32:
615:
1053:
20:
704:
719:
479:
1049:, allies of Brownlow who sought civil rights for blacks and retribution against former Confederates. Conservatives, badly outnumbered, used parliamentary tactics such as quorum busts to thwart Radical initiatives, leading to frequent showdowns in the House and Senate. In spite of these divisions, the state government ratified the Thirteenth and Fourteenth amendments to the U.S. Constitution, allowing Tennessee to become the first former Confederate state readmitted to the Union in 1866.
769:
978:, opposed it, arguing it would serve only to postpone a Union victory in the war. By mid-1863, Johnson was under pressure from Lincoln to hold elections in the state. He continuously hesitated, however, as he was concerned that Unionists who opposed the Proclamation (known as "Conservative Unionists") would prevail. Conservative Unionists thus grew increasingly frustrated with Johnson over his emancipation stance and his refusal to hold elections.
837:
Gantt. Six of the committee members were from East
Tennessee, though there is no evidence they were present at its proceedings. In its report issued on June 29, the committee questioned whether or not the convention was truly representative of East Tennessee, and expressed hope that East Tennesseans would eventually come around and accept the results of the June 8 referendum. It stated no action would be taken until the next legislative session.
884:, another convention delegate who was elected to Congress, was arrested and held for several months before managing to escape. William G. Brownlow, one of the region's most celebrated Unionists, was arrested and jailed for several weeks before being allowed to flee to the North. Attorneys John Baxter and Oliver Perry Temple remained in Knoxville for much of the war, and rendered assistance to Unionists facing charges in Confederate courts.
777:
part of the Union as the State of
Tennessee; that East Tennessee would remain neutral in any war between the U.S. and the Confederacy, so long as they were left alone; that East Tennessee would resist by force any attempt to station or quarter Confederate troops in the region; that any attack on the region's Unionists would be met with retaliation; and that East Tennessee counties would form military companies for self-defense.
761:
Tennessee. The
Declaration rejected the notion that Southerners' rights had been violated, accused secessionist leaders of acting in an undemocratic manner, and argued that secessionist leaders were to blame for dividing the country and plunging the nation into civil war. The Declaration was adopted with little opposition, though the final draft was toned down by Temple and fellow Knox delegate
820:, argued that Nelson's supporters were being irrational and acting out of anger. On the morning of the fourth day (June 21), the business committee voted in favor of Temple's resolutions. Johnson motioned to reinstate Nelson's resolutions, however, and the debate began anew. A speech by Maynard apparently turned the tide, and Temple's resolutions were adopted "
470:) was actually a slave trader. Reasons for the strong Unionist movement in East Tennessee typically focus on long-standing political disputes with Middle and West Tennessee, economic differences with the other two divisions (including a significantly smaller slave population relative to the rest of the South), and the region's mountainous isolation.
495:. In early May, the General Assembly passed legislation establishing a military alliance with the Confederacy and issued a "Declaration of Independence" from the United States. A new referendum was slated for June 8 for Tennessee's voters to choose whether or not to adopt the new Declaration and effectively lead Tennessee into the Confederacy.
606:, denounced the legislature's violation of state and federal laws, condemned secessionist leaders, and declared the June 8 vote and the state's formation of a military league with the Confederacy unconstitutional. Nelson, as president, was empowered to summon the convention at a future date and select the place where it would convene.
2094:
1998:
1168:
convention's leaders were attorneys or politicians. Approximately three-fourths of Bryan's sample were over the age of 40, with the oldest being 76 and the youngest 22. Roughly 41% of the sample were slaveholders, though most owned fewer than five slaves. The wealthiest delegate by far was
Knoxville attorney
938:, Anderson County delegate William Cross, and Sevier County delegate Daniel M. Ray. On the night of November 8, 1861, the conspirators destroyed five of the nine targeted bridges, but the Union Army balked at an invasion. In response to the bridge burnings, Zollicoffer instituted martial law in East Tennessee.
1028:
Andrew
Johnson, who had been serving as Tennessee's military governor since 1862, was elected Vice President of the United States in November 1864 and was elevated to the presidency after Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865. William "Parson" Brownlow, a member of the convention's Knox delegation,
1008:
The arguments quickly became personal. Baxter was ruthlessly assailed for having taken the
Confederate oath, and a motion to allow only truly loyal men at the convention failed by a narrow vote. Heiskell accused Brownlow of selling out to northerners over the issue of slavery. After four days, with
776:
Unlike the
Declaration of Grievances, the resolutions proposed by Nelson were debated at length. His proposals essentially stated that the convention would not abide by Tennessee's Declaration of Independence nor would it support the Confederacy; that the counties of East Tennessee would continue as
648:
On June 8, secessionists prevailed when voters statewide approved the state's secession ordinance by a margin of 108,418 to 46,996. However, while 86% of voters in Middle and West
Tennessee approved of the ordinance, nearly 70% of East Tennessee voters still opposed it. A majority of voters in every
425:
generally split. As the sectionalist conflict over the issue of slavery heated up in the late 1850s, however, sentiments in West
Tennessee began to shift in favor of the Democrats. Harris, a staunch pro-slavery Southern Democrat, was elected by over 12,000 votes in 1857, and over 8,000 votes in 1859.
