2032:
4975:'s philosophy. For the most part, this is not made explicit within Heidegger's philosophy, apart from in the dialogue between a Japanese and inquirer. Heidegger did spend time attempting to translate the Tao Te Ching into German, working with his Chinese student Paul Hsaio. It has also been claimed that much of Heidegger's later philosophy, particularly the sacredness of Being, bears a distinct similarity to Taoist ideas. There are clear parallels between Heidegger and the work of Kyoto School, and ultimately, it may be read that Heidegger's philosophy is an attempt to 'turn eastwards' in response to the crisis in Western civilization. However, this is only an interpretation.
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for its insistence that truth is relative and multifaceted and for its willingness to accommodate all possible view-points of the rival philosophies. Jainism strongly upholds the individualistic nature of the soul and personal responsibility for one's decisions, and that self-reliance and individual
5022:
sought to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China (such as the old civil service system). There were two major philosophical trends during this period. One was anti-traditional and promoted
Western learning and ideas. A key figure of this anti-traditional current was
3319:
was a Śramaṇa school of radical Indian skepticism and a rival of early
Buddhism and Jainism. They held that it was impossible to obtain knowledge of metaphysical nature or ascertain the truth value of philosophical propositions; and even if knowledge was possible, it was useless and disadvantageous
3369:
3288:
Original scriptures of the Ājīvika school of philosophy may once have existed, but these are currently unavailable and probably lost. Their theories are extracted from mentions of
Ajivikas in the secondary sources of ancient Hindu Indian literature, particularly those of Jainism and Buddhism which
7200:
Halbfass, Wilhelm (2007a), "Research and reflection: Responses to my respondents. III. Issues of comparative philosophy (pp. 297–314)", in Franco, Eli; Preisendanz, Karin, Beyond
Orientalism: the work of Wilhelm Halbfass and its impact on Indian and cross-cultural studies (1st Indian ed.), Delhi:
5153:
According to the
British philosopher Victoria S. Harrison, the category of "Eastern philosophy", and similarly "Asian philosophy" and "Oriental philosophy" is a product of 19th-century Western scholarship and did not exist in East Asia or India. This is because in Asia there is no single unified
5165:
is reported to have said that only Greek and German languages are suitable for philosophizing. It is still commonplace in
Western universities to teach only Western philosophy and to ignore Asian philosophy altogether, or consider only newer Western-influenced Asian thought proper "philosophy".
3230:
and all associated supernatural doctrines. Cārvāka philosophers like
Brihaspati were extremely critical of other schools of philosophy of the time. Cārvāka deemed the Vedas to be tainted by the three faults of untruth, self-contradiction, and tautology. They declared the Vedas to be incoherent
4939:
scriptures) would have a much greater influence in the West than they have had. However, Schopenhauer was working with heavily flawed early translations (and sometimes second-degree translations), and many feel that he may not necessarily have accurately grasped the
Eastern philosophies which
5458:. "There is some evidence that Jain traditions may be even older than the Buddhist traditions, possibly going back to the time of the Indus valley civilization, and that Vardhamana rather than being a “founder" per se was, rather, simply a primary spokesman for much older tradition. p. 27"
4344:. Tradition is inconsistent, and human beings need an extra-traditional guide to identify which traditions are acceptable. The moral guide must then promote and encourage social behaviors that maximize the general benefit. As motivation for his theory, Mozi brought in the
5318:, p. 12: "A period of consolidation, sometimes identified as one of "Hindu synthesis," Brahmanic synthesis," or "orthodox synthesis," takes place between the time of the late Vedic Upanishads (c. 500 BCE) and the period of Gupta imperial ascendency" (c. 320–467 CE)."
3367:
2031:
4830:'s "original, brilliant and revolutionary contribution to national and international thought". The idea states that an individual is "the master of his destiny" and that the North Korean masses are to act as the "masters of the revolution and construction".
2609:
was a very influential text in Indian philosophy, laying the foundations for classical Indian epistemological debates between the different philosophical schools. It includes, for example, the classic Hindu rejoinders against
Buddhist not-self
3822:
and Hindu modernism. Their ideas focused on the universality of Indian philosophy (particularly
Vedanta) and the unity of different religions. It was during this period that Hindu modernists presented a single idealized and united
3293:
doctrine of absolute determinism (fate), the premise that there is no free will, that everything that has happened, is happening and will happen is entirely preordained and a function of cosmic principles. Ājīvika considered the
4638:
The traditionalists meanwhile sought to revive and fortify traditional Chinese philosophical schools. Chinese Buddhist thought was promoted by thinkers like Yang Rensan and Ou-Yang Jingwu while another influential movement is
3427:
of the true nature of things is considered one of the roots of suffering, Buddhist thinkers concerned themselves with philosophical questions related to epistemology and the use of reason. Key Buddhist concepts include the
3139:. Jain philosophy attempts to explain the rationale of being and existence, the nature of the Universe and its constituents, the nature of the bondage and the means to achieve liberation. It has often been described as an
4093:(禮/礼) which is a system of ritual norms that determines how a person should act to be in harmony with the law of Heaven. Confucianism traditionally holds that these values are based on the transcendent principle known as
2755:(duty or virtue). Mīmāṃsā is also mainly atheistic, holding that the evidence for the existence of God is insufficient and that the Gods named in the Vedas have no existence apart from the names, mantras and their power.
4684:
5479:
Originating on the Indian sub-continent, Jainism is one of the oldest religion of its homeland and indeed the world, having pre-historic origins before 3000 BC and the propagation of Indo-Aryan culture.... p.
13458:
9485:
5281:
Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition", "a way of life" () etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: "Establishing the boundaries" in
8569:
3671:(1903–1951). Buddhist modernism refers to "forms of Buddhism that have emerged out of engagement with the dominant cultural and intellectual forces of modernity." Forces which influenced modernists like
3366:
2136:, and societal norms. Hinduism is a categorization of distinct intellectual or philosophical points of view, rather than a rigid, common set of beliefs. Hinduism, with about one billion followers is the
4718:(national study), which sought to focus on the study of ancient Japanese thought, classic texts, and culture over and against foreign Chinese and Buddhist cultures. A key figure of this movement is
5090:
emphasis on heavy industrialization in favor of a revolution supported by the peasantry, and a decentralized agrarian economy based on many collectively worked farms. The current government of the
7118:
Bingenheimer, Marcus (2007). "Some Remarks on the Usage of Renjian Fojiao 人間佛教 and the Contribution of Venerable Yinshun to Chinese Buddhist Modernism". In Hsu, Mutsu; Chen, Jinhua; Meeks, Lori.
13547:
4328:; literally: "inclusive love/care"). According to Master Mo, persons should care equally for all other individuals, regardless of their actual relationship to them. Mo also advocated impartial
7184:
Yelle, Robert A. (2012), "Comparative Religion as Cultural Combat: Occidentalism and Relativism in Rajiv Malhotra's Being Different", International Journal of Hindu Studies, 16 (3): 335–348,
4244:. Their goal was to achieve increased order, security, and stability. They were initially influenced by Mohist ideas. A key figure of this school was administrator and political philosopher
9505:
5294:, p. 50: "The encounters that resulted from Aryan migration brought together several very different peoples and cultures, reconfiguring Indian society. Over many centuries a fusion of
2166:" or the "eternal way"; beyond human origins. Western scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots and no single founder.
2564:
holds that human suffering arises out of ignorance and liberation arises through correct knowledge. Therefore, they sought to investigate the sources of correct knowledge or epistemology.
7906:
5425:
4627:
saw the beginning of Western and Japanese invasions and exploitation of China which was humiliating to Chinese thinkers. The late 19th and early 20th century saw Chinese thinkers such as
4631:
looking to Western practical knowledge as a way to preserve traditional Chinese culture, a doctrine that he defined as "Chinese Learning as Substance and Western Learning as Function" (
3975:" flourished (6th century to 221 BCE). This period was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments and saw the rise of the major Chinese philosophical schools (
6792:
Cowell, E.B.; Gough, A.E. (1882). Sarva-Darsana Sangraha of Madhava Acharya: Review of Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy. New Delhi: Indian Books Centre/Sri Satguru Publications.
6081:
Cowell, E.B.; Gough, A.E. (1882). Sarva-Darsana Sangraha of Madhava Acharya: Review of Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy. New Delhi: Indian Books Centre/Sri Satguru Publications.
4271:
one of the most influential Legalist texts which was used by successive Chinese statesmen and rulers as a guide for statesmanship and bureaucratic organization of the imperial state.
8087:
5174:
that would include both Western and Asian thought on equal terms. In response, Ouyang Min argues that philosophy proper is a Western cultural practice and essentially different from
4062:, 孔夫子, "Master Kong", 551–479 BCE) who saw himself as transmitting the values and theology of the ancestors before him. Other influential classical Confucian philosophers include
3710:
or "Buddhism for Human Life" (Chinese: 人生佛教; pinyin: rénshēng fójiào) which was to be free of supernatural beliefs has also been an influential form of modern Buddhism in Asia.
4706:
Modern Japanese thought is strongly influenced by Western science and philosophy. Japan's rapid modernization was partly aided by the early study of western science (known as
151:
139:
9470:
8143:
7436:
Hansen, Chad. Philosophy East & West. Jul 94, Vol. 44 Issue 3, pp. 54, 435. Fa (standards: laws) and meaning changes in Chinese philosophy. Chad Hansen, Shen Buhai
4419:; literally: "the Way") which is seen as the principle which is the source, pattern, and substance of everything that exists. Taoism tends to emphasize virtues such as
2420:"dualism", Advaita Vedanta "non-dualism" and others) began to rise to prominence as the main divisions of religious philosophy. Nyaya survived into the 17th century as
12613:
4549:. Thinkers like He Yan and Wang Bi focused on the deep nature of Tao, which they saw as being best exemplified by the term "Wu" (nothingness, non-being, negativity).
7417:
Pines, Yuri, "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), 2. Philosophical Foundations.
2416:"golden age" of Hinduism. With the disappearance of Vaisheshika and Mīmāṃsā, it became obsolete by the later Middle Ages, when the various sub-schools of Vedanta (
5306:, p. 52: "Hinduism can be seen historically as a synthesis of Aryan beliefs with Harappan and other Dravidian traditions that developed over many centuries."
8553:
8345:
7487:
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5007:
referred to a new planetary consciousness that would bridge this gap. Followers of these two authors are often grouped together under the term Integral thought.
4054:— "doctrine of the scholars"), is a Chinese philosophical system with ritual, moral, and religious applications. The tradition developed around the teachings of
2293:
7813:
7054:
Lawrence J. McCrea, and Parimal G. Patil. Buddhist Philosophy of Language in India: Jnanasrimitra on Exclusion. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. p 5.
2930:
While the classical enumeration of Indian philosophies lists six orthodox schools, there are other schools that are sometimes seen as orthodox. These include:
7124:
10185:
9994:
8886:
6199:
Roy Perrett (2007), Samkhya-Yoga Ethics, Indian Ethics: Classical Traditions and Contemporary Challenges (Editors: Purusottama Bilimoria et al), Volume 1,
2289:
6830:
2739:
in rituals are prescriptive actions of primary importance. Because of their focus on textual study and interpretation, Mīmāṃsā also developed theories of
13483:
4510:("deep learning", also "Neo-Taoism") was a major philosophical movement influenced by Confucian scholarship, which focused on the interpretation of the
9490:
4305:. The administrative thought of Mohism was later absorbed by Legalism, their ethics absorbed into Confucianism and its books were also merged into the
1389:
10084:
7339:
Fung, Yiu-ming (2008), "Problematizing Contemporary Confucianism in East Asia", in Richey, Jeffrey, Teaching Confucianism, Oxford University Press,
4228:
school of "methods" or "standards") was a philosophical tradition which focused on laws, realpolitik, and bureaucratic management. Largely ignoring
13542:
13498:
10089:
9550:
12561:
13602:
10233:
7913:
6978:
Basham, A.L. (1951). History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas (2nd ed.). pp. 240–261, 270–273. Delhi, India: Moltilal Banarsidass (Reprint: 2002).
5417:
3750:'s name, being guided by the Guru instead of yielding to capriciousness, living a householder's life instead of monasticism, truthful action to
13798:
10124:
7798:
Earl, David Margarey, Emperor and Nation in Japan, Political Thinkers of the Tokugawa Period, University of Washington Press, 1964, pp. 66 ff.
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as ritual and social duty was paramount. They also held that the Vedas were "eternal, authorless, infallible" and that Vedic injunctions and
10152:
7646:
1481:
5920:
3847:
and in bringing the worldview to the West. Through the work of Indians like Vivekananda as well as westerners such as the proponents of the
10332:
9525:
6924:
6328:
5585:
1919:
13493:
10388:
9598:
9545:
8410:
5133:(c. 1700–1050 BCE). It uses a system of Yin and Yang, which it places into hexagrams for the purposes of divination. Carl Jung's idea of
8442:
8260:
6810:
13655:
11231:
8377:
7039:
2277:
1443:
7613:
6632:
3320:
for final salvation. They were seen as sophists who specialized in refutation without propagating any positive doctrine of their own.
11509:
6887:
Basham, A.L. (1951). History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas (2nd ed.). Chapter 1. Delhi, India: Moltilal Banarsidass (Reprint: 2002).
5519:
Hiltebeitel, Alf (2007), Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture", Routledge
5154:
philosophical tradition with a single root, but various autonomous traditions that have come into contact with each other over time.
3246:
or demerit through karma. They believed the viewpoint of relinquishing pleasure to avoid pain was the "reasoning of fools". Cārvāka
10355:
9939:
8859:
2463:. One of the main differences between the two closely related schools was that Yoga allowed for the existence of a God, while most
7421:
6219:
John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,
3143:
movement for its strong emphasis on self-control, austerities, and renunciation. It has also been called a model of philosophical
2633:, which accepts only two sources of knowledge, perception, and inference. This philosophy held that the universe was reducible to
13537:
13478:
9500:
9206:
8756:
8141:
8040:
5099:
6995:
Jayatilleke, K.N. (1963). Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge (PDF) (1st ed.). London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. pp. 112–113.
