305:
122:
316:
after the Arab conquests and during
Islamic-Arab rule. The replacement of the Pahlavi script with the Arabic script in order to write the Persian language was done by the Tahirids in 9th century Khorasan. The Persian Dari language spread, leading to the extinction of Eastern Iranic languages
333:
remain among the largely
Persian-speaking Tajik population of Central Asia. This appears to be due to the large numbers of Persian-speakers in Arab-Islamic armies that invaded Central Asia and later Muslim governments in the region such as the
346:
Eastern
Iranian remains in large part a dialect continuum subject to common innovation. Traditional branches, such as "Northeastern", as well as Eastern Iranian itself, are better considered
1175:(in Pashto, Wakhi, Sanglechi, Khotanese, etc.) and aspirates (in Khotanese, Parachi and Ormuri). A more localized sound change is the backing of the former retroflex fricative
304:
1988:
367:
199:
Most living
Eastern Iranian languages are spoken in a contiguous area: southern and eastern Afghanistan and the adjacent parts of western Pakistan; the
231:
and is hence classified as
Eastern Iranian despite its location). These are remnants of a vast ethno-linguistic continuum that stretched over most of
247:. The large Eastern Iranian continuum in Eastern Europe would continue up to the 4th century AD, with the successors of the Scythians, namely the
854:
also generally occurs in the word-initial position. This phenomenon is however not apparent in
Avestan, and remains absent from Ormuri-Parachi.
893:. On the other hand, in Yaghnobi and Ossetian, the development appears to have been reversed, leading to the reappearance of a voiced stop
1617:
850:
of the voiced stops *b, *d, *g. Between vowels, these have been lenited also in most
Western Iranian languages, but in Eastern Iranian,
1171:
have exerted a pervasive external influence on the closest neighbouring
Eastern Iranian, as it is evident in the development in the
1159:
The consonant clusters *ft and *xt have also been widely lenited, though again excluding Ormuri-Parachi, and possibly
Yaghnobi.
1526:
1499:
1472:
1445:
1418:
2234:
289:
stage (hence the "Eastern" classification), while almost no records of the Scytho-Sarmatian continuum stretching from
381:
Avestan is sometimes classified as
Eastern Iranian, but is not assigned to a branch in 21st-century classifications.
868:
has mostly been preserved. The labial member has been well-preserved too, but in most languages has shifted from a
1610:
17:
1650:
518:
1655:
876:
301:
have survived. Some authors find that the Eastern Iranian people had an influence on Russian folk culture.
1354: – Volume III: From the Seventh Century BC to the Seventh Century AD. Routledge/UNESCO. 1996. pg. 182
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
872:
865:
1603:
418:
2065:
1890:
1317:
869:
154:
146:
1545:
196:). All other languages of the Eastern Iranian subgroup have fewer than 200,000 speakers combined.
2130:
1645:
883:
308:
Map of Northeastern Iranic populations in Central Asia during the Iron Age. Highlighted in green.
63:
861:
consonants can be assumed to have been the first stage: *b > *β, *d > *ð, *g > *ɣ. The
1640:
1322:
862:
68:
1562:
1462:
1435:
1408:
2211:
1516:
1489:
274:. Eastern Iranian followed suit, and developed in place of Proto-Iranian, spoken within the
2048:
1983:
1770:
1168:
396:
322:
8:
2204:
1734:
1687:
1351:
1172:
889:
is preserved in some Pamir languages, it has in e.g. Pashto and Munji lenited further to
528:
474:
1270:
has a different etymological origin, but generally Ormuri is preserved unchanged, e.g.
2119:
2096:
2086:
1821:
1707:
1389:
927:
636:
523:
468:
363:
228:
837:
The initial syllable was in this word lost entirely in Yaghnobi due to a stress shift.