744:
The convention opened with a prayer by the
Reverend James Cummings, a member of the Sevier County delegation. Officers from the Knoxville session were retained, and Nelson appointed replacements for business committee members who were not present. Nelson submitted a Declaration of Grievances and a
445:
won the election in November 1860, Southern Democrats, convinced that Lincoln would abolish slavery, began calling for secession. Following two contentious meetings between secessionists and Unionists in Knoxville in late 1860, Unionist leaders organized rallies in counties throughout East Tennessee
362:
Although it failed in its goal of establishing a Union-aligned state in East Tennessee, the convention played an important role in solidifying leadership and unity of purpose for the region's Unionists. Many of its delegates would serve in federal, state and local offices during the postwar period.
350:
from June 17 to June 20, 1861, after Tennessee had voted to secede from the Union. This second meeting produced a memorial to the state government requesting East Tennessee be allowed to separate from Tennessee. The convention met for a final time in Knoxville from April 12 to April 16, 1864, to
760:
The Declaration of Grievances suggested that the June 8 election outcome was the result of fraud and intimidation in Middle and West Tennessee, and refuted several statements made by pro-secession newspapers deriding the East Tennessee Convention as not representative of general sentiment in East
630:
After the convention adjourned, its leaders embarked on a speaking campaign in hopes of once again thwarting secessionists' efforts in the June 8 referendum. Nelson and Johnson, who had been jointly campaigning in the weeks before the convention, resumed their canvass. Fiery newspaper publisher
836:
The Tennessee General Assembly received the convention's memorial on June 28, 1861, and appointed a joint committee to consider its resolutions. The committee consisted of 13 state senators and state representatives, and was chaired by state senator Jordan Stokes and state representative George
827:
Temple, Netherland, and Greene County delegate James P. McDowell were chosen to deliver to the legislature a memorial requesting East Tennessee be allowed to form a separate state. A motion by Netherland allowed delegates to continue serving in the Tennessee General Assembly. A motion by James
461:
While slavery was a divisive issue nationwide, East Tennessee's Unionists opposed secession for different reasons. There had been an abolitionist movement in East Tennessee in the early 19th century, but it had largely dissolved by the 1840s. By 1860, the region's Unionist leaders opposed both
449:
The efforts of Tennessee's secessionists culminated in a February 9, 1861, statewide referendum in which voters chose whether or not to hold a convention to consider the issue of secession. After a bitter campaign, the hopes of secessionists appeared to be dashed when Tennessee voters rejected
736:
on June 17. Greeneville was chosen over Knoxville due to threats that had been issued against Knoxville Unionists. On the afternoon of June 17, 285 delegates from across the region convened at the Greene County Courthouse, significantly fewer than the 469 who had met in Knoxville three weeks
1070:
delegation, succeeded Brownlow as governor, and initiated efforts to restore the rights of ex-Confederates. At the state's 1870 constitutional convention, which wrote its current constitution, former East Tennessee Convention delegate John Baxter led the committee that drafted the document's
1167:
In 1980, historian Charles F. Bryan, Jr., performed a demographic analysis of a random sample of forty-six East Tennessee Convention delegates. While the delegates included merchants, attorneys, physicians, ministers, and artisans, a majority were "moderately wealthy" farmers. Most of the
780:
Many delegates felt that Nelson's resolutions were too extreme and provocative, and would likely lead to bloodshed and destruction. On the third day (June 20), Oliver Perry Temple offered an alternate set of resolutions. These essentially stated that the convention desired peace; that the
832:
passing through Greeneville had harassed the convention delegates, stealing their breakfast and cutting down an American flag). William C. Kyle and his brother-in-law John Blevins, both delegates from Hawkins, issued a general protest of the convention's proceedings, but did not elaborate.
1203:) and a former state attorney general (James P. Swann of Jefferson). At least two dozen delegates had served in the state legislature, and three were members of the legislature then in session (33rd General Assembly). William Swan of Knox and John Reeves of Greene were county sheriffs.
934:, an attempt to destroy nine railroad bridges across the region to make way for a Union invasion. William B. Carter, who had been a member of the Carter County delegation at the convention, was the mastermind behind the conspiracy. He was aided by Hamilton County delegate
989:, which allowed any former Confederate state to reenter the Union if ten percent of its prewar voting population took the Oath of Allegiance and pledged to support emancipation. Just 160 delegates from 23 counties attended, substantially fewer than the first two sessions.
953:
in early 1865. Montgomery Thornburgh, a Jefferson County delegate, died in a Confederate prison in Tuscaloosa. Hamilton County delegate William J. Clift nearly died from injuries sustained during his escape from a Confederate prison in Atlanta. Convention secretary
402:, but Southern Whigs generally found this unpalatable due to the Republicans' anti-slavery sentiments. Some prominent East Tennessee Whigs switched their allegiance to the Democratic Party, though most turned to third party movements, such as the American Party ("
326:
state government on the eve of the war unconstitutional, and requested that East Tennessee, where Union support remained strong, be allowed to form a separate state that would remain part of the United States split from the rest of Confederate Tennessee (a la
1029:
was elected Governor of Tennessee in January 1865. More than a dozen former delegates would serve in the state legislature during war's aftermath, including Alfred Cate (Hamilton), William Mullenix (Sullivan), Beriah Frazier (Knox), Wilson Duggan (Sevier),
785:. The president (Nelson) would choose the date of this convention, and the counties would be represented proportionally (i.e., Knox would have three delegates, Greene, Jefferson, and Washington would each have two, and all other counties would have one).
