:. p. 39. 11970:Allinson, Mark 11961: 11954: 11929: 11902: 11891:(3): 381–395. 11884:Soviet Studies 11873: 11868:Deutsche Welle 11848: 11832: 11820: 11805: 11798: 11786:Fulbrook, Mary 11777: 11767: 11749: 11734: 11707: 11692: 11669: 11654: 11631: 11606: 11593: 11570: 11548: 11529: 11498: 11483: 11457: 11446:on 14 May 2011 11427: 11405:(2): 171–200. 11389:(April 2002). 11371: 11348:(2): 171–172. 11332:(April 2002). 11320: 11303: 11284: 11278:. p. 11. 11257: 11238: 11218: 11171: 11164: 11146: 11143:. p. 210. 11131: 11103: 11079: 11043: 11011: 10997:The New Worker 10983: 10976: 10960:Vanhanen, Tatu 10950: 10939:. 28 July 1992 10922: 10897: 10869: 10837: 10812: 10793: 10781:, ed. (2010). 10767: 10763:Berghahn Books 10721: 10688: 10671: 10664: 10648:Major, Patrick 10636: 10618: 10590: 10573: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10536: 10511: 10466: 10445: 10427: 10404:Bundesrepublik 10376: 10359: 10342: 10327: 10318: 10309: 10292: 10283: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10240: 10239: 10236:Germany portal 10223: 10220: 10195: 10192: 10176: 10173: 10147:The far-right 10093: 10092: 10075:Percentage of 10068: 10065: 10049:Goodbye Lenin! 9986: 9985: 9968:Percentage of 9958:Main article: 9955: 9952: 9937: 9934: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9906: 9905: 9902: 9893: 9888: 9884: 9883: 9880: 9871: 9866: 9862: 9861: 9854: 9845: 9840: 9836: 9835: 9832: 9823: 9818: 9814: 9813: 9810: 9801: 9796: 9792: 9791: 9788: 9779: 9770: 9766: 9765: 9762: 9753: 9748: 9744: 9743: 9732: 9723:Tag der Arbeit 9718: 9712: 9708: 9707: 9704: 9695: 9690: 9686: 9685: 9682: 9673: 9668: 9664: 9663: 9660: 9651: 9646: 9642: 9641: 9638: 9629: 9626: 9622: 9621: 9618: 9615: 9612: 9605: 9602: 9543:Dynamo Dresden 9494:weight-lifting 9485: 9482: 9445:Louis de Funès 9378:, directed by 9329:Brothers Grimm 9324:Das kalte Herz 9292: 9289: 9248: 9245: 9094:Bertolt Brecht 9086:Bertolt Brecht 9077: 9074: 9062:Udo Lindenberg 9009:grüner Elefant 8996: 8993: 8811:Gerd Christian 8727: 8724: 8705: 8704: 8663: 8661: 8654: 8645:Main article: 8642: 8639: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8538: 8535: 8432:Manfred Stolpe 8326:Main article: 8323: 8320: 8299: 8296: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8250: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8198: 8197: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7973: 7970: 7967: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7905: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7889: 7886: 7883: 7880: 7876: 7875: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7793: 7789: 7788: 7785: 7782: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7760: 7759: 7756: 7753: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7541: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7474: 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6990: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6973: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6658: 6655: 6641: 6640: 6633: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6549: 6546: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6472: 6471:Transportation 6469: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6342: 6339: 6248:The socialist 6201:Main article: 6198: 6195: 6150: 6147: 6109:Main article: 6106: 6103: 6082: 6079: 6067:Main article: 6064: 6061: 6031:Main article: 6028: 6025: 5993:Main article: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5970: 5931:Main article: 5928: 5925: 5910:in East Berlin 5895: 5894: 5853: 5851: 5844: 5838: 5835: 5830:Main article: 5827: 5824: 5810: 5809:Western Europe 5807: 5799:Hafez al-Assad 5779:Ba'athist Iraq 5773:First Intifada 5744: 5741: 5693:and socialist 5670: 5667: 5662:Main article: 5659: 5656: 5585:Neubrandenburg 5492: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5467:Neubrandenburg 5464: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5369: 5366: 5336: 5333: 5311: 5308: 5290: 5287: 5228:Erich Honecker 5219: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5147: 5139: 5136: 5096: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5031:youth movement 5008:Ernst Thälmann 5000:Young Pioneers 4990: 4987: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4963: 4956: 4954: 4948: 4941: 4939: 4933: 4926: 4924: 4919:Emblem of the 4918: 4911: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4893: 4887:Emblem of the 4886: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4837: 4831: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4812: 4810: 4804:Emblem of the 4803: 4796: 4794: 4787: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4768: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4734: 4727: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4695: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4664: 4662: 4656: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4625: 4623: 4617: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4554: 4549: 4542: 4540: 4532: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4500: 4493: 4491: 4486: 4479: 4477: 4472: 4465: 4463: 4457: 4450: 4448: 4443: 4436: 4434: 4429: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4398: 4397: 4348: 4346: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4216:, seat of the 4206: 4205: 4189: 4173: 4157: 4123:(KPD) and the 4100: 4097: 4068:Otto Grotewohl 4054: 4053: 3995:"East Germany" 3968: 3966: 3959: 3950:Main article: 3947: 3944: 3737:Czechoslovakia 3717:Alexanderplatz 3694: 3688: 3623: 3622: 3605:September 2024 3584: 3582: 3575: 3541: 3538: 3514:Thomas Müntzer 3447: 3444: 3420:United Nations 3324:Erich Honecker 3320:Helmut Schmidt 3282:Erich Honecker 3270:Erich Honecker 3246:Republikflucht 3127:Otto Grotewohl 3072: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3026: 3009: 3008: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2997:Modern history 2993: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2937:1945–1949/1952 2935: 2933: 2932: 2923: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2853: 2845: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2790: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2760: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2619: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2577:Historiography 2574: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2552: 2551: 2542: 2541: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2521:Berlin Airlift 2489: 2472:Lavrenty Beria 2382: 2379: 2367:denazification 2360:prime minister 2356:Otto Grotewohl 2292:(KPD) and the 2276: 2275: 2273: 2272: 2265: 2258: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2205:January Events 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2181: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2079: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2033: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2016:Lithuania 1991 