13453:
10167:
10104:
6291:
John Clayton (2010), Religions, Reasons and Gods: Essays in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Religion, Cambridge University Press,
6182:
GJ Larson, RS Bhattacharya and K Potter (2014), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4, Princeton University Press,
5103:
3803:
1382:
425:
12146:
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4332:
in government which should be based on talent, not blood relations. Mozi was against Confucian ritualism, instead emphasizing
3328:("The Lion that Devours All Categories"/"The Upsetting of All Principles"), has been seen as an important Ajñana philosopher.
1553:
12618:
12484:
8864:
8605:
8563:
8542:
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8468:
8436:
8404:
8371:
8339:
8307:
8287:
8254:
8234:
8095:
7877:
7847:
7825:
7585:
7440:
7222:
7159:
7136:
7103:
6966:
6949:
6909:
6872:
6777:
6689:
6663:
6626:
6598:
6569:
6544:
6522:
6505:
6488:
6437:
6404:
6370:
6313:
6296:
6279:
6262:
6241:
6224:
6204:
6187:
6149:
6132:
6051:
5986:
5875:
5827:
5788:
5507:
4971:, Nietzsche, and Heidegger with Eastern philosophies. Some have claimed that there is also a definite eastern element within
3151:
The contribution of the Jains in the development of Indian philosophy has been significant. Jain philosophical concepts like
8611:
8494:
8313:
8056:
7883:
7091:
6425:
6057:
5992:
5794:
13579:
13390:
12606:
8105:
6944:
Johannes Quack (2014), The Oxford Handbook of Atheism (Editors: Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse), Oxford University Press,
5166:
Carine Defoort, herself a specialist in Chinese thought, has offered support for such a "family" view of philosophy, while
17:
2424:"Neo-Nyaya", while Samkhya gradually lost its status as an independent school, its tenets absorbed into Yoga and Vedanta.
12682:
9834:
9061:
8726:
4884:
3519:. This tradition contributed to what has been called an "epistemological turn" in Indian philosophy. Through the work of
3250:
holds perception as the primary source of knowledge while rejecting inference which can be invalid. The primary texts of
10129:
8299:
Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture". Digital printing 2007
7994:
13473:
13405:
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12596:
10715:
10268:
9565:
9560:
8803:
8680:
6236:
Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press,
6127:(1993), Pramāṇa epistemology: Some recent developments, in Asian philosophy – Volume 7 (Editor: G Floistad), Springer,
4468:
4012:
156:
144:
11772:
8329:
7642:
Chan, Alan, "Neo-Daoism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
7484:
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2174:
1375:
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4290:(c. 470–391 BCE) and his students. It was a major school of thought and rival of Confucianism and Taoism during the
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10345:
10205:
10014:
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9839:
8709:
8700:
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and which flourished during the third to sixth centuries CE. The most important philosophers of this movement were
1912:
1886:
7035:
Butler, Sean (2011) "Idealism in Yogācāra Buddhism," The Hilltop Review: Vol. 4: Iss. 1, Article 6. Available at:
6144:
Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass,
13395:
12359:
10381:
10225:
9591:
6846:
MM Kamal (1998), The Epistemology of the Cārvāka Philosophy, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 46(2): 13–16
4839:
4538:
4388:
3647:
with influences from modern psychology and Western philosophy. Important exponents of Buddhist modernism include
1748:
379:
11967:
8626:
Nath, Vijay (March–April 2001), "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition",
4437:(simplicity), and spontaneity while placing less emphasis on norms and ritual (as opposed to Confucianism). The
4162:. Confucianism suffered setbacks during the 20th century, but is recently undergoing a revival, which is termed
2498:(word/testimony of reliable sources). The school developed a complex theoretical exposition of the evolution of
13779:
13562:
12497:
12385:
11545:
10278:
10215:
10190:
10076:
9829:
6827:
5145:. He explains that this Chinese view of the world is based not on science as the West knows it, but on chance.
4888:
1621:
7951:
3754:(righteousness, moral duty), equality of all human beings, and believing in God's grace. Key concepts include
10959:
10544:
10263:
10200:
10047:
9979:
9954:
9851:
9615:
9540:
5111:
5091:
4217:
3980:
1491:
262:
134:
7242:
Renard, Philip (2010), Non-Dualisme. pp. 185–188. De directe bevrijdingsweg, Cothen: Uitgeverij Juwelenschip
6751:
4919:
In the modern era, there have been many attempts to integrate Western and Eastern philosophical traditions.
4651:). New Confucianism is a traditionalist revival of Confucian thought in China beginning in the 20th-century
4401:
Taoism (or Daoism) is a term for various philosophies and religious systems that emphasize harmony with the
3999:). These philosophical traditions developed metaphysical, political, and ethical theories which, along with
13488:
13276:
12701:
12364:
12269:
11917:
10634:
10286:
10009:
9799:
6517:
AL Basham (1951), History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas – a Vanished Indian Religion, Motilal Banarsidass,
6469:
4146:(1472–1529) became the dominant school of thought and was promoted by the imperial state. Beginning in the
3881:
3611:
3530:
After the disappearance of Buddhism from India, these philosophical traditions continued to develop in the
3321:
1881:
662:
8246:
Buddhism in India. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"
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thinkers claim that philosophy as such is only characteristic of Western cultures. The German philosopher
3390:
2702:(which can be perceived) and they have real objective existence. The last three categories are defined as
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13079:
12530:
12168:
11882:
10511:
10177:
9974:
9924:
8749:
8120:
Defoort, Carine. (2001). "Is There Such a Thing as Chinese Philosophy? Arguments of an Implicit Debate",
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2747:
which influenced other Indian schools. They primarily held that the purpose of language was to correctly
2383:
for instance identifies sixteen schools of Hindu Indian philosophy by including those that belong to the
1905:
1567:
1505:
109:
48:
6814:
4463:
The School of Naturalists or Yin-yang was another philosophical school that synthesized the concepts of
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13400:
13069:
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11704:
11010:
10786:
10374:
10350:
10340:
10248:
10243:
9584:
7217:
Michelis, Elizabeth De (2005), A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism, Continuum,
5211:
5199:
5071:
5067:
4997:
4948:
4722:(1730–1801), who argued that the essence of classic Japanese literature and culture was a sense called
4452:
Early forms of Taoism developed in the 4th century BCE, influenced by the cosmological theories of the
4170:
4004:
3972:
3453:
3401:. Buddhist thought is trans-regional and trans-cultural. It is the dominant philosophical tradition in
1819:
72:
31:
13557:
12640:
10420:
6904:
James Lochtefeld, "Ajivika", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing.
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which drew from western philosophers (especially German philosophy) and Buddhist thought and included
2771:
2237:) and other topics. Indian philosophy also covered topics such as political philosophy as seen in the
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13427:
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12477:
12241:
10453:
10443:
10119:
10004:
9894:
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9392:
7514:
The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward Craig. Routledge Publishing. 2005.
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5328:
5047:(1866–1925) at the beginning of the 20th century. Another influential modern Chinese philosopher was
3719:
3542:
traditions. In Tibet, the Indian tradition continued to be developed under the work of thinkers like
3100:
2459:(c. 400 CE). Elements of proto-Samkhya ideas can, however, be traced back to the period of the early
2280:, surviving in the Himalayan regions and south India. The early modern period saw the flourishing of
2073:
1633:
857:
364:
38:
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3358:
university and monastery was a major center of learning in India from the 5th century CE to c. 1200.
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13826:
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11907:
11157:
10997:
10994:
10720:
10554:
10539:
10024:
9859:
9535:
5490:
5171:
4847:
4792:. The most important trend in Japanese Buddhist thought after the formation of the Kyoto school is
4656:
4291:
3885:
3767:
3559:
3445:
3219:
3012:
gave rise to a diverse range of non-Vedic ideas, ranging from accepting or denying the concepts of
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1510:
559:
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7684:
7643:
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347:
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11005:
10920:
10910:
10834:
10700:
10672:
10057:
9520:
6855:
5929:, pp. 152–154, context: 144–154 (Chapter: Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia).
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7752:
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7718:
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3479:
Later Buddhist philosophical traditions developed complex phenomenological psychologies termed '
3016:, atomism, materialism, atheism, agnosticism, fatalism to free will, extreme asceticism, strict
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12625:
12535:
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11987:
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Accessing R.E. Founders & Leaders, Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism Teacher's Book Mainstream
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Mohism was also associated with and influenced by a separate philosophical school known as the
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P Bilimoria and JN Mohanty (2003), Relativism, Suffering and Beyond, Oxford University Press,
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3499:(emptiness of all phenomena) and Vijnapti-matra (appearance only), a form of phenomenology or
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Creel, 1974 p. 4, 119 Shen Pu-hai: A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century BCE.
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1968:
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1448:
1269:
1078:
8695:
8361:
7610:
7004:
Salunkhe, AH (2009). Astikshiromani Charvaka (in Marathi). Satara: Lokayat Prakashan. p. 36.
6308:
DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: Anthony Marsella), Springer,
5908:
3231:
rhapsodies invented by humans whose only usefulness was to provide a livelihood to priests.
2308:
The principal Indian philosophical schools are classified as either orthodox or heterodox –
2084:. These Hindu schools developed what has been called the "Hindu synthesis" merging orthodox
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Articles and commentaries on a wide range of topics related to practical Eastern Philosophy
6616:
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4206:
4178:
3855:
3848:
3831:. They were also influenced by Western ideas. The first of these movements was that of the
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1824:
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in recent times have contributed to Indian philosophical discourse in uniquely Jain ways.
8:
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McMahan, David L. (2008). The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford University Press. p. 6
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4502:) are considered the key texts of the tradition. The first organized form of Taoism, the
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10258:
10052:
9949:
9914:
9455:
9377:
9151:
9121:
9096:
8923:
8643:
7972:"Modern Chinese Philosophy," by Yih-Hsien Yu, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
7781:"Modern Chinese Philosophy," by Yih-Hsien Yu, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
7764:"Modern Chinese Philosophy," by Yih-Hsien Yu, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
7747:"Modern Chinese Philosophy," by Yih-Hsien Yu, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
7730:"Modern Chinese Philosophy," by Yih-Hsien Yu, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
7269:
6741:
6722:
5295:
4198:
4151:
4083:
3996:
3964:
3919:
3903:
3815:
3699:
3652:
3636:
3615:
3539:
3523:, this tradition of Buddhist logic has become the major epistemological system used in
3473:
3393:. It generally refers to the philosophical investigations that developed among various
3255:
3200:
2448:
1956:
1809:
1715:
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124:
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5582:
A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010
4256:
into the dominant power that conquered the rest of China in 221 BCE. Shen's successor
805:
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13412:
13271:
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13138:
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12339:
12334:
12319:
12259:
12221:
12206:
12163:
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11694:
11612:
11540:
11523:
11501:
11129:
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6888:
6868:
6793:
6773:
6685:
6659:
6622:
6594:
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6540:
6518:
6501:
6500:
Padmanabh S Jaini (2001), Collected papers on Buddhist Studies, Motilal Banarsidass,
6484:
6433:
6400:
6366:
6309:
6292:
6275:
6258:
6237:
6220:
6200:
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Samādhipāda: das erste Kapitel des Pātañjalayogaśāstra zum ersten Mal kritisch ediert
6145:
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6108:
6082:
6047:
5982:
5871:
5850:
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5784:
5503:
5472:
5469:
Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality
5451:
5299:
5249:
5204:
5107:
5082:. It is based partially on earlier theories by Marx and Lenin, but rejects the urban
5027:(1853–1921) who translated various Western philosophical works including Smith's The
5011:
4793:
4396:
4194:
4159:
4089:
3927:
3861:
3840:
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3741:
3437:
3429:
3164:
3152:
3124:
2605:
2556:
2444:
2348:
2125:
2053:
2045:
2012:
1972:
1964:
1871:
1866:
1799:
1730:
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1665:
1660:
1609:
1594:
1577:
1527:
1437:
1365:
1239:
1164:
1025:
637:
471:
420:
129:
7713:"Daoist Philosophy," by Ronnie Littlejohn, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
7696:"Daoist Philosophy," by Ronnie Littlejohn, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
7662:"Daoist Philosophy," by Ronnie Littlejohn, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
6562:
Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture
6449:
5302:
occurred, a complex process that historians have labeled the Indo-Aryan synthesis."
4604:
Modern Chinese thought is generally seen as being rooted in Classical Confucianism (
4593:
3136:
2869:
The central concern for these schools is the nature of and the relationship between
13715:
13700:
13374:
13130:
13074:
12949:
12901:
12892:
12870:
12843:
12672:
12540:
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12324:
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12015:
11962:
11912:
11892:
11853:
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11689:
11617:
11335:
11246:
11137:
11109:
11094:
11057:
10763:
10743:
10710:
10615:
10577:
10298:
10195:
10099:
10094:
9999:
9929:
9775:
9765:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9299:
9255:
9201:
9191:
9136:
9046:
9024:
8992:
8635:
7485:
https://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism_
7465:
7388:
https://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism_
7322:
Yao, Xinzhong (2000). An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge University Press.
7261:
7185:
6714:
6457:
5261:
5162:
4943:
Recent attempts to incorporate Western philosophy into Eastern thought include the
4754:
4750:
4719:
4699:
4640:
4577:
4553:
4438:
4408:
4317:
4202:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4163:
4135:
4115:
4000:
3899:
3762:
3703:
3695:
3531:
3524:
3394:
3345:
3243:
3168:
3156:
3116:
2948:
2531:(c. 14th century CE), Sāmkhya continued to develop throughout the medieval period.
2332:
2321:
2214:
2093:
2022:
1976:
1710:
1626:
1341:
1121:
1038:
721:
486:
371:
310:
190:
165:
12635:
6107:
Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass,
5863:
2810:
13772:
13757:
13745:
13677:
13521:
13219:
13181:
13171:
12922:
12836:
12831:
12505:
12096:
12065:
12030:
11995:
11873:
11724:
11622:
11580:
11491:
11479:
11464:
11439:
11414:
11184:
11052:
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10964:
10949:
10622:
10506:
9794:
9780:
9721:
9382:
9338:
9171:
9166:
9146:
9126:
9068:
9034:
8958:
8948:
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8769:
8713:
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8511:
8478:
8297:
8147:
8109:
8102:
8073:
8060:
8053:
7867:
7817:
7650:
7617:
7491:
7472:
7444:
7425:
7394:
7128:
7121:
Development and Practice of Humanitarian Buddhism: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
7095:
7086:
7043:
6928:
6834:
6817:
with commentary by Madhava Acharya, Translators: Cowell and Gough (1882), pp. 5–9
6586:
6429:
6420:
6332:
6041:
5976:
5865:
5844:
5817:
5778:
5237:
5225:
4989:
4960:
4781:
4569:
4525:
4494:
4356:
3992:
3895:
3828:
3787:
3732:
3341:
3270:
3160:
3132:
3056:
2911:
2899:
2895:
2836:, are a group of traditions which focus on the philosophical issues found in the
2325:
2276:
and Iranian-Islamic influences. Buddhism mostly disappeared from India after the
2149:
1980:
1720:
1176:
879:
847:
588:
11236:
10292:
9418:
8136:. (2006) "Philosophies versus Philosophy: In Defense of a Flexible Definition".