517:
on May 18. In subsequent days, counties throughout the region held smaller conventions to choose delegates and give them instructions. These county conventions were momentous events, often accompanied by impassioned speeches and brass band performances.
879:
occupied East Tennessee, however, and this meeting never took place. Nelson, who was a member of Congress, attempted to flee to Washington, D.C. but was captured and held in Virginia. He was released after agreeing to remain neutral during the war.
1044:
The Unionist-dominated state government was bitterly divided during the postwar period between Conservative Republicans, allies of Andrew Johnson who preferred a return to a prewar state of affairs (though with emancipation intact), and the
974:, issued in early 1863, divided Tennessee's Unionists. While Andrew Johnson, who had been appointed the state's military governor, supported the Proclamation, other prominent Unionists, including T. A. R. Nelson and former congressman
992:
The April 1864 session of the East Tennessee Convention was wrought with infighting. Johnson opened the convention with a speech attacking slavery, but it quickly became clear that Conservative Unionists, led by Nelson, John Baxter,
387:, led a movement to form a separate state in East Tennessee known as "Franklin." Though this movement was unsuccessful, the idea that East Tennessee should be a separate state periodically resurfaced over the subsequent two decades.
398:, with the Whigs drawing much of their support from East Tennessee. The collapse of the Whig Party over the issue of slavery in the mid-1850s left East Tennessee's Whigs in a difficult position. Most Northern Whigs joined the new
498:
Tennessee Unionists blasted the state government's actions as unconstitutional and despotic, but nevertheless began a determined campaign for the June 8 vote. In mid-May, several of Knoxville's Unionist leaders gathered at the
781:
secessionist actions of the state government were unconstitutional; that the convention would seek the state legislature's permission to form a new state; and that a convention for the proposed state would be held at
584:, were represented by proxies). The committee was tasked with drawing up a set of resolutions as a response to the actions of the state government. While the committee was meeting privately, former Congressman
490:
on April 12, 1861, sentiments in Tennessee began to shift in favor of secession. Harris rejected Lincoln's call for troops to put down the rebellion, and initiated efforts to align Tennessee with the burgeoning
1852:
855:
praised the convention, stating, "Literally surrounded on all sides by infuriate enemies, the bold mountaineers of Tennessee have dared to be free." Pro-secession newspapers blasted the convention. The
737:
earlier. Just 130 of the Greeneville delegates had been delegates at the Knoxville session. Rhea County did not send any delegates. Marion, Scott, and Cumberland were represented by proxy.
1074:
Numerous East Tennessee Convention members would win election or appointment to higher offices. Following his term as governor, Brownlow served a term (1869–1875) in the U.S. Senate.
941:
Many Convention delegates suffered greatly as a result of their Union sympathies, and some died. Tolliver Staples, a Morgan County delegate, was captured in Kentucky in 1863, and executed by
1120:, who delivered the sermon at the East Tennessee Convention's initial session in May 1861, served as president of East Tennessee University after the war, and oversaw its transition to the
450:
holding the convention, 69,675 votes to 57,789. In East Tennessee, roughly 81% of voters rejected the convention, including majorities in every East Tennessee county with the exception of
745:
series of resolutions on the evening of the first day, which were immediately referred to the business committee. The next two days were largely consumed by propositions and debate.
602:
The business committee announced its proposed resolutions on May 31 (interrupting Johnson's speech), and after a short debate, they were adopted. The resolutions essentially praised
788:
Heated debate on the convention floor followed Temple's proposals. Supporters of Nelson's resolutions, among them Thomas D. Arnold and Robert Johnson of Greene, William J. Clift of
1175:
The vast majority of the East Tennessee Convention delegates were former Whigs, though several were Democrats, including Andrew Johnson's sons, Charles and Robert, and son-in-law,
417:
in 1857. The six previous elections had all been decided by less than 2,500 votes (out of over 110,000 votes cast). Whigs relied heavily on East Tennessee and Democrats relied on
293:
860:
described the Convention as "a few tory leaders of Knoxville and King Nelson," and accused them of trying to ignite bloodshed by inviting federal soldiers to the region. The
692:
secession in June. Smaller shifts had taken place in Knox (89% against in February, but only 72% against in June) and Roane (96% against in February, 77% against in June).
1001:, called for "immediate and unconditional emancipation" and the arming of black soldiers, and endorsed Lincoln for president. The Conservative Unionists endorsed General
1981:
1888:
576:
After delivering a one-hour speech, Nelson appointed a 26-man general committee (or "business" committee), consisting of one delegate for each county (two counties,
521:
On May 30, the East Tennessee Convention's 469 delegates from 28 East Tennessee counties gathered in a grove near Temperance Hall in East Knoxville. The Reverend
985:
in Knoxville on April 12, 1864 (the date was chosen as the third anniversary of the attack on Fort Sumter). The purpose of this session was to discuss Lincoln's
1071:
Declaration of Rights. Former delegates William B. Carter, John Netherland, and William B. Staley (of Roane County) were also at the constitutional convention.