112:
2111:
2091:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
1905:
1874:
1832:
1763:
1712:
1682:
1626:
1522:
1495:
1468:
1441:
1414:
1381:
1187:, found in the Shughni–Yazgulyam branch and certain dialects of Pashto. E.g. "meat":
952:
661:
575:
511:
504:
390:
330:
318:
275:
216:
189:
181:
142:
126:
73:
121:
2140:
2125:
2101:
2036:
2031:
1971:
1966:
1951:
1945:
1929:
1923:
1910:
1868:
1776:
1717:
1702:
1373:
1242:
957:
942:
937:
907:
666:
651:
646:
616:
580:
565:
489:
484:
479:
402:
374:
326:
313:
285:
in Central Asia, some of the easternmost of these languages were recorded in their
220:
200:
2081:
2053:
2043:
1996:
1939:
1934:
1915:
1796:
1791:
1739:
1674:
1246:
947:
917:
656:
626:
592:
588:
560:
550:
494:
460:
447:
439:
435:
431:
259:
130:
58:
2200:
2158:
2145:
1848:
1837:
1786:
1729:
1723:
1697:
1692:
1328:
932:
922:
851:
641:
631:
545:
535:
499:
443:
286:
236:
2228:
2106:
2060:
1976:
1859:
1842:
1385:
412:
408:
347:
294:
263:
607:
584:
232:
153:
is often classified as early Eastern Iranian. As opposed to the Middle-era
43:
1518:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
1491:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
312:
Middle Persian/Dari spread around the Oxus River region, Afghanistan, and
2151:
282:
271:
173:
169:
157:, the Middle-era Eastern Iranian dialects preserve word-final syllables.
1814:
1393:
290:
248:
204:
47:
846:
Common to most Eastern Iranian languages is a particularly widespread
2003:
240:
165:
106:
1595:
1377:
1956:
847:
335:
224:
215:. There are also two living members in widely separated areas: the
208:
177:
51:
2181:
1801:
1756:
912:
858:
621:
453:
298:
267:
244:
185:
150:
1961:
1808:
1781:
1347:
193:
161:
1464:
Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History
1437:
Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History
1364:
Rast, N. A. (1955). "Russians in the Medieval Iranian Epos".
212:
266:
in the course of the later 2nd millennium BC not long after
2135:
1325:, a dialect of a Western Iranian language, despite the name
882:. The dental member has proved the most unstable: while a
606:
The Eastern Iranian area has been affected by widespread
338:. Persian was rooted into Central Asia by the Samanids.
180:. The second-largest living Eastern Iranian language is
1559:
The position of the Pamir languages within East Iranian
243:
in the 1st millennium BC — an area otherwise known as
1204:
133:. Eastern Iranian languages are indicated in the key.
897:. (Both languages have also shifted earlier *θ >
1573:Gernot Windfuhr, 2009, "Dialectology and Topics",
399:† (Chorasmian) c. 4th century BC – 13th century AD
2226:
1548:, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, 2008
164:, with at least 80 million speakers between the
160:The largest living Eastern Iranian language is
1460:
1433:
1406:
1611:
1467:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–.
1440:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 255–.
1413:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 127–.
1514:
1487:
841:
219:of northwestern Tajikistan (descended from
1618:
1604:
1427:
1400:
1540:
1538:
1481:
1303:means "relative". The word for "brother"
411:† (c. 5th century – 10th century AD) and
1366:American Slavic and East European Review
303:
201:Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region
149:(4th century BC to 9th century AD). The
120:
415:† (formerly Maralbashi, 7th century AD)
184:, with roughly 600,000 speakers across
14:
2227:
1535:
1307:is of a different etymological source.
1162:
1625:
1599:
1340:
393:†, c. 4th century BC – 9th century AD
1363:
1551:
1203:in Southern Pashto, but changes to
223:); and the Ossetic language of the
24:
2210:Languages between parentheses are
1592:, ed. Schmitt (1989), p. 100.
1461:Ira M. Lapidus (29 October 2012).
1434:Ira M. Lapidus (29 October 2012).
601:
262:is thought to have separated from
25:
2246:
1583:
1407:Ira M. Lapidus (22 August 2002).
1285:, Ormuri for "cord" (cf. Avestan
341:
209:Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
27:Subgroup of the Iranian languages
2184:(unknown further classification)
1292:
1259:
1230:
1221:in Central and Northern Pashto.
1590:Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum
1567:
207:; and the westernmost parts of
2214:of the language on their left.
1508:
1454:
1410:A History of Islamic Societies
1357:
426:Modern languages (Neo-Iranian)
353:The languages are as follows:
13:
1:
1334:
421:†, from c. the 8th century BC
405:†, from c. the 4th century AD
325:. Only a few speakers of the
1515:Paul Bergne (15 June 2007).
1488:Paul Bergne (15 June 2007).