7601:, translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. (University of Massachusetts Press, 1981).
6705:
Carrithers, Michael (June 1989). "Naked Ascetics in Southern Digambar Jainism".
4758:
3298:
doctrine as a fallacy. Ājīvikas were atheists and rejected the authority of the
2316:
are a valid source of knowledge; whether the school believes in the premises of
787:
13750:
13720:
13690:
13281:
13264:
13166:
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13020:
12996:
12939:
12917:
12848:
12005:
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11739:
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11015:
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10029:
9934:
9804:
9650:
9638:
9515:
9406:
9316:
9131:
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Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present
5110:
the reign, previous schools of thought such as Taoism and Confucianism (except
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4241:
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4131:
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1992:
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1244:
1150:
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340:
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since ancient times. The distinguishing features of Jain philosophy include a
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3005:
2999:
2547:
2281:
670:
13815:
13788:
13740:
13705:
13695:
13356:
13286:
13064:
12906:
12789:
12060:
11972:
11902:
11644:
11434:
11368:
11325:
11194:
10819:
10605:
10587:
10162:
9887:
9824:
9755:
9726:
9235:
9051:
9009:
8953:
8839:
8798:
8765:
8672:
8069:
7990:
7872:. Foreign Languages Publishing House, Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
7375:
Rethinking Confucianism: Past and Present in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
7065:
Recognizing Reality: Dharmakirti's Philosophy and Its Tibetan Interpretations
6416:
5382:
Rethinking Confucianism: Past and present in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
5352:
5134:
5130:
5129:(Book of Changes), an ancient Chinese text that dates back to the Bronze Age
5040:
5004:
4993:
4985:
4797:
4785:
4723:
4628:
4337:
4143:
3877:
3836:
3736:
3543:
3239:
3088:
3021:
2966:
2854:
2848:
2799:
2511:
2440:
2250:
2154:
2049:
1279:
1091:
1050:
726:
384:
330:
178:
8734:
7861:
7859:
5062:
on modern Chinese political thought is vast, especially through the work of
4073:
Confucianism focuses on humanistic values like familial and social harmony,
2982:
2767:
2100:. These religio-philosophical traditions were later grouped under the label
1106:
1101:
1096:
13660:
13432:
13346:
13333:
13108:
12979:
12887:
12794:
12784:
12773:
12741:
12726:
12091:
12081:
12040:
12020:
11792:
11755:
11714:
11600:
11550:
11211:
11189:
11167:
11114:
11082:
10954:
10814:
10725:
10521:
9877:
9809:
9789:
9510:
9480:
9387:
9355:
9284:
9161:
9156:
8970:
8963:
8876:
8808:
7386:
Paul R. Goldin, Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism. pp. 6, 7
7277:
7015:
A history of Western thought: from ancient Greece to the twentieth century.
5332:
5190:
for describing Western philosophy as opposed to traditional Asian thought.
5158:
5015:
4956:
4944:
4773:
4762:
4742:
4730:
4680:
4617:
4573:
4565:
4557:
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or idealized views of how society should be, they focused on the pragmatic
4147:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4074:
4043:
4028:
3976:
3968:
3832:
3771:
3664:
3620:
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3247:
3128:
3076:
3045:
3037:
2958:
2814:
2722:
2543:
2471:
2413:
2395:
2376:
2238:
2226:
2141:
2097:
2081:
1756:
1700:
1142:
1033:
949:
832:
817:
733:
711:
581:
569:
452:
359:
114:
79:
13484:
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG / GCC)
12971:
7265:
6470:
Prem Pahlajrai, Asian Languages and Literature, University of Washington,
5819:
Epistemology in Classical India: The Knowledge Sources of the Nyaya School
5114:) were denounced as backward, and later purged during the violence of the
3093:
2976:
2706:(product of intellectual discrimination) and they are logical categories.
2388:
2155:
2058:
13793:
13251:
12929:
12821:
12736:
12706:
12655:
12086:
12025:
11897:
11877:
11782:
11719:
11679:
11659:
11585:
11555:
11216:
11152:
10844:
10829:
10705:
10695:
10644:
10610:
10549:
9872:
9760:
9704:
9699:
9667:
9662:
9460:
9343:
9240:
8975:
8881:
8854:
8665:
The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century
8211:
8199:
8035:
7991:""Foreword to the I Ching – By C.G. Jung." I Ching – The Book of Changes"
7856:
6772:
KN Tiwari (1998), Classical Indian Ethical Thought, Motilal Banarsidass,
5187:
5083:
5044:
5000:
4827:
4823:
4746:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4597:
4552:
Other schools rose to prominence throughout Chinese history, such as the
4503:
4480:
4432:
4329:
4310:
4299:
4253:
4111:
4008:
3819:
3811:
3520:
3289:
polemically criticized the Ajivikas. The Ājīvika school is known for its
3223:
3196:
3184:
3108:
3060:
2626:
2515:
2503:
2340:
2297:
2206:
2113:
2085:
1771:
1328:
1218:
942:
687:
605:
600:
520:
227:
203:
198:
8706:
7483:
Paul R. Goldin, Persistent Misconceptions about Chinese Legalism. p. 15
7233:
Georg, Feuerstein (2002), The Yoga Tradition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
6483:
Reginald Ray (1999), Buddhist Saints in India, Oxford University Press,
4818:
Juche, usually translated as "self-reliance", is the official political
4252:(390–338 BCE), was a leading statesman and reformer who transformed the
3864:
is also another important current in modern Indian thought. The work of
3179:
in various forms. While Jainism traces its philosophy from teachings of
2312:– depending on one of three alternate criteria: whether it believes the
13008:
13003:
12877:
11932:
11760:
11709:
11699:
11570:
11474:
11419:
11226:
11206:
11072:
10839:
10753:
10582:
10529:
10493:
10397:
10322:
9919:
9882:
9716:
9348:
8793:
8647:
7356:
Littlejohn, Ronnie (2010), Confucianism: An Introduction, I.B. Tauris,
7148:
Arvind-pal Singh Mandair (2014). Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech, eds.
6745:
6726:
5141:, as he states in the foreword to Richard Wilhelm's translation of the
5118:
which saw many Taoist and Buddhist temples and institutions destroyed.
5079:
5063:
5052:
5032:
4891: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4734:
4711:
4668:
4368:
4333:
4260:(c. 280–233 BCE) synthesized the thought of the other Legalists in his
4249:
4245:
4233:
3728:
3563:
3547:
3492:
3480:
3188:
3144:
3140:
3112:
3008:
traditions that existed in India since before the 6th century BCE. The
2986:
2962:
2938:
2907:
2863:
2718:
2483:
2460:
2380:
2246:
2242:
2197:. Indian philosophers developed a system of epistemological reasoning (
2170:
2105:
2077:
2039:
1952:
1944:
1779:
1410:
1249:
937:
920:
907:
887:
751:
505:
439:
408:
396:
275:
7281:
5502:
Students' Britannica India (2000), Volume 4, Encyclopædia Britannica,
4996:
is regarded as a synthesis of Eastern and Western thought. The German
3504:
2915:
2891:
2859:
2825:
2656:
s (literally: 'the meaning of a word') which included six categories;
2645:), indivisible, and have a special kind of dimension, called "small" (
954:
13191:
13113:
13037:
12991:
12944:
12826:
12755:
12710:
12525:
11947:
11942:
11802:
11729:
11664:
11535:
11469:
11281:
11271:
11266:
11241:
11037:
10597:
10559:
10238:
9819:
9682:
9628:
9607:
9223:
9213:
8829:
8788:
8133:
7502:
Hengy Chye Kiang 1999. p.v44. Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats.
7252:
Schneider, Herbert Wallace (1966). "Modern Indian Thought (review)".
5167:
5138:
5122:
5095:
5036:
4972:
4931:
4789:
4714:(1603–1868). Another intellectual movement during the Edo period was
4676:
4624:
4546:
4518:
4266:
4237:
4067:
4055:
4037:
3942:
3628:
3551:
3488:
3449:
3406:
3398:
3389:(fl. between sixth and fourth centuries BCE) and is preserved in the
3350:
3068:
2942:
2740:
2618:), a debate which became central to Hinduism in the medieval period.
2506:. Sāmkhya sources argue that the universe consists of two realities,
2491:
2076:. The major orthodox schools arose sometime between the start of the
1948:
1311:
925:
646:
610:
564:
515:
270:
232:
91:
11172:
9413:
8639:
6718:
4866:
3316:
3041:
2652:
Vaiśeṣika organized all objects of experience into what they called
2372:
1418:
984:
13199:
13161:
12853:
12809:
12780:
12763:
12677:
11777:
11684:
11649:
11607:
11595:
11383:
11177:
11077:
11020:
10824:
10778:
10662:
9657:
9321:
9304:
9250:
9245:
9230:
9218:
9196:
9019:
8987:
8918:
8893:
8015:
Harrison, Victoria S; "Eastern Philosophy: The Basics, Introduction
7939:
5232:
5087:
4926:
4819:
4715:
4464:
4309:, as Mohism all but disappeared as an independent school after the
4229:
4110:
Confucianism was a major ideology of the imperial state during the
3824:
3660:
3567:
3496:
3484:
3461:
3416:
3251:
3234:
Likewise, they faulted Buddhists and Jains, mocking the concept of
3211:
3192:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3080:
3072:
3004:
The nāstika or heterodox schools are associated with the non-Vedic
2952:
2934:
2919:
2883:
2452:
2384:
2364:
2258:
2234:
2202:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2069:
2035:
2018:
2000:
1814:
1254:
1206:
1113:
999:
932:
892:
769:
756:
716:
593:
250:
8721:
4695:
3675:
and Yin Shun included Enlightenment values and Western science. A
2798:, the study of knowledge, using the later parts of Vedas like the
2614:) arguments. The work also famously argues against a creator God (
13351:
13310:
13153:
13118:
12934:
11404:
11378:
11373:
11315:
11310:
11142:
11030:
11025:
10984:
10806:
10652:
10534:
10303:
9814:
9770:
9733:
9401:
9267:
9262:
8025:
Augstein, Rudolf; Wolff, Georg; Heidegger, Martin (31 May 1976).
6986:. originally published by Luzac & Company Ltd., London, 1951.
6895:. originally published by Luzac & Company Ltd., London, 1951.
6422:
The perfectibility of human nature in eastern and western thought
6015:
The Lost Age of Reason Philosophy in Early Modern India 1450–1700
5896:
5356:
5348:
5170:
has presented an argument against it and offered a more flexible
5126:
5059:
5048:
4952:
4851:
4801:
4707:
4542:
4534:
4507:
4472:
4458:
4257:
4201:
as well as various overseas territories settled predominantly by
4063:
4033:
3947:
3891:
3818:, 19th-century Indians developed new ways of thinking now termed
3746:
The fundamental beliefs include constant spiritual meditation of
3724:
3624:
3579:
3355:
3282:
3235:
3215:
3092:
3084:
3064:
3029:
2871:
2818:
2779:
2775:
2763:
2630:
2615:
2572:
2507:
2499:
2475:
2464:
2432:
2412:, the distinction of the six orthodox schools was current in the
2400:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2344:
2317:
2230:
2218:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2089:
1303:
1201:
1064:
989:
867:
862:
822:
620:
554:
545:
537:
495:
391:
318:
303:
96:
12462:
8589:. Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 75.
8226:
Alone in Unity: Torments of an Iraqi God-Seeker in North America
7576:
Pollard; Rosenberg; Tignor, Elizabeth; Clifford; Robert (2011).
7131:(PDF). Hua-lien (Taiwan): Tzuchi University Press. pp. 141–161.
3950:, the highest institution of higher learning in pre-modern China
12913:
12799:
12692:
11669:
11590:
11320:
10979:
10969:
10667:
10569:
9672:
9294:
9279:
8938:
7831:
7685:
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/neo-daoism/
7644:
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/neo-daoism/
7088:
Religious Conversion in India: Modes, Motivations, and Meanings
5932:
5867:
Indian Ethics: Classical traditions and contemporary challenges
5864:
Purusottama Bilimoria; Joseph Prabhu; Renuka M. Sharma (2007).
5024:
4772:
Japanese Buddhist philosophy was influenced by the work of the
4644:
4530:
4512:
4446:
4442:
4421:
4412:
4321:
4279:
4261:
4221:
4139:
3988:
3984:
3751:
3591:
3587:
3575:
3571:
3457:
3441:
3433:
3420:
3017:
2970:
2903:
2752:
2736:
2731:
2694:
2611:
2519:
2417:
2273:
2222:
2194:
2190:
2178:
2163:
2133:
1761:
1296:
1292:
1194:
1189:
1184:
979:
974:
969:
852:
827:
782:
738:
629:
576:
432:
352:
335:
282:
255:
210:
183:
173:
119:
6961:
Analayo (2004), Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization,
5884:
5055:
at Columbia University and who promoted a form of pragmatism.
4833:
2985:
Darśana, the grammarian school (which clarifies the theory of
2910:(difference and non-difference). Due to the popularity of the
2253:
between c. 1st century BCE and 5th century CE, written by the
13226:
12865:
12860:
12804:
11485:
11147:
10433:
10366:
9645:
9633:
9623:
9465:
9430:
9333:
9056:
8943:
8928:
4979:
4964:
4936:
4813:
4667:. The second generation (1950–1979) include individuals like
4489:
4427:
4372:
4298:
periods (c. 770–221 BCE). The main text of the school is the
4070:
who famously disagreed on the innate moral nature of humans.