338:
on May 30–31, 1861, in response to the state government's "Declaration of Independence" from the United States and formation of a military league with the
2286:
346:
was elected president of the convention, and resolutions were adopted denouncing the state government's actions. The convention met for the second time in
286:
668:
A county-by-county breakdown of the vote shows that opposition to secession was strongest in the mountainous northern East Tennessee counties, namely
279:
257:
379:. Many East Tennesseans felt the state legislature showed persistent favoritism toward the other two divisions, especially over funding for
828:
Maxwell warned that if Confederate troops moving through the region continued to harass Unionists, Unionists would retaliate (a regiment of
2281:
849:
declared, "It is now for the Secessionists in the Legislature to say whether we shall separate in peace, or have a disastrous Civil War."
252:
757:
delegation who had been the Opposition Party's candidate for governor in 1859. Netherland merely warned against making hasty decisions.
232:
1155:(1912). Charles F. Bryan, Jr., provided a modern analysis of the convention in his article, "A Gathering of Tories," which appeared in
915:) made a secret pact to return to their respective homes and raise troops to defend the region. Others would flee across the border to
645:, on the other hand, blasted the convention, stating it was driven by "selfish motives," and that its resolutions amounted to treason.
434:
242:
749:, a delegate from Knox, would later write that many of these propositions were "wild and visionary." The lone recorded speech was by
688:(93%). Rhea County showed the most dramatic shift since the February referendum, going from 88% against secession in February to 64%
2232:
2301:
2291:
1487:
1087:
262:
371:
Throughout the first half of the 19th century, East Tennessee was frequently at odds with Tennessee's two other grand divisions,
199:
163:
123:
103:
1191:
of Bradley. While most had never held political office, the convention did include three who had served in the U.S. Congress (
153:
148:
962:
were arrested and detained by Confederate authorities in December 1861, but were subsequently cleared by a Confederate court.
808:, accused the supporters of Temple's resolutions of acting out of fear. Temple's supporters, among them Horace Maynard and
63:
732:
On June 11, 1861, Nelson, using the power granted him during the Knoxville session, ordered the convention to reassemble in
267:
128:
58:
168:
113:
2261:
2246:
982:
875:
convention (which would organize a new state) to assemble on August 31. In subsequent weeks, Confederate troops under
703:
222:
194:
189:
184:
133:
108:
98:
73:
68:
2296:
247:
158:
78:
1727:
Deaderick had to leave early on the fourth day, and was replaced by S.K.N. Patton for that day's afternoon session
482:
Temperance Hall (center) and adjacent groves in East Knoxville, where the East Tennessee Convention met in May 1861
438:
407:
399:
391:
227:
208:
143:
118:
88:
466:
abolition. Many members of the East Tennessee Convention were slave owners, and at least one (William C. Kyle of
2147:
1805:
1056:
237:
93:
1143:(1888). Oliver Perry Temple, who had been an integral figure at the convention and had possession of Secretary
718:
1524:
1519:
1132:
1099:
931:
508:
413:
Gubernatorial elections in Tennessee had been very competitive during the two decades prior to the election of
328:
138:
83:
618:
Map showing the June 1861 Ordinance of Secession vote in East Tennessee by county. No data could be found for
592:
delegation, delivered an explosive two-hour speech to the rest of the convention. On the morning of May 31,
492:
339:
2015:
1964:
1714:
1360:
658:
619:
530:
1124:
in the 1870s. John J. Craig, a member of the Knox delegation, was instrumental in the development of the
331:). The state legislature denied this request, and the Confederate Army occupied the region in late 1861.
1482:
1330:
570:
868:
derided the convention's "Declaration of Grievances" as "unworthy a free, just and magnanimous people."
2306:
1809:(H. Barry Book Company, 1861). Accessed at the Calvin M. McClung Digital Collection, 14 December 2014.
1684:
1427:
1397:
1379:
1298:
1230:
1067:
912:
896:
817:
805:
789:
738:
685:
681:
546:
451:
427:
395:
39:
2201:
2187:
997:, and William B. Carter, were in the majority. Those who supported emancipation, led by Brownlow and
2311:
1566:
1561:
1545:
1539:
1499:
1465:
1451:
1446:
1279:
1247:
1192:
1184:
1110:, and several former delegates, including Oliver Perry Temple (Knox), David K. Young (Anderson), and
971:
904:
881:
772:
The old Greene County Courthouse in Greeneville, where the East Tennessee Convention met in June 1861
754:
709:
632:
581:
538:
526:
467:
352:
343:
2235:, National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form, 2 December 2013, p. 18.
406:"). By the late 1850s, former Whigs, Know Nothings, and a few disgruntled Democrats had formed the
383:. In the early 1840s, several East Tennessee leaders, among them Congressman (and future president)
31:
1669:
1607:
1590:
1556:
1534:
1412:
1315:
1264:
946:
908:
793:
677:
673:
650:
589:
577:
562:
554:
550:
887:
Numerous Convention delegates served in the Union Army. At the convention's Greeneville session,
614:
1752:
1699:
1652:
1637:
1575:
1345:
1306:
1121:
1107:
1098:(Knox), would serve in Congress, and Maynard would serve as U.S. Postmaster General. Baxter and
930:
Perhaps the most brazen wartime act in which East Tennessee Convention delegates engaged was the
892:
813:
669:
623:
566:
507:, and decided to hold a convention at the end of the month to coordinate strategy. One of them,
455:
1622:
1514:
1135:, a protégé of Brownlow and friend of Temple, briefly discusses the convention in his booklet,
733:
662:
654:
500:
347:
1052:
1196:
1063:
585:
487:
380:
19:
2188:
Journal of the Proceedings of the Convention of Delegates Elected by the People of Tennessee
1117:
1014:
876:
593:
522:
335:
1460:
Brownlow was a member of the Knox delegation; Kyle was a member of the Hawkins delegation
8:
1784:(Johnson City, Tenn.: East Tennessee State University Press, 1965), pp. 122-126, 217-233.