1294:
1261:
1232:
1205:
877:voiced labiodental fricative
377:† (c. 1000 – 7th century BC)
350:rather than genetic groups.
270:, possibly occurring in the
145:, having emerged during the
7:
1521:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 6–.
1494:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 5–.
1346:J.Harmatta: "Scythians" in
1311:
10:
2251:
254:
2235:Eastern Iranian languages
2191:
2174:
2074:
1898:
1889:
1748:
1673:
1664:
1633:
1546:Eastern Iranian languages
1318:Western Iranian languages
870:voiced bilabial fricative
235:, parts of the Caucasus,
139:Eastern Iranian languages
105:
90:
59:Linguistic classification
57:
37:
32:
1563:Orientalia Suecana LVIII
1557:Antje Wendtland (2009),
1544:Nicholas Sims-Williams,
1224:
842:Lenition of voiced stops
155:Western Iranian dialects
884:voiced dental fricative
409:Scytho-Khotanese (Saka)
1323:Dari (Eastern Persian)
863:voiced velar fricative
309:
141:are a subgroup of the
134:
1575:The Iranian Languages
385:Middle Iranian period
307:
124:
2205:historical languages
1241:is a borrowing from
1173:retroflex consonants
1169:Indo-Aryan languages
610:, e.g. t͡ʃ > ts.
519:Sanglechi-Ishkashimi
125:Distribution of the
1352:History of Humanity
1163:External influences
357:Old Iranian period
310:
147:Middle Iranian era
135:
129:in and around the
2222:
2221:
2170:
2169:
1885:
1884:
1627:Iranian languages
1528:978-1-84511-283-7
1501:978-1-84511-283-7
1474:978-0-521-51441-5
1447:978-0-521-51441-5
1420:978-0-521-77933-3
1157:
1156:
834:
833:
373:Central Iranian:
276:Andronovo horizon
217:Yaghnobi language
143:Iranian languages
127:Iranian languages
119:
118:
16:(Redirected from
2242:
2066:Zoroastrian Dari
1896:
1895:
1671:
1670:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1555:
1549:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1361:
1355:
1344:
1298:
1265:
1236:
1212:
1167:The neighboring
904:
903:
900:
896:
892:
888:
881:
874:
867:
613:
612:
419:Scytho-Sarmatian
293:west across the
229:Scytho-Sarmatian
227:(descended from
151:Avestan language
115:
30:
29:
21:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2187:
2166:
2070:
1881:
1744:
1660:
1629:
1624:
1586:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1405:
1401:
1378:10.2307/3000746
1362:
1358:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1314:
1227:
1165:
844:
604:
602:Characteristics
557:Ormuri-Parachi
461:Pamir languages
344:
260:Western Iranian
257:
188:(split between
131:Iranian plateau
111:
79:Eastern Iranian
39:
33:Eastern Iranian
28:
23:
22:
18:Eastern Iranian
15:
12:
11:
5:
2248:
2238:
2237:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:Middle Persian
2155:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2123:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2032:Semnani proper
2029:
2024:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1818:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1651:Middle Iranian
1648:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1584:External links
1582:
1580:
1579:
1566:
1550:
1534:
1527:
1507:
1500:
1480:
1473:
1453:
1446:
1426:
1419:
1399:
1372:(2): 260–264.