4015:
and gradually developed distinct Chinese forms (such as Chan/
3680:
3656:
3583:
3469:
3410:
3402:
3299:
3295:
3227:
2829:
2791:
2726:
2593:
2567:
2561:
2539:
2336:
2313:
2266:
2241:
c. 4th century BCE and the philosophy of love as seen in the
2182:
2145:
2129:
1996:
1766:
1346:
1264:
1213:
1069:
1055:
1043:
837:
812:
654:
500:
403:
323:
222:
9576:
6867:
Jeffrey D Long (2009), Jainism: An Introduction, Macmillan,
6384:
The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy
4572:
which develop during the 13th–14th centuries and during the
12493:
8933:
7020:
5035:. There were also attempts to incorporate Western ideas of
4982:
4925:
developed a philosophy that was essentially a synthesis of
4348:, but rather than being religious his philosophy parallels
4287:
4094:
3971:
dynasty and the following periods after its fall when the "
3419:'s main concern is soteriological, defined as freedom from
2698:(non-existence). The first three categories are defined as
2638:
2262:
2169:
Some of the earliest surviving philosophical texts are the
1259:
872:
842:
510:
290:
7504:
https://books.google.com/books?id=BIgS4p8NykYC&pg=PA44
7407:
https://books.google.com/books?id=TKowRrrz5BIC&pg=PA68
5734:
5700:
5698:
5380:
Elman, Benjamin A.; Duncan, John B.; Ooms, Herman (2005).
5339:, p. 16) and its emphasis on the status of Brahmans (
2478:(proofs) as the only reliable means of gaining knowledge;
11330:
8558:. Oxford Reference. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
7377:(Los Angeles: UCLA Asian Pacific Monograph Series, 2002).
5654:
4796:, which argues against several Mahayana concepts such as
4506:(Celestial Masters') school arose in the 2nd century CE.
4403:
4016:
3687:
in the 1950s who emphasized social and political reform.
3595:
2649:). Whatever we experience is a composite of these atoms.
245:
13499:
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
8396:
The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India
7810:
The Poetics of Motoori Norinaga: A Hermeneutical Journey
5722:
5644:
5642:
4737:(Meiji 6, formed in 1874) intellectual society promoted
4169:
Traditionally, East Asian cultures and countries in the
3894:
also had its modern interpreters and defenders, such as
3851:, modern Hindu thought also influenced western culture.
3324:(fl. c. 800), the author of the skeptical work entitled
2104:. Hinduism is the dominant religion, or way of life, in
8428:
Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500
7865:
7037:
http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/hilltopreview/vol4/iss1/6
6653:
6591:
Light from the East: Eastern Wisdom for the Modern West
5695:
5522:
4449:) was an important goal for many Taoists historically.
4316:
Mohism is best known for the idea of "impartial care" (
2790:, or the study of ritual actions, using the four early
2592:(word, testimony of past or present reliable experts).
457:
8024:
7907:"Schopenhauer's Initial Encounter with Indian Thought"
5956:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5612:
4702:(1862) a key civil rights activist and liberal thinker
4576:. The later Taoist traditions were also influenced by
3936:
3397:
in India and later spread throughout Asia through the
2379:. However, there are other methods of classification;
7114:
7112:
6357:
6355:
6353:
5944:
5710:
5683:
5639:
5629:
5627:
5558:
5534:
5394:
Ram-Prasad, Chakravarthi; "Eastern philosophy" (2005)
5309:
5209:
4101:天), and also includes the belief in spirits or gods (
3302:, but they believed that in every living being is an
2778:
roughly 700). The Mīmāṃsā school strongly influenced
7683:(Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
6883:
6881:
5758:
3888:
has had a large impact on modern Indian philosophy.
3148:
efforts alone are responsible for one's liberation.
3091:
religion of ancient India. It continues the ancient
2596:
also traditionally defended a form of philosophical
8460:
Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot
7438:
http://www.philosophy.hku.hk/ch/Shen%20Bu%20Hai.htm
7419:
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-legalism/
5849:. Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University.
5746:
5666:
4679:, all three students of Xiong Shili. Together with
4173:are strongly influenced by Confucianism, including
3843:(1863–1902) was very influential in developing the
3690:Buddhist modernism includes various movements like
2324:; and whether the school believes in afterlife and
2092:. Hindu thought also spread east to the Indonesian
13494:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
8162:to be Philosophy" Asian Philosophy 22 (3) 199–223.
7620:. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
7464:Chad Hansen, University of Hong Kong. Lord Shang.
7109:
7026:Siderits, Mark. Buddhism as philosophy, 2007, p. 6
6472:Vedanta: A Comparative Analysis of Diverse Schools
6350:
5917:, pp. xiii–xvii, Appendix note on verse 1103.
5815:
5624:
5600:
5546:
4363:; also known as 'Logicians'), that focused on the
2177:. Important Indian philosophical concepts include
8530:
6878:
5938:
5343:, pp. 48–53), but also the religions of the
4659:. Key New Confucians of the first generation are
4488:c. 4th century BCE), traditionally attributed to
4050:— "Confucius' doctrine"), also known as "Ruism" (
3448:. Buddhist thinkers in India and subsequently in
13813:
10090:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
8192:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
7552:"Logic and Language in Early Chinese Philosophy"
7466:http://www.philosophy.hku.hk/ch/Lord%20Shang.htm
7405:Ross Terril 2003 p. 68. The New Chinese Empire.
7373:Benjamin Elman, John Duncan and Herman Ooms ed.
7173:The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
7017:7th edition published by Routledge, 2001, p. 25.
6535:Zimmer, Heinrich (1969). Joseph Campbell (ed.).
4616:("Western Learning" which arose during the late
3987:) as well as numerous less influential schools (
3643:under Western influences and the development of
2993:
10234:Association of East Asian Research Universities
7558:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
5974:
5405:Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion
5379:
4583:
4122:(618–907). During later Chinese dynasties like
2331:There are six major schools of orthodox Indian
2072:may have roots dating back to the times of the
13479:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
13454:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
8392:
7171:William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995).
6477:
5981:. Harvard University Press. pp. 184–185.
5902:
5776:
5178:, which is what the Chinese have, even though
5043:into Chinese political philosophy, notably by
4967:philosopher attempted to combine the works of
4929:with Western thought. He anticipated that the
4007:. Buddhism began arriving in China during the
2394:Each school of Hindu philosophy has extensive
2284:(the 'new reason') under philosophers such as
2272:Later developments include the development of
2261:, is believed by many scholars to be based on
12478:
10382:
10186:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting
9592:
8764:
8750:
8175:Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 50.
6335:J Ganeri, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
6215:
6213:
6039:
5842:
3308:– a central premise of Hinduism and Jainism.
2875:(ultimate reality, universal consciousness),
1913:
1383:
7937:
5186:) is actually a neologism coined in 1873 by
3612:Buddhist philosophy § Modern philosophy
2560:(circa 6th century BCE and 2nd century CE).
2447:was a closely related tradition emphasizing
2201:) and logic and investigated topics such as
8509:
8295:
7837:
7085:Gary Tartakov (2003). Rowena Robinson, ed.
6915:
6654:Brodd, Jeffery; Gregory Sobolewski (2003).
6326:Analytical philosophy in early modern India
5926:
5728:
5660:
5578:"The Global Religious Landscape – Hinduism"
5315:
5074:based on the teachings of the 20th-century
4834:Syntheses of Eastern and Western philosophy
3777:
2152:" in the world and is traditionally called
12485:
12471:
10389:
10375:
9599:
9585:
8757:
8743:
8476:
8158:Ouyang Min. (2012). "There is No Need for
7310:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
7175:. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 130–133, 200.
6704:
6282:, pp. i–ix with Introduction and Chapter 3
6210:
5914:
5846:The Puruṣārthas: a study in Hindu axiology
5275:
4753:sought ways to combine Western ideas with
4248:(c. 400–337 BCE). Another central figure,
3959:East Asian philosophical thought began in
3913:
2288:(c. 1460–1540) who founded the tradition,
2278:Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent
2088:and unorthodox elements from Buddhism and
1920:
1906:
1390:
1376:
10085:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
8593:
8551:
8456:
8328:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006),
8327:
7312:. Cambridge University Press. p. 42.
7251:
6585:
6092:
6077:
6075:
5950:
5890:
5740:
5704:
5094:continues to espouse a pragmatic form of
4907:Learn how and when to remove this message
2969:(975–1025 CE), a form of non-dual Shaiva
2955:which was strongly influenced by Samkhya.
2576:as reliable means of gaining knowledge –
13474:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
8722:"Chinese Philosophy: Overview of Topics"
8696:Jim Fieser: Classical Eastern Philosophy
8584:
8018:
7869:Juche Idea: Answers to Hundred Questions
7294:Garfield (Editor), Edelglass (Editor);
7154:. Oxford University Press. pp. 302–314.
7098:. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–213.
6788:
6786:
6740:
6734:
6539:. New York: Princeton University Press.
6395:Chris Bartley (2013), Purva Mimamsa, in
5962:
5584:. The pew foundation. 18 December 2012.
5403:Fischer-Schreiber, Ehrhard, Friedrichs;
4694:
4592:
4382:
4032:
4003:, had a direct influence on the rest of
3935:
3781:
3619:
3574:and East Asian Madhyamaka thinkers like
3361:
3349:
3331:
2809:
2758:A key text of the Mīmāṃsā school is the
2030:
13504:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
13464:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
8653:
8424:
8222:
8173:Nishi Amane and Modern Japanese Thought
8068:
7681:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7549:
7296:The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy
6898:
6679:
6559:
6046:. Oxford University Press. p. 46.
5764:
5716:
5689:
5564:
5303:
5291:
5285:
4087:(仁, "benevolence" or "humaneness") and
3578:. New sinitic schools also arose, like
3446:skepticism about metaphysical questions
3059:deals extensively with the problems of
3024:. Notable philosophies that arose from
1971:; which are dominant in East Asia, and
27:Set of philosophies originating in Asia
14:
13814:
10105:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
8719:
8671:
8662:
8274:
8189:
7580:. New York, New York: Norton. p. 164.
6656:World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery
6614:
6534:
6072:
5648:
5618:
5606:
5528:
5373:
5340:
5104:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
4741:thought. Meirokusha philosophers like
4683:, the second generation published the
4158:and became the core philosophy of the
3679:was founded by the influential Indian
2817:(8th century CE) the main exponent of
12466:
12128:
10870:
10408:
10370:
9580:
8738:
8359:
8242:
8210:
8198:
7307:
6828:Materialism in India: A Synoptic View
6783:
6754:from the original on 9 September 2012
6635:from the original on 17 December 2008
5752:
5677:
5633:
5540:
5336:
4130:(1368–1644) as well as in the Korean
3651:(1864–1933) and the American convert
3605:
3167:, and the like are common with other
3099:tradition, which co-existed with the
2866:, as a reliable source of knowledge.
2751:proper actions, rituals, and correct
2439:philosophical tradition based on the
2064:; 'world views', 'teachings') of the
8835:Post-classical history (Middle Ages)
8625:
8043:from the original on 6 February 2013
7254:Journal of the History of Philosophy
6684:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
6399:(Editor: Oliver Leaman), Routledge,
6118:
6028:Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
5995:from the original on 11 January 2023
5552:
5467:Joel Diederik Beversluis (2000) In:
4889:adding citations to reliable sources
4860:
4114:(206 BCE–220 CE) and was revived as
3906:(well known as a spiritual guide of
3827:." exemplified by the philosophy of
2786:; however, while Mīmāṃsā emphasized
2038:, the Tamil philosopher of the post-
2006:
8727:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8363:Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction
8216:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism
7954:from the original on 17 August 2021
7904:
7556:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7523:
7301:
7151:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies
5428:from the original on 6 January 2016
5106:. When the Chinese Communist Party
3727:is an Indian religion developed by
3598:, which included philosophers like
3405:and Southeast Asian countries like
2918:came to be the dominant current of
2840:(the three sources), which are the
2766:and major Mīmāṃsā scholars include
2729:. For this tradition, the study of
2427:
2359:, and five major heterodox schools—
2303:
24:
13459:Bay of Bengal Initiative (BIMSTEC)
8804:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
8681:University of South Carolina Press
8075:Heidegger: the Man and the Thinker
6101:
5137:moves towards an Oriental view of
4947:of philosophers, who combined the
4286:; "School of Mo"), was founded by
3713:
3635:The modern period saw the rise of
3051:
2300:(who formulated a Jain response).
426:Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction
25:
13848:
12492:
8689:
8585:M. S. Purnalingam Pillai (2015).
8572:from the original on 28 July 2021
8497:from the original on 5 April 2023
8413:from the original on 5 April 2023
8029:Nur noch ein Gott kann uns retten
7997:from the original on 20 June 2019
6621:. Delhi: Crest Publishing House.
6397:Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy
6363:Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy
6361:Oliver Leaman (2006), Shruti, in
6255:Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy
3631:during his visit to China in 1934
3452:have covered topics as varied as
3436:(not-self) a critique of a fixed
3187:, various Jain philosophers from
2862:sees the Vedas, particularly the
2794:, the Vedānta schools emphasized
2175:later Vedic period (1000–500 BCE)
1887:Social and political philosophers
12446:
12445:
12432:
10269:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute
9681:
8614:from the original on 3 July 2023
8445:from the original on 3 July 2023
8380:from the original on 3 July 2023
8348:from the original on 3 July 2023
8316:from the original on 3 July 2023
8263:from the original on 3 July 2023
8165:
8152:
8127:
8114:
8009:
7983:
7966:
7931:
7898:
7886:from the original on 3 July 2023
7866:North Korean Government (2014).
