East River - Knowledge

993: 2677: 873:(5.5 m)), five fathoms deep (30 feet (9.1 m)) in the same spot by 1798, and when surveyed by Williams in 1807 had deepened to 7 fathoms (42 feet (13 m)) at low tide. What had been almost a bridge between two landforms that were once connected had become a fully navigable channel, thanks to the constriction of the East River and the increased flow it caused. Soon, the current in the East River had become so strong that larger ships had to use auxiliary steam power in order to turn. The continued narrowing of the channel on both side may have been the reasoning behind the suggestion of one New York State Senator, who wanted to fill in the East River and annex Brooklyn, with the cost of doing so being covered by selling the newly made land. Others proposed a dam at Roosevelt Island (then Blackwell's Island) to create a wet basin for shipping. 2782: 1192: 946:, had cleared some of the rocks which, along with the mix of tides, made the Hell Gate stretch of the river so dangerous to navigate. Ebenezer Meriam had organized a subscription to pay Maillefert $ 6,000 to, for instance, reduce "Pot Rock" to provide 24 feet (7.3 m) of depth at low-mean water. While ships continued to run aground (in the 1850s about 2% of ships did so) and petitions continued to call for action, the federal government undertook surveys of the area which ended in 1851 with a detailed and accurate map. By then Maillefert had cleared the rock "Baldheaded Billy", and it was reported that Pot Rock had been reduced to 20.5 feet (6.2 m), which encouraged the 2501: 877: 2633: 2649: 2696: 924:, and make extensive landfill in the Lower Bay. At around the same time, in the 1920s, John A. Harriss, New York City's chief traffic engineer, who had developed the first traffic signals in the city, also had plans for the river. Harriss wanted to dam the East River at Hell Gate and the Williamsburg Bridge, then remove the water, put a roof over it on stilts, and build boulevards and pedestrian lanes on the roof along with "majestic structures", with transportation services below. The East River's course would, once again, be shifted to run through Queens, and this time Brooklyn as well, to channel it to the Harbor. 738:, which allowed intertidal land to be owned and sold – the shoreline was "wharfed out" to the high-water mark by constructing retaining walls that were filled in with every conceivable kind of landfill: excrement, dead animals, ships deliberately sunk in place, ship ballast, and muck dredged from the bottom of the river. On the new land were built warehouses and other structures necessary for the burgeoning sea trade. Many of the "water-lot" grants went to the rich and powerful families of the merchant class, although some went to tradesmen. By 1700, the Manhattan bank of the river had been "wharfed-out" up to around 2766: 1475:, where it mixed with ground runoff, ran directly into the river, untreated. The sewers terminated at the slips where ships docked, until the waste began to build up, preventing dockage, after which the outfalls were moved to the end of the piers. The "landfill" which created new land along the shoreline when the river was "wharfed out" by the sale of "water lots" was largely garbage such as bones, offal, and even whole dead animals, along with excrement – human and animal. The result was that by the 1850s, if not before, the East River, like the other waterways around the city, was undergoing the process of 894:. Serrell's plan – which he publicized with maps, essay and lectures as well as presentations to the city, state and federal governments – would have filled in the river from 14th Street to 125th Street. The New East River through Queens would be about three times the average width of the existing one at an even 3,600 feet (1,100 m) throughout, and would run as straight as an arrow for five miles (8.0 km). The new land, and the portions of Queens which would become part of Manhattan, adding 2,500 acres (1,000 ha), would be covered with an extension of the existing street grid of Manhattan. 2750: 2509: 383: 2716: 1811: 2294: 2181: 2022: 2733: 2145: 2289: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2209: 2203: 2176: 2090: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2017: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1939: 1933: 1912: 1906: 1885: 1879: 1874: 1853: 1847: 969:, popularly known as "Leviathan" – New York began to be concerned that it would start to lose its status as a great port if a "back door" entrance into the harbor was not created. In the 1850s the depth continued to lessen – the harbor commission said in 1850 that the mean water low was 24 feet (7.3 m) and the extreme water low was 23 feet (7.0 m) – while the draft required by the new ships continued to increase, meaning it was only safe for them to enter the harbor at high tide. 746: 49: 1255: 2849:

named after the piles of oysters left there by the Native Americans of the area. "Enjoy the oysters" was often said to a person planning on traveling to New York City, so strong was the bivalve as an icon of the city. It was only after the collapse of the local oyster beds, by around 1920, that oysters became scarce, and a delicacy only affordable by the rich. Burrows and Wallace, pp.460, 798, 816

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gathered marsh grass to feed their cattle, and the East River's tides helped to power mills which ground grain to flour. By 1642 there was a ferry running on the river between Manhattan island and what is now Brooklyn, and the first pier on the river was built in 1647 at Pearl and Broad Streets. After the British took over the colony in 1664, which was renamed "New York", the development of the waterfront continued, and a

2488: 2300: 2123: 580: 1188:, built in 1917 to extend the Manhattan portion of the tunnel to Brooklyn, and via City Tunnel #2 (1936) to Queens; these boroughs became part of New York City after the city's consolidation in 1898. City Tunnel #3 will also run under the river, under the northern tip of Roosevelt Island, and is expected to not be completed until at least 2026; the Manhattan portion of the tunnel went into service in 2013. 1711:

hundred cubic yards of soil from the area. They estimated that about 5,200 US gallons (19,684 L; 4,330 imp gal) went into the river, of which 520 US gallons (1,968 L; 433 imp gal) were recovered. Con Edison said that it installed a new transformer, and intended to add new barrier around the facility to help guard against future spills propagating into the river.

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the river make the recovery much more difficult, with the turbulent water caused by the river's change of tides pushing contaminated water over the containment booms, where it is then carried out to sea and cannot be recovered. By Friday May 12, officials from Con Edison reported that almost 600 US gallons (2,271 L; 500 imp gal) had been taken out of the water.

1393:, making two intermediate stops in Brooklyn and three in Queens. The ferry, an alternative to the New York City Subway, cost $ 4 per one-way ticket. It was instantly popular: from June to November 2011, the ferry saw 350,000 riders, over 250% of the initial ridership forecast of 134,000 riders. In December 2016, in preparation for the start of 980:, "under Lt. Bartlett of the Army Corps of Engineers," began to do the job, in an operation which was to span 70 years. The appropriated money was soon spent without appreciable change in the hazards of navigating the strait. An advisory council recommended in 1856 that the strait be cleared of all obstacles, but nothing was done, and the 440:

plays the very devil." The tidal regime is complex, with the two major tides – from the Long Island Sound and from the Atlantic Ocean – separated by about two hours; and this is without consideration of the tidal influence of the Harlem River, all of which creates a "dangerous cataract", as one ship's captain put it.

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on the East River. The area behind the masonry wall (mostly concrete but in some parts granite blocks) would be filled in with landfill, and wide streets would be laid down on the new land. In this way, a new edge for the island (or at least the part of it used as a commercial port) would be created.

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In the late 1860s, after the Civil War, Congress realized the military importance of having easily navigable waterways, and charged the Army Corps of Engineers with clearing Hell Gate. Newton estimated that the operation would cost about half as much as the annual losses in shipping. The 2021 book by

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After the signing of the Montgomerie Charter in the late 1720s, another 127 acres of land along the Manhattan shore of the East River was authorized to be filled-in, this time to a point 400 feet beyond the low-water mark; the parts that had already been expanded to the low water mark – much of which

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were banned from the zone while the oil was being cleaned up, and the speed of commercial vehicles restricted so as not to spread the oil in their wakes, causing delays in NYC Ferry service. The clean-up efforts were being undertaken by Con Edison personnel and private environmental contractors, the

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in 2012, which hit the city in a way to create surges which are much higher, can still do significant damage. (The Hurricane of September 3, 1821, created the biggest storm surge on record in New York City: a rise of 13 feet (4.0 m) in one hour at the Battery, flooding all of lower Manhattan up

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was rounding up all the boats on the east shore of the river, in what is now Brooklyn, and used them to successfully move his troops across the river – under cover of night, rain, and fog – to Manhattan island, before the British could press their advantage. Thus, though the battle was a victory for

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Historically, the lower portion of the strait, which separates Manhattan from Brooklyn, was one of the busiest and most important channels in the world, particularly during the first three centuries of New York City's history. Because the water along the lower Manhattan shoreline was too shallow for

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Environmental damage to wildlife is expected to be less than if the spill was of petroleum-based oil, but the oil can still block the sunlight necessary for the river's fish and other organisms to live. Nesting birds are also in possible danger from the oil contaminating their nests and potentially

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Periodically, merchants and other interested parties would try to get something done about the difficulty of navigating through Hell Gate. In 1832, the New York State legislature was presented with a petition for a canal to be built through nearby Hallet's Point, thus avoiding Hell Gate altogether.

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wrote of Hell Gate that the current sounded "like a bull bellowing for more drink" at half tide, while at full tide it slept "as soundly as an alderman after dinner". He said it was like "a peaceable fellow enough when he has no liquor at all, or when he has a skinful, but who, when half-seas over,

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changes its direction of flow regularly, and is subject to strong fluctuations in its current, which are accentuated by its narrowness and variety of depths. The waterway is navigable for its entire length of 16 miles (26 km), and was historically the center of maritime activities in the city.

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Oysters were so plentiful in New Amsterdam and early New York that they were considered to be food for the poor, although the rich also ate them in great numbers. They were sold in specialized "oyster shops" and by vendors on the street, some of which were paved with their shells. Pearl Street was

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The Coast Guard estimated that 5,200 US gallons (19,684 L; 4,330 imp gal) of oil spilled into the water, with the remainder soaking into the soil at the substation. In the past the Coast Guard has on average been able to recover about 10% of oil spilled, however the complex tides in

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began in 1623. Some of the earliest of the small settlements in the area were along the west bank of the East River on sites that had previously been Native American settlements. As with the Native Americans, the river was central to their lives for transportation for trading and for fishing. They

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Historically, there were other small streams which emptied into the river, though these and their associated wetlands have been filled in and built over. These small streams included the Harlem Creek, one of the most significant tributaries originating in Manhattan. Other streams that emptied into

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said that the chronic release after heavy rains of overflow from city's wastewater treatment system was "a bigger problem for the harbor than this accident." The state Department of Environmental Conservation is investigating the spill. It was later reported that according to DEC data which dates

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Because of these changes to the ecosystem, by 1909, the level of dissolved-oxygen in the lower part of the river had declined to less than 65%, where 55% of saturation is the point at which the amount of fish and the number of their species begins to be affected. Only 17 years later, by 1926, the

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meet there, making it difficult to navigate, especially because of the number of rocky islets which once dotted it, with names such as "Frying Pan", "Pot, Bread and Cheese", "Hen and Chicken", "Heel Top"; "Flood"; and "Gridiron", roughly 12 islets and reefs in all, all of which led to a number of

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By 1870, the condition of the Port of New York along both the East and Hudson Rivers had so deteriorated that the New York State legislature created the Department of Docks to renovate the port and keep New York competitive with other ports on the American East Coast. The Department of Docks was

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At the beginning of the 19th century, the East River was the center of New York's shipping industry, but by the end of the century, much of it had moved to the Hudson River, leaving the East River wharves and slips to begin a long process of decay, until the area was finally rehabilitated in the

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on November 16. Prisoners began to be housed on the broken-down warships and transports in December; about 24 ships were used in total, but generally only 5 or 6 at a time. Almost twice as many Americans died from neglect in these ships than did from all the battles in the war: as many as 12,000

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also runs across Roosevelt Island, and an elevator allowing both pedestrian and vehicular access to the island was added to the bridge in 1930, but elevator service was discontinued in 1955 following the opening of the Roosevelt Island Bridge, and the elevator was demolished in 1970. The island,

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On June 22, Con Edison used non-toxic green dye and divers in the river to find the source of the leak. As a result, a 4-inch (10 cm) hole was plugged. The utility continued to believe that the bulk of the spill went into the ground around the substation, and excavated and removed several

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and other fish species which do not eat phytoplankton feed on the menhaden. The oyster is another filter feeder: oysters purify 10 to 100 gallons a day, while each menhaden filters four gallons in a minute, and their schools were immense: one report had a farmer collecting 20 oxcarts worth of

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to the East River. Ironically, though, while both forks of the northern shipping entrance to the city were now open, modern dredging techniques had cut through the sandbars of the Atlantic Ocean entrance, allowing new, even larger ships to use that traditional passage into New York's docks.