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1880: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1832: 1831: 1823: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1783: 1775: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1741: 1736: 1730: 1725: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1672:Czechoslovakia 1669: 1664: 1659: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1632: 1626: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1536: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1508: 1507: 1496: 1493: 1472: 1469: 1414:Main article: 1411: 1408: 1387:Ostdeutschland 1345:sogenannte DDR 1311: 1308: 1229:United Kingdom 1209:Czechoslovakia 1203:to the north, 1107:Central Europe 1051:Ostdeutschland 1033: 1032: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005: 998: 989: 986: 985: 980: 968: 967: 962: 952: 951: 946: 940: 939: 934: 928: 927: 924: 918: 917: 910: 906: 905: 903: 902: 892: 891: 890: 882: 874: 859: 857: 853: 852: 843: 841:(1990 formula) 833: 832: 829: 826: 823: 822: 819: 816: 813: 812: 809: 795: 794: 791: 789:• Density 788: 785: 784: 781: 780: 777: 774: 771: 770: 767: 764: 761: 760: 757: 754: 751: 750: 747: 746: 742: 741: 738: 735: 732: 731: 727: 726: 723: 722: 721:3 October 1990 719: 713: 710: 709: 706: 700: 697: 696: 693: 685: 682: 681: 678: 672: 669: 668: 663: 653: 650: 649: 646: 634: 631: 630: 627: 619: 616: 615: 612: 606: 603: 602: 599: 593: 590: 589: 586: 580: 577: 576: 575:7 October 1949 573: 565: 562: 561: 558: 557: 552: 551:Historical era 548: 547: 538: 532: 529: 528: 519: 515: 514: 511: 510: 505: 502: 499: 498: 496:Otto Grotewohl 493: 490: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 471: 470: 467: 466: 459: 456: 453: 452: 447: 444: 441: 440: 437: 436: 433: 427: 426: 423: 422: 417: 414: 411: 410: 408:Erich Honecker 405: 402: 399: 398: 393: 390: 387: 386: 384:Otto Grotewohl 377: 374: 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 357: 356: 351: 345: 344: 342: 341: 336: 332: 330: 324: 323: 315: 311: 310: 307:Bezirk Cottbus 303:Bezirk Dresden 292: 288: 287: 280:52.517; 13.400 251: 248: 244: 243: 232: 231: 220: 210: 209: 206: 205: 188: 187: 168: 167: 158: 151: 150: 142: 135: 134: 133: 130: 129: 125: 124: 109: 106: 97: 96: 58: 56: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19447: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19428: 19426: 19423: 19421: 19418: 19416: 19413: 19411: 19408: 19406: 19403: 19401: 19398: 19396: 19393: 19391: 19388: 19386: 19383: 19381: 19378: 19377: 19375: 19365: 19360: 19355: 19353: 19343: 19341: 19331: 19330: 19327: 19316: 19311: 19297: 19294: 19292: 19289: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19279: 19277: 19274: 19272: 19269: 19267: 19264: 19262: 19259: 19257: 19254: 19252: 19249: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19236: 19234: 19232: 19231:Crimea (1919) 19229: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19212: 19209: 19205: 19202: 19200: 19197: 19196: 19194: 19192: 19189: 19187: 19184: 19182: 19179: 19178: 19176: 19172: 19166: 19163: 19161: 19158: 19156: 19153: 19151: 19148: 19146: 19143: 19141: 19138: 19134: 19131: 19129: 19126: 19125: 19124: 19121: 19119: 19116: 19114: 19111: 19110: 19108: 19104: 19094: 19093:South Vietnam 19091: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19044: 19041: 19039: 19036: 19035: 19033: 19029: 19021: 19020:North Vietnam 19018: 19017: 19016: 19013: 19011: 19008: 19006: 19003: 19001: 18998: 18996: 18993: 18991: 18988: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18959: 18956: 18955: 18953: 18951: 18948: 18946: 18943: 18942: 18940: 18936: 18930: 18927: 18925: 18922: 18920: 18917: 18915: 18912: 18911: 18909: 18905: 18899: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18884: 18881: 18879: 18876: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18853: 18851: 18849: 18846: 18844: 18841: 18839: 18836: 18834: 18831: 18829: 18826: 18825: 18823: 18819: 18816: 18814: 18808: 18802: 18799: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18743: 18741: 18737: 18731: 18730:United States 18728: 18726: 18723: 18722: 18720: 18716: 18710: 18707: 18703: 18700: 18699: 18697: 18693: 18690: 18689: 18688: 18687:United States 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18604: 18601: 18600: 18599: 18596: 18595: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18584: 18581: 18580: 18579: 18576: 18574: 18571: 18567: 18566:New Australia 18564: 18563: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18553: 18551: 18547: 18542: 18535: 18530: 18528: 18523: 18521: 18516: 18515: 18512: 18498: 18497:Yugoslav Wars 18495: 18494: 18493: 18490: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18458: 18455: 18453: 18450: 18448: 18445: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18437: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18427: 18425: 18421: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18389: 18385: 18382: 18381: 18379: 18375: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18360: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18332: 18331:Prague Spring 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18293: 18291: 18283: 18277: 18271: 18269: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18256: 18253: 18251: 18248: 18247: 18245: 18243:Organizations 18241: 18235: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18214: 18212: 18209: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18197: 18191: 18190: 18188: 18184: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18145:Baltic states 18143: 18141: 18138: 18137: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18127: 18125: 18121: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18105: 18101: 18097: 18090: 18085: 18083: 18078: 18076: 18071: 18070: 18067: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18041: 18038: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18023: 18022: 18019: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17988: 17984: 17983:Soviet Russia 17981: 17980: 17977: 17972: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17922: 17916: 17910: 17905: 17897: 17892: 17890: 17885: 17883: 17878: 17877: 17874: 17864: 17852: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17840:Saxony-Anhalt 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17819: 17814: 17811: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17801: 17796: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17713: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17703: 17698: 17691: 17686: 17684: 17679: 17677: 17672: 17671: 17668: 17659: 17650: 17646: 17629: 17623: 17617: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17602: 17599: 17596: 17595:archive.today 17592: 17589: 17586: 17582: 17579: 17577: 17574: 17571: 17567: 17564: 17559: 17556: 17553: 17549: 17545: 17543: 17540: 17534: 17530: 17529: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17509: 17496: 17492: 17488: 17484: 17483: 17477: 17473: 17468: 17464: 17460: 17455: 17452:(2): 171–300. 17451: 17448:(in German). 