7801:
7792:
7775:
7758:
7741:
7724:
7707:
7690:
7673:
7656:
7636:
7623:
7604:
7591:
7570:
7543:
7517:
7508:
7496:
7477:
7458:
7449:
7430:
7411:
7399:
7380:
7367:
7350:
7333:
7316:
7288:
7245:
7236:
7227:
7211:
7201:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers,
7194:
7178:
7165:
7142:
7079:
6253:Oliver Leaman (2006), Nyaya, in
6060:from the original on 3 July 2023
5797:from the original on 3 July 2023
5471:, New World Library: Novato, CA
5255:
5243:
5231:
5219:
4865:
3739:. Their main sacred text is the
3440:, the transience of all things (
2725:study and interpretation of the
2225:), reliable means of knowledge (
2148:. Hinduism has been called the "
1431:
1417:
1359:
13449:Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
7070:
7057:
7048:
7029:
7007:
6998:
6989:
6972:
6955:
6938:
6861:
6849:
6840:
6820:
6803:
6766:
6698:
6673:
6647:
6608:
6579:
6553:
6528:
6511:
6494:
6463:
6443:
6410:
6389:
6376:
6338:
6319:
6302:
6285:
6268:
6247:
6230:
6193:
6176:
6155:
6138:
6033:
6020:
6007:
5968:
5836:
5809:
5770:
5588:from the original on 6 May 2013
5570:
5321:
4876:needs additional citations for
4840:Buddhism and Western Philosophy
4807:
4539:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
4389:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
4022:
3946:(Imperial College) in downtown
3558:, new developments were led by
2467:thinkers criticized this idea.
13489:Mekong–Ganga Cooperation (MGC)
13469:Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)
10396:
10216:EAFF E-1 Football Championship
10191:East Asian Football Federation
8600:, The Rosen Publishing Group,
8516:. Cambridge University Press.
8280:Teachings of the Hindu Mystics
7840:North Korea: State of Paranoia
7820:. University of Hawaii Press.
6680:Mohanty, Jitendranath (2000).
6560:Sangave, Dr. Vilas A. (2001).
5780:Indian Philosophy: Metaphysics
5513:
5496:
5483:
5461:
5440:
5410:
5397:
5388:
5003:'s writings on the history of
4655:which is also associated with
4013:gradual Silk road transmission
4005:the East Asian cultural sphere
3121:eternal and uncreated universe
2941:school of Shaivism founded by
2138:world's third-largest religion
13:
1:
12129:
10264:Journal of East Asian Studies
10201:East Asian Judo Championships
10048:East Asia Climate Partnership
9606:
7633:(Leiden: Brill, 2000). p. 44.
7524:Liu, Fenrong (January 2008).
7013:Gunnar Skirbekk, Nils Gilje,
6593:. Indiana: World Wisdom Inc.
6564:. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan.
5366:
5125:was deeply influenced by the
5066:, the most famous thinker of
4826:, described by the regime as
3940:One of the main halls of the
3804:Parliament of World Religions
3258:(c. 600 BCE) have been lost.
2994:Heterodox or Śramaṇic schools
2922:in the post-medieval period.
2641:), which are indestructible (
2588:(comparison and analogy) and
2128:of "daily morality" based on
135:Unity of knowledge and action
30:For the album by Apathy, see
12702:Middle East and North Africa
11918:Ordinary language philosophy
10409:
10287:Horses in East Asian warfare
9830:other ethnic groups in China
8667:, Cambridge University Press
8206:, Cambridge University Press
7944:Journal of East-West Thought
7578:Worlds Together Worlds Apart
7550:Willman, Marshall D (2023).
6813:, pp. 3–7; English version:
6747:Jainism Today and Its Future
5978:he Sociology of Philosophies
5448:India's Agony over religion
5446:Larson, Gerald James (1995)
5148:
4761:(1926–1989) saw the rise of
4588:
4584:Modern East Asian philosophy
4011:(206 BCE–220 CE), through a
3882:Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya
2621:
7:
13080:Northern and southern China
11968:Contemporary utilitarianism
11883:Internalism and externalism
8594:Narayanan, Vasudha (2009),
8366:. Oxford University Press.
8204:An Introduction to Hinduism
8171:Havens, Thomas R.H. (1970).
7912:. Uni Mainz. Archived from
7599:Taoism and Chinese Religion
6809:Original Sanskrit version:
6682:Classical Indian Philosophy
5816:Stephen H Phillips (2013).
5351:or renouncer traditions of
5193:
5100:its official party ideology
5014:in 1911 and the end of the
4733:(1868–1912), the modernist
4726:("sorrow at evanescence").
4690:
4475:is considered the founder.
4212:
3590:, defended by figures like
3511:promoted a complex form of
3385:begins with the thought of
3094:
2570:traditionally accepts four
2443:(c. 320–540 CE), while the
2156:
2059:
152:Theory of Evil Human Nature
140:Theory of Good Human Nature
10:
13853:
11232:Svatantrika and Prasangika
10871:
10341:Needham Research Institute
10249:East Asia Image Collection
10244:East Asian Economic Review
9679:
9471:Asia and the Pacific Group
8531:Swamiji Iraianban (1997).
8425:Lockard, Craig A. (2007),
8182:
8138:Philosophy East & West
7980:, http://www.iep.utm.edu/.
7807:Motoori, Norinaga (2007).
7789:, http://www.iep.utm.edu/.
7772:, http://www.iep.utm.edu/.
7755:, http://www.iep.utm.edu/.
7738:, http://www.iep.utm.edu/.
7721:, http://www.iep.utm.edu/.
7704:, http://www.iep.utm.edu/.
7679:Chan, Alan, "Neo-Daoism",
7670:, http://www.iep.utm.edu/.
6826:Bhattacharya, Ramkrishna.
6456:, pp. 19, 21–25, 150–152;
5200:Eastern ethics in business
5092:People's Republic of China
5072:Chinese Marxist philosophy
5068:Chinese Marxist Philosophy
4837:
4811:
4441:through external alchemy (
4394:
4336:survival through farming,
4026:
3973:Hundred Schools of Thought
3954:
3917:
3853:
3717:
3609:
3495:developed the theories of
3335:
3261:
3206:
2997:
2805:
2782:, which was also known as
2709:
2692:) added one more category
2629:is a naturalist school of
2052:philosophical traditions (
2016:
2010:
73:Hundred Schools of Thought
36:
32:Eastern Philosophy (album)
29:
13766:
13733:
13676:
13626:
13619:
13595:
13538:Countries by average wage
13533:
13529:
13520:
13441:
13386:
13382:
13373:
13332:
13250:
13190:
13152:
13129:
13099:
13090:
13050:
12970:
12754:
12663:
12654:
12614:Countries and territories
12587:
12583:
12574:
12549:
12513:
12504:
12426:
12378:
12278:
12240:
12187:
12154:
12145:
12141:
12124:
12074:
11986:
11824:
11815:
11748:
11531:
11522:
11500:
11455:
11397:
11349:
11303:
11294:
11257:
11128:
10993:
10940:
10931:
10881:
10877:
10866:
10805:
10777:
10734:
10686:
10643:
10596:
10568:
10520:
10492:
10454:Philosophy of mathematics
10444:Philosophy of information
10419:
10415:
10404:
10331:
10277:
10224:
10176:
10138:
10120:Human rights in East Asia
10071:
10038:
10005:Sino-Xenic pronunciations
9850:
9690:
9614:
9476:Asia Cooperation Dialogue
9441:
9207:Southern/Eastern/Northern
9182:
9087:
8909:
8860:Asian and Pacific Theatre
8817:
8776:
8663:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010),
8296:Hiltebeitel, Alf (2007),
8194:, Oxford University Press
7190:10.1007/s11407-012-9133-z
6931:World Religions Project,
6837:. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
6750:. München: Manya Verlag.
6161:Maas, Philipp A. (2006).
5345:Indus Valley civilisation
4856:
4612:), Buddhism, Daoism, and
4439:attainment of immortality
4378:
4274:
4236:through the power of the
3860:The political thought of
3720:Sikh religious philosophy
3663:(1906–2005), Zen scholar
3655:, the Chinese modernists
3311:
2902:(qualified non-dualism),
2124:, and a wide spectrum of
2074:Indus Valley civilization
2057:
1987:), which are dominant in
1634:Middle Eastern philosophy
365:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
39:Middle Eastern philosophy
12756:Intracontinental regions
12665:Transcontinental regions
8555:A dictionary of Hinduism
8537:. Abhinav Publications.
8331:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
8218:. John Wiley & Sons.
8122:Philosophy East and West
7940:"Zen in Heidegger's Way"
7526:"A Note on Mohist Logic"
7443:19 November 2017 at the
7308:Ebrey, Patricia (2010).
7042:25 February 2021 at the
6615:Warren, Herbert (2001).
5975:Randall Collins (2009).
5327:Among its roots are the
5268:
5172:definition of philosophy
4848:Intercultural philosophy
4445:) and internal alchemy (
4138:led by thinkers such as
4134:(1392–1897) a resurgent
3886:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
3778:Modern Indian philosophy
3768:Three Pillars of Sikhism
3131:, and morality based on
3129:multiple facets of truth
2961:(recognition) school of
2951:, a school of dualistic
2925:
2534:
2455:whose major text is the
37:Not to be confused with
13031:Maritime Southeast Asia
13026:Mainland Southeast Asia
11923:Postanalytic philosophy
11864:Experimental philosophy
10206:East Asian martial arts
10153:Archaeological cultures
8534:Ambrosia of Thirukkural
8393:Kamil Zvelebil (1973),
8334:, Infobase Publishing,
8243:Gomez, Luis O. (2013),
8229:, Dorrance Publishing,
8223:Georgis, Faris (2010),
8059:16 October 2013 at the
7424:12 January 2021 at the
7094:6 December 2022 at the
6428:6 December 2022 at the
6098:Nicholson, pp. 158–162.
5777:Roy W. Perrett (2001).
5076:Chinese Communist Party
5051:, who was a student of
4685:New Confucian Manifesto
4391:, embroidery, 1860–1880
3914:East Asian philosophies
3814:and their contact with
3527:philosophy and debate.
3507:(c. 480–540) school of
3501:transcendental idealism
1943:) includes the various
13543:Countries by GDP (PPP)
13306:Philippine Archipelago
13277:Indonesian Archipelago
12972:Continental subregions
12056:Social constructionism
11068:Hellenistic philosophy
10484:Theoretical philosophy
10459:Philosophy of religion
10449:Philosophy of language
10333:Science and technology
10317:The Book of Five Rings
10211:East Asian Youth Games
8887:Middle Eastern Theatre
8865:Middle Eastern Theatre
8784:Cradle of civilization
8552:W. J. Johnson (2009).
8477:P.S. Sundaram (1990).
8399:, Leiden: E.J. Brill,
8084:Transaction Publishers
8080:Piscataway, New Jersey
7063:Dreyfus, Georges B.J.
6811:Sarva-darsana-sangraha
6658:. Saint Mary's Press.
6491:, pp. 237–240, 247–249
6040:Wendy Doniger (2014).
5939:Swamiji Iraianban 1997
5843:Arvind Sharma (1982).
4802:original enlightenment
4739:European enlightenment
4703:
4601:
4392:
4365:philosophy of language
4160:scholar-official class
4154:were the basis of the
4040:
3951:
3845:Hindu reform movements
3807:
3632:
3379:
3359:
3242:, and accumulation of
2979:, the mercurial school
2890:The sub-traditions of
2881:(individual soul) and
2822:
2745:philosophy of language
2717:is a school of ritual
2554:) and is based on the
2528:Sāṁkhyapravacana Sūtra
2126:laws and prescriptions
2042:
1857:Aesthetic philosophers
13292:Greater Sunda Islands
13215:Indochinese Peninsula
12439:Philosophy portal
11958:Scientific skepticism
11938:Reformed epistemology
10464:Philosophy of science
9616:Countries and regions
9112:Vietnamese philosophy
8850:Industrial Revolution
8677:The Study of Hinduism
8190:Bowker, John (2000),
8108:20 March 2015 at the
8065:William J. Richardson
7938:David Storey (2012).
7649:18 March 2019 at the
7616:26 April 2015 at the
7471:26 April 2012 at the
7298:, Chinese philosophy.
7266:10.1353/hph.2008.1443
6933:University of Cumbria
6537:Philosophies of India
6331:18 March 2019 at the
5893:, pp. 4333–4334.
5741:Jones & Ryan 2006
5078:revolutionary leader
4955:with the insights of
4698:
4608:), Neo-Confucianism (
4596:
4454:School of Naturalists
4425:(effortless action),
4386:
4036:
3939:
3932:Vietnamese philosophy
3785:
3677:Neo-Buddhist movement
3623:
3487:philosophers such as
3373:
3353:
3332:Buddhist philosophies
3277:and a major rival of
2828:(meaning "end of the
2813:
2770:(c. 7th century) and
2721:and is known for its
2474:accepts three of six
2294:Mahadeva Punatamakara
2034:
2027:Indonesian philosophy
2017:Further information:
1969:Vietnamese philosophy
1438:Philosophy portal
1366:Philosophy portal
1079:Japanese Confucianism
348:East Asian Mādhyamaka
297:Military and Strategy
13297:Lesser Sunda Islands
13260:Japanese Archipelago
13139:Arabian subcontinent
12883:Greater Central Asia
12607:urban agglomerations
11859:Critical rationalism
11566:Edo neo-Confucianism
11410:Acintya bheda abheda
11389:Renaissance humanism
11100:School of the Sextii
10474:Practical philosophy
10469:Political philosophy
10356:Traditional medicine
10254:East Asia Law Review
10110:East Asian Community
9800:Indigenous Taiwanese
8720:Littlejohn, Ronnie.
8712:3 March 2016 at the
8510:Kaushik Roy (2012).
8480:Kural (Tiruvalluvar)
8431:, Cengage Learning,
8146:23 July 2017 at the
8039:. pp. 193–219.
7838:Paul French (2014).
7490:8 March 2021 at the
7393:8 March 2021 at the
7127:23 June 2014 at the
6927:17 July 2019 at the
6833:4 March 2016 at the
4885:improve this article
4844:Perennial philosophy
4767:Japanese nationalism
4625:Opium war of 1839–42
3856:Hinduism in the West
3849:Theosophical society
3792:Anagarika Dharmapala
3786:From left to right:
3649:Anagarika Dharmapala
3391:early Buddhist texts
3195:in ancient times to
3127:, the theory of the
2843:Principal Upanishads
2676:(particularity) and
2548:sources of knowledge
1882:Philosophers of mind
18:Eastern philosophies
13391:Heads of government
13200:Anatolian Peninsula
13144:Indian subcontinent
12985:Soviet Central Asia
12764:Anatolia/Asia Minor
12698:Greater Middle East
12688:Mediterranean world
11430:Nimbarka Sampradaya
11341:Korean Confucianism
11088:Academic Skepticism
9781:Khalkha in Mongolia
9142:Buddhist philosophy
9102:Japanese philosophy
8845:Early modern period
8654:Osborne, E (2005),
8463:, Sahitya Akademi,
8360:Knott, Kim (1998).