1744:
1169:
1083:
1046:
872:
809:
782:
746:
603:
504:
390:
From the late 1830s until the early 1850s, Tennessee was politically divided between the
1131:
The East Tennessee Convention has received only scant coverage in Civil War histories.
1722:
1437:
1432:
1289:
1284:
1188:
1176:
1111:
1103:
1091:
1075:
998:
994:
900:
851:
641:
513:
319:
48:
2215:
478:
437:, a third party which rejected both secession and abolition. This party's candidate,
1739:
1034:
975:
959:
950:
311:
217:
1598:
1125:
1079:
1038:
1002:
986:
919:
to join the Union army. Cooper and James G. Spears would both rise to the rank of
829:
801:
649:
East Tennessee county opposed the ordinance with the exception of Sullivan, Meigs,
558:
433:
During the 1860 presidential election, East Tennessee's former Whigs turned to the
418:
372:
356:
1059:
marker in Greeneville, recalling the East Tennessee Convention's June 1861 session
1041:, a Monroe delegate, served as Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives.
768:
1924:
1473:
1255:
1180:
1144:
1010:
955:
920:
797:
750:
724:
542:
534:
442:
414:
359:. This final meeting was marked by bitter divisions over the issue of slavery.
1368:
1200:
1095:
942:
888:
762:
596:
422:
384:
376:
315:
1782:
Vanquished Volunteers: East Tennessee Sectionalism from Statehood to Secession
322:. The convention most notably declared the secessionist actions taken by the
2275:
1748:
1238:
1030:
403:
1013:, a lifelong friend of Johnson, motioned successfully for the Convention to
1078:, a Greene County delegate, also served in the Senate (1866–1869).
2202:
Journal of the Convention of Delegates Elected by the People of Tennessee
1147:'s minutes, gave an extensive description of the convention in his book,
935:
486:
The Unionists' victory in February 1861 was short-lived. Following the
981:
At Johnson's request, the East Tennessee Convention reassembled at the
42:
923:. More than two dozen convention delegates would achieve the rank of
323:
1151:(1898), and provided biographies of several convention delegates in
1005:
for president, and called for leniency toward former Confederates.
916:
1037:, a Knox delegate, served as Speaker of the Tennessee Senate, and
1139:(1887). The convention was covered in greater detail in Humes's
924:
2135:
Lincolnites and Rebels: A Divided Town in the American Civil War
1853:
A Gathering of Tories: The East Tennessee Conventions of 1861
864:
referred to the Convention as "Traitors in Council," and the
741:, a Middle Tennessee county, was also represented by proxy.
565:) were named assistant vice presidents, and A. L. Greene (
840:
2119:(American Political Biography Press, 1989), pp. 170-174.
927:, and numerous others served as lower-ranking officers.
871:
On July 10, 1861, T. A. R. Nelson issued a call for the
1747:, a similar convention held in what is now present day
441:, was a long-time Whig and native of Tennessee. After
426:
Democrats also gained control of both chambers of the
2137:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 190-192.
1913:(Franklin, Tenn.: Hillsboro Press, 2000), pp. 140–149.
1392:
Langley was a member of the Morgan County delegation
1206:
1128:
industry during the latter half of the 19th century.
545:(of Knox) was named secretary. Richard D. Wheeler (
845:Shortly after the convention adjourned, Brownlow's
1374:Byrd was a member of the Roane County delegation
812:of Knox, Montgomery Thornburgh of Jefferson, and
2273:
2265:(Ogden Brothers and Company, 1888), pp. 105-119.
2233:Marble Industry of East Tennessee, ca. 1838-1963
1114:(Hamilton), served as lower state court judges.
23:East Tennessee Convention Proceedings title page
1950:Oliver Perry Temple, Mary Boyce Temple (ed.),
2220:Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
1551:Brownlow was a member of the Knox delegation
569:), S. P. Doss (Bledsoe), and J. Monroe Meek (
511:, wrote a summons which was published in the
287:
2287:Southern Unionists in the American Civil War
2111:
2109:
2107:
1889:The Knoxville-Greeneville Convention of 1861
1806:Proceedings of the East Tennessee Convention
1106:(Washington) served as chief justice of the
1066:, who had been a member of the convention's
2191:(Jones, Purvis and Company, 1870), pp. 453.
2129:
2127:
2125:
965:
525:delivered the opening sermon. Congressman
2250:(H.C. Sherick and Company, 1887), pp. 6-7.
2247:The Loyalists of Tennessee in the Late War
1905:
1903:
1901:
1859:, Vol. 39, No. 1 (Spring 1980), pp. 27-48.
1662:Samuel C. Honeycutt (proxy)
1183:of Bledsoe, William J. Clift of Hamilton,
1137:The Loyalists of Tennessee in the Late War
1102:, both of Knox, served as federal judges,
1033:(Sevier), and Stephen Matthews (Blount).