17447: 17446: 17441: 17437: 17433: 17429: 17425: 17421: 17417: 17413: 17408: 17404: 17398: 17394: 17390: 17386: 17379: 17374: 17370: 17366: 17362: 17358: 17354: 17353:Kweit, Konrad 17350: 17348: 17343: 17339: 17334: 17330: 17326: 17321: 17320: 17308: 17307:online review 17303: 17298: 17294: 17290: 17286: 17284: 17283:online review 17279: 17274: 17270: 17266: 17262: 17258: 17254: 17249: 17245: 17241: 17236: 17232: 17227: 17224:(2): 171–300. 17223: 17220:(in German). 17219: 17218: 17213: 17209: 17205: 17201: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17186: 17182: 17177: 17173: 17169: 17165: 17160: 17158: 17153: 17149: 17145: 17141: 17137: 17132: 17128: 17124: 17120: 17116: 17112: 17108: 17104: 17100: 17098: 17097:online review 17093: 17088: 17084: 17080: 17076: 17072: 17068: 17064: 17063: 17058: 17054: 17050: 17046: 17040: 17035: 17031: 17030: 17023: 17018: 17015: 17011: 17006: 17002: 16998: 16993: 16989: 16985: 16984: 16978: 16974: 16973: 16967: 16963: 16959: 16955: 16951: 16947: 16943: 16939: 16935: 16931: 16925: 16921: 16917: 16913: 16909: 16905: 16903:9780955822865 16899: 16895: 16890: 16886: 16882: 16878: 16874: 16870: 16868:9780043540299 16864: 16860: 16856: 16852: 16848: 16836: 16832: 16830:9780333630945 16826: 16822: 16818: 16817: 16812: 16808: 16796: 16792: 16790:9780582315693 16786: 16782: 16781: 16776: 16772: 16768: 16764: 16759: 16755: 16753:9781107030138 16749: 16745: 16741: 16736: 16734: 16733:online review 16729: 16727:9781845456979 16723: 16719: 16715: 16714: 16709: 16705: 16701: 16699:9783896394859 16695: 16691: 16687: 16683: 16679: 16675: 16671: 16667: 16662: 16658: 16656:9780262012362 16652: 16648: 16644: 16639: 16635: 16631: 16627: 16626: 16620: 16616: 16614:9780719055546 16610: 16606: 16602: 16598: 16594: 16593: 16575: 16573:9780691025940 16569: 16565: 16561: 16557: 16553: 16549: 16543: 16539: 16535: 16531: 16527: 16523: 16521:9780434015757 16517: 16513: 16509: 16508: 16503: 16499: 16498: 16476: 16475: 16470: 16464: 16448: 16444: 16443: 16438: 16432: 16416: 16410: 16394: 16390: 16389: 16384: 16378: 16373: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16341: 16340: 16335: 16329: 16314: 16313: 16308: 16302: 16286: 16282: 16278: 16272: 16270: 16253: 16249: 16243: 16241: 16224: 16220: 16216: 16210: 16208: 16192: 16191: 16186: 16179: 16171: 16167: 16160: 16152: 16146: 16131: 16130: 16125: 16118: 16102: 16098: 16096: 16087: 16080: 16075: 16071: 16067: 16066: 16061: 16054: 16052: 16035: 16031: 16030: 16025: 16018: 16002: 15998: 15992: 15988: 15984: 15983: 15978: 15972: 15956: 15952: 15946: 15942: 15938: 15937: 15929: 15913: 15909: 15903: 15899: 15895: 15894: 15886: 15878: 15874: 15873: 15865: 15857: 15853: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15829: 15824: 15817: 15809: 15805: 15801: 15794: 15778: 15774: 15770: 15764: 15746: 15742: 15738: 15733: 15721: 15715: 15709: 15705: 15701: 15699:0-312-26977-3 15695: 15691: 15687: 15682: 15681: 15675: 15671: 15659: 15655: 15650: 15638: 15634: 15630: 15625: 15613: 15609: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15597: 15595: 15590: 15582: 15578: 15574: 15570: 15566: 15562: 15558: 15554: 15550: 15546: 15539: 15530: 15514: 15513: 15508: 15501: 15493: 15489: 15485: 15481: 15477: 15473: 15469: 15468: 15460: 15453: 15449: 15446: 15441: 15433: 15429: 15425: 15421: 15417: 15413: 15409: 15405: 15401: 15400: 15392: 15384: 15380: 15373: 15358: 15352: 15348: 15344: 15340: 15336: 15335: 15327: 15319: 15313: 15309: 15305: 15298: 15282: 15278: 15271: 15255: 15251: 15245: 15229: 15225: 15219: 15215: 15211: 15210: 15202: 15186: 15182: 15176: 15160: 15156: 15150: 15134: 15130: 15124: 15108: 15104: 15098: 15082: 15078: 15072: 15056: 15052: 15048: 15042: 15027: 15023: 15016: 15008: 15002: 14998: 14994: 14987: 14979: 14973: 14969: 14965: 14961: 14955: 14947: 14941: 14937: 14933: 14926: 14918: 14912: 14908: 14904: 14900: 14899:Leeder, Karen 14893: 14887: 14883: 14879: 14875: 14869: 14853: 14849: 14848: 14843: 14839: 14833: 14817: 14813: 14812: 14807: 14801: 14793: 14787: 14783: 14779: 14778: 14773: 14766: 14758: 14752: 14748: 14744: 14737: 14729: 14725: 14721: 14717: 14713: 14709: 14705: 14704:Popular Music 14697: 14692: 14687: 14677: 14661: 14657: 14653: 14647: 14631: 14628:(in German). 14627: 14623: 14617: 14601: 14598:(in German). 14597: 14596:DDR-Tanzmusik 14593: 14587: 14571: 14568:(in German). 14567: 14563: 14557: 14541: 14538:(in German). 14537: 14533: 14527: 14520: 14516: 14513: 14508: 14501: 14500:3-89602-303-9 14497: 14493: 14490:Götz Hintze: 14487: 14480: 14476: 14473: 14468: 14452: 14448: 14444: 14438: 14431: 14425: 14409: 14405: 14399: 14395: 14391: 14387: 14386: 14378: 14361: 14357: 14351: 14347: 14343: 14342: 14334: 14326: 14322: 14321: 14313: 14311: 14303: 14297: 14291: 14285: 14278: 14274: 14269: 14262: 14257: 14245: 14241: 14235: 14231: 14230: 14222: 14214: 14210: 14203: 14196: 14188: 14184: 14180: 14176: 14172: 14168: 14164: 14160: 14159: 14151: 14143: 14137: 14133: 14132: 14124: 14122: 14120: 14118: 14116: 14114: 14112: 14110: 14108: 14106: 14104: 14102: 14085: 14081: 14077: 14071: 14055: 14051: 14047: 14041: 14025: 14021: 14015: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13985: 13978: 13974: 13971: 13966: 13950: 13946: 13940: 13933: 13918: 13911: 13910: 13902: 13886: 13882: 13876: 13860: 13856: 13850: 13834: 13830: 13824: 13820: 13816: 13815: 13807: 13799: 13795: 13793:9783050085395 13789: 13785: 13781: 13774: 13767: 13762: 13754: 13747: 13740:(3): 139–146. 13739: 13735: 13734: 13726: 13711: 13710: 13705: 13701: 13695: 13679: 13675: 13671: 13665: 13659: 13654: 13646: 13644:9780300144246 13640: 13636: 13633:. New Haven: 13632: 13625: 13617: 13611: 13607: 13603: 13596: 13588: 13582: 13578: 13574: 13567: 13565: 13563: 13554: 13548: 13544: 13540: 13533: 13525: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13504: 13496: 13492: 13488: 13484: 13483: 13475: 13467: 13461: 13457: 13453: 13446: 13438: 13436:9781785330278 13432: 13429:. p. 3. 13428: 13424: 13417: 13409: 13407:9781785330278 13403: 13400:. p. 3. 13399: 13395: 13391: 13385: 13377: 13373: 13366: 13351: 13347: 13340: 13324: 13320: 13319: 13314: 13310: 13304: 13296: 13295: 13287: 13272: 13270:9781789205558 13266: 13262: 13261: 13253: 13238: 13234: 13230: 13226: 13222: 13218: 13217: 13212: 13205: 13190: 13186: 13182: 13178: 13174: 13170: 13169: 13164: 13157: 13141: 13137: 13131: 13125: 13120: 13112: 13106: 13102: 13097: 13096: 13090: 13084: 13076: 13072: 13068: 13064: 13060: 13056: 13055: 13047: 13039: 13033: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13020:Herf, Jeffrey 13015: 13013: 12996: 12992: 12990:0-691-02332-8 12986: 12982: 12981: 12973: 12965: 12961: 12954: 12946: 12942: 12935: 12919: 12913: 12905: 12899: 12895: 12892:(in German). 12891: 12884: 12868: 12862: 12855:. p. 60. 12854: 12850: 12846: 12840: 12838: 12829: 12825: 12821: 12817: 12810: 12808: 12806: 12804: 12802: 12793: 12789: 12785: 12781: 12777: 12773: 12769: 12765: 12764: 12756: 12748: 12744: 12740: 12734: 12730: 12726: 12722: 12716: 12708: 12704: 12700: 12698:0-19-511244-X 12694: 12690: 12686: 12679: 12671: 12667: 12660: 12653: 12648: 12646: 12638:. p. 20. 