1356:
1350:Collection of
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1329:Sakan language
1326:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1290:
1257:
1226:
1223:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
852:spirantization
843:
840:
839:
838:
832:
831:
825:
819:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
785:
778:
771:
767:
766:
760:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
705:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
603:
600:
599:
598:
597:
596:
578:
570:
569:
568:
563:
555:
554:
553:
548:
540:
539:
538:
533:
532:
531:
526:
516:
515:
514:
509:
508:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
485:Shughni proper
477:
472:
458:
457:
456:
428:
427:
423:
422:
416:
406:
400:
394:
387:
386:
379:
378:
371:
359:
358:
348:language areas
343:
342:Classification
340:
287:Middle Iranian
283:Greek presence
256:
253:
237:Eastern Europe
117:
116:
109:
103:
102:
101:
100:
97:
92:
88:
87:
86:
85:
84:
83:
82:
81:
61:
55:
54:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2247:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:Caucasian Tat
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:Proto-Iranian
1639:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1195:in Wakhi and
1194:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
962:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
902:
885:
878:
871:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
836:
835:
830:
826:
824:
820:
817:
815:
811:
809:
805:
803:
799:
797:
793:
790:
786:
783:
779:
776:
772:
769:
768:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
671:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
611:
609:
608:sound changes
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
571:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
556:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
542:Munji-Yidgha
541:
537:
534:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
520:
517:
513:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
478:
476:
473:
470:
467:
466:
464:
463:
462:
459:
455:
452:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:
429:
425:
424:
420:
417:
414:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
388:
384:
383:
382:
376:
372:
369:
365:
361:
360:
356:
355:
354:
351:
349:
339:
337:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
306:
302:
300:
296:
295:Pontic steppe
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:Proto-Iranian
261:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
132:
128:
123:
114:
110:
108:
104:
98:
95:
94:
93:
89:
80:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
70:
67:
66:
65:
64:Indo-European
62:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
42:
36:
31:
19:
2196:
2157:
2150:
2118:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1944:
1922:
1867:
1858:
1847:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1722:
1665:
1589:
1574:
1569:
1558:
1553:
1517:
1510:
1490:
1483:
1463:
1456:
1436:
1429:
1409:
1402:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1342:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1238:
1231:
1216:
1214:
1213:in Shughni,
1207:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
857:A series of
856:
845:
828:
822:
813:
807:
801:
795:
788:
781:
774:
762:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
605:
465:North Pamir
380:
352:
345:
311:
280:
258:
241:Western Asia
233:Central Asia
198:
159:
138:
136:
99:Southeastern
96:Northeastern
91:Subdivisions
78:
69:Indo-Iranian
44:Central Asia
40:distribution
2152:Old Persian
1984:Mazanderani
1771:Khwarezmian
1656:New Iranian
1646:Old Iranian
1577:, Routledge
1249:still uses
583:(dialects:
434:(dialects:
397:Khwarezmian
362:Northeast:
281:Due to the
272:Yaz culture
211:in western
203:in eastern
174:Indus River
170:Afghanistan
1815:Sarghulami
1735:Yazghulami
1688:Ishkashimi
1335:References
1289:"to tie").
529:Ishkashimi
413:Tumshuqese
329:descended
323:Khorezmian
317:including
291:Kazakhstan
249:Sarmatians
205:Tajikistan
166:Oxus River
48:South Asia
38:Geographic
2212:varieties
2199:indicate
2120:Pahlavani
2112:Bakhtiari
2097:Kuhmareyi
2087:Bashkardi
2004:Old Azeri
1708:Sanglechi
1386:1049-7544
928:Sanglechi
637:Sanglechi
572:Northern
524:Sanglechi
475:Yazgulami
469:Old Wanji
107:Glottolog
2229:Category
2141:Hazaragi
2092:Garmsiri
2027:Sangsari
2022:Lasgerdi
2011:Parthian
1989:Tabaroid
1957:Kurmanji
1906:Ashtiani
1875:Yaghnobi
1833:Ossetian
1822:Scythian
1797:Southern
1792:Northern
1764:Bactrian
1713:Sarikoli
1683:Bartangi
1312:See also
1299:Ossetic
953:Yaghnobi
848:lenition
662:Yaghnobi
581:Ossetian
576:Yaghnobi
512:Sarikoli
505:Bartangi
490:Oroshori
471:(Vanji)†
440:Southern
436:Northern
391:Bactrian
368:Old Saka
364:Scythian
336:Samanids
331:Yaghnobi
319:Bactrian
314:Khorasan
225:Caucasus
178:Pakistan
172:and the
113:east2704
52:Caucasus
2201:extinct
2197:Italics
2182:Badeshi
2126:Persian
2102:Kumzari
2044:Taleshi
2037:Sorkhei
2017:Semnani
1972:Kordali
1952:Kurdish
1946:Gorgani
1924:Daylami
1916:Makrani
1911:Balochi
1891:Western
1869:Sogdian
1828:Alanian
1802:Wanetsi
1787:Central
1777:Parachi
1757:Avestan
1718:Shughni
1703:Roshani
1666:Eastern
1634:History
1394:3000746
1305:æfsymær
1266:Ormuri
1243:Persian
1140:(marzā)
1095:brother
982:os / dā
958:Ossetic
943:Parachi
938:Shughni
913:Avestan
908:English
875:to the
859:spirant
759:(tafṓr)
667:Ossetic
652:Parachi
647:Shughni
622:Avestan
617:English
566:Parachi
495:Roshani
480:Shughni
454:Wanetsi
444:Central
403:Sogdian
375:Avestan
370:,† etc.