473:
446:to counter rising secessionist sentiment.
410:to counter rising secessionist sentiment.
294:
280:
2104:
1883:
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1879:
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1869:
1867:
1865:
1800:
1798:
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1794:
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1790:
1172:, with over $ 100,000 in assets in 1860.
635:defended the convention's actions in the
2122:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1051:
945:'s men. John McGaughey, a delegate from
932:East Tennessee bridge-burning conspiracy
767:
613:
477:
18:
2231:Carroll Van West and Susan W. Knowles,
1898:
1895:(R. Clarke Company, 1899), pp. 340-365.
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1529:Trigg served as the committee chairman
1162:
318:that met on three occasions during the
2274:
1862:
1787:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1009:the convention hopelessly deadlocked,
841:Civil War and second Knoxville session
695:
2222:, 2009. Retrieved: 16 December 2014.
2208:
1812:
573:) were named assistant secretaries.
541:) was chosen as vice president, and
2282:Tennessee in the American Civil War
2262:The Loyal Mountaineers of Tennessee
1954:(Cosmopolitan Press, 1912), p. 131.
1928:(Marshall and Bruce, 1890), p. 170.
1765:
13:
1207:List of Business Committee members
557:), John Williams, Jr. (Knox), and
14:
2323:
1023:
1020:, leaving the debate unresolved.
2095:The Case of Hon. Jno. M. Fleming
2030:East Tennessee and the Civil War
1939:East Tennessee and the Civil War
1893:East Tennessee and the Civil War
1149:East Tennessee and the Civil War
717:
702:
30:
2302:History of Knoxville, Tennessee
2253:
2238:
2225:
2194:
2180:
2167:
2154:
2140:
2087:
2074:
2061:
2048:
2035:
2022:
2008:
1991:
1974:
1141:Loyal Mountaineers of Tennessee
1057:Tennessee Historical Commission
599:delivered a three-hour speech.
2162:Tennessee: A Political History
1957:
1944:
1931:
1916:
1911:Tennessee: A Political History
1857:Tennessee Historical Quarterly
1157:Tennessee Historical Quarterly
949:, was executed by Confederate
1:
1758:
1454:and William C. Kyle (proxies)
493:Confederate States of America
366:
2003:Nashville Union and American
1179:(all of Greene), along with
911:), and William J. Clift (of
334:The convention first met in
7:
2292:Secession crisis of 1860–61
2117:Andrew Johnson: A Biography
1733:
958:and Sevier County delegate
533:) was chosen as president,
454:and (by a slight majority)
10:
2328:
1965:The Greeneville Convention
609:
435:Constitutional Union Party
428:Tennessee General Assembly
2101:, 14 February 1862, p. 2.
1612:Benjamin Tolliver Staples
972:Emancipation Proclamation
353:Emancipation Proclamation
314:delegates primarily from
308:East Tennessee Convention
2297:Greene County, Tennessee
2175:Notable Men of Tennessee
2082:Notable Men of Tennessee
2069:Notable Men of Tennessee
2056:Notable Men of Tennessee
2043:Notable Men of Tennessee
1952:Notable Men of Tennessee
1851:Charles F. Bryan, Jr., "
1369:Robert K. Byrd
1153:Notable Men of Tennessee
966:Second Knoxville session
895:), Joseph A. Cooper (of
2216:University of Tennessee
1122:University of Tennessee
1108:Tennessee Supreme Court
792:, William B. Carter of
474:First Knoxville session
2259:Thomas William Humes,
2115:Hans Louis Trefousse,
1887:Oliver Perry Temple, "
1060:
983:Knox County Courthouse
773:
627:
483:
24:
2019:, 28 June 1861, p. 2.
2005:, 12 July 1861, p. 3.
1982:Affairs of the Nation
1971:, 25 June 1861, p. 2.
1389:E. S. Langley (proxy)
1064:Dewitt Clinton Senter
1055:
907:), S. C. Langley (of
771:
639:. The pro-secession
617:
488:Battle of Fort Sumter
481:
381:internal improvements
22:
2151:(1890), pp. 227-228.
2099:The Athens (TN) Post
1163:Convention delegates
1118:Thomas William Humes
970:President Lincoln's
877:Felix K. Zollicoffer
549:), James C. Murphy (
523:Thomas William Humes
233:District of Columbia
209:Territories and D.C.
2148:Tennessee Blue Book
1925:Tennessee Blue Book
1922:Charles A. Miller,
1745:Wheeling Convention
1546:William G. Brownlow
1540:William G. Brownlow
1452:William G. Brownlow
1212:
1084:William Crutchfield
1047:Radical Republicans
747:Oliver Perry Temple
696:Greeneville session
633:William G. Brownlow
604:freedom of assembly
505:Oliver Perry Temple
430:in the 1859 cycle.