12637: 12630: 12622: 12618: 12611: 12604: 12599: 12593:, p. 614 12592: 12587: 12585: 12576: 12574:9780465064946 12570: 12566: 12562: 12558: 12552: 12550: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12527: 12521:, p. 613 12520: 12515: 12513: 12504: 12503: 12498: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12474: 12473: 12468: 12461: 12453: 12452: 12444: 12436: 12432: 12425: 12423: 12414: 12413: 12405: 12397: 12396: 12391: 12384: 12382: 12372: 12356: 12352: 12348: 12342: 12336:, p. 612 12335: 12330: 12328: 12319: 12318: 12313: 12309: 12308:Pfeil, Ulrich 12303: 12301: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12278: 12270: 12266: 12259: 12251: 12247: 12240: 12238: 12229: 12223: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12204: 12196: 12192: 12185: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12165: 12157: 12151: 12147: 12143: 12136: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12106: 12099:, p. 308 12098: 12094: 12087: 12079: 12075: 12068: 12052: 12048: 12047: 12042: 12036: 12034: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12006: 11991: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11976: 11971: 11965: 11957: 11955:9780060786137 11951: 11947: 11946:HarperCollins 11943: 11939: 11933: 11926: 11925:0-674-78405-7 11922: 11918: 11914: 11909: 11907: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11885: 11877: 11869: 11864: 11860: 11857: 11852: 11845: 11841: 11840:McCauley 1983 11836: 11829: 11824: 11816: 11809: 11801: 11799:9780857459756 11795: 11791: 11787: 11781: 11774: 11770: 11768:9780391041035 11764: 11760: 11753: 11745: 11741: 11737: 11735:0-8018-7299-5 11731: 11727: 11724:. Baltimore: 11723: 11722: 11717: 11711: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11693:0-8204-3948-7 11689: 11685: 11684: 11679: 11673: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11655:0-8204-3948-7 11651: 11647: 11646: 11641: 11635: 11620: 11616: 11610: 11603: 11597: 11591: 11587: 11584: 11580: 11574: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11552: 11546: 11542: 11539: 11533: 11517: 11514:(in German). 11513: 11509: 11502: 11496:, No. I/2004. 11495: 11494: 11487: 11472: 11468: 11461: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11431: 11424: 11408: 11404: 11401:(in German). 11400: 11392: 11388: 11382: 11380: 11378: 11376: 11367: 11351: 11347: 11344:(in German). 11343: 11335: 11331: 11324: 11317: 11313: 11307: 11291: 11287: 11281: 11277: 11273: 11272: 11267: 11266:Schmitt, Carl 11261: 11245: 11241: 11235: 11231: 11230: 11222: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11187:(in German). 11186: 11182: 11175: 11167: 11165:0-306-46605-8 11161: 11157: 11150: 11142: 11135: 11119: 11115: 11114: 11107: 11099: 11095: 11094: 11089: 11083: 11067: 11064:(in German). 11063: 11062: 11057: 11050: 11048: 11031: 11027: 11026: 11021: 11015: 10999: 10998: 10993: 10987: 10979: 10977:0-415-11063-7 10973: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10954: 10938: 10937: 10932: 10926: 10911: 10907: 10901: 10886:. 31 May 1963 10885: 10884: 10879: 10873: 10865: 10853: 10852: 10847: 10841: 10833: 10829: 10828: 10823: 10816: 10800: 10796: 10790: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10779:Kocka, Jürgen 10774: 10772: 10764: 10760: 10754: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10695: 10693: 10685: 10681: 10675: 10667: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10643: 10641: 10632: 10628: 10622: 10611: 10607: 10600: 10594: 10586: 10580: 10578: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10555: 10551: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10515: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10470: 10462: 10456: 10449: 10442: 10438: 10431: 10423: 10422:bundesdeutsch 10417: 10411: 10405: 10400: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10380: 10373: 10369: 10363: 10355: 10354: 10346: 10338: 10331: 10322: 10313: 10306: 10302: 10296: 10287: 10278: 10274: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10241: 10237: 10226: 10219: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10208:state atheist 10205: 10201: 10191: 10188: 10181: 10172: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10145: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10102: 10097: 10089: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10034: 10029: 10025: 10020: 10016: 10013: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9990: 9982: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9950: 9945: 9943: 9933: 9931: 9927: 9922: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9838: 9837: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9816: 9815: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9806:Pfingstmontag 9802: 9800: 9797: 9794: 9793: 9789: 9787: 9785: 9780: 9778: 9777:Ascension Day 9774: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9746: 9745: 9741: 9739: 9733: 9730: 9726: 9724: 9719: 9716: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9696: 9694: 9693:Easter Monday 9691: 9688: 9687: 9683: 9681: 9679: 9674: 9672: 9671:Easter Sunday 9669: 9666: 9665: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9630: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9619: 9616: 9614:English name 9613: 9610: 9609: 9601: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9570: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9535: 9533: 9529: 9522: 9517: 9513: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9473: 9472:Academy Award 9469: 9465: 9464: 9459: 9455: 9454: 9448: 9446: 9442: 9441: 9434: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9419: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9393: 9387: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9376: 9371: 9367: 9366: 9360: 9358: 9357: 9352: 9351:the Holocaust 9348: 9347: 9342: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9330: 9326: 9325: 9320: 9319: 9313: 9312: 9306: 9305:Gruppe Berlin 9302: 9298: 9288: 9286: 9282: 9281: 9276: 9272: 9271: 9263: 9262: 9257: 9253: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9200: 9197: 9192: 9190: 9186: 9185:Frank Castorf 9182: 9178: 9177:Neues Theater 9174: 9169: 9167: 9166:Heiner Müller 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9142: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9111:Helene Weigel 9107: 9105: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9087: 9082: 9073: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9040:, as well as 9039: 9034: 9030: 9029:Wolf Biermann 9025: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8992: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8965: 8963: 8960:(1685–1750), 8959: 8954: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8927: 8925: 8924: 8919: 8918: 8913: 8909: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8892: 