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p.7 Quote: "Suggestion for removal of rocks in Hell Gate to lessen currents Also to change shape of the boundary on the easterly and westerly side of New York Eleven reasons presented for furtherance of plan. ... A canal 200 ft extending from Long Island sound to 150th street to transport

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The department had surveyed 13,700 feet (4,200 m) of shoreline by 1878, as well as documenting the currents and tides. By 1900, 75 miles (121 km) had been surveyed and core samples had been taken to inform the builders of how deep the bedrock was. The work was completed just as

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in Brooklyn, and which is located directly south of the "mouth" of the East River, was in the early 17th century a fordable waterway across which cattle could be driven. Further investigation by Colonel Jonathan Williams determined that the channel was by 1776 three fathoms deep (18 feet

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In an earlier time, one person had described the transparency of the water: "I remember the time, gentlemen, when you could go in twelve feet of water and you could see the pebbles on the bottom of this river." As the water got more polluted, it darkened, underwater vegetation (such as

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was engaged to head the project. McClellan held public hearings and invited plans to be submitted, ultimately receiving 70 of them, although in the end he and his successors put his own plan into effect. That plan called for the building of a seawall around Manhattan island from

1552:(DEP) categorizes the East River as Use Classification I, meaning it is safe for secondary contact activities such as boating and fishing. According to the marine sciences section of the DEP, the channel is swift, with water moving as fast as four knots, just as it does in the 889:

Filling in part of the river was also proposed in 1867 by engineer James E. Serrell, later a city surveyor, but with emphasis on solving the problem of Hell Gate. Serrell proposed filling in Hell Gate and building a "New East River" through Queens with an extension to

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traces Newton's work on this project from 1866 to 1885. On September 24, 1876, the Corps used 50,000 pounds (23,000 kg) of explosives to blast the rocks, which was followed by further blasting. The process was started by excavating under Hallets reef from

840:. The existence of the ships and the conditions the men were held in was widely known at the time through letters, diaries and memoirs, and was a factor not only in the attitude of Americans toward the British, but in the negotiations to formally end the war. 2492: 1439:, including mammoth remains, had been dumped into the East River near 65th Street. Although the museum denied that any fossils had been dumped into the river, Reeves's allegations prompted commercial divers to search the river for evidence of mammoth bones. 3793:

It is the biggest public works project in New York City's history: a $ 6 billion water tunnel that has claimed 24 lives, endured under six mayors and survived three city fiscal crises, along with the falling and rising fortunes of the metropolis above it.

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was being planned. When it was completed in 1895, the "back door" to New York's center of ship-borne trade in the docks and warehouses of the East River was open from two directions, through the cleared East River, and from the Hudson River through the

1611:– an insoluble synthetic mineral oil, considered non-toxic by New York state, used to cool electrical equipment and prevent electrical discharges – into the East River from a 37,000-US-gallon (140,060 L; 30,809 imp gal) tank. The 1571:, a non-profit environmentalist advocacy group. The counts are also higher along the shores of the strait than they are in the middle of its flow. Nevertheless, the "Brooklyn Bridge Swim" is an annual event where swimmers cross the channel from 911:

took it up in 1906. Then Thomas Kennard Thompson, a bridge and railway engineer, proposed in 1913 to fill in the river from Hell Gate to the tip of Manhattan and, as Serrell had suggested, make a new canalized East River, only this time from

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soldiers, sailors and civilians. The bodies were thrown overboard or were buried in shallow graves on the riverbanks, but their bones – some of which were collected when they washed ashore – were later relocated and are now inside the

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p.109 Quote: "Plan and description proposing to re model the city of New York and its vicinity By making a New East River filling up Hell Gate and annexing Brooklyn also extending into Westchester County By James E Serrell ...

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to appropriate $ 20,000 for further clearing of the strait. However, a more accurate survey showed that the depth of Pot Rock was actually a little more than 18 feet (5.5 m), and eventually Congress withdrew its funding.

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in the channel of the East River. The turbines were projected to begin operations in 2015 and are supposed to produce 1.05 megawatts of power. The strength of the current foiled an earlier effort in 2007 to tap the river for

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miners, assisted by steam drills, dug galleries under the reef, which were then interconnected. They later drilled holes for explosives. A patent was issued for the detonating device. After the explosion, the rock debris was

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One result of the narrowing of the East River along the shoreline of Manhattan and, later, Brooklyn – which continued until the mid-19th century when the state put a stop to it – was an increase in the speed of its current.

379:) runs north–south, parallel to the glacial motion. It is much narrower, with straight banks. The bays that exist, as well as those that used to exist before being filled in by human activity, are largely wide and shallow. 1358:, the result of deregulation of the electrical power industry. The station, which can generate about 20% of the electrical needs of New York City – approximately 2,500 megawatts – receives some of its fuel by oil barge. 770:

in 1723 – were also expanded, narrowing the channel even further. What had been quiet beach land was to become new streets and buildings, and the core of the city's sea-borne trade. This infilling went as far north as

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was twice that of Europe – indoor plumbing, the destruction of filter feeders, and the collapse of the food chain, damaged the ecosystem of the waters around New York, including the East River, almost beyond repair.

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to destroy the Continental Army when he had the opportunity allowed the Americans to continue fighting. Without the stealthy withdrawal across the East River, the American Revolution might have ended much earlier.

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were held in terrible conditions. These prisoners had come into the hands of the British after the fall of New York City on September 15, 1776, after the American loss at the Battle of Long Island and the loss of

2620:, the East River appears as a river spirit in the form of a telkhine. The East River Spirit is a rival to the Hudson River Spirit, but assists the Demigods in the Battle of Manhattan by sinking the Titan's ships. 1519:, a small silvery fish which had been used since the time of the Native Americans for fertilizing crops – however it took 8,000 of these schooling fish to fertilize a single acre, so mechanized fishing using the 4729: 374:

to Hell Gate), running largely perpendicular to the glacial motion, is wide, meandering, and has deep narrow bays on both banks, scoured out by the glacier's movement. The lower portion (from Hell Gate to

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Thanks to reductions in pollution, cleanups, the restriction of development, and other environmental controls, the East River along Manhattan is one of the areas of New York's waterways – including the

2490: 2781: 1319:, runs past the Brooklyn, Manhattan, Williamsburg and Queensboro Bridges, and the Ward's Island Footbridge, and terminates just before the Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Bridge when it connects to the 4691: 1559:

As of 2013, it was reported that the level of bacteria in the river was below federal guidelines for swimming on most days, although the readings may vary significantly, so that the outflow from

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and a number of hospitals; today, it is dominated by residential neighborhoods consisting of large apartment buildings and parkland (much of which is dotted with the ruins of older structures).

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On October 10, 1885, the Corps carried out the largest explosion in this process, annihilating Flood Rock with 300,000 pounds (140,000 kg) of explosives. The blast was felt as far away as

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beds declined, the many associated species of their ecosystems declined as well, contributing to the decline of the river. Also harmful was the general destruction of the once plentiful

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and local activists. The area also contains Rainey Park, which honors Thomas C. Rainey, who attempted for 40 years to get a bridge built in that location from Manhattan to Queens. The

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in 1917 was larger. Some of the rubble from the detonation was used in 1890 to fill the gap between Great Mill Rock and Little Mill Rock, merging the two islands into a single island,

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The new seawall helps protect Manhattan island from storm surges, although it is only 5 feet (1.5 m) above the mean sea level, so that particularly dangerous storms, such as the

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of water 250 feet (76 m) in the air. The blast has been described as "the largest planned explosion before testing began for the atomic bomb", although the detonation at the

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was developed, and eventually the menhaden population collapsed. Menhaden feed on phytoplankton, helping to keep them in check, and are also a vital step in the food chain, as

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that held mediation meetings on the island in the 1970s. Today, the island is owned by New York State and serves as a migratory bird sanctuary that is closed to visitors.

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menhaden using simple fishing nets deployed from the shore. The combination of more sewage, due to the availability of more potable water – New York's water consumption

791:, in which the East River played an important role early in the conflict. On August 28, 1776, while British and Hessian troops rested after besting the Americans at the 4719: 4420: 455:, a run of about 1,000 yards (910 m), was 40 feet (12 m) deep, the long section from there, running to the west of Roosevelt Island, through Hell Gate and to 1699:

back to 1978, the substation involved had spilled 179 times previously, more than any other Con Ed facility. The spills have included 8,400 gallons of dielectric oil,

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shore of the river, on land some of which was once stone quarries which provided granite and marble slabs for Manhattan's buildings. The plant has since been owned by

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and a decrease in other life forms, breaking the area's established food chain. The East River became very polluted, and its animal life decreased drastically.

3593: 1587:– which have shown signs of the return of biodiversity. On the other hand, the river is also under attack from hardy, competitive, alien species, such as the 4400: 3720: 1549: 1272:

sank near North Brother Island due to a fire. It was carrying 1,400 German-Americans to a picnic site on Long Island for an annual outing. There were only

481:, a long (2-mile (3.2 km)) and narrow (800 feet (240 m)) landmass, lies in the stretch of the river between Manhattan Island and the borough of 5836: 2820: 4681: 3204: 856:, which was rejected by the city, but established the concept – the coastline become regularized at the same time that the strait became even narrower. 4559: 3715: 1365:, an illegal dumpsite and abandoned landfill that in 1986 was turned into an outdoor museum, exhibition space for artists, and public park by sculptor 823: 812: 4612: 4113: 5024: 4447: 3924: 1303:, and is universally known by New Yorkers as the "FDR Drive". The road is sometimes at grade, sometimes runs under locations such as the site of the 848:

After the war, East River waterfront development continued once more. New York State legislation, which in 1807 had authorized what would become the

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that sank in 1780 while supposedly carrying gold and silver intended to pay British troops. The stretch has since been cleared of rocks and widened.