310:was an assembly of
1986:The New York Times
1909:Phillip Langsdon,
1723:James W. Deaderick
1692:Robert L. Stanford
1504:Alexander E. Smith
1438:Daniel C. Trewhitt
1433:Daniel C. Trewhitt
1320:James P. T. Carter
1290:Richard M. Edwards
1285:Richard M. Edwards
1211:
1189:Richard M. Edwards
1177:David T. Patterson
1112:Daniel C. Trewhitt
1104:James W. Deaderick
1092:Roderick R. Butler
1076:David T. Patterson
1061:
999:Daniel C. Trewhitt
995:Frederick Heiskell
901:Richard M. Edwards
858:Knoxville Register
852:The New York Times
774:
753:, a member of the
642:Knoxville Register
628:
588:, a member of the
484:
49:American Civil War
25:
16:Political assembly
2307:1861 in Tennessee
2133:Robert McKenzie,
2016:Nashville Patriot
1740:State of Franklin
1731:
1730:
1645:William B. Staley
1615:Jesse Stonecipher
1567:George W. Bridges
1562:George W. Bridges
1488:William McFarland
1420:James P. McDowell
1417:James P. McDowell
1323:William B. Carter
1272:William T. Dowell
1269:William T. Dowell
1185:George W. Bridges
1088:William McFarland
1035:Samuel R. Rodgers
976:Emerson Etheridge
960:Robert H. Hodsden
882:George W. Bridges
866:Nashville Patriot
822:seriatim una voce
531:Washington County
312:Southern Unionist
304:
303:
2319:
2312:1861 conferences
2266:
2257:
2251:
2242:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2212:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2144:
2138:
2131:
2120:
2113:
2102:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2012:
2006:
1999:The People Right
1995:
1989:
1978:
1972:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1896:
1885:
1860:
1849:
1810:
1802:
1785:
1778:
1689:William Mullenix
1630:William M. Biggs
1599:William Heiskell
1307:Joseph A. Cooper
1213:
1210:
1197:Thomas D. Arnold
1126:Tennessee marble
1080:Leonidas C. Houk
1039:William Heiskell
1003:George McClellan
987:ten percent plan
830:Louisiana Tigers
814:Joseph A. Cooper
802:Leonidas C. Houk
800:of Bledsoe, and
727:(vice president)
721:
706:
586:Thomas D. Arnold
559:William Heiskell
419:Middle Tennessee
408:Opposition Party
400:Republican Party
392:Democratic Party
373:Middle Tennessee
357:ten percent plan
296:
289:
282:
243:Indian Territory
177:Dual governments
34:
27:
26:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2258:
2254:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2009:
1996:
1992:
1979:
1975:
1969:Tri-Weekly Whig
1962:
1958:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1886:
1863:
1850:
1813:
1803:
1788:
1779:
1766:
1761:
1751:in the city of
1736:
1719:Samuel T. Logan
1595:Daniel Heiskell
1474:John Netherland
1470:William C. Kyle
1256:James G. Spears
1209:
1193:T. A .R. Nelson
1187:of McMinn, and
1181:James G. Spears
1165:
1094:(Johnson), and
1068:Grainger County
1026:
968:
956:John M. Fleming
843:
798:James G. Spears
751:John Netherland
739:Fentress County
728:
725:James G. Spears
722:
713:
710:T. A. R. Nelson
707:
698:
672:(99% against),
612:
543:John M. Fleming
535:James G. Spears
527:T. A. R. Nelson
476:
443:Abraham Lincoln
415:Isham G. Harris
369:
344:T. A. R. Nelson
342:. Congressman
300:
55:
47:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2325:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2268:
2267:
2252:
2244:William Rule,
2237:
2224:
2214:Milton Klein,
2207:
2193:
2179:
2166:
2164:, pp. 175-178.
2153:
2139:
2121:
2103:
2086:
2073:
2071:, pp. 204-205.
2060:
2047:
2034:
2032:, pp. 370-380.
2021:
2007:
1990:
1988:, 7 July 1861.
1973:
1956:
1943:
1941:, pp. 149-162.
1930:
1915:
1897:
1861:
1811:
1786:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:Samuel Pickens
1675:
1674:Samuel Pickens
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:C. M. McCleary
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1525:Connally Trigg
1522:
1520:Connally Trigg
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:James P. Swann
1490:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:Charles Barton
1455:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1235:David K. Young
1233:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1208:
1205:
1201:Horace Maynard
1164:
1161:
1100:Connally Trigg
1096:Horace Maynard
1025:
1024:Postwar period
1022:
967:
964:
943:Champ Ferguson
889:Robert K. Byrd
862:Memphis Appeal
842:
839:
763:Horace Maynard
730:
729:
723:
716:
714:
708:
701:
697:
694:
637:Knoxville Whig
624:Union counties
611:
608:
597:Andrew Johnson
553:), M. R. May (
514:Knoxville Whig
509:Connally Trigg
503:law office of
475:
472:
468:Hawkins County
423:West Tennessee
385:Andrew Johnson
377:West Tennessee
368:
365:
316:East Tennessee
302:
301:
299:
298:
291:
284:
276:
273:
272:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
212:
211:
205:
204:
203:
202:
197:
192:
187:
179:
178:
174:
173:
172:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
52:
51:
36:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2324:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2038:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1754:
1750:
1749:West Virginia
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:Isaac Bayless
1706:
1704:Isaac Bayless