8891:Die Skeptiker 8886: 8880: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8861: 8860:Rote Gitarren 8856: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8839: 8834: 8828: 8823: 8817: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8784: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8755: 8754:Frank Schöbel 8750: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8723: 8721: 8716: 8713: 8712:Machiavellian 8701: 8698: 8690: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8669: 8664:This section 8662: 8658: 8653: 8652: 8648: 8638: 8631: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8595: 8592: 8588: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8552:Katholikentag 8549: 8544: 8534: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8492: 8487: 8481: 8476: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8461:Free Churches 8458: 8454: 8453: 8452:Landeskirchen 8447: 8441: 8438: 8433: 8429: 8426: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8412: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8355: 8354:Nazi-oriented 8351: 8347: 8343: 8334: 8329: 8322:Protestantism 8319: 8316: 8309: 8305: 8304:State atheism 8298:State atheism 8295: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8272:state atheism 8256: 8252: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8216: 8212: 8207: 8190: 8186: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8150: 8146: 8141: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8114: 8111: 8108: 8105: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8087: 8084: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8072: 8069: 8066: 8065:Halle (Saale) 8063: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8048: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8033: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8019: 8015: 8010: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7983: 7980: 7977: 7974: 7971: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7867: 7864: 7861: 7858: 7855: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7844: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7742: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7728: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 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7032: 7029: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6820: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6663: 6662: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6647:were deported 6639: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6573: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6554: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6495: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6468: 6466: 6465:North Vietnam 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6437: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6410: 6409: 6399: 6398: 6388: 6387: 6377: 6376: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6338: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6319: 6313: 6312:hard currency 6309: 6305: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6235:Lower Silesia 6231: 6222: 6217: 6209: 6204: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6157: 6156:Mary Fulbrook 6146: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6091: 6090: 6078: 6076: 6070: 6060: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6043: 6042: 6034: 6024: 6022: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6003: 5996: 5989:Border troops 5984: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5909: 5906: 5901: 5891: 5888: 5880: 5877:November 2023 5870: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5854:This section 5852: 5848: 5843: 5842: 5833: 5823: 5821: 5820:Prague Spring 5816: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5680: 5675: 5665: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5551: 5550:Lower Silesia 5547: 5543: 5539: 5536:(states) and 5535: 5532: 5531:Middle German 5528: 5524: 5520: 5519:Saxony-Anhalt 5516: 5512: 5508: 5507:German states 5504: 5497: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5391: 5379: 5375: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5349: 5341: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5265: 5260: 5250: 5246: 5244: 5237: 5229: 5224: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5170:Unsere Heimat 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5101: 5092: 5083: 5081: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4982: 4966: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4940: 4937: 4930: 4925: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4850: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4779: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4762:People's Navy 4756: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4706: 4692: 4687: 4680: 4675: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4658:Deutsche Post 4653: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4621: 4614: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4560: 4555: 4546: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4497: 4492: 4483: 4478: 4469: 4464: 4454: 4449: 4440: 4435: 4426: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4391: 4383: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4349:This section 4347: 4343: 4338: 4337: 4332:State symbols 4329: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4242: 4240: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4106: 4096: 4094: 4085: 4084:New York City 4081: 4076: 4069: 4065: 4064:Wilhelm Pieck 4060: 4050: 4047: 4039: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3997: – 3996: 3992: 3991:Find sources: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3969:This section 3967: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3932:privatization 3929: 3928:shock-therapy 3925: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3907: 3903:Although the 3901: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3821: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3761:Miklós Németh 3758: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3619: 3616: 3608: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3585:This article 3583: 3574: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3563:Sachsenhausen 3560: 3555: 3554: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3528:(1750–1822), 3527: 3524:(1757–1831), 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3347: 3346: 3337: 3333: 3332:Bruno Kreisky 3329: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3210:boulevard in 3208: 3207: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3181:Wilhelm Pieck 3178: 3173: 3167: 3162: 3159: 3154: 3148: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3123:Wilhelm Pieck 3119: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3038: 3027: 3024: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2979:Reunification 2977: 