8054:English translation
7919:on 15 December 2018
7816:3 July 2023 at the
6815:The Charvaka System
6742:Zydenbos, Robert J.
5905:, pp. 156–171.
5903:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
5121:Swiss psychologist
5116:Cultural Revolution
5020:May Fourth Movement
4923:Arthur Schopenhauer
4568:(960–1279) and the
4126:(960–1297) and the
3924:Japanese philosophy
3874:Rabindranath Tagore
3870:Deendayal Upadhyaya
3731:(1469–1539) in the
3708:humanistic Buddhism
3692:Humanistic Buddhism
3641:Humanistic Buddhism
3560:East Asian Yogacara
3556:East Asian Buddhism
3536:East Asian Buddhist
3383:Buddhist philosophy
3338:Buddhist philosophy
3226:, who rejected the
3214:or Lokāyata was an
3020:(non-violence) and
2965:(10th century) and
2887:(empirical world).
2680:(inherence). Later
2286:Raghunatha Siromani
2066:Indian subcontinent
1985:Buddhist philosophy
1961:Japanese philosophy
1947:that originated in
1941:Oriental philosophy
1892:Women in philosophy
1622:Indigenous American
1405:Part of a series on
1228:Korean Confucianism
704:Nāstika (heterodox)
13822:Eastern philosophy
13320:Mergui Archipelago
13242:Shandong Peninsula
13237:Liaodong Peninsula
12732:Indian Ocean world
12722:Indo-Mediterranean
12597:metropolitan areas
12557:Military conflicts
12521:Indian Ocean trade
12051:Post-structuralism
11953:Scientific realism
11908:Quinean naturalism
11888:Logical positivism
11844:Analytical Marxism
11063:Peripatetic school
10975:Chinese naturalism
10502:Aesthetic response
10429:Applied philosophy
10259:East Asian studies
9955:Hip-and-gable roof
9950:Chinese characters
9526:EAEU Customs Union
9456:Arab Customs Union
9378:Oriental Orthodoxy
9152:Islamic philosophy
9122:Iranian philosophy
9097:Chinese philosophy
8707:Eastern Philosophy
8457:Mohan Lal (1992),
6856:Radhakrishnan 1957
6345:Radhakrishnan 2006
6165:. Aachen: Shaker.
6017:, Oxford U. press.
6013:Ganeri, Jonardon.
5418:"Spoken Sanskrit,
5355:, and "popular or
4988:was influenced by
4704:
4602:
4393:
4152:Confucian classics
4041:
3997:School of Yin Yang
3967:begins during the
3965:Chinese philosophy
3952:
3920:Chinese philosophy
3904:Shrimad Rajchandra
3816:Western philosophy
3808:
3700:Vipassana movement
3667:, and the Tibetan
3653:Henry Steel Olcott
3637:Buddhist modernism
3633:
3616:Buddhist modernism
3606:Buddhist modernism
3540:Theravada Buddhist
3474:philosophy of time
3423:(unease). Because
3380:
3374:Monks debating at
3360:
3326:Tattvopaplavasiṃha
3256:Barhaspatya sutras
3201:Shrimad Rajchandra
2945:(≈2nd century CE).
2823:
2398:literature called
2290:Jayarama Pancanana
2096:and the Cambodian
2043:
1957:Chinese philosophy
1933:Eastern philosophy
1585:Eastern philosophy
680:Gangesha Upadhyaya
416:Four Tenets system
57:Eastern philosophy
13807:
13806:
13729:
13728:
13615:
13614:
13611:
13610:
13516:
13515:
13512:
13511:
13442:Intergovernmental
13406:political parties
13369:
13368:
13365:
13364:
13328:
13327:
13272:Malay Archipelago
13232:Leizhou Peninsula
13205:Arabian Peninsula
13177:Mongolian Plateau
13162:Anatolian Plateau
13046:
13045:
12960:Russian Turkestan
12955:Chinese Turkestan
12602:tallest buildings
12570:
12569:
12460:
12459:
12422:
12421:
12418:
12417:
12414:
12413:
12120:
12119:
12116:
12115:
12112:
12111:
11839:Analytic feminism
11811:
11810:
11773:Kierkegaardianism
11735:Transcendentalism
11695:Neo-scholasticism
11541:Classical Realism
11518:
11517:
11290:
11289:
11105:Neopythagoreanism
10862:
10861:
10858:
10857:
10479:Social philosophy
10364:
10363:
10115:Four Asian Tigers
9574:
9573:
9373:Eastern Orthodoxy
9117:Indian philosophy
9107:Korean philosophy
8901:Post–Cold War era
8716:on Kheper website
8607:978-1-4358-5620-2
8565:978-01-98610-25-0
8544:978-81-7017-346-5
8523:978-1-107-01736-8
8490:978-93-5118-015-9
8483:. Penguin Books.
8470:978-81-260-1221-3
8438:978-0-618-38612-3
8406:978-90-04-03591-1
8373:978-0-19-160645-8
8341:978-0-8160-7564-5
8309:978-1-136-87590-8
8289:978-1-57062-449-0
8256:978-1-136-87590-8
8236:978-1-4349-0951-0
8097:978-1-4128-1537-6
7879:978-9946-0-0822-6
7849:978-1-78032-947-5
7826:978-0-8248-3078-6
7629:Kohn, Livia, ed.
7586:978-0-393-91847-2
7278:Project MUSE
7223:978-0-8264-8772-8
7160:978-0-19-100411-7
7137:978-986-7625-08-3
7104:978-0-19-566329-7
6967:978-1-899579-54-9
6950:978-0-19-964465-0
6910:978-0-8239-3179-8
6873:978-1-84511-625-5
6778:978-81-208-1607-7
6691:978-0-8476-8933-0
6665:978-0-88489-725-5
6628:978-81-242-0037-7
6600:978-1-933316-22-2
6571:978-81-7154-839-2
6546:978-0-691-01758-7
6523:978-81-208-1204-8
6506:978-81-208-1776-0
6489:978-0-19-513483-4
6438:978-0-7914-7336-8
6405:978-0-415-86253-0
6386:(1996), Chapter 3
6382:Peter M. Scharf,
6371:978-0-415-86253-0
6314:978-1-4419-8109-7
6297:978-0-521-12627-4
6280:978-0-19-566207-8
6263:978-0-415-86253-0
6242:978-1-898723-94-3
6225:978-0-7914-3067-5
6205:978-0-7546-3301-3
6188:978-0-691-60441-1
6150:978-81-208-0503-3
6133:978-94-010-5107-1
6053:978-0-19-936008-6
5988:978-0-674-02977-4
5877:978-0-7546-3301-3
5829:978-1-136-51898-0
5790:978-0-8153-3608-2
5531:, pp. 12–13.
5508:978-0-85229-760-5
5205:Eastern religions
5058:The influence of
5029:Wealth of Nations
5012:Xinhai Revolution
4978:The 20th-century
4969:Søren Kierkegaard
4963:, a 20th-century
4917:
4916:
4909:
4794:Critical Buddhism
4397:Taoist philosophy
4292:Spring and Autumn
3928:Korean philosophy
3862:Hindu nationalism
3841:Swami Vivekananda
3796:Swami Vivekananda
3742:Guru Granth Sahib
3562:thinkers such as
3444:), and a certain
3438:personal identity
3430:Four Noble Truths
3371:
3105:mind-body dualism
3087:is essentially a
2310:āstika or nāstika
2257:poet-philosopher
2233:), value system (
2046:Indian philosophy
2013:Indian philosophy
2007:Indian philosophy
1973:Indian philosophy
1965:Korean philosophy
1930:
1929:
1738:
1737:
1400:
1399:
1026:Japanese Buddhism
995:Pratītyasamutpāda
479:Āstika (orthodox)
421:Rangtong-Shentong
16:(Redirected from
13844:
13782:
13775:
13624:
13623:
13603:Property markets
13568:renewable energy
13548:Countries by HDI
13531:
13530:
13527:
13526:
13384:
13383:
13380:
13379:
13227:Korean Peninsula
13210:Indian Peninsula
13097:
13096:
12950:Afghan Turkestan
12902:Global Southeast
12893:Greater Khorasan
12871:Russian Far East
12844:Greater Mongolia
12661:
12660:
12585:
12584:
12581:
12580:
12511:
12510:
12487:
12480:
12473:
12464:
12463:
12449:
12448:
12437:
12436:
12435:
12152:
12151:
12143:
12142:
12126:
12125:
12016:Frankfurt School
11963:Transactionalism
11913:Normative ethics
11893:Legal positivism
11869:Falsificationism
11854:Consequentialism
11849:Communitarianism
11822:
11821:
11690:New Confucianism
11529:
11528:
11336:Neo-Confucianism
11301:
11300:
11110:Second Sophistic
11095:Middle Platonism
10938:
10937:
10879:
10878:
10868:
10867:
10711:Epiphenomenalism
10578:Consequentialism
10512:Institutionalism
10417:
10416:
10406:
10405:
10391:
10384:
10377:
10368:
10367:
10299:Miyamoto Musashi
10196:East Asian Games
10168:Former countries
10100:East Asia Summit
9930:Chinese knotting
9685:
9601:
9594:
9587:
9578:
9577:
9393:Eastern Churches
9137:Hindu philosophy
8759:
8752:
8745:
8736:
8735:
8731:
8703:at atmajyoti.org
8684:
8668:
8659:
8658:, Folens Limited
8650:
8628:Social Scientist
8622:
8621:
8619:
8590:
8587:Tamil Literature
8581:
8579:
8577:
8548:
8527:
8506:
8504:
8502:
8473:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8389:
8387:
8385:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8292:
8271:
8270:
8268:
8239:
8219:
8207:
8195:
8176:
8169:
8163:
8156:
8150:
8140:56 (4) 618–625.
8131:
8125:
8118:
8112:
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8022:
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7409:
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7005:
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6996:
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6987:
6976:
6970:
6959:
6953:
6942:
6936:
6935:, United Kingdom
6919:
6913:
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6896:
6885:
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6759:
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6695:
6677:
6671:
6669:
6651:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6612:
6606:
6604:
6587:Oldmeadow, Harry
6583:
6577:
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6557:
6551:
6550:
6532:
6526:
6515:
6509:
6498:
6492:
6481:
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6408:
6393:
6387:
6380:
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6079:
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6065:
6037:
6031:
6024:
6018:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5927:Kaushik Roy 2012
5924:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5894:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5860:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5774:
5768:
5762:
5756:
5750:
5744:
5743:, p. xviii.
5738:
5732:
5729:Hiltebeitel 2007
5726:
5720:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5664:
5661:Hiltebeitel 2007
5658:
5652:
5646:
5637:
5631:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5574:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5544:
5543:, pp. 1–17.
5538:
5532:
5526:
5520:
5517:
5511:
5500:
5494:
5489:Jainism by Mrs.
5487:
5481:
5465:
5459:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5414:
5408:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5377:
5360:
5357:local traditions
5353:north-east India
5325:
5319:
5316:Hiltebeitel 2007
5313:
5307:
5289:
5283:
5279:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5236:
5235:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5215:
5163:Martin Heidegger
4940:interested him.
4912:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4892:
4869:
4861:
4757:and values. The
4755:Japanese culture
4751:Fukuzawa Yukichi
4720:Motoori Norinaga
4700:Fukuzawa Yukichi
4657:New Conservatism
4653:Republican China
4641:New Confucianism
4578:Chinese Buddhism
4554:Shangqing school
4203:Overseas Chinese
4164:New Confucianism
4142:(1130–1200) and
4136:Neo-Confucianism
4116:Neo-Confucianism
4001:Chinese Buddhism
3900:Champat Rai Jain
3704:Engaged Buddhism
3696:Secular Buddhism
3659:(1890–1947) and
3645:Western Buddhism
3532:Tibetan Buddhist
3525:Tibetan Buddhist
3395:Buddhist schools
3372:
3346:Tibetan Buddhism
3275:Śramaṇa movement
3169:Indian religions
3097:
3010:Śramaṇa movement
2688:and Udayana and
2525:As shown by the
2428:Sāmkhya and Yoga
2333:Hindu philosophy
2304:Orthodox schools
2247:Kural literature
2159:
2122:other traditions
2094:Srivijaya empire
2063:
2062:
2023:Hindu philosophy
1977:Hindu philosophy
1937:Asian philosophy
1922:
1915:
1908:
1627:Aztec philosophy
1506:Ancient Egyptian
1488:
1487:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1421:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1342:Minjung theology
1122:Motoori Norinaga
801:Ātman (Buddhism)
796:Ātman (Hinduism)
722:Kashmir Shaivism
487:Vedic philosophy
372:Tibetan Buddhism
191:New Confucianism
166:Neo Confucianism
160:
148:
44:
43:
21:
13852:
13851:
13847:
13846:
13845:
13843:
13842:
13841:
13837:Eastern culture
13832:History of Asia
13827:Culture of Asia
13812:
13811:
13808:
13803:
13785:
13778:
13771:
13762:
13758:Pacific Century
13746:Chinese Century
13725:
13672:
13656:Life expectancy
13607:
13591:
13585:high-speed rail
13558:Stock exchanges
13508:
13437:
13361:
13324:
13311:Visayan Islands
13246:
13220:Malay Peninsula
13186:
13182:Tibetan Plateau
13172:Iranian Plateau
13148:
13125:
13101:Supercontinents
13086:
13042:
12966:
12923:Southern Levant
12837:Outer Manchuria
12832:Northeast China
12750:
12650:
12566:
12545:
12500:
12491:
12461:
12456:
12433:
12431:
12410:
12374:
12274:
12236:
12183:
12137:
12136:
12108:
12097:Russian cosmism
12070:
12066:Western Marxism
12031:New Historicism
11996:Critical theory
11982:
11978:Wittgensteinian
11874:Foundationalism
11807:
11744:
11725:Social contract
11581:Foundationalism
11514:
11496:
11480:Illuminationism
11465:Aristotelianism
11451:
11440:Vishishtadvaita
11393:
11345:
11286:
11253:
11124:
11053:Megarian school
11048:Eretrian school
10989:
10950:Agriculturalism
10927:
10873:
10854:
10801:
10773:
10730:
10682:
10639:
10623:Incompatibilism
10592:
10564:
10516:
10488:
10411:
10400:
10395:
10365:
10360:
10327:
10273:
10220:
10172:
10134:
10130:Stock exchanges
10067:
10034:
9846:
9686:
9677:
9610:
9605:
9575:
9570:
9443:
9437:
9178:
9147:Jain philosophy
9127:Buddhist ethics
9083:
8905:
8872:Interwar period
8825:Ancient history
8813:
8772:
8763:
8714:Wayback Machine
8692:
8687:
8640:10.2307/3518337
8617:
8615:
8608:
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8319:
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8290:
8266:
8264:
8257:
8237:
8200:Flood, Gavin D.