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on Long Island, which itself contained several tributaries, drains into the East River and forms part of the boundary between Queens and Brooklyn.

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on the other side of Manhattan. That speed can push casual swimmers out to sea. A few people drown in the waters around New York City each year.

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purchased the rights to operate the East River Ferry. NYC Ferry started service on May 1, 2017, with the East River Ferry as part of the system.

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Variations on Serrell's plan would be floated over the years. A pseudonymous "Terra Firma" brought up filling in the East River again in the

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roughly paralleling Manhattan's East 46th–86th Streets. The abrupt termination of the island on its north end is due to an extension of the

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which lies under the river bed. Why the river turns to the east as it approaches the three lower Manhattan bridges is geologically unknown.

6422: 4075: 7327: 7312: 4379: 7337: 7332: 4846: 2984: 419:– is a narrow, turbulent, and particularly treacherous stretch of the river. Tides from the Long Island Sound, New York Harbor and the 4498: 3780: 3557: 1132:, and all but replacing the frequent ferry service between them, which did not return until the late 20th century. The bridge offered 5891: 4744: 1615:

received a report of the spill at 1:30pm that day, although the public did not learn of the spill for two days, and then only from

1315:– the mayor's official residence, and is at time double-decked, because Hell Gate provides no room for more landfill. It begins at 1251:. Although it can trace its history back to 1771, the center on York Avenue, much of which overlooks the river, was built in 1932. 489:. Politically, the island's 147 acres (0.59 km) constitute part of the borough of Manhattan. It is connected to Queens by the 7281: 6735: 6512: 4207: 4020: 2732: 2596:

takes place and also where he sacrifices himself to stop the fusion reactor he created which would threaten all of New York City.

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Beginning in 1934, and then again from 1948 to 1966, the Manhattan shore of the river became the location for the limited-access

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was at least 35 feet (11 m) deep, and then eastward from there the river was, at mean low tide, 168 feet (51 m) deep.

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James E. Serrell's 1860s plan for an expanded Manhattan and a straightened East River, using canalization and land reclamation

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Hidden Waters of New York City: A History and Guide to 101 Forgotten Lakes, Ponds, Creeks, and Streams in the Five Boroughs

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substation in Brooklyn caused a spill into the river of over 5,000 US gallons (18,927 L; 4,163 imp gal) of

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Instead, the legislature responded by providing ships with pilots trained to navigate the shoals for the next 15 years.

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The East River was the site of one of the greatest disasters in the history of New York City when, in June 1904, the

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The river is navigable for its entire length of 16 miles (26 km). In 1939 it was reported that the stretch from

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poisoning the birds or their eggs. Water from the East River was reported to have tested positive for low levels of

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started operating its East River Ferry line. The route was a 7-stop East River service that runs in a loop between

833: 721:

industry grew up once New York started exporting flour. By the end of the 17th century, the Great Dock, located at

556:, an 8.6-acre (3.5 ha) island located about 1000 feet from Manhattan's East 96th Street; Manhattan's 520-acre 530: 502: 1541:

level of dissolved oxygen in the river had fallen to 13%, below the point at which most fish species can survive.

533:. Officially named Belmont Island after one of the tunnel's financiers, the landmass owes its popular name (after 6021: 801: 1191: 510:

which was formerly known as Blackwell's Island and Welfare Island before being renamed in honor of US President

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in the area. Those of the Lenapes who lived in the northern part of Manhattan Island in a campsite known as

7211: 7021: 6371: 6071: 5753: 5571: 4997: 3914: 1236: 958:, thus providing ships with less depth, and a new generation of larger ships coming online – epitomized by 891: 631:. Along the east of Wards Island, at approximately the strait's midpoint, it narrows into a channel called 4992: 4983: 4437: 2500: 7166: 6885: 6376: 6006: 5578: 3189: 2939: 1435:

At the end of 2022, gold miner John Reeves claimed that up to 50 tons of ice age artifacts bound for the

1173: 1157: 876: 828: 31: 4240:"Treasure hunters search NYC's East River after claim that mammoth bones were dumped there in the 1940s" 1591:, which is considered to be one of the world's ten worst invasive species, and is present in the river. 1128:, completed in 1883, was the first bridge to span the East River, connecting the cities of New York and 7201: 7011: 6905: 6865: 6685: 6650: 5860: 5832: 5805: 5758: 5379: 5206: 2815: 2805: 933: 624: 557: 4645: 3456: 2831: 2555: 7126: 7061: 6875: 6760: 6730: 6695: 6502: 6121: 5583: 5496: 3665: 3484: 3144: 2470: 2446: 2365: 2223: 2155: 1821: 1649: 1612: 1459:" from outdoor privies would dump their loads into the river, and even after the construction of the 1277: 1177: 1031: 462:

The broadness of the river's channel south of Roosevelt Island is caused by the dipping of the hardy

2592:'s run down lair is situated on the East River. This is also where the final battle between him and 1428:, a synthetic mineral oil used to cool electrical equipment and prevent electrical discharges. (See 1019:

and dropped into a deep part of the river. This was not repeated at the later Flood Rock explosion.

972:

The U.S. Congress, realizing that the problem needed to be addressed, appropriated $ 20,000 for the

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which leaked at various times into the soil around the substation, the sewers, and the East River.

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Proceeding north and east from Roosevelt Island, the River's principal islands include Manhattan's

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began, allowing the Port of New York to be a major point of embarkation for troops and materiel.

1082: 1078: 959: 490: 444: 411:

meaning either "bright strait" or "clear opening", given to the entire river in 1614 by explorer

1168:(1966). In addition, numerous rail tunnels pass under the East River – most of them part of the 954:

With the main shipping channels through The Narrows into the harbor silting up with sand due to

6890: 6835: 6740: 6700: 6587: 6517: 6452: 6201: 6116: 6106: 5991: 5961: 1867: 1224: 947: 772: 705:

used a landing at around the current location of East 119th street to paddle into the river in

4369: 2504:

Exposition display showing cross-section of East River railroad tunnel to Pennsylvania Station

7271: 7241: 7221: 7156: 7056: 7016: 6915: 6845: 6750: 6462: 6447: 6432: 6417: 6101: 5853: 5690: 4907: 3659: 3278: 2863: 2303: 2140: 2126: 2010: 1300: 1023: 792: 511: 4152: 4019: 3978: 3770: 2992: 1276:, one of the worst losses of life in the city's long history, and a devastating blow to the 7081: 7026: 6970: 6965: 6920: 6910: 6895: 6830: 6815: 6745: 6537: 6492: 6472: 6442: 6151: 5810: 5773: 5618: 5440: 5302: 5226: 5145: 4488: 2496:

Historical film of the East River, leading up to a final shot of the Brooklyn Bridge (1903)

2416: 1668: 1624: 1572: 1169: 1056: 1042: 367: 3741:"NYC's Giant Water Tunnel Begins Work On Final Shafts, Following 50 Years Of Construction" 604:

drain into the northern bank of the East River in the northern section of the strait. The

8: 7307: 7216: 7051: 7031: 7006: 6955: 6935: 6880: 6860: 6840: 6770: 6715: 6675: 6670: 6427: 6241: 6076: 5738: 5659: 5408: 5221: 5201: 4959: 2943: 2787: 2037: 1899: 1632: 1600: 1464: 1421: 1335: 1324: 1289: 1244: 1220: 1137: 1133: 1069: 943: 903: 788: 654: 5337: 1663:

The loss of the sub-station caused a voltage dip in the power provided by Con Ed to the

1623:. A "safety zone" was established, extending from a line drawn between Dupont Street in 689:

Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the land north of the East River was occupied by the

7106: 7046: 7001: 6985: 6855: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6755: 6582: 5906: 5728: 5695: 5634: 5414: 5327: 5193: 5175: 5059: 4897: 4374: 3830: 3826:"Van Schaick Pardoned. Captain of the Ill-Fated Slocum Is Restored to Full Citizenship" 3588: 3268: 2853: 2722: 2572: 2460: 2392: 2388: 2282: 2249: 2196: 2117: 2109: 2083: 1636: 1398: 1320: 1248: 1161: 981: 869: 861: 694: 486: 448: 309: 179: 4217: 1694:

Putting the spill into perspective, John Lipscomb, the vice president of advocacy for

1451:

before it, the East River has been the receptacle for the city's garbage and sewage. "

734:

large boats to tie up and unload their goods, from 1686 on – after the signing of the

7266: 7261: 7196: 7176: 7171: 7131: 6980: 6960: 6710: 6665: 6602: 6562: 6527: 6477: 6412: 6381: 6311: 6171: 6081: 6011: 5936: 5612: 5506: 5491: 5458: 5319: 5102: 4963: 4937: 4911: 4883: 4855: 4823: 4682:"East River oil spill: Thousands of gallons seeped into water, Coast Guard estimates" 4278: 4144: 4011: 3970: 3669: 3638: 3282: 3248: 3148: 3115: 2949: 2867: 2702: 2664: 2655: 2616: 2354: 1608: 1425: 1370: 1351: 1266: 1196: 1153: 1141: 920:. He would also expand Brooklyn into the Upper Harbor, put up a dam from Brooklyn to 816: 796: 745: 609: 608:, historically known as Flushing Creek, empties into the strait's southern bank near 601: 561: 506: 436: 425: 371: 313: 267: 124: 2605:, the immortal Dr. Henry Morgan is reborn naked in the East River each time he dies. 2508: 7251: 6975: 6930: 6820: 6810: 6705: 6690: 6655: 6645: 6612: 6467: 6407: 6356: 6206: 6196: 6176: 6091: 6051: 5976: 5790: 5664: 5649: 5486: 4837: 3263: 2756: 2682: 2668: 2540: 2512: 2380: 2323: 1970: 1825: 1755: 1390: 1343: 1308: 1200: 1149: 1145: 963: 865: 837: 739: 640: 565: 478: 62: 4438:"Into the murky waters: hundreds brave New York City's East River for annual swim" 382: 7236: 7226: 7121: 7111: 7096: 7086: 6945: 6870: 6795: 6790: 6366: 6361: 6341: 6316: 6306: 6286: 6276: 6251: 6236: 6216: 6056: 5986: 5966: 5956: 5931: 5926: 5424: 5402: 5342: 5332: 5231: 5069: 5051: 4873: 4424: 4411: 3628: 3354: 3109: 2772: 2739: 2706: 2686: 2551: 2520: 2516: 2169: 1953: 1700: 1604: 1588: 1545: 1460: 1281: 1125: 1102: 1007: 955: 775:. In addition, the city was given control of the western shore of the river from 722: 617: 526: 467: 4613:"East River Oil Spill Not Over Yet: Cleanup Crews Scrambling Ahead Of Big Storm" 4489:"'Catastrophic' Con Ed Transformer Failure Causes Enormous East River Oil Slick" 1288:

before being released by a federal parole board, and then pardoned by President

7256: 7191: 7161: 7101: 7091: 6940: 6900: 6622: 6567: 6532: 6522: 6507: 6351: 6291: 6266: 6256: 6186: 6181: 6161: 6136: 6086: 6036: 5981: 5951: 5795: 5629: 5501: 5464: 5419: 5258: 5253: 5140: 5076: 4925: 4869: 4526: 3775: 3624: 3485:"NOAA 200th Collections: Hell Gate and Its Approaches nautical chart from 1851" 2913: 2589: 1810: 1769: 1644: 1500: 1476: 1366: 1312: 1011: 735: 702: 678: 605: 522: 463: 402: 255: 4875:

Concrete Jungle: New York City and Our Last Best Hope for a Sustainable Future

4801: 3630:

Concrete Jungle: New York City and Our Last Best Hope for a Sustainable Future

339:

Because of its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the

7301: 7181: 6850: 6597: 6577: 6572: 6487: 6437: 6331: 6281: 6246: 6221: 5921: 5537: 5453: 5447: 5434: 5429: 5386: 5309: 5183: 5097: 5034: 5002: 4951: 4933: 4597: 4282: 4148: 4015: 3974: 2559: 2422: 2144: 1580: 1564: 1560: 1520: 1488: 1448: 1405: 1165: 1098: 921: 908: 808: 776: 767: 750: 713: 666: 662: 658: 650: 597: 569: 452: 412: 305: 251: 208: 195: 153: 140: 4181:"Turbines Off NYC East River Will Create Enough Energy to Power 9,500 Homes" 7151: 7116: 6557: 6391: 6296: 6226: 6211: 6156: 6131: 6126: 6111: 6061: 6046: 6041: 6026: 5996: 5941: 5916: 5911: 5876: 5723: 5717: 5685: 5639: 5374: 5297: 5287: 5216: 5166: 5135: 5042: 2584: 2576: 1553: 1528: 1204: 1068:

given the task of creating the master plan for the waterfront, and General

1047: 913: 758: 754: 718: 644: 613: 515: 456: 420: 376: 344: 280: 30:

This article is about the East River in New York City. For other uses, see

4770:"Con Edison Patches 4-Inch Hole That Allowed Oil to Spill Into East River" 4745:"Con Ed Site of Recent East River Spill Leached Oil 179 Times Before: DEC" 3016:

Wolfe, Gerard R., "Hell Gate and Hell Gate Bridge", in Jackson, pp.588–589

6617: 6547: 6497: 6482: 6346: 6271: 6231: 6166: 6141: 6096: 5971: 5896: 5845: 5733: 5669: 5566: 5481: 5352: 5248: 5211: 5092: 5064: 4686: 1695: 1584: 1568: 1472: 1452: 1414: 1409: 1382: 1254: 1091: 917: 593: 546: 317: 271: 174: 72: 4560:"30,700 Gallons of Oil Still Missing in East Rover Spill, Officials Say" 4045:"Citywide Ferry Operator Hornblower Begins Takeover of East River Ferry" 3892:"Patchwork Upgrades Move Ahead as East Side Waits for Complete Greenway" 7141: 6542: 6457: 6191: 6146: 5946: 5624: 5347: 5292: 5238: 5118: 4720:"East River Water Samples Test Positive for Carcinogen After Oil Spill" 4271:"Mammoth Tusks in the East River? How Joe Rogan Started a 'Bone Rush.'" 2639: 2593: 2543:

performed a song named after the river that is featured on their album

1704: 1688: 1567:

can be tens or hundreds of times higher than recommended, according to

1456: 661:

on Long Island also drain into the strait on the Long Island side. The

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In February 2012 the federal government announced an agreement with

942:

In 1849, a French engineer whose specialty was underwater blasting,

48: 4724: 4650: 2832:

https://www.nan.usace.army.mil/Portals/37/docs/history/hellgate.pdf

2567: 1524: 1516: 1512: 1504: 1480: 1184:

below for details.) Also under the river is Water Tunnel #1 of the

1129: 1016: 321: 5544: 4820:

Opening the East River: John Newton and the Blasting of Hell Gate

4774: 4749: 4564: 4076:"NYC's newly opened ferry service already hit by constant delays" 1616: 1347: 1136:

service across the span. The Brooklyn Bridge was followed by the

1003:

Opening the East River: John Newton and the Blasting of Hell Gate

690: 674: 538: 534: 432: 297: 4993:

LIC Community Boathouse site for free paddling on the East River

3661:

Naming New York: Manhattan Places & How They Got Their Names

3373:

Selected List of References Bearing on the City Plan of New York

2689:(bottom); Manhattan is on the left, Brooklyn on the right (1981) 766:

had been devastated by a coastal storm in the early 1720s and a

579: 521:

The largest land mass in the River south of Roosevelt Island is

308:. The waterway, which is not a river despite its name, connects 3863: 2385: 2299: 2122: 2114: 1508: 1484: 1208: 1027: 698: 482: 325: 301: 4175: 1640: 1492: 706: 525:, an artificial islet created during the construction of the 2938: 616:. Further west, Luyster Creek drains into the East River in 77:

Aerial map of New York City with the East River shown in red

4106:"NYC launches ferry service with Queens, East River routes" 2851: Kurlansky, Mark "oysters" in 1483:

from excrement and other sources led to a decrease in free

1442: 4956:

Gotham Unbound: The Ecological History of Greater New York

2960:(Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as 3137:

The Greatest Grid: The Master Plan of Manhattan 1811-2011

643:. On the south side of Wards Island, it is joined by the 363: 3961:

Grynbaum, Michael M.; Quinlan, Adriane (June 13, 2011).

3859:"City Unveils Designs For Midtown's East River Greenway" 3515:"Rendering Hell-Gate Rocks; The Submarine Mine Exploded" 1258:

Firefighters working to put out the fire on the listing

3584:"The East River is Cleaner Now. The Water Birds Say So" 2759:

in the background, Topsail Schooner Clipper City (2013)

1654:

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

1511:

in the waters around the city, and the over-fishing of

1243:, which is associated with the medical schools of both 1041:

At the same time that Hell Gate was being cleared, the

3814:

Jackson, Kenneth T. "General Slocum" in Jackson, p.499

2985:"The East River Flows From Prehistoric Times To Today" 4135:

Levine, Alexandra S.; Wolfe, Jonathan (May 1, 2017).

2880: Steinberg, pp.7, 170–71 1447:

Throughout most of the history of New York City, and

1323:. Between most of the FDR Drive and the River is the 545:) to the efforts of a group associated with the guru 4401:

New York City Department of Environmental Protection

3721:

New York City Department of Environmental Protection

2642:

at 53rd Street in Manhattan on the East River (1831)

1550:

New York City Department of Environmental Protection

4522:"Cleanup underway for East River mineral oil spill" 2904:

Hodges, Godfrey. "East RIver" in Jackson, pp.393–93

1241:

NewYork Presbyterian / Weill Cornell Medical Center

576:, both of which also constitute part of the Bronx. 4868: 3623: 1639:. Recreational and human-powered vehicles such as 2919:A plan of the city of New-York & its environs 397:, after many of the obstructions had been removed 7299: 4590:"Impact, extent of East River oil spill unclear" 3554:New York City Department of Parks and Recreation 3103: 3101: 749:A "bird's-eye" view of New York City from 1859; 5837:Geography of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary 4646:"Con Ed Cleaning Up Oil Spill Along East River" 4112:. Associated Press. May 1, 2017. Archived from 4004:"East River Ferry Service Exceeds Expectations" 3960: 3489:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3433: 3431: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 5032: 4836: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3134: 1420:On May 7, 2017, the catastrophic failure of a 787:Expansion of the waterfront halted during the 753:and the East River are in the foreground, the 5861: 5018: 4519: 3944: 3942: 3403: 3401: 3328: 3326: 1373:was eventually built south of this location. 854:A Plan and Regulation of the City of New York 709:fashioned from tree trunks in order to fish. 4930:City on a Grid: How New York Became New York 4363: 4361: 3693:Eldredge & Horenstein (2014), pp.184–186 3428: 3078: 3044: 3042: 3040: 1603:'s Farragut Substation at 89 John Street in 1599:On May 7, 2017, the catastrophic failure of 1195:A panorama of the suspension section of the 976:to continue Maillefert's work. In 1851, the 466:underlying the island under the less strong 401:The section known as "Hell Gate" – from the 351: 4486: 4134: 3682: 3537: 2667:(1862); Blackwell's Island is now known as 1471:, the waste that was flushed away into the 843: 677:in Manhattan, Mill Brook in the Bronx, and 406: 5875: 5868: 5854: 5025: 5011: 4998:Western Queens waterfront information page 4847:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 4208:"East River Turbines Face Upstream Battle" 3939: 3805:Eldredge & Horenstein (2014), pp.89–90 3771:"Tunnelers Hit Something Big: A Milestone" 3440: 3437:Eldredge & Horenstein (2014), pp.94–95 3398: 3323: 3245:A Short History of the American Revolution 3175: 3173: 3057:Eldredge & Horenstein (2014), pp.90–91 3034:Eldredge & Horenstein (2014), pp.92–93 2816:Geography and environment of New York City 71: 4950: 4358: 3738: 3657: 3037: 2057:, vehicles, pedestrians, bicycles 811:on the River was the site of most of the 4822:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 4435: 4001: 3710: 3708: 3577: 3575: 3107: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2558:" – the "swan song" of the noted singer 2507: 2499: 2486: 1443:Ecosystem collapse, pollution and health 1253: 1190: 991: 875: 744: 578: 381: 7282:Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge 4924: 4896: 4817: 4675: 4673: 4587: 4477:Eldredge & Horenstein (2014), p.188 4468:Eldredge & Horenstein (2014), p.186 4205: 4086:from the original on September 23, 2017 4043:Evelly, Jeanmarie (December 19, 2016). 3347:Bulletin of the New York Public Library 3267: 3170: 3012: 3010: 2852: 2701:The East River passes children playing 884: 543:Secretary-General of the United Nations 514:, historically served as the site of a 27:Navigable tidal strait in New York City 14: 7300: 4782:from the original on November 9, 2017. 4732:from the original on December 9, 2018. 4713: 4711: 4709: 4610: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4268: 4187:from the original on February 11, 2012 4137:"New York Today: Our City's New Ferry" 4073: 4042: 4002:McGeehan, Patrick (October 16, 2011). 3956: 3954: 3948:Eldredge & Horenstein (2014), p.89 3927:from the original on February 10, 2015 3889: 3783:from the original on February 23, 2012 3446:Eldredge & Horenstein (2014), p.95 3407:Eldredge & Horenstein (2014), p.93 3257: 3196: 3048:Eldredge & Horenstein (2014), p.90 3025:Eldredge & Horenstein (2014), p.91 1487:, which in turn led to an increase in 1361:North of the power plant can be found 1113: 987: 782: 728: 415:when he passed through it in his ship 5849: 5006: 4767: 4742: 4717: 4679: 4643: 4557: 4501:from the original on October 17, 2017 4367: 3912: 3871:from the original on November 9, 2016 3856: 3823: 3751:from the original on January 22, 2022 3705: 3596:from the original on November 7, 2012 3581: 3572: 3525:from the original on November 9, 2012 3464:United States Army Corps of Engineers 3202: 3179: 2982: 2925: 2893: 2624: 2534: 1723:List of ferries across the East River 1665:Metropolitan Transportation Authority 927: 742:, narrowing the strait of the river. 7323:Straits of New York County, New York 4670: 4269:Wilson, Michael (January 27, 2023). 3739:Kensinger, Nathan (April 22, 2021). 3007: 2811:Lists of crossings of the East River 2579:takes up swimming in the East River. 1727: 4706: 4576: 4546: 4436:Jeffries, Adrianna (July 8, 2013). 4289:from the original on March 22, 2023 4250:from the original on March 22, 2023 3951: 3915:"Greenway Plan Gets 'Missing Link'" 3838:from the original on April 13, 2016 3763: 2398:Providence & Worcester Railroad 2355:Robert F. Kennedy Triborough Bridge 2322:vehicles, pedestrians, bicycles to 2069:13th Street Pumping Station tunnel 1429: 725:on the East River, had been built. 639:(formerly the Triborough), and the 24: 7328:Straits of Queens County, New York 7313:Transportation in New York (state) 4988:Greater Astoria Historical Society 4757:from the original on May 18, 2017. 4625:from the original on June 20, 2017 4572:from the original on June 2, 2017. 4177:United States Department of Energy 3890:Miller, Stephen (August 8, 2013). 3560:from the original on July 11, 2024 3495:from the original on July 16, 2011 3114:. New York, NY: Countryman Press. 1998:, vehicles, pedestrians, bicycles 1503:seagrass) began dying, and as the 1437:American Museum of Natural History 1305:Headquarters of the United Nations 55:headquarters of the United Nations 25: 7349: 7338:Straits of Bronx County, New York 7333:Straits of Kings County, New York 5829:. Smaller ponds may not be shown. 4977: 4903:The Encyclopedia of New York City 4694:from the original on May 11, 2017 4658:from the original on May 12, 2017 4487:Del Signore, John (May 9, 2017). 4450:from the original on June 7, 2017 4382:from the original on June 5, 2015 4370:"Welcome, Students. Now Watch It" 4206:Hogarty, Dave (August 13, 2007). 3963:"East River Ferry Service Begins" 3521:. September 25, 1876. p. 1. 3274:The Encyclopedia of New York City 3205:"East River: Living on the River" 2859:The Encyclopedia of New York City 2562:– was inspired by the East River. 1594: 1186:New York City water supply system 7287:West Canada Lake Wilderness Area 7207:Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present) 4796:[86th Yasushi Akimoto]. 4588:Delikat, Stacey (May 12, 2017). 4534:from the original on May 9, 2017 3913:Orden, Erica (October 6, 2011). 2780: 2764: 2748: 2731: 2714: 2694: 2675: 2647: 2631: 2465: 2441: 2360: 2298: 2292: 2287: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2229: 2207: 2201: 2179: 2174: 2150: 2143: 2121: 2088: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2020: 2015: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1958:vehicles, pedestrians, bicycles 1937: 1931: 1910: 1904: 1883: 1877: 1872: 1851: 1845: 1816: 1809: 1299:, which was later renamed after 1062: 712:Dutch settlement of what became 669:, which emptied into the river. 336:on the North American mainland. 53:East River (foreground) and the 47: 4872:and Horenstein, Sidney (2014). 4786: 4768:Hogan, Gwynne (June 22, 2017). 4761: 4736: 4637: 4604: 4513: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4429: 4394: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4313: 4301: 4262: 4232: 4199: 4169: 4128: 4098: 4067: 4036: 3995: 3906: 3883: 3850: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3732: 3696: 3651: 3627:and Horenstein, Sidney (2014). 3617: 3608: 3507: 3477: 3449: 3419: 3410: 3389: 3380: 3361: 3335: 3314: 3311:Steinberg, pp.81–82, 89–90, 107 3305: 3296: 3237: 3228: 3219: 3161: 3128: 3069: 3060: 3051: 2842: 2611:Percy Jackson and the Olympians 1376: 1214: 635:, which is spanned by both the 574:North and South Brother Islands 531:subway's 7 and <7> lines) 316:on its north end. It separates 4880:University of California Press 4743:Hogan, Gwynne (May 18, 2017). 4680:Brown, Nicole (May 11, 2017). 4611:Wilson, Simon (May 12, 2017). 4558:Hogan, Gwynne (May 11, 2017). 3635:University of California Press 3167:Burrows and Wallace, pp.5, 6–8 3141:Museum of the City of New York 3028: 3019: 2976: 2967: 2907: 2792:East River Scene, Brooklyn, NY 2738:The East River flows past the 1181: 1119: 822:– where thousands of American 587: 187: • coordinates 132: • coordinates 13: 1: 7318:Estuaries of New York (state) 5767:Croton Distributing Reservoir 4800:(in Japanese). Archived from 4520:Newhouse, Sam (May 9, 2017). 3182:"East River: History to 1815" 2826: 2357:(East River Suspension Span) 1340:Ravenswood Generating Station 1329:Manhattan Waterfront Greenway 1274:321 survivors of the disaster 1235:Streets on the river side of 1152:(1916). Later would come the 834:Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument 391: 112:Physical characteristics 6372:West Branch Papakating Creek 4405:"East River and Open Waters" 4074:Rivoli, Dan (May 10, 2017). 3582:Whitt, Toni (June 2, 2006). 3247:New York: Morrow. pp.92–95. 3243:Stokesbury, James L. (1991) 3135:Ballon, Hilary, ed. (2013). 2821:Geography of New York Harbor 1754:Manhattan — Manhattan ( 1716: 978:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 800:the British, the failure of 673:the East River included the 529:(which currently serves the 497:, and to both boroughs by a 7: 7167:Hudson Highlands State Park 6377:West Branch Sacandaga River 6007:East Branch Sacandaga River 3824:Staff (December 20, 1912). 3702:Burrows and Wallace, p.1229 3457:"The Conquest of Hell Gate" 3277:(2nd ed.). New Haven: 2862:(2nd ed.). New Haven: 2799: 2554:, the noted Japanese song " 1057:South Street Seaport Museum 32:East River (disambiguation) 10: 7354: 7187:Kingston–Rhinecliff Bridge 5833:Geography of New York City 5825:Former waterways shown in 4319:Burrows and Wallace, p.185 3857:Staff (November 7, 2013). 3395:Koeppel (2015), pp.221–226 3320:Burrows and Wallace, p.719 2962:WPA Guide to New York City 2948:. New York: Random House. 1784:Manhattan — Brooklyn 1720: 1117: 934:Removal of Hell Gate rocks 931: 864:, the strait that divides 850:Commissioners Plan of 1811 684: 558:Randalls and Wards Islands 473: 355: 29: 7127:Delaware and Hudson Canal 7074: 6994: 6638: 6631: 6400: 5884: 5823: 5783: 5709: 5678: 5605: 5596: 5559: 5515: 5474: 5395: 5365: 5318: 5278: 5192: 5174: 5165: 5158: 5111: 5085: 5050: 5041: 4417:Green Infrastructure Plan 4368:Staff (August 30, 2007). 4346:Steinberg, pp.161, 163–64 3666:New York University Press 3658:Feirstein, Sanna (2001). 3386:Koeppel (2015), pp.202–04 3145:Columbia University Press 3108:Kadinsky, Sergey (2016). 2550:According to its author, 2410: 2224:Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge 2103: 1783: 1753: 1656:, with the assistance of 1301:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1150:Hell Gate Railroad Bridge 352:Formation and description 286: 261: 245: 237: 232: 224: 185: 173: 169: 130: 120: 116: 111: 103: 95: 87: 82: 70: 46: 41: 7147:George Washington Bridge 6002:East Branch Croton River 5701:Williamsbridge Reservoir 4878:. Berkeley, California: 4818:Barthel, Thomas (2021). 