2976: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2852: 2851:German Empire 2849: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2794:Mediatisation 2792: 2791: 2788: 2783: 2782: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2752: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2675:Early history 2672: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2510:legal fiction 2507: 2503: 2499: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468:Joseph Stalin 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2429:Saxony-Anhalt 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2388: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341:Wilhelm Pieck 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322:Joseph Stalin 2319: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2220:Yugoslav Wars 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2108:Secret Speech 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2083:Marshall Plan 2081: 2080: 2072: 2071: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1820: 1812: 1811: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1768: 1767: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1748:North Vietnam 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1519: 1518: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1417: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1349: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1278:, led to the 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225:United States 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207:to the east, 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1194:authoritarian 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:its formation 1108: 1104: 1097: 1091: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1066: 1060: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1029: 1023: 1019: 1017:Today part of 1015: 999: 997: 994: 993: 990: 984: 981: 974: 973: 970: 969: 966: 963: 961: 958: 957: 953: 950: 947: 945: 941: 938: 935: 933: 929: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 899: 898: 897:Deutsche Mark 893: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 870:Deutsche Mark 867: 866: 864: 861: 860: 858: 854: 844: 838: 834: 830: 824: 820: 814: 810: 806: 800: 796: 792: 786: 782: 778: 772: 768: 762: 758: 752: 748: 743: 739: 733: 728: 724: 720: 717: 716:Reunification 711: 707: 704: 698: 694: 690: 683: 679: 676: 670: 664: 661: 657: 651: 647: 643: 639: 632: 628: 624: 617: 613: 610: 609:Berlin Crisis 604: 600: 597: 591: 587: 584: 583:1953 uprising 578: 574: 570: 563: 559: 556: 553: 549: 545: 544: 539: 536: 530: 526: 525: 520: 516: 512: 509: 506: 500: 497: 494: 488: 484: 480: 477: 472: 468: 464: 460: 454: 451: 450:Wilhelm Pieck 448: 442: 438: 434: 432: 431:Head of State 428: 424: 421: 418: 412: 409: 406: 400: 397: 394: 388: 385: 381: 380:Wilhelm Pieck 378: 372: 368: 364: 362: 358: 355: 352: 350: 346: 340: 337: 334: 333: 331: 329: 325: 322: 321: 316: 312: 308: 304: 301:(in parts of 300: 296: 293: 289: 284: 255: 252: 245: 240: 238: 224: 214: 207: 199: 193: 189: 185: 173: 169: 161: 155: 145: 139: 131: 126: 120: 113: 104: 101: 93: 90: 82: 72: 66: 64: 59:This article 57: 48: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 19405:Eastern Bloc 19380:East Germany 19352:East Germany 19191:Baranya–Baja 19160:Soviet Union 19140:East Germany 19139: 18838:Burkina Faso 18434: 18210: 18108:Soviet Union 18096:Eastern Bloc 18044:Eastern Bloc 17987:Soviet Union 17940:East Germany 17939: 17817: 17635: 17527: 17489:(4): 39–55. 17486: 17480: 17471: 17458: 17449: 17443: 17415: 17391:. New York: 17388: 17360: 17356: 17342:Camden House 17337: 17324: 17301: 17292: 17277: 17267:. New York: 17264: 17252: 17239: 17230: 17221: 17215: 17203: 17197: 17180: 17163: 17151: 17135: 17122: 17106: 17091: 17078: 17067:Random House 17060: 17057:Hoyer, Katja 17028: 17012:. Macmillan. 17009: 16996: 16982: 16970: 16957: 16941: 16915: 16893: 16880: 16854: 16839:. Retrieved 16835:the original 16815: 16799:. Retrieved 16795:the original 16779: 16762: 16739: 16712: 16685: 16669: 16642: 16624: 16600: 16559: 16533: 16505: 16479:. Retrieved 16472: 16463: 16451:. Retrieved 16447:the original 16442:The Guardian 16440: 16431: 16419:. Retrieved 16409: 16397:. Retrieved 16393:the original 16386: 16356: 16344:. Retrieved 16337: 16328: 16316:. Retrieved 16310: 16301: 16289:. Retrieved 16280: 16256:. Retrieved 16227:. Retrieved 16218: 16194:. Retrieved 16188: 16178: 16170:The Guardian 16169: 16159: 16145: 16133:. Retrieved 16127: 16117: 16105:. Retrieved 16094: 16086: 16077: 16063: 16038:. Retrieved 16029:The Guardian 16027: 16017: 16005:. Retrieved 15981: 15971: 15959:. Retrieved 15935: 15928: 15916:. Retrieved 15892: 15885: 15879:(3): 229–54. 15876: 15870: 15864: 15836: 15816: 15793: 15781:. Retrieved 15777:the original 15772: 15763: 15749:. Retrieved 15740: 15724:. Retrieved 15679: 15662:. Retrieved 15641:. Retrieved 15632: 15616:. Retrieved 15605: 15593: 15589: 15581:the original 15552: 15548: 15538: 15529: 15517:. Retrieved 15510: 15500: 15471: 15465: 15459: 15440: 15403: 15397: 15391: 15382: 15372: 15360:. Retrieved 15337:. New York: 15333: 15326: 15303: 15297: 15285:. Retrieved 15280: 15270: 15258:. Retrieved 15244: 15232:. Retrieved 15208: 15201: 15189:. Retrieved 15175: 15163:. Retrieved 15157:. Gorki.de. 15149: 15137:. Retrieved 15133:the original 15123: 15111:. Retrieved 15097: 15085:. Retrieved 15071: 15059:. Retrieved 15055:the original 15050: 15041: 15029:. Retrieved 15025: 15015: 14992: 14986: 14963: 14954: 14931: 14925: 14907:Camden House 14902: 14892: 14873: 14868: 14856:. Retrieved 14845: 14832: 14820:. Retrieved 14809: 14800: 14776: 14765: 14742: 14736: 14707: 14703: 14686: 14676: 14664:. Retrieved 14655: 14646: 14634:. Retrieved 14625: 14616: 14604:. Retrieved 14595: 14592:"Karel Gott" 14586: 14574:. Retrieved 14565: 14556: 14544:. Retrieved 14535: 14526: 14507: 14491: 14486: 14467: 14455:. Retrieved 14446: 14437: 14429: 14424: 14412:. Retrieved 14384: 14377: 14364:. Retrieved 14340: 14333: 14324: 14318: 14301: 14296: 14289: 14284: 14273:Paul Tillich 14268: 14259: 14256:Google Books 14254:– via 14250:21 September 14248:. Retrieved 14228: 14221: 14208: 14195: 14165:(1): 25–52. 14162: 14156: 14150: 14134:. Springer. 14130: 14090:28 September 14088:. Retrieved 14079: 14070: 14060:28 September 14058:. Retrieved 14049: 14040: 14028:. Retrieved 14014: 14002:. Retrieved 13993: 13984: 13965: 13953:. Retrieved 13939: 13931: 13924:. Retrieved 13917:the original 13908: 13901: 13889:. Retrieved 13875: 13863:. Retrieved 13849: 13837:. Retrieved 13813: 13806: 13798:Google Books 13796:– via 13783: 13773: 13765: 13761: 13752: 13746: 13737: 13731: 13725: 13713:. Retrieved 13709:The Guardian 13707: 13694: 13682:. Retrieved 13678:the original 13673: 13664: 13653: 13630: 13624: 13601: 13595: 13572: 13538: 13532: 13509: 13503: 13489:(1): 10–26. 