327:Sogdian
299:Ukraine
268:Avestan
255:History
245:Scythia
221:Sogdian
190:Georgia
186:Ossetia
182:Ossetic
74:Iranian
2175:Others
2082:Achomi
2054:Tatoid
1997:Median
1967:Xwarin
1962:Sorani
1940:Gorani
1935:Gilaki
1849:Jassic
1809:Ormuri
1782:Pashto
1749:Others
1740:Yidgha
1525:
1498:
1471:
1444:
1417:
1392:
1384:
1348:UNESCO
1276:astra-
1247:Yidgha
1237:Munji
1183:or to
1101:rātar-
948:Ormuri
918:Pashto
765:yppar
714:aθwārō
657:Ormuri
627:Pashto
593:Jassic
561:Ormuri
551:Yidgha
448:others
446:, and
432:Pashto
239:, and
194:Russia
162:Pashto
2146:Tajik
2075:South
1899:North
1838:Digor
1730:Wakhi
1724:Vanji
1698:Munji
1693:Khufi
1675:Pamir
1390:JSTOR
1301:ærvad
1287:band-
1278:>
1268:marzā
1225:Notes
1179:, to
933:Wakhi
923:Munji
770:seven
676:aēva-
642:Wakhi
632:Munji
589:Digor
546:Munji
536:Wakhi
500:Khufi
213:China
2136:Dari
2107:Luri
2061:Zaza
2049:Tati
1977:Laki
1930:Fars
1860:Saka
1843:Iron
1523:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1382:ISSN
1245:but
1146:irṓt
1131:irṓd
1125:īrīt
1113:əróy
744:avṓr
738:ībɨr
732:əfúr
720:alṓr
708:four
585:Iron
321:and
192:and
137:The
2203:or
1374:doi
1215:γwa
1197:γwa
1153:ad
1119:rūδ
1107:rōr
1090:ug
1078:ioe
1035:av-
1029:cow
1024:æs
970:asa
964:ten
901:.)
899:/t/
895:/d/
891:/l/
887:/ð/
880:/v/
873:/β/
866:/ɣ/
748:t͡ʃ
726:fūr
724:t͡ʃ
712:t͡ʃ
703:iu
691:yiw
685:vak
679:yaw
673:one
297:to
176:in
168:in
2231::
1561:,
1537:^
1388:.
1380:.
1370:14
1368:.
1295:^3
1283:ēš
1262:^2
1254:os
1239:dā
1233:^1
1217:x̌
1206:gu
1199:ṣ̌
1191:ṣ̌
1189:ɡu
1181:x̌
1177:ṣ̌
1149:ær
1137:yā
1084:ōw
1066:ōw
1060:īw
1054:ūi
1047:ṓw
1041:wā
1018:as
1012:as
1006:ōs
1000:is
994:as
988:os
976:as
829:vd
823:ft
818:wō
812:hō
808:vd
796:vδ
789:vd
775:pt
773:ha
756:ār
754:ts
750:ōr
742:ts
736:ts
730:ts
718:ts
697:sō
694:žu
688:yi
682:yu
595:†)
591:,
587:,
450:)
442:,
438:,
366:,
278:.
251:.
50:,
46:,
2207:.
1619:e
1612:t
1605:v
1531:.
1504:.
1477:.
1450:.
1423:.
1396:.
1376::
1281:b
1274:b
1272:*
1256:.
1252:l
1219:a
1210:t
1208:x
1201:a
1193:t
1185:x
1151:v
1144:v
1135:b
1129:v
1123:v
1117:v
1111:v
1105:w
1099:b
1088:q
1082:ɣ
1076:g
1072:ū
1070:g
1064:ž
1058:ɣ
1052:ɣ
1050:u
1045:ɣ
1039:ɣ
1033:g
1022:d
1016:d
1010:d
1004:d
998:δ
992:δ
986:d
980:l
974:l
968:d
827:a
821:a
814:t
806:ū
802:b
800:ɨ
794:ō
791:a
787:ō
784:ə
782:w
780:ō
777:a
763:c
700:ī
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