3633:. Berkeley, California: 2973:Burrows and Wallace, p.5 2940:Federal Writers' Project 2411:The Bronx — Queens 2368:, pedestrians, bicycles 2237:, pedestrians, bicycles 2104:Manhattan — Queens 1764:Roosevelt Island Tramway 1671:system, which disrupted 1658:NYC Emergency Management 1613:National Response Center 1197:Robert F. Kennedy Bridge 844:Development begins again 693:, one of many groups of 637:Robert F. Kennedy Bridge 495:Roosevelt Island Tramway 263: • right 7277:Walkway over the Hudson 7247:Salisbury Center Bridge 6593:Lake Tear of the Clouds 5645:Meadow and Willow Lakes 4852:Oxford University Press 4423:April 16, 2016, at the 3920:The Wall Street Journal 3368:New York Public Library 3342:New York Public Library 3302:Steinberg, pp.57–58; 73 3234:Steinberg, pp.26–28; 34 2983:Staff (July 20, 2005). 2806:List of New York rivers 2556:Kawa no Nagare no Yō ni 2437:Bronx-Whitestone Bridge 2318:Roosevelt Island Bridge 1927:Cranberry Street Tunnel 1841:Joralemon Street Tunnel 1807:Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel 1768:pedestrians, bicycles ( 1397:service the next year, 1363:Socrates Sculpture Park 1174:Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel 1158:Bronx-Whitestone Bridge 1043:Harlem River Ship Canal 974:Army Corps of Engineers 960:Isambard Kingdom Brunel 491:Roosevelt Island Bridge 320:, with the boroughs of 247: • left 228:16 mi (26 km) 61:(background) seen from 7202:Newburgh–Beacon Bridge 6453:Croton Falls Reservoir 6202:Peekskill Hollow Creek 6107:Little Shawangunk Kill 5686:Crotona Park Reservoir 4718:Staff (May 12, 2017). 4644:Staff (May 10, 2017). 4410:July 29, 2014, at the 3716:"City Water Tunnel #3" 2794:, 1886. Oil on canvas. 2523: 2505: 2497: 1868:Montague Street Tunnel 1581:Hudson-Raritan Estuary 1479:where the increase in 1262: 1225:Rockefeller University 1211: 1203:(right), as seen from 1077:on the Hudson, around 1026:(50 miles). It sent a 1001:Thomas Barthel titled 997: 948:United States Congress 881: 762: 627:, it is joined by the 584: 493:, to Manhattan by the 424:shipwrecks, including 407: 398: 7272:Verkeerder Kill Falls 7242:Rip Van Winkle Bridge 7222:Plotter Kill Preserve 7157:Helderberg Escarpment 6463:East Branch Reservoir 6448:Cross River Reservoir 6418:Basic Creek Reservoir 5691:Jerome Park Reservoir 5665:Roy Wilkins Park Pond 4908:Yale University Press 4055:on September 24, 2017 3902:on November 10, 2016. 3425:Steinberg, pp.105–106 3353:May 13, 2023, at the 3279:Yale University Press 2864:Yale University Press 2511: 2503: 2495: 2304:Long Island Rail Road 2226:(59th Street Bridge) 2141:Queens Midtown Tunnel 2127:Long Island Rail Road 2011:Rutgers Street Tunnel 1257: 1194: 1178:Queens-Midtown Tunnel 1172:system – as does the 1024:Princeton, New Jersey 995: 879: 793:Battle of Long Island 748: 582: 512:Franklin D. Roosevelt 386:A navigation map for 385: 18:East River (New York) 7082:Adirondack Mountains 6538:New Croton Reservoir 6493:Great Sacandaga Lake 6152:Neepaulakating Creek 5774:Highbridge Reservoir 5146:Spuyten Duyvil Creek 4960:Simon & Schuster 4337:Steinberg, pp.166–73 4328:Steinberg, pp.118–19 4246:. January 16, 2023. 3416:Steinberg, pp.99–100 3215:on January 26, 2017. 3203:Baard, Erik (2008). 3180:Baard, Erik (2008). 2995:on February 16, 2011 2755:The East River with 2541:The Brecker Brothers 2515:'s 1902 painting of 2417:Rikers Island Bridge 1669:New York City Subway 1625:Greenpoint, Brooklyn 1607:, caused a spill of 1573:Brooklyn Bridge Park 1467:(1890) gave rise to 1463:(1842) and then the 1280:neighborhood on the 1223:founded what is now 1170:New York City Subway 1166:Rikers Island Bridge 1059:was opened in 1967. 885:Filling in the river 813:British prison ships 368:Wisconsin glaciation 312:on its south end to 6428:Bog Brook Reservoir 6242:Roeliff Jansen Kill 6077:Jan De Bakkers Kill 5660:Ridgewood Reservoir 5222:East Rockaway Inlet 4898:Jackson, Kenneth T. 4618:New York City Patch 3779:. August 10, 2006. 3269:Jackson, Kenneth T. 3225:Steinberg, pp.23–26 2945:New York City Guide 2854:Jackson, Kenneth T. 2836:Informational notes 2788:Elisha Taylor Baker 2771:The East River and 2660:Eighty Sixth Street 2038:Williamsburg Bridge 1900:Clark Street Tunnel 1633:Kips Bay, Manhattan 1589:European green crab 1583:and both shores of 1465:New Croton Aqueduct 1325:East River Greenway 1290:William Howard Taft 1245:Columbia University 1221:John D. Rockefeller 1138:Williamsburg Bridge 1114:Bridges and tunnels 1070:George B. McClellan 1055:mid-1960s, and the 988:After the Civil War 944:Benjamin Maillefert 904:Scientific American 815:– most notoriously 789:American Revolution 783:American Revolution 729:Narrowing the river 233:Basin features 205: / 150: / 7107:Catskill Mountains 5907:Black Meadow Creek 5729:Conservatory Water 5696:Van Cortlandt Lake 5655:Prospect Park Lake 5415:Coney Island Creek 5328:City Island Harbor 5194:Lower New York Bay 5176:Upper New York Bay 5060:Buttermilk Channel 4375:The New York Times 4307:Steinberg, 23–28, 4275:The New York Times 4157:on January 1, 2022 4141:The New York Times 4024:on January 1, 2022 4008:The New York Times 3983:on January 1, 2022 3967:The New York Times 3831:The New York Times 3589:The New York Times 3550:"Mill Rock Island" 3519:The New York Times 3266:"prison ships" in 2989:The Queens Gazette 2723:Whitestone, Queens 2721:Powell's Cove, in 2665:Currier & Ives 2625:Views of the river 2545:Heavy Metal Be-Bop 2535:In popular culture 2524: 2506: 2498: 2461:Throgs Neck Bridge 2393:CSX Transportation 2389:Northeast Corridor 2283:63rd Street Tunnel 2250:60th Street Tunnel 2197:53rd Street Tunnel 2118:Northeast Corridor 2110:East River Tunnels 2084:14th Street Tunnel 1637:Buttermilk Channel 1399:Hornblower Cruises 1321:Harlem River Drive 1263: 1249:Cornell University 1212: 1162:Throgs Neck Bridge 1032:Battle of Messines 998: 996:The 1885 explosion 928:Clearing Hell Gate 909:Thomas Alva Edison 892:Westchester County 882: 862:Buttermilk Channel 763: 585: 487:125th Street Fault 449:Brooklyn Navy Yard 399: 310:Upper New York Bay 180:Upper New York Bay 7295: 7294: 7267:Taconic Mountains 7262:Statue of Liberty 7197:Mid-Hudson Bridge 7177:Kaaterskill Falls 7172:Kaaterskill Clove 7132:Eagleville Bridge 7070: 7069: 6603:Titicus Reservoir 6563:Rondout Reservoir 6528:Muscoot Reservoir 6478:Franklinton Vlaie 6413:Ashokan Reservoir 6382:West Canada Creek 6312:Stony Clove Creek 6172:Onesquethaw Creek 6082:Kaaterskill Creek 6012:East Canada Creek 5937:Canajoharie Creek 5843: 5842: 5819: 5818: 5744:Onassis Reservoir 5592: 5591: 5507:Westchester Creek 5497:Rattlesnake Creek 5361: 5360: 5320:Long Island Sound 5274: 5273: 5154: 5153: 5103:Long Island Sound 4969:978-1-476-74124-6 4943:978-0-306-82284-1 4889:978-0-520-27015-2 4838:Burrows, Edwin G. 4804:on March 4, 2014. 4403:(September 2010) 3728:on April 1, 2016. 3675:978-0-8147-2712-6 3644:978-0-520-27015-2 3288:978-0-300-11465-2 3264:Burrows, Edwin G. 3192:on April 8, 2016. 3154:978-0-231-15990-6 3121:978-1-58157-566-8 2955:978-1-60354-055-1 2873:978-0-300-11465-2 2656:Blackwells Island 2617:The Last Olympian 2582:In the 2004 film 2531: 2530: 2493: 2483: 2482: 2395:Fremont Secondary 1501:photosynthesizing 1455:" who collected " 1371:Queensboro Bridge 1227:in 1901, between 1154:Triborough Bridge 1142:Queensboro Bridge 797:George Washington 761:in the background 610:LaGuardia Airport 602:Westchester Creek 566:Hell Gate Bridges 507:Queensboro Bridge 437:Washington Irving 372:Long Island Sound 332:Island, and from 314:Long Island Sound 290: 289: 268:Westchester Creek 209:40.700°N 74.005°W 154:40.800°N 73.785°W 125:Long Island Sound 16:(Redirected from 7345: 7252:Schoharie Bridge 7217:Perrine's Bridge 7022:Englewood Cliffs 6686:Briarcliff Manor 6636: 6635: 6613:West Caroga Lake 6468:East Caroga Lake 6423:Beacon Reservoir 6408:Alcove Reservoir 6357:Walloomsac River 6207:Plattekill Creek 6197:Papakating Creek 6177:Opalescent River 6092:Kinderhook Creek 6052:Hannacrois Creek 5977:Cobleskill Creek 5870: 5863: 5856: 5847: 5846: 5650:Potamogeton Pond 5603: 5602: 5487:Hutchinson River 5393: 5392: 5172: 5171: 5163: 5162: 5086:Other interstate 5048: 5047: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5004: 5003: 4973: 4947: 4921: 4893: 4865: 4833: 4806: 4805: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4715: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4677: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4600:on May 13, 2017. 4596:. Archived from 4585: 4574: 4573: 4555: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4433: 4427: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4365: 4356: 4355:Steinberg, p.177 4353: 4347: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4216:. Archived from 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4156: 4151:. Archived from 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4051:. Archived from 4049:DNAinfo New York 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4023: 4018:. Archived from 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3982: 3977:. Archived from 3958: 3949: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3898:. Archived from 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3790: 3788: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3724:. Archived from 3712: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3680: 3679: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3621: 3615: 3614:Steinberg, p.140 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3579: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3556:. June 6, 2001. 3546: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3461: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3426: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3365: 3359: 3339: 3333: 3332:Steinberg, p.127 3330: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3292: 3261: 3255: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3211:. Archived from 3200: 3194: 3193: 3188:. Archived from 3177: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3105: 3076: 3075:Steinberg, p 148 3073: 3067: 3066:Steinberg, p.214 3064: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3035: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2991:. Archived from 2980: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2936: 2923: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2881: 2877: 2846: 2784: 2768: 2757:Brooklyn Heights 2752: 2735: 2718: 2698: 2683:Manhattan Bridge 2679: 2669:Roosevelt Island 2651: 2635: 2513:William Glackens 2494: 2469: 2468: 2445: 2444: 2381:Hell Gate Bridge 2364: 2363: 2324:Roosevelt Island 2302: 2296: 2291: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2233: 2232: 2211: 2205: 2183: 2178: 2154: 2153: 2147: 2125: 2092: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2024: 2019: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1971:Manhattan Bridge 1941: 1935: 1914: 1908: 1887: 1881: 1876: 1855: 1849: 1820: 1819: 1813: 1756:Roosevelt Island 1732: 1731: 1728: 1650:U.S. Coast Guard 1629:East 25th Street 1609:dielectric fluid 1426:dielectric fluid 1387:East 34th Street 1344:Long Island City 1309:Carl Schurz Park 1297:East River Drive 1286:Sing Sing Prison 1201:Hell Gate Bridge 1146:Manhattan Bridge 1120:§ Crossings 1083:East 51st Street 1075:West 61st Street 984:soon broke out. 866:Governors Island 838:Fort Greene Park 824:prisoners of war 802:Sir William Howe 740:Whitehall Street 641:Hell Gate Bridge 479:Roosevelt Island 410: 396: 393: 264: 248: 220: 219: 217: 216: 215: 210: 206: 203: 202: 201: 198: 165: 164: 162: 161: 160: 155: 151: 148: 147: 146: 143: 133: 75: 65:in December 2006 63:Roosevelt Island 51: 39: 38: 21: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7237:Rexleigh Bridge 7227:Pollepel Island 7122:Copeland Bridge 7112:Champlain Canal 7097:Blenheim Bridge 7087:Adirondack Park 7066: 6990: 6627: 6396: 6367:Wawayanda Creek 6362:Wappinger Creek 6342:Verkeerder Kill 6317:Taghkanic Creek 6307:Stockport Creek 6287:Shawangunk Kill 6277:Schoharie Creek 6252:Sacandaga River 6237:Quassaick Creek 6217:Pocantico River 6057:Honnedaga Brook 6022:Eightmile Creek 5987:Coxsackie Creek 5967:Claverack Creek 5957:Cayadutta Creek 5932:Brimstone Creek 5927:Breakneck Brook 5880: 5874: 5844: 5839: 5830: 5815: 5779: 5705: 5674: 5598: 5588: 5555: 5511: 5492:Pugsley's Creek 5470: 5425:Gerritsen Creek 5391: 5367: 5366:Rivers, creeks, 5357: 5343:Little Neck Bay 5333:Eastchester Bay 5314: 5270: 5232:Paerdegat Basin 5188: 5150: 5107: 5081: 5070:Ambrose Channel 5052:New York Harbor 5037: 5031: 4980: 4970: 4944: 4926:Koeppel, Gerard 4918: 4890: 4870:Eldredge, Niles 4862: 4830: 4809: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4766: 4762: 4741: 4737: 4716: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4678: 4671: 4661: 4659: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4609: 4605: 4586: 4577: 4556: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4434: 4430: 4425:Wayback Machine 4412:Wayback Machine 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4366: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4220:on May 21, 2011 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3959: 3952: 3947: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3911: 3907: 3896:Streetsblog NYC 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3864:Curbed New York 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3786: 3784: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3737: 3733: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3683: 3676: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3625:Eldredge, Niles 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3580: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3548: 3547: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3366: 3362: 3355:Wayback Machine 3340: 3336: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3262: 3258: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3201: 3197: 3178: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3106: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3008: 2998: 2996: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2956: 2937: 2926: 2914:Montrésor, John 2912: 2908: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2829: 2802: 2795: 2785: 2776: 2773:Lower Manhattan 2769: 2760: 2753: 2744: 2742: 2740:Upper East Side 2736: 2727: 2725: 2719: 2710: 2707:East River Park 2699: 2690: 2687:Brooklyn Bridge 2680: 2671: 2652: 2643: 2636: 2627: 2552:Yasushi Akimoto 2537: 2532: 2521:Brooklyn Museum 2517:East River Park 2487: 2466: 2442: 2396: 2391: 2361: 2297: 2230: 2170:Steinway Tunnel 2151: 2120: 1954:Brooklyn Bridge 1817: 1748: 1725: 1719: 1605:Dumbo, Brooklyn 1597: 1469:indoor plumbing 1461:Croton Aqueduct 1445: 1379: 1282:Lower East Side 1219:Philanthropist 1217: 1199:(left) and the 1164:(1961) and the 1148:(1912) and the 1126:Brooklyn Bridge 1122: 1116: 1103:Hurricane Sandy 1065: 990: 936: 930: 887: 846: 829:Fort Washington 785: 731: 687: 665:was built from 625:Randalls Island 618:Astoria, Queens 590: 583:A map from 1781 527:Steinway Tunnel 476: 394: 360: 354: 296:is a saltwater 275: 262: 246: 214:40.700; -74.005 213: 211: 207: 204: 199: 196: 194: 192: 191: 188: 159:40.800; -73.785 158: 156: 152: 149: 144: 141: 139: 137: 136: 131: 78: 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7351: 7341: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7257:Shushan Bridge 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7192:Lincoln Tunnel 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7162:Holland Tunnel 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7102:Buskirk Bridge 7099: 7094: 7092:Ashokan Bridge 7089: 7084: 7078: 7076: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7012:Cliffside Park 7009: 7004: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6826:Mount Pleasant 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6726:East Greenbush 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6681:Blooming Grove 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6633: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6623:Winnisook Lake 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6568:Sacandaga Lake 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6533:Lake Neepaulin 6530: 6525: 6523:Lake Maratanza 6520: 6515: 6510: 6508:Honnedaga Lake 6505: 6503:Henderson Lake 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6352:Wallkill River 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6292:Sparkill Creek 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6267:Saw Mill River 6264: 6259: 6257:Sauquoit Creek 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6187:Otsquago Creek 6184: 6182:Oriskany Creek 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6162:Nowadaga Creek 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6137:Moordener Kill 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6087:Kayaderosseras 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6037:Fishkill Creek 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5982:Coeymans Creek 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5952:Catskill Creek 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5873: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5850: 5841: 5840: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5801:Sharrotts Pond 5798: 5793: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5721: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5572:Richmond Creek 5563: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5502:Tibbetts Brook 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5465:Sunswick Creek 5461: 5456: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5420:Flushing River 5417: 5412: 5409:Bushwick Inlet 5405: 5399: 5397: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5371: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5324: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5295: 5290: 5284: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5264:Sheepshead Bay 5261: 5259:Dead Horse Bay 5254:Rockaway Inlet 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5209: 5204: 5198: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5169: 5160: 5159:Bays and coves 5156: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5141:Rockaway Inlet 5138: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5077:New York Bight 5074: 5073: 5072: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5030: 5029: 5022: 5015: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4984:East River NYC 4979: 4978:External links 4976: 4975: 4974: 4968: 4952:Steinberg, Ted 4948: 4942: 4922: 4916: 4900:, ed. (1995). 4894: 4888: 4866: 4860: 4834: 4829:978-1476682983 4828: 4808: 4807: 4785: 4760: 4735: 4705: 4669: 4636: 4603: 4575: 4545: 4527:Metro New York 4512: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4428: 4393: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4330: 4321: 4312: 4300: 4261: 4231: 4198: 4168: 4127: 4116:on May 1, 2017 4097: 4066: 4035: 3994: 3950: 3938: 3905: 3882: 3849: 3816: 3807: 3798: 3776:New York Times 3762: 3731: 3704: 3695: 3681: 3674: 3668:. p. 34. 3650: 3643: 3616: 3607: 3571: 3536: 3506: 3476: 3448: 3439: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3397: 3388: 3379: 3360: 3334: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3287: 3271:, ed. (2010). 3256: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3209:East River NYC 3195: 3186:East River NYC 3169: 3160: 3153: 3147:. p. 70. 3127: 3120: 3077: 3068: 3059: 3050: 3036: 3027: 3018: 3006: 2975: 2966: 2954: 2924: 2906: 2891: 2883: 2882: 2872: 2856:, ed. (2010). 2840: 2839: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2786: 2779: 2777: 2770: 2763: 2761: 2754: 2747: 2745: 2737: 2730: 2728: 2720: 2713: 2711: 2700: 2693: 2691: 2681: 2674: 2672: 2653: 2646: 2644: 2637: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2606: 2597: 2590:Doctor Octopus 2580: 2563: 2548: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2358: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338:City Tunnel #3 2334: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2227: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2148: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1814: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790:City Tunnel #1 1786: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1770:aerial tramway 1766: 1760: 1759: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1726: 1718: 1715: 1596: 1595:2017 oil spill 1593: 1575:to Manhattan. 1477:eutrophication 1444: 1441: 1410:tidal turbines 1408:to install 30 1378: 1375: 1367:Mark di Suvero 1327:, part of the 1313:Gracie Mansion 1278:Little Germany 1269:General Slocum 1260:General Slocum 1216: 1213: 1115: 1112: 1064: 1061: 989: 986: 956:littoral drift 932:Main article: 929: 926: 886: 883: 845: 842: 784: 781: 773:Corlear's Hook 736:Dongan Charter 730: 727: 723:Corlear's Hook 703:Konaande Kongh 686: 683: 679:Sunswick Creek 655:Bushwick Inlet 606:Flushing River 589: 586: 568:; the Bronx's 523:U Thant Island 501:served by the 499:subway station 475: 472: 464:Fordham gneiss 447:to the former 364:drowned valley 362:Technically a 353: 350: 288: 287: 284: 283: 265: 259: 258: 256:Flushing River 249: 243: 242: 239: 235: 234: 230: 229: 226: 222: 221: 189: 186: 183: 182: 177: 171: 170: 167: 166: 134: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 114: 113: 109: 108: 105: 101: 100: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 80: 79: 76: 68: 67: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7350: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7212:The Palisades 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7182:Kill Van Kull 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7063: 7062:West New York 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6926:Sleepy Hollow 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6851:New York City 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6721:East Fishkill 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6598:Thompson Pond 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6583:Surprise Lake 6581: 6579: 6578:Sturgeon Pool 6576: 6574: 6573:Saratoga Lake 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6553:Lake Pleasant 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6488:Glenmere Lake 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6438:Chadwick Lake 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6332:Titicus River 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6322:Tenmile Creek 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6282:Schroon River 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6247:Rondout Creek 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6222:Pochuck Creek 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6072:Jackson Creek 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5922:Bowmans Creek 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5878: 5871: 5866: 5864: 5859: 5857: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784:Staten Island 5782: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5754:Pool and Loch 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5597:Lakes, ponds, 5595: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560:Staten Island 5558: 5552: 5551:Sherman Creek 5549: 5547: 5546: 5545:Sawkill Creek 5542: 5540: 5539: 5538:Minetta Creek 5535: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5454:Newtown Creek 5452: 5450: 5449: 5448:Kissena Creek 5445: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5436: 5435:Hawtree Creek 5433: 5431: 5430:Gowanus Canal 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5387:Raritan River 5385: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5364: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5310:Wallabout Bay 5308: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5202:Gravesend Bay 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5098:Kill Van Kull 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5043:Tidal straits 