13486: 13480: 13474: 13451: 13445: 13422: 13416: 13393: 13384: 13375: 13365: 13353:. Retrieved 13349: 13339: 13327:. Retrieved 13316: 13303: 13293: 13286: 13274:. Retrieved 13259: 13252: 13240:. Retrieved 13220: 13214: 13204: 13192:. Retrieved 13172: 13166: 13156: 13144:. Retrieved 13130: 13123: 13119: 13094: 13083: 13058: 13052: 13046: 13023: 12999:. Retrieved 12979: 12972: 12959: 12953: 12940: 12934: 12922:. Retrieved 12920:. Calvin.edu 12912: 12889: 12883: 12871:. Retrieved 12861: 12851:. New York: 12848: 12815: 12767: 12761: 12755: 12724: 12715: 12684: 12678: 12665: 12659: 12635: 12629: 12616: 12610: 12598: 12563:. New York: 12560: 12538:. New York: 12535: 12526: 12500: 12481: 12470: 12460: 12454:(in German). 12449: 12443: 12434: 12415:(in German). 12410: 12404: 12398:(in German). 12393: 12371: 12359:. Retrieved 12355:the original 12351:German Notes 12350: 12341: 12320:(in German). 12315: 12290: 12286: 12277: 12268: 12264: 12258: 12252:(in French). 12249: 12213: 12209: 12203: 12197:(in French). 12194: 12184: 12175:, New York: 12172: 12164: 12141: 12135: 12123:. Retrieved 12105: 12092: 12086: 12080:, p. 14 12073: 12067: 12055:. Retrieved 12051:the original 12044: 12015: 12011: 12005: 11993:. Retrieved 11974: 11964: 11941: 11932: 11916: 11888: 11882: 11876: 11851: 11843: 11835: 11823: 11814: 11808: 11789: 11780: 11772: 11758: 11752: 11720: 11710: 11682: 11672: 11644: 11634: 11622:. Retrieved 11618: 11609: 11601: 11596: 11578: 11573: 11563:. New York: 11560: 11551: 11532: 11520:. Retrieved 11511: 11501: 11491: 11486: 11476:22 September 11474:. Retrieved 11470: 11460: 11450:25 September 11448:. Retrieved 11444:the original 11439: 11430: 11421: 11414:. Retrieved 11402: 11398: 11364: 11357:. Retrieved 11345: 11341: 11323: 11311: 11306: 11294:. Retrieved 11270: 11260: 11248:. Retrieved 11228: 11221: 11188: 11184: 11174: 11155: 11149: 11140: 11134: 11122:. Retrieved 11112: 11106: 11091: 11082: 11070:. Retrieved 11059: 11034:. Retrieved 11030:the original 11023: 11014: 11002:. Retrieved 10995: 10986: 10963: 10953: 10941:. Retrieved 10934: 10925: 10913:. Retrieved 10909: 10900: 10888:. Retrieved 10883:Toledo Blade 10881: 10872: 10862:– via 10856:. Retrieved 10849: 10840: 10825: 10815: 10803:. Retrieved 10783: 10758: 10740:Jürgen Kocka 10724: 10712:. 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Springer. 17269:Basic Books 17037: [ 17032:. Dresden: 17020: [ 16801:19 December 16692:: Wissner. 16375: [ 16364: [ 16346:31 December 16291:12 November 16258:12 November 16065:Der Spiegel 16040:16 November 15844: [ 15808:Marketplace 15519:5 September 15410:: 206–219. 15283:(in German) 15061:19 December 14858:1 September 14822:15 December 14694: [ 14666:19 December 14656:Opusteno.rs 14636:15 December 14606:15 December 14576:15 December 14546:15 December 14457:15 December 14327:(1): 73–86. 13970:Destatis.de 13715:9 September 13684:9 September 13604:. Chicago: 13242:13 February 13194:14 February 12565:Basic Books 12489: [ 12177:Grove Press 11624:24 November 11416:16 November 11359:16 November 11296:16 November 11250:16 November 11124:16 November 11093:Der Spiegel 11036:5 September 11004:5 September 10943:21 November 10890:21 November 10864:Google News 10858:21 November 10751: [ 10732: [ 10337:Volkskammer 10099:AfD in the 10080: [ 10077:party votes 10036:"east" and 9973: [ 9970:party votes 9799:Whit Monday 9769:April–June 9700:Ostermontag 9649:Good Friday 9567:Ulf Kirsten 9502:ice skating 9409:Gojko Mitić 9397:Amerindians 9380:Konrad Wolf 9341:Frank Beyer 9181:Halle/Saale 9127:Peter Hacks 9088:(1898–1956) 9084:Playwright 9057:Udo Jürgens 9005:Tamara Danz 8987:in Berlin. 8939:Paul Dessau 8917:Beat Street 8900: [ 8877:Korni Grupa 8873:Yugoslavian 8836: [ 8825: [ 8814: [ 8781: [ 8770:Neues Leben 8752:Pop singer 8742:Oktoberklub 8537:Catholicism 8489: [ 8478: [ 8392: [ 8384:East Berlin 8344:(primarily 8283:Protestants 8031:(1,200,000) 8029:East Berlin 6531:local calls 6293:typewriters 6262:Soviet Bloc 5975:Volksmarine 5921:Warsaw Pact 5783:Arab League 5611:and (viii) 5515:Brandenburg 5503:East Berlin 5050:, the FDJ. 4907:(1950–1990) 4891:(1950–1990) 4849:Warsaw Pact 4748:(1956–1990) 4660:(1955–1973) 4489:(1959–1973) 4275:Volkskammer 4218:Volkskammer 3906:Volkskammer 3883:Volkskammer 3838:Volkskammer 3833:Neues Forum 3820:Volkskammer 3644:Freya Klier 3567:Ravensbrück 3328:Gerald Ford 3260:Berlin Wall 3252:brain drain 3237:The German 3212:East Berlin 3206:Stalinallee 3172:Volkskammer 2861:World War I 2787:Unification 2723:Middle Ages 2658:Württemberg 2638:Family tree 2546:History of 2456:Stalin Note 2421:Brandenburg 2314:Stalin Note 2140:Vietnam War 2130:Berlin Wall 2059:North Korea 1996:Brașov 1987 1964:Prague 1968 1927:Poznań 1956 1780:Warsaw Pact 1739:South Yemen 1717:North Korea 1630:Afghanistan 1550:Byelorussia 1444:East Berlin 1440:West Berlin 1300:West Berlin 1296:East Berlin 1265:booby traps 1257:Berlin Wall 1237:West Berlin 1217:East Berlin 1215:, known as 1139:state-owned 960:Preceded by 889:(1967–1990) 881:(1964–1967) 873:(1949–1964) 614:4 June 1961 601:14 May 1955 596:Warsaw Pact 535:Upper house 524:Volkskammer 518:Legislature 335:East German 278: / 254:East Berlin 163:(1955–1990) 147:(1959–1990) 79:August 2023 18:East German 19374:Categories 19286:Tarnobrzeg 19211:Bessarabia 19165:Yugoslavia 18888:Seychelles 18883:Mozambique 18878:Madagascar 18801:Vietnamese 18796:Venezuelan 18786:Nicaraguan 18781:Melanesian 18698:Venezuela 18610:Kuomintang 18603:since 1978 18573:Bangladesh 18549:By country 18543:by country 18377:Conditions 18355:Solidarity 18288:opposition 17960:Yugoslavia 17652:1949–1990 17587:, Budapest 17554:Libraries. 17049:1081050618 16929:0300108842 16502:Judt, Tony 16007:14 October 15961:14 October 15918:14 October 15783:27 January 15751:16 October 15726:16 October 15643:16 October 15618:16 October 15478:: 475–91. 15362:21 January 15234:14 October 15155:"Gorki.de" 15087:8 February 14995:. London: 14966:. London: 14934:. London: 14414:14 October 14366:14 October 14288:Fulbrook, 13865:20 January 13839:14 October 13586:0582414229 13552:0582414229 13523:3898739880 13465:3898739880 12924:9 February 12903:3825898938 12873:9 February 12818:(Thesis). 12654:, p. 12652:Weitz 1997 12472:Die Presse 12361:24 October 12218:Peter Lang 12125:7 December 12057:21 October 11828:Weitz 1997 10805:14 October 10541:References 10144:dominate. 