8185:
8180:
8179:
8170:
8166:
8160:Zhongguo Zhexue
8157:
8153:
8148:Wayback Machine
8132:
8128:
8124:51 (3) 393–413.
8119:
8115:
8110:Wayback Machine
8098:
8072:, ed. (2010) .
8070:Sheehan, Thomas
8061:Wayback Machine
8046:
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7695:
7691:
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7661:
7657:
7651:Wayback Machine
7641:
7637:
7631:Daoism Handbook
7628:
7624:
7618:Wayback Machine
7609:
7605:
7597:Henri Maspero,
7596:
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7492:Wayback Machine
7482:
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7117:
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6430:Wayback Machine
6415:
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6333:Wayback Machine
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6097:
6093:
6080:
6073:
6063:
6061:
6054:
6038:
6034:
6025:
6021:
6012:
6008:
5998:
5996:
5989:
5973:
5969:
5961:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5937:
5933:
5925:
5921:
5913:
5909:
5901:
5897:
5889:
5885:
5878:
5862:
5857:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5814:
5810:
5800:
5798:
5791:
5775:
5771:
5763:
5759:
5751:
5747:
5739:
5735:
5727:
5723:
5715:
5711:
5703:
5696:
5688:
5684:
5676:
5667:
5659:
5655:
5647:
5640:
5632:
5625:
5621:, p. xiii.
5617:
5613:
5605:
5601:
5591:
5589:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5551:
5547:
5539:
5535:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5514:
5501:
5497:
5488:
5484:
5466:
5462:
5445:
5441:
5431:
5429:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5389:
5378:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5363:
5326:
5322:
5314:
5310:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5256:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5210:
5196:
5151:
5102:which it calls
4998:phenomenologist
4990:German Idealism
4961:Watsuji Tetsurô
4913:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4882:
4870:
4859:
4854:
4836:
4816:
4810:
4782:Keiji Nishitani
4693:
4643:(Chinese: 新儒家;
4591:
4586:
4570:Quanzhen School
4560:(618–907), the
4431:(naturalness),
4399:
4381:
4357:School of Names
4277:
4215:
4171:cultural sphere
4031:
4025:
3993:School of Names
3957:
3934:
3918:Main articles:
3916:
3896:Virchand Gandhi
3858:
3829:Advaita Vedanta
3810:In response to
3788:Virchand Gandhi
3780:
3722:
3716:
3714:Sikh philosophy
3618:
3610:Main articles:
3608:
3362:
3348:
3342:Buddhist ethics
3336:Main articles:
3334:
3322:Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa
3314:
3271:Makkhali Gosala
3269:was founded by
3264:
3209:
3101:Vedic tradition
3057:Jain philosophy
3054:
3052:Jain philosophy
3002:
2996:
2949:Śaiva Siddhānta
2928:
2912:bhakti movement
2906:(dualism), and
2900:Vishishtadvaita
2898:(non-dualism),
2808:
2772:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
2712:
2624:
2537:
2430:
2396:epistemological
2306:
2162:, "the eternal
2157:Sanātana Dharma
2150:oldest religion
2120:among numerous
2029:
2015:
2009:
1981:Jain philosophy
1926:
1897:
1896:
1862:Epistemologists
1852:
1851:
1840:
1839:
1776:
1752:
1751:
1740:
1739:
1485:
1484:
1473:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1396:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1337:
1324:
1320:
1307:
1288:
1235:
1231:
1180:
1177:Korean Buddhism
1173:
1167:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1117:
1082:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1006:
1005:
1004:
965:
916:
903:
883:
806:Ātman (Jainism)
778:
765:
747:
707:
692:
675:
642:
625:
589:Sri Vaishnavism
550:
533:
491:
482:
474:
464:
463:
462:
448:
375:
314:
299:
286:
266:
241:
218:
214:
194:
169:
154:
142:
105:
87:
83:
76:
68:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13850:
13840:
13839:
13834:
13829:
13824:
13805:
13804:
13802:
13801:
13796:
13791:
13784:
13783:
13776:
13768:
13767:
13764:
13763:
13761:
13760:
13755:
13754:
13753:
13751:Indian Century
13748:
13737:
13735:
13731:
13730:
13727:
13726:
13724:
13723:
13718:
13713:
13708:
13703:
13698:
13693:
13688:
13682:
13680:
13674:
13673:
13671:
13670:
13669:
13668:
13658:
13653:
13648:
13643:
13638:
13633:
13627:
13621:
13617:
13616:
13613:
13612:
13609:
13608:
13606:
13605:
13599:
13597:
13593:
13592:
13590:
13589:
13588:
13587:
13582:
13572:
13571:
13570:
13560:
13555:
13550:
13545:
13540:
13534:
13524:
13518:
13517:
13514:
13513:
13510:
13509:
13507:
13506:
13501:
13496:
13491:
13486:
13481:
13476:
13471:
13466:
13461:
13456:
13451:
13445:
13443:
13439:
13438:
13436:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13409:
13408:
13398:
13396:Heads of state
13393:
13387:
13377:
13371:
13370:
13367:
13366:
13363:
13362:
13360:
13359:
13354:
13349:
13344:
13338:
13336:
13330:
13329:
13326:
13325:
13323:
13322:
13317:
13316:
13315:
13314:
13313:
13303:
13302:
13301:
13300:
13299:
13294:
13284:
13282:Maluku Islands
13269:
13268:
13267:
13265:Ryukyu Islands
13256:
13254:
13248:
13247:
13245:
13244:
13239:
13234:
13229:
13224:
13223:
13222:
13212:
13207:
13202:
13196:
13194:
13188:
13187:
13185:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13167:Deccan Plateau
13164:
13158:
13156:
13150:
13149:
13147:
13146:
13141:
13135:
13133:
13127:
13126:
13124:
13123:
13122:
13121:
13116:
13105:
13103:
13094:
13088:
13087:
13085:
13084:
13083:
13082:
13077:
13067:
13062:
13056:
13054:
13048:
13047:
13044:
13043:
13041:
13040:
13035:
13034:
13033:
13028:
13021:Southeast Asia
13018:
13017:
13016:
13006:
13001:
13000:
12999:
12997:Northeast Asia
12989:
12988:
12987:
12976:
12974:
12968:
12967:
12965:
12964:
12963:
12962:
12957:
12952:
12942:
12940:South Caucasus
12937:
12932:
12927:
12926:
12925:
12911:
12910:
12909:
12899:
12898:
12897:
12896:
12895:
12885:
12875:
12874:
12873:
12868:
12863:
12858:
12857:
12856:
12851:
12849:Inner Mongolia
12841:
12840:
12839:
12834:
12824:
12819:
12814:
12813:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12778:
12777:
12776:
12766:
12760:
12758:
12752:
12751:
12749:
12748:
12747:
12746:
12745:
12744:
12734:
12724:
12719:
12718:
12717:
12716:
12715:
12714:
12713:
12690:
12680:
12675:
12669:
12667:
12658:
12652:
12651:
12649:
12648:
12643:
12638:
12633:
12628:
12626:Extreme points
12623:
12622:
12621:
12611:
12610:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12588:
12578:
12572:
12571:
12568:
12567:
12565:
12564:
12559:
12553:
12551:
12547:
12546:
12544:
12543:
12538:
12536:Decolonisation
12533:
12528:
12523:
12517:
12515:
12508:
12502:
12501:
12490:
12489:
12482:
12475:
12467:
12458:
12457:
12455:
12454:
12442:
12427:
12424:
12423:
12420:
12419:
12416:
12415:
12412:
12411:
12409:
12408:
12403:
12398:
12393:
12388:
12382:
12380:
12376:
12375:
12373:
12372:
12367:
12362:
12357:
12352:
12347:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12317:
12312:
12307:
12306:
12305:
12295:
12290:
12284:
12282:
12276:
12275:
12273:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12246:
12244:
12242:Middle Eastern
12238:
12237:
12235:
12234:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12193:
12191:
12185:
12184:
12182:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12160:
12158:
12149:
12139:
12138:
12135:
12134:
12130:
12122:
12121:
12118:
12117:
12114:
12113:
12110:
12109:
12107:
12106:
12099:
12094:
12089:
12084:
12078:
12076:
12072:
12071:
12069:
12068:
12063:
12058:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12013:
12008:
12006:Existentialism
12003:
12001:Deconstruction
11998:
11992:
11990:
11984:
11983:
11981:
11980:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11871:
11866:
11861:
11856:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11834:Applied ethics
11830:
11828:
11819:
11813:
11812:
11809:
11808:
11806:
11805:
11800:
11798:Nietzscheanism
11795:
11790:
11785:
11780:
11775:
11770:
11769:
11768:
11758:
11752:
11750:
11746:
11745:
11743:
11742:
11740:Utilitarianism
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11641:
11640:
11638:Transcendental
11635:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11605:
11604:
11603:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11576:Existentialism
11573:
11568:
11563:
11558:
11553:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11532:
11526:
11520:
11519:
11516:
11515:
11513:
11512:
11506:
11504:
11498:
11497:
11495:
11494:
11489:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11461:
11459:
11453:
11452:
11450:
11449:
11444:
11443:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11401:
11399:
11395:
11394:
11392:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11364:Augustinianism
11361:
11355:
11353:
11347:
11346:
11344:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11307:
11305:
11298:
11292:
11291:
11288:
11287:
11285:
11284:
11279:
11277:Zoroastrianism
11274:
11269:
11263:
11261:
11255:
11254:
11252:
11251:
11250:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11199:
11198:
11197:
11192:
11182:
11181:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11134:
11132:
11126:
11125:
11123:
11122:
11120:Church Fathers
11117:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11091:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11065:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11045:
11040:
11035:
11034:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11002:
11000:
10991:
10990:
10988:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10946:
10944:
10935:
10929:
10928:
10926:
10925:
10924:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10893:
10887:
10885:
10875:
10874:
10864:
10863:
10860:
10859:
10856:
10855:
10853:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10811:
10809:
10803:
10802:
10800:
10799:
10794:
10789:
10783:
10781:
10775:
10774:
10772:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10740:
10738:
10732:
10731:
10729:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10692:
10690:
10684:
10683:
10681:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10649:
10647:
10641:
10640:
10638:
10637:
10635:Libertarianism
10632:
10631:
10630:
10620:
10619:
10618:
10608:
10602:
10600:
10594:
10593:
10591:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10574:
10572:
10566:
10565:
10563:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10526:
10524:
10518:
10517:
10515:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10498:
10496:
10490:
10489:
10487:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10439:Metaphilosophy
10436:
10431:
10425:
10423:
10413:
10412:
10402:
10401:
10394:
10393:
10386:
10379:
10371:
10362:
10361:
10359:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10337:
10335:
10329:
10328:
10326:
10325:
10320:
10313:
10310:The Art of War
10306:
10301:
10296:
10289:
10283:
10281:
10275:
10274:
10272:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10230:
10228:
10222:
10221:
10219:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10198:
10193:
10188:
10182:
10180:
10174:
10173:
10171:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10144:
10142:
10136:
10135:
10133:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10081:
10079:
10069:
10068:
10066:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10044:
10042:
10036:
10035:
10033:
10032:
10030:Chinese zodiac
10027:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9935:Chinese dragon
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9895:Blepharoplasty
9892:
9891:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9867:
9862:
9856:
9854:
9848:
9847:
9845:
9844:
9843:
9842:
9837:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9786:
9785:
9784:
9783:
9778:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9752:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9731:
9730:
9729:
9719:
9714:
9713:
9712:
9702:
9696:
9694:
9688:
9687:
9680:
9678:
9676:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9654:
9653:
9643:
9642:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9620:
9618:
9612:
9611:
9604:
9603:
9596:
9589:
9581:
9572:
9571:
9569:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9516:Easternization
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9447:
9445:
9439:
9438:
9436:
9435:
9434:
9433:
9428:
9427:
9426:
9421:
9411:
9410:
9409:
9399:
9398:
9397:
9396:
9395:
9390:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9369:
9368:
9353:
9352:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9326:
9325:
9324:
9319:
9317:Zoroastrianism
9309:
9308:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9272:
9271:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9259:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9228:
9227:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9210:
9209:
9188:
9186:
9180:
9179:
9177:
9176:
9175:
9174:
9169:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9132:Islamic ethics
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9093:
9091:
9085:
9084:
9082:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9065:
9064:
9059:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9038:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9006:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8985:
8984:
8983:
8973:
8968:
8967:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8915:
8913:
8907:
8906:
8904:
8903:
8898:
8897:
8896:
8891:
8890:
8889:
8884:
8874:
8869:
8868:
8867:
8862:
8852:
8847:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8821:
8819:
8815:
8814:
8812:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8780:
8778:
8774:
8773:
8762:
8761:
8754:
8747:
8739:
8733:
8732:
8717:
8704:
8698:
8691:
8690:External links
8688:
8686:
8685:
8673:Sharma, Arvind
8669:
8660:
8651:
8634:(3/4): 19–50,
8623:
8606:
8591:
8582:
8564:
8549:
8543:
8528:
8522:
8507:
8489:
8474:
8469:
8454:
8437:
8422:
8405:
8390:
8372:
8357:
8340:
8325:
8308:
8293:
8288:
8276:Harvey, Andrew
8272:
8255:
8240:
8235:
8220:
8208:
8196:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8164:
8151:
8126:
8113:
8096:
8017:
8008:
7982:
7965:
7950:(4): 113–137.
7930:
7897:
7878:
7855:
7848:
7830:
7800:
7791:
7774:
7757:
7740:
7723:
7706:
7689:
7672:
7655:
7635:
7622:
7603:
7590:
7569:
7542:
7516:
7507:
7495:
7476:
7457:
7448:
7429:
7410:
7398:
7379:
7366:
7349:
7332:
7315:
7300:
7287:
7244:
7235:
7226:
7210:
7193:
7177:
7164:
7141:
7108:
7078:
7069:
7056:
7047:
7028:
7019:
7006:
6997:
6988:
6971:
6954:
6937:
6914:
6897:
6877:
6860:
6848:
6839:
6819:
6802:
6782:
6765:
6733:
6713:(2): 219–235.