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1583:T. J. Mathews
1582:
1580:T. J. Mathews
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371: (proxy)
1370:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:Leonidas Houk
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:(Jefferson),
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:Charles Inman
1021:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
963:
961:
957:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
854:
853:
848:
838:
834:
831:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
784:
778:
770:
766:
764:
758:
756:
752:
748:
742:
740:
735:
726:
720:
715:
711:
705:
700:
699:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
646:
644:
643:
638:
634:
625:
621:
616:
607:
605:
600:
598:
595:
591:
590:Greene County
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
516:
515:
510:
506:
502:
496:
494:
489:
480:
471:
469:
465:
459:
457:
453:
447:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
404:Know Nothings
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
364:
360:
358:
354:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
329:West Virginia
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
297:
292:
290:
285:
283:
278:
277:
275:
274:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
214:
213:
210:
207:
206:
201:
200:West Virginia
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
181:
180:
176:
175:
170:
167:
165:
164:West Virginia
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
124:New Hampshire
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
104:Massachusetts
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
54:
53:
50:
44:
41:
38:
37:
33:
29:
28:
21:
2260:
2255:
2245:
2240:
2227:
2219:
2210:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2116:
2098:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2068:
2063:
2055:
2050:
2042:
2037:
2029:
2024:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1993:
1985:
1976:
1968:
1959:
1951:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1892:
1856:
1804:
1781:
1657:
1384:
1174:
1166:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:John Fleming
1140:
1136:
1133:William Rule
1130:
1116:
1086:(Hamilton),
1082:(Anderson),
1073:
1062:
1043:
1027:
1016:
1011:Sam Milligan
1007:
991:
980:
969:
940:
929:
886:
870:
865:
861:
857:
850:
846:
844:
835:
826:
821:
787:
779:
775:
759:
743:
731:
689:
667:
647:
640:
636:
629:
601:
575:
520:
512:
497:
485:
463:
460:
448:
432:
412:
389:
370:
361:
351:address the
333:
307:
305:
154:Rhode Island
149:Pennsylvania
1780:Eric Lacy,
1642:John Wester
1507:A. T. Smith
1365:A. C. Yates
1353:P. Easterly
1350:P. Easterly
1338:E. E. Jones
1335:E. E. Jones
1222:Greeneville
1170:John Baxter
936:Alfred Cate
810:John Baxter
734:Greeneville
712:(president)
684:(94%), and
348:Greeneville
340:Confederacy
64:Connecticut
2276:Categories
2205:, pp. 5-7.
2160:Langsdon,
1759:References
1715:Washington
1405:Harman Lea
1402:Harman Lea
1361:Cumberland
1303:David Hart
1252:S. P. Doss
659:Sequatchie
620:Cumberland
501:Gay Street
462:secession
396:Whig Party
367:Background
268:Washington
258:New Mexico
129:New Jersey
59:California
2177:, p. 184.
2058:, p. 150.
2045:, p. 192.
1483:Jefferson
1331:Claiborne
1219:Knoxville
1159:in 1980.
951:guerillas
571:Jefferson
439:John Bell
336:Knoxville
324:Tennessee
320:Civil War
169:Wisconsin
114:Minnesota
2173:Temple,
2084:, p. 94.
2080:Temple,
2067:Temple,
2054:Temple,
2041:Temple,
2028:Temple,
1937:Temple,
1753:Wheeling
1734:See also
1685:Sullivan
1428:Hamilton
1398:Grainger
1380:Fentress
1299:Campbell
1231:Anderson
1017:sine die
1015:adjourn
917:Kentucky
913:Hamilton
897:Campbell
873:Kingston
818:Campbell
806:Anderson
790:Hamilton
783:Kingston
686:Anderson
682:Campbell
547:Campbell
452:Sullivan
394:and the
355:and the
253:Nebraska
223:Colorado
195:Virginia
190:Missouri
185:Kentucky
134:New York
109:Michigan
99:Maryland
74:Illinois
69:Delaware
1548:(proxy)
1542:(proxy)
1500:Johnson
1466:Hawkins
1447:Hancock
1280:Bradley
1248:Bledsoe
925:colonel
921:general
905:Bradley
755:Hawkins
680:(94%),
676:(96%),
610:Interim
594:Senator
582:Hancock
539:Bledsoe
421:, with
248:Montana
218:Arizona
159:Vermont
79:Indiana
46:in the
1670:Sevier
1608:Morgan
1591:Monroe
1557:McMinn
1535:Marion
1413:Greene
1316:Carter
1265:Blount
1225:Notes
1216:County
1199:, and
947:McMinn
909:Morgan
794:Carter
678:Carter
674:Sevier
661:, and
651:Monroe
578:Marion
563:Monroe
555:McMinn
551:Sevier
228:Dakota
144:Oregon
119:Nevada
89:Kansas
43:states
1700:Union
1653:Scott
1638:Roane
1576:Meigs
1346:Cocke
893:Roane
670:Scott
567:Roane
456:Meigs
238:Idaho
94:Maine
40:Union
1658:None
1623:Polk
1515:Knox
1385:None
903:(of
891:(of
847:Whig
663:Polk
655:Rhea
622:and
580:and
537:(of
529:(of
375:and
306:The
263:Utah
139:Ohio
84:Iowa
2218:.
2097:,"
2001:,"
1984:,"
1967:,"
1891:,"
1855:,"
899:),
824:."
816:of
804:of
690:for
464:and
2278::
2124:^
2106:^
1900:^
1864:^
1814:^
1789:^
1767:^
1195:,
796:,
765:.
665:.
657:,
653:,
458:.
2093:"
1997:"
1980:"
1963:"
626:.
561:(
295:e
288:t
281:v
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