10140:, and the 10138:The Greens 9817:7 October 9656:Karfreitag 9625:1 January 9559:BFC Dynamo 9440:Olsen Gang 9423:Josef Mach 9375:Solo Sunny 9311:Babelsberg 9241:Volksbühne 9239:, and the 9222:Volksbühne 9162:Volksbühne 9154:The Dragon 9046:Nina Hagen 9001:censorship 8989:Kurt Masur 8923:Wild Style 8865:Karel Gott 8822:Uwe Jensen 8730:See also: 8720:censorship 8541:See also: 8527:Mennonites 8523:Adventists 8519:Methodists 8425:leadership 8342:Protestant 8225:Protestant 8159:Protestant 6628:16,028,000 6617:16,740,000 6606:17,068,000 6595:17,188,000 6584:18,388,000 6527:area codes 6457:Mozambique 6411:1980–1989 6400:1970–1980 6389:1960–1970 6378:1950–1960 6367:1945–1960 6318:Staatsbank 6283:, and the 6258:collective 6174:Zersetzung 5728:, and the 5573:. The new 5289:Membership 5264:Junge Welt 5131:for boys. 5086:Membership 4320:Left Party 4264:), or the 4006:newspapers 3831:movement, 3811:Egon Krenz 3803:Kurt Masur 3788:Gyula Horn 3682:Historian 3652:xenophobia 3632:Nazi Party 3559:Buchenwald 3354:Chancellor 3345:Ostpolitik 3001:since 1990 2984:New states 2928:Ostgebiete 2921:Occupation 2814:Zollverein 2662:Mediatised 2572:Chronology 2326:leadership 2286:the merger 2150:Afghan War 2103:Korean War 1939:Plzeň 1953 1818:Opposition 1758:Yugoslavia 1712:Mozambique 1610:Uzbekistan 1595:Tajikistan 1565:Kazakhstan 1545:Azerbaijan 1396:East Elbia 1359:Karlshorst 1304:Egon Krenz 1201:Baltic Sea 1086:pronounced 1055:pronounced 779:16,111,000 769:17,068,000 759:18,388,000 745:Population 420:Egon Krenz 361:SED Leader 349:Government 328:Demonym(s) 217:Show globe 71:editing it 19364:Socialism 19244:1939–1940 19199:1918–1919 18968:1982–1992 18963:1979–1992 18958:1975–1979 18954:Cambodia 18929:Nicaragua 18861:1987–1991 18856:1974–1987 18852:Ethiopia 18791:Tanzanian 18672:Sri Lanka 18615:Hong Kong 18598:Communist 18561:Australia 18556:Argentina 18541:Socialism 18436:Die Wende 18409:Economies 18250:Cominform 18233:(to 1948) 18195:(to 1961) 18123:Formation 18113:Communism 18011:1982–1991 18006:1964–1982 18001:1953–1964 17996:1927–1953 17991:1917–1927 17904:Communist 17845:Thuringia 17760:Magdeburg 17708:(1952–90) 17699:(1949–90) 17432:151405931 17168:Ann Arbor 16885:Routledge 16674:Routledge 16647:MIT Press 16634:221026743 16339:The Local 16074:2195-1349 15492:0036-9543 15432:201759614 15424:1911-026X 15287:7 October 14968:Routledge 14728:0261-1430 14720:1474-0095 14390:Routledge 14187:162448768 14030:11 August 14004:11 August 13276:10 August 13237:153852878 13189:218576332 13001:26 August 12784:0149-7952 12747:822668120 12603:Judt 2005 12591:Judt 2005 12519:Judt 2005 12334:Judt 2005 11995:10 August 11980:Routledge 11327:Compare: 11276:Routledge 11213:147022466 11205:1011-0070 10968:Routledge 10832:MIT Press 10714:2 October 10546:Citations 10366:Although 10126:Thuringia 10114:Thuringia 10110:Die Linke 10039:Nostalgie 9930:Chernobyl 9839:November 9795:May–June 9727:(name in 9717:/May Day 9574:SV Dynamo 9470:(won the 9431:Dean Reed 9405:Yugoslavs 9148:with the 9102:with his 9033:socialism 8908:Feeling B 8687:June 2015 8620:Education 8609:Magdeburg 8562:Cardinals 8466:‹See Tfd› 8446:‹See Tfd› 8402:‹See Tfd› 8287:Catholics 8115:(103,867) 8109:(108,010) 8103:(121,749) 8097:(128,639) 8091:(130,685) 8085:(134,834) 8079:(142,862) 8073:(220,016) 8067:(236,044) 8061:(253,990) 8055:(290,579) 8053:Magdeburg 8043:(520,000) 8037:(556,000) 6733:−110,760 6705:−224,561 6482:Interflug 6331:Jauerfood 6327:Intershop 6097:Politbüro 5677:Angola's 5631:, (xiii) 5609:Magdeburg 5546:Pomerania 5538:Provinzen 5523:Thuringia 5460:Magdeburg 5425:Frankfurt 5317:‹See Tfd› 5172:" – "Our 5080:Socialist 4582:1960–1990 4380:June 2024 4351:does not 4325:Die Linke 4250:like the 4036:June 2024 3930:style of 3911:Bundestag 3825:Politburo 3699:Die Wende 3691:Die Wende 3676:Auschwitz 3672:Wehrmacht 3474:Uni-Riese 3461:(renamed 3455:Karl Marx 3433:in 1973; 3361:East Bloc 3305:Arab bloc 2970:1949–1990 2947:1944–1950 2895:1939–1945 2885:1933–1945 2875:1918–1933 2865:1914–1918 2855:1871–1918 2630:Empresses 2527:Partition 2482:in 1989. 2433:Thuringia 2021:Riga 1991 2011:Baku 1990 1901:Lithuania 1793:Cominform 1697:Kampuchea 1600:Turkmenia 1580:Lithuania 1570:Kirghizia 1525:Republics 1400:Max Weber 1292:Basic Law 1269:landmines 1172:(SED), a 1127:socialist 1043:‹See Tfd› 922:Drives on 909:Time zone 849:very high 640:with the 314:Religion 128:1949–1990 19420:Ostalgie 19296:Würzburg 19271:Naissaar 19235:Finland 19195:Bavaria 19133:Slovakia 19118:Bulgaria 19048:Far East 18995:Mongolia 18907:Americas 18771:European 18702:Chavismo 18667:Pakistan 18404:Politics 17930:Bulgaria 17818:de facto 17780:Schwerin 17291:(2000). 17263:(2014). 17206:: 19–31. 17150:(1997). 17121:(1992). 17105:(1985). 17059:(2023). 17043:. 1981. 16962:Berghahn 16940:(1995). 16914:(2005). 16879:(2000). 16853:(1983). 16777:(2001). 16690:Augsburg 16599:(2000). 16558:(1997). 16532:(1983). 16504:(2005). 16388:Die Welt 16285:Archived 16252:Archived 16223:Archived 16196:18 March 16135:19 March 16034:Archived 16001:Archived 15979:(2005). 15955:Archived 15912:Archived 15773:FIFA.com 15745:Archived 15720:Archived 15676:(2001). 15658:Archived 15637:Archived 15612:Archived 15577:24339701 15569:12880534 15515:. Berlin 15448:Archived 15260:28 March 15254:Archived 15228:Archived 15191:28 March 15185:Archived 15165:28 March 15159:Archived 15139:28 March 15113:28 March 15107:Archived 15081:Archived 14962:(2012). 14901:(eds.). 14852:Archived 14816:Archived 14774:(2017). 14660:Archived 14630:Archived 14600:Archived 14570:Archived 14540:Archived 14515:Archived 14475:Archived 14451:Archived 14408:Archived 14360:Archived 14244:Archived 14084:Archived 14054:Archived 14024:Archived 13998:Archived 13973:Archived 13955:28 March 13949:Archived 13891:28 March 13885:Archived 13859:Archived 13833:Archived 13674:irct.org 13392:(2015). 13323:Archived 13146:28 April 13140:Archived 13091:(1968). 13075:57566994 13022:(2016). 12995:Archived 12847:(1995). 12828:63683865 12707:39633454 12559:(2014). 12534:(1992). 12435:Die Zeit 12285:(2013). 12119:Archived 11940:(2006). 11859:Archived 11844:de facto 11744:51480817 11718:(2000). 11702:38207545 11680:(1999). 11664:38207545 11642:(1999). 11586:Archived 11559:(1990). 11541:Archived 11516:Archived 11407:Archived 11350:Archived 11290:Archived 11268:(2017). 11244:Archived 11191:: 3–21. 11118:Archived 11098:Archived 11066:Archived 11061:Die Zeit 10962:(1994). 10915:26 April 10834:: 19–31. 10799:Archived 10610:Archived 10372:ISO code 10222:See also 10194:Religion 10024:Ostalgie 9960:Ostalgie 9954:Ostalgie 9620:Remarks 9584:and the 9539:Football 8962:Eisenach 8863:. Czech 8807:Schlager 8614:Schwerin 8484:and the 8469:German: 8449:German: 8411:Moravian 8405:German: 8365:Reformed 8361:Lutheran 8346:Lutheran 8240:Catholic 8214:Religion 8174:Catholic 8148:Religion 8120:Religion 8089:Schwerin 7978:−29,634 7572:−38,250 7543:−58,591 7514:−49,935 7485:−51,624 7456:−33,982 6847:101,972 6761:−46,436 6638:DESTATIS 6636:Source: 6289:sextants 6281:Wartburg 6273:Praktica 6239:Szczecin 6230:Red Army 6139:Lutheran 5917:Cold War 5837:Military 5789:and the 5751:policy; 5708:and the 5695:Ethiopia 5589:Schwerin 5567:de facto 5488:Schwerin 5284:in 1985. 5042:Scouting 5002:and the 4093:Honecker 3745:Budapest 3660:Die Welt 3459:Chemnitz 3422:and the 3403:de facto 3390:de facto 3220:striking 2963:division 2622:Monarchs 2582:Military 2537:a series 2535:Part of 2506:Cold War 2444:Saarland 2165:Gulf War 1969:Invasion 1843:Bulgaria 1707:Mongolia 1682:Ethiopia 1651:Bulgaria 1585:Moldavia 1267:such as 1249:weakened 1241:de facto 1221:de facto 1196:regime. 856:Currency 831:$ 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