6709:. New Series.
6697:
6690:
6672:
6664:
6646:
6627:
6607:
6599:
6578:
6570:
6552:
6545:
6527:
6510:
6493:
6476:
6462:
6454:Hiriyanna 1948
6442:
6417:Coward, Harold
6409:
6388:
6375:
6349:
6337:
6318:
6301:
6284:
6267:
6246:
6229:
6209:
6192:
6175:
6154:
6137:
6117:
6100:
6091:
6071:
6052:
6032:
6019:
6006:
5987:
5967:
5955:
5943:
5931:
5919:
5915:Sundaram, 1990
5907:
5895:
5891:Mohan Lal 1992
5883:
5876:
5855:
5835:
5828:
5808:
5789:
5769:
5757:
5745:
5733:
5721:
5709:
5705:Narayanan 2009
5694:
5682:
5665:
5653:
5651:, p. 193.
5638:
5623:
5611:
5599:
5569:
5557:
5545:
5533:
5521:
5512:
5495:
5482:
5460:
5439:
5409:
5396:
5387:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5329:Vedic religion
5320:
5308:
5284:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5252:
5240:
5228:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5195:
5192:
5150:
5147:
5070:. Maoism is a
5010:Following the
4915:
4914:
4873:
4871:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4835:
4832:
4812:Main article:
4809:
4806:
4778:Kitaro Nishida
4692:
4689:
4633:Zhongti Xiyong
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4562:Lingbao school
4395:Main article:
4380:
4377:
4350:utilitarianism
4346:Will of Heaven
4296:Warring States
4276:
4273:
4214:
4211:
4175:Mainland China
4156:imperial exams
4132:Joseon dynasty
4027:Main article:
4024:
4021:
3956:
3953:
3915:
3912:
3908:Mahatma Gandhi
3866:Mahatma Gandhi
3800:G. Bonet Maury
3779:
3776:
3718:Main article:
3715:
3712:
3685:B. R. Ambedkar
3669:Gendün Chöphel
3607:
3604:
3600:Guifeng Zongmi
3517:Buddhist logic
3387:Gautama Buddha
3376:Sera monastery
3333:
3330:
3313:
3310:
3279:early Buddhism
3263:
3260:
3218:philosophy of
3208:
3205:
3107:, denial of a
3053:
3050:
3034:early Buddhism
3028:movement were
2998:Main article:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2974:
2956:
2946:
2927:
2924:
2838:Prasthanatrayi
2834:Uttara-Mīmāṃsā
2807:
2804:
2784:Uttara-Mīmāṃsā
2711:
2708:
2672:(generality),
2623:
2620:
2580:(perception),
2536:
2533:
2429:
2426:
2305:
2302:
2269:philosophies.
2108:. It includes
2011:Main article:
2008:
2005:
1993:Southeast Asia
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1877:Metaphysicians
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1805:Metaphilosophy
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1332:
1331:
1318:Modern Thought
1315:
1314:
1300:
1299:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1275:Jeong Yak-yong
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1245:Seo Gyeongdeok
1242:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1151:Kitaro Nishida
1128:Modern Thought
1125:
1124:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1087:Fujiwara Seika
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
960:
959:
958:
957:
947:
946:
945:
940:
930:
929:
928:
911:
910:
896:
895:
890:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
809:
808:
803:
798:
790:
785:
776:General topics
773:
772:
760:
759:
754:
742:
741:
736:
731:
730:
729:
719:
714:
700:
699:
683:
682:
666:
665:
650:
649:
633:
632:
616:
615:
614:
613:
608:
598:
597:
596:
586:
585:
584:
574:
573:
572:
567:
562:
541:
540:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
476:
475:
470:
469:
466:
465:
461:
460:
455:
446:General topics
443:
442:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
412:
411:
401:
400:
399:
389:
388:
387:
368:
367:
362:
357:
356:
355:
345:
344:
343:
341:Guifeng Zongmi
338:
328:
327:
326:
307:
306:
294:
293:
279:
278:
273:
259:
258:
253:
248:
236:
235:
230:
225:
207:
206:
201:
187:
186:
181:
176:
162:
161:
149:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
100:
99:
94:
70:
69:
64:
63:
60:
59:
53:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13849:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13819:
13817:
13810:
13800:
13797:
13795:
13792:
13790:
13787:
13786:
13781:
13777:
13774:
13770:
13769:
13765:
13759:
13756:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13743:
13742:
13741:Asian Century
13739:
13738:
13736:
13732:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13683:
13681:
13679:
13675:
13667:
13666:ethnic groups
13664:
13663:
13662:
13659:
13657:
13654:
13652:
13649:
13647:
13644:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13628:
13625:
13622:
13618:
13604:
13601:
13600:
13598:
13594:
13586:
13583:
13581:
13578:
13577:
13576:
13573:
13569:
13566:
13565:
13564:
13561:
13559:
13556:
13554:
13551:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13536:
13535:
13532:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13519:
13505:
13502:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13490:
13487:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13475:
13472:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13450:
13447:
13446:
13444:
13440:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13407:
13404:
13403:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13388:
13385:
13381:
13378:
13376:
13372:
13358:
13357:Tropical Asia
13355:
13353:
13350:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13339:
13337:
13335:
13334:Biogeographic
13331:
13321:
13318:
13312:
13309:
13308:
13307:
13304:
13298:
13295:
13293:
13290:
13289:
13288:
13287:Sunda Islands
13285:
13283:
13280:
13279:
13278:
13275:
13274:
13273:
13270:
13266:
13263:
13262:
13261:
13258:
13257:
13255:
13253:
13249:
13243:
13240:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13230:
13228:
13225:
13221:
13218:
13217:
13216:
13213:
13211:
13208:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13197:
13195:
13193:
13189:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13159:
13157:
13155:
13151:
13145:
13142:
13140:
13137:
13136:
13134:
13132:
13131:Subcontinents
13128:
13120:
13117:
13115:
13112:
13111:
13110:
13107:
13106:
13104:
13102:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13089:
13081:
13078:
13076:
13073:
13072:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13057:
13055:
13053:
13049:
13039:
13036:
13032:
13029:
13027:
13024:
13023:
13022:
13019:
13015:
13012:
13011:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
12998:
12995:
12994:
12993:
12990:
12986:
12983:
12982:
12981:
12978:
12977:
12975:
12973:
12969:
12961:
12958:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12947:
12946:
12943:
12941:
12938:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12928:
12924:
12921:
12920:
12919:
12915:
12912:
12908:
12907:Greater India
12905:
12904:
12903:
12900:
12894:
12891:
12890:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12880:
12879:
12876:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12864:
12862:
12859:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12846:
12845:
12842:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12829:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12820:
12818:
12815:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12792:
12791:
12790:Greater China
12788:
12787:
12786:
12782:
12779:
12775:
12772:
12771:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12762:
12761:
12759:
12757:
12753:
12743:
12740:
12739:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12729:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12712:
12708:
12705:
12704:
12703:
12699:
12696:
12695:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12685:
12684:
12681:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12670:
12668:
12666:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12653:
12647:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12629:
12627:
12624:
12620:
12619:by population
12617:
12616:
12615:
12612:
12608:
12605:
12603:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12594:
12593:
12590:
12589:
12586:
12582:
12579:
12577:
12573:
12563:
12560:
12558:
12555:
12554:
12552:
12548:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12532:
12529:
12527:
12524:
12522:
12519:
12518:
12516:
12512:
12509:
12507:
12503:
12499:
12495:
12488:
12483:
12481:
12476:
12474:
12469:
12468:
12465:
12453:
12452:
12443:
12441:
12440:
12429:
12428:
12425:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12392:
12389:
12387:
12384:
12383:
12381:
12379:Miscellaneous
12377:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12304:
12301:
12300:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12286:
12285:
12283:
12281:
12277:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12247:
12245:
12243:
12239:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12194:
12192:
12190:
12186:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12161:
12159:
12157:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12144:
12140:
12132:
12131:
12127:
12123:
12105:
12104:
12100:
12098:
12095:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12079:
12077:
12075:Miscellaneous
12073:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12061:Structuralism
12059:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12049:
12047:
12046:Postmodernism
12044:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12036:Phenomenology
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11993:
11991:
11989:
11985:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11973:Vienna Circle
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11903:Moral realism
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11831:
11829:
11827:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11814:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11796:
11794:
11791:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11779:
11776:
11774:
11771:
11767:
11764:
11763:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11753:
11751:
11747:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11705:Phenomenology
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11645:Individualism
11643:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11610:
11609:
11606:
11602:
11599:
11598:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11533:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11521:
11511:
11510:Judeo-Islamic
11508:
11507:
11505:
11503:
11499:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11487:
11486:ʿIlm al-Kalām
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11462:
11460:
11458:
11454:
11448:
11445:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11435:Shuddhadvaita
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11407:
11406:
11403:
11402:
11400:
11396:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11369:Scholasticism
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11356:
11354:
11352:
11348:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11308:
11306:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11293:
11283:
11280:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11264:
11262:
11260:
11256:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11204:
11203:
11200:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11187:
11186:
11183:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11140:
11139:
11136:
11135:
11133:
11131:
11127:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11070:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11008:
11007:
11004:
11003:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10992:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10947:
10945:
10943:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10930:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10898:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10888:
10886:
10884:
10880:
10876:
10869:
10865:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10820:Conceptualism
10818:
10816:
10813:
10812:
10810:
10808:
10804:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10784:
10782:
10780:
10776:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10749:Particularism
10747:
10745:
10742:
10741:
10739:
10737:
10733:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10716:Functionalism
10714:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10701:Eliminativism
10699:
10697:
10694:
10693:
10691:
10689:
10685:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10650:
10648:
10646:
10642:
10636:
10633:
10629:
10626:
10625:
10624:
10621:
10617:
10614:
10613:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10606:Compatibilism
10604:
10603:
10601:
10599:
10595:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10575:
10573:
10571:
10567:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10545:Particularism
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10527:
10525:
10523:
10519:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10499:
10497:
10495:
10491:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10426:
10424:
10422:
10418:
10414:
10407:
10403:
10399:
10392:
10387:
10385:
10380:
10378:
10373:
10372:
10369:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10338:
10336:
10334:
10330:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10318:
10314:
10312:
10311:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10294:
10290:
10288:
10285:
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10270:
10267:
10265:
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10260:
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10232:
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9896:
9893:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9870:
9868:
9866:
9865:Architecture
9863:
9861:
9860:Age reckoning
9858:
9857:
9855:
9853:
9849:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9832:
9831:
9828:
9826:
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9808:
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9718:
9715:
9711:
9708:
9707:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9697:
9695:
9693:
9692:Ethnic groups
9689:
9684:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
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9408:
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9386:
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9364:
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9350:
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9340:
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9332:
9331:
9330:
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9320:
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9313:
9310:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
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9288:
9286:
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9281:
9278:
9277:
9276:
9273:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
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9254:
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9247:
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9232:
9229:
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9212:
9208:
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9173:
9170:
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9165:
9164:
9163:
9160:
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9155:
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9148:
9145:
9143:
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9138:
9135:
9133:
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9128:
9125:
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9118:
9115:
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9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9094:
9092:
9090:
9086:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
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9067:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
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9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9036:
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9023:
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9018:
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8990:
8989:
8986:
8982:
8979:
8978:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
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8947:
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8937:
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8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8921:
8920:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8912:
8908:
8902:
8899:
8895:
8892:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8879:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8857:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8842:
8841:
8840:Modern period
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8816:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8781:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8766:Eastern world
8760:
8755:
8753:
8748:
8746:
8741:
8740:
8737:
8729:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8715:
8711:
8708:
8705:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8693:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8661:
8657:
8652:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8624:
8613:
8609:
8603:
8599:
8598:
8592:
8588:
8583:
8571:
8567:
8561:
8557:
8556:
8550:
8546:
8540:
8536:
8535:
8529:
8525:
8519:
8515:
8514:
8508:
8496:
8492:
8486:
8482:
8481:
8475:
8472:
8466:
8462:
8461:
8455:
8444:
8440:
8434:
8430:
8429:
8423:
8412:
8408:
8402:
8398:
8397:
8391:
8379:
8375:
8369:
8365:
8364:
8358:
8347:
8343:
8337:
8333:
8332:
8326:
8315:
8311:
8305:
8302:, Routledge,
8301:
8300:
8294:
8291:
8285:
8282:, Shambhala,
8281:
8277:
8273:
8262:
8258:
8252:
8249:, Routledge,
8248:
8247:
8241:
8238:
8232:
8228:
8227:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8188:
8187:
8174:
8168:
8161:
8155:
8149:
8145:
8142:
8139:
8135:
8130:
8123:
8117:
8111:
8107:
8104:
8099:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8055:
8042:
8038:
8037:
8032:
8030:
8021:
8012:
7996:
7992:
7986:
7979:
7975:
7969:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7934:
7915:
7908:
7901:
7885:
7881:
7875:
7871:
7870:
7862:
7860:
7851:
7845:
7842:. Zed Books.
7841:
7834:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7804:
7795:
7788:
7784:
7778:
7771:
7767:
7761:
7754:
7750:
7744:
7737:
7733:
7727:
7720:
7716:
7710:
7703:
7699:
7693:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7669:
7665:
7659:
7652:
7648:
7645:
7639:
7632:
7626:
7619:
7615:
7612:
7607:
7600:
7594:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7573:
7557:
7553:
7546:
7531:
7530:Research Gate
7527:
7520:
7511:
7505:
7499:
7493:
7489:
7486:
7480:
7474:
7470:
7467:
7461:
7452:
7446:
7442:
7439:
7433:
7427:
7423:
7420:
7414:
7408:
7402:
7396:
7392:
7389:
7383:
7376:
7370:
7363:
7362:1-84885-174-X
7359:
7353:
7346:
7345:0-19-804256-6
7342:
7336:
7329:
7328:0-521-64312-0
7325:
7319:
7311:
7304:
7297:
7291:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7248:
7239:
7230:
7224:
7220:
7214