5040: 5036: 5035:New York City 5033:Waterways of 5028: 5023: 5021: 5016: 5014: 5009: 5008: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4935: 4934:Da Capo Press 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4906:. New Haven: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4861:0-195-11634-8 4857: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4842:Wallace, Mike 4839: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4794:"第86回秋元康氏" 4789: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4676: 4674: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4640: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4516: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4432: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4362: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4202: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4115: 4111: 4110:NY Daily News 4107: 4101: 4090:September 23, 4085: 4081: 4080:NY Daily News 4077: 4070: 4059:September 23, 4054: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4028:September 23, 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3987:September 23, 3981: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3860: 3853: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3820: 3811: 3802: 3795: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3766: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3699: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3654: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3620: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3578: 3576: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3432: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3402: 3392: 3383: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3329: 3327: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3254: 3253:0-688-08333-1 3250: 3246: 3240: 3231: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3174: 3164: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3123: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3011: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2970: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2629: 2628: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2612: 2608:In the final 2607: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2561: 2560:Hibari Misora 2557: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2485: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2423:Rikers Island 2420: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2349:2018 (proj.) 2348: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1701:hydraulic oil 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565:Gowanus Canal 1562: 1561:Newtown Creek 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1544:Due to heavy 1542: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1489:phytoplankton 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449:New Amsterdam 1440: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1406:Verdant Power 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1391:Hunters Point 1388: 1384: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1352:National Grid 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1121: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1063:A new seawall 1060: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1004: 994: 985: 983: 979: 975: 970: 968: 967: 966:Great Eastern 961: 957: 952: 949: 945: 940: 935: 925: 923: 922:Staten Island 919: 915: 910: 907:in 1904, and 906: 905: 900: 895: 893: 878: 874: 871: 867: 863: 857: 855: 851: 841: 839: 835: 830: 825: 821: 820: 814: 810: 809:Wallabout Bay 806: 803: 798: 794: 790: 780: 778: 777:Wallabout Bay 774: 769: 760: 756: 752: 751:Wallabout Bay 747: 743: 741: 737: 726: 724: 720: 715: 714:New Amsterdam 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 682: 680: 676: 670: 668: 667:Gowanus Creek 664: 663:Gowanus Canal 660: 659:Wallabout Bay 656: 652: 651:Newtown Creek 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 598:Pugsley Creek 595: 581: 577: 575: 571: 570:Rikers Island 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 517: 513: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 471: 469: 468:Inwood marble 465: 460: 458: 454: 453:Wallabout Bay 450: 446: 441: 438: 434: 430: 429: 422: 418: 414: 413:Adriaen Block 409: 404: 389: 384: 380: 378: 373: 369: 365: 359: 349: 346: 342: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 306:New York City 303: 299: 298:tidal estuary 295: 285: 282: 278: 273: 269: 266: 260: 257: 253: 252:Newtown Creek 250: 244: 240: 236: 231: 227: 223: 218: 190: 184: 181: 178: 176: 172: 168: 163: 135: 129: 126: 123: 119: 115: 110: 107:New York City 106: 102: 98: 94: 91:United States 90: 86: 81: 74: 69: 64: 60: 56: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7152:Harlem River 7136: 7117:Cohoes Falls 7042:North Bergen 6891:Poughkeepsie 6836:New Hartford 6741:Gloversville 6701:Clifton Park 6558:Queechy Lake 6392:Wynants Kill 6302:Steele Creek 6297:Sprout Creek 6227:Poesten Kill 6212:Platter Kill 6157:Normans Kill 6132:Moodna Creek 6127:Mohawk River 6112:Maritje Kill 6067:Indian River 6062:Hoosic River 6047:Fulmer Creek 6042:Fonteyn Kill 6027:Esopus Creek 5997:Croton River 5942:Caroga Creek 5917:Bowery Creek 5912:Boreas River 5892:Batavia Kill 5877:Hudson River 5826: 5811:Wolfe's Pond 5772: 5765: 5724:Central Park 5718:Collect Pond 5716: 5640:Kissena Lake 5617: 5613:Baisley Pond 5543: 5536: 5531:Canal Street 5529: 5524:Broad Street 5522: 5463: 5459:Spring Creek 5446: 5439: 5407: 5375:Hudson River 5298:Flushing Bay 5288:Anable Basin 5279: 5244:Prince's Bay 5217:Bergen Basin 5167:New York Bay 5136:Harlem River 5123: 4958:. New York: 4955: 4929: 4901: 4874: 4850:. New York: 4845: 4819: 4812:Bibliography 4811: 4810: 4802:the original 4797: 4788: 4773: 4763: 4748: 4738: 4723: 4696:. Retrieved 4685: 4660:. Retrieved 4651:CBS New York 4649: 4639: 4627:. Retrieved 4616: 4606: 4598:the original 4593: 4563: 4536:. Retrieved 4525: 4515: 4503:. Retrieved 4492: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4452:. Retrieved 4441: 4431: 4416: 4396: 4384:. Retrieved 4373: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4324: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4291:. Retrieved 4274: 4264: 4252:. Retrieved 4243: 4234: 4222:. Retrieved 4218:the original 4211: 4201: 4191:February 13, 4189:. Retrieved 4171: 4159:. Retrieved 4154:the original 4140: 4130: 4118:. Retrieved 4114:the original 4109: 4100: 4088:. Retrieved 4079: 4069: 4057:. Retrieved 4053:the original 4048: 4038: 4026:. Retrieved 4021:the original 4007: 3997: 3985:. Retrieved 3980:the original 3966: 3929:. Retrieved 3918: 3908: 3900:the original 3895: 3885: 3873:. Retrieved 3862: 3852: 3840:. Retrieved 3829: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3792: 3787:December 15, 3785:. Retrieved 3774: 3765: 3753:. Retrieved 3744: 3734: 3726:the original 3719: 3698: 3664:. New York: 3660: 3653: 3629: 3619: 3610: 3598:. Retrieved 3587: 3562:. Retrieved 3529:November 19, 3527:. Retrieved 3518: 3509: 3497:. Retrieved 3479: 3469:February 16, 3467:. Retrieved 3463: 3451: 3442: 3421: 3412: 3391: 3382: 3372: 3363: 3346: 3337: 3316: 3307: 3298: 3293:, pp.1039–40 3272: 3259: 3244: 3239: 3230: 3221: 3213:the original 3208: 3198: 3190:the original 3185: 3163: 3139:. New York: 3136: 3130: 3110: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3030: 3021: 2997:. Retrieved 2993:the original 2988: 2978: 2969: 2964:.) pp.419–20 2961: 2944: 2917: 2909: 2887: 2886: 2878:, pp.963–964 2857: 2844: 2835: 2830: 2791: 2654: 2615: 2609: 2600: 2585:Spider-Man 2 2583: 2577:Cosmo Kramer 2566: 2544: 2525: 2421:vehicles to 1744:Coordinates 1713: 1709: 1696:Riverkeepers 1693: 1681: 1677: 1662: 1645:paddleboards 1598: 1577: 1558: 1554:Hudson River 1543: 1539: 1533: 1529:striped bass 1497: 1446: 1434: 1419: 1403: 1380: 1377:21st century 1360: 1333: 1317:Battery Park 1294: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1218: 1215:20th century 1205:Astoria Park 1160:(1939), the 1156:(1936), the 1144:(1909), the 1140:(1903), the 1123: 1108:Canal Street 1101:of 1992 and 1096: 1088: 1081:, and up to 1066: 1053: 1048:Harlem River 1040: 1021: 1002: 999: 971: 965: 953: 941: 937: 914:Flushing Bay 902: 899:Evening Post 898: 896: 888: 858: 853: 847: 818: 807: 786: 764: 759:New York Bay 755:Hudson River 732: 719:shipbuilding 711: 688: 671: 649: 645:Harlem River 622: 614:Flushing Bay 591: 551: 520: 516:penitentiary 477: 461: 457:Throg's Neck 442: 431:, a British 427: 421:Harlem River 416: 400: 377:New York Bay 361: 345:tidal strait 340: 338: 293: 291: 281:Harlem River 104:Municipality 36: 7037:Jersey City 6916:Schenectady 6866:North Adams 6846:New Windsor 6751:Guilderland 6618:Whaley Lake 6588:Sylvan Lake 6548:Piseco Lake 6518:Lizard Pond 6513:Indian Lake 6498:Great Vlaie 6483:Garnet Lake 6347:Vloman Kill 6337:Trout Brook 6272:Sawyer Kill 6232:Potic Creek 6167:Ohisa Creek 6142:Moyer Creek 6117:Miami River 6097:Kisco River 5992:Cross River 5972:Clove Brook 5962:Cedar River 5902:Birch Creek 5897:Batten Kill 5885:Tributaries 5806:Silver Lake 5791:Clove Lakes 5759:Turtle Pond 5734:Harlem Meer 5670:Strack Pond 5630:Golden Pond 5619:Beaver Pond 5606:Long Island 5579:Lemon Creek 5567:Fresh Kills 5482:Bronx River 5441:Horse Brook 5396:Long Island 5380:North River 5353:Udalls Cove 5338:LeRoy's Bay 5249:Raritan Bay 5212:Jamaica Bay 5207:Great Kills 5184:Gowanus Bay 5093:Arthur Kill 5065:The Narrows 4687:AM New York 3875:November 9, 2072:wastewater 1673:its signals 1635:, south to 1585:Long Island 1569:Riverkeeper 1521:purse seine 1509:oyster beds 1415:tidal power 1383:NY Waterway 1356:TransCanada 1237:York Avenue 1092:World War I 1079:The Battery 918:Jamaica Bay 681:in Queens. 594:Bronx River 588:Tributaries 547:Sri Chinmoy 445:The Battery 395: 1885 341:Sound River 318:Long Island 272:Bronx River 238:Tributaries 212: / 157: / 7308:East River 7302:Categories 7142:Erie Canal 7137:East River 6995:New Jersey 6971:Whitestown 6966:West Point 6921:Shawangunk 6911:Saugerties 6896:Queensbury 6886:Plattekill 6831:New Castle 6816:Montgomery 6801:Middletown 6766:Haverstraw 6746:Greenburgh 6671:Bennington 6608:Trout Lake 6543:Notch Lake 6458:Dyken Pond 6433:Cedar Lake 6192:Otter Kill 6147:Muddy Kill 6122:Mill Creek 6102:Lake Creek 5947:Casperkill 5831:See also: 5635:Goose Pond 5625:Bowne Lake 5599:reservoirs 5403:Alley Pond 5348:Pelham Bay 5303:Little Bay 5293:Bowery Bay 5280:East River 5239:Newark Bay 5227:Mill Basin 5124:East River 5119:Bronx Kill 5112:Intra-city 4932:. Boston: 4917:0300055366 4454:August 31, 4386:August 30, 3931:October 6, 3755:August 11, 2827:References 2685:(top) and 2640:shot tower 2594:Spider-Man 2235:NY 25 1721:See also: 1705:antifreeze 1689:carcinogen 1687:, a known 1652:, and the 1601:Con Edison 1534:per capita 1517:mossbunker 1457:night soil 1422:Con Edison 1338:built the 1336:Con Edison 1118:See also: 1099:nor'easter 836:in nearby 795:, General 768:nor'easter 697:-speaking 629:Bronx Kill 562:Triborough 356:See also: 294:East River 277:Bronx Kill 200:74°00′18″W 197:40°42′00″N 145:73°47′06″W 142:40°48′00″N 42:East River 7232:Popolopen 7075:Landmarks 7057:Weehawken 7017:Edgewater 6956:Wappinger 6936:Southeast 6906:Rotterdam 6881:Peekskill 6861:Niskayuna 6841:New Paltz 6771:Hyde Park 6736:Glenville 6716:Cortlandt 6676:Bethlehem 6651:Amsterdam 6473:Fall Lake 6443:Chub Lake 6387:West Kill 6327:Tin Brook 6032:Fall Kill 6017:East Kill 5879:watershed 5796:Long Pond 5710:Manhattan 5679:The Bronx 5584:New Creek 5516:Manhattan 5475:The Bronx 5129:Hell Gate 4986:from the 4594:Fox5 News 4494:Gothamist 4443:The Verge 4293:March 22, 4283:0362-4331 4254:March 22, 4213:Gothamist 4149:0362-4331 4016:0362-4331 3975:0362-4331 3842:April 13, 3745:Gothamist 3600:April 12, 3564:April 12, 3499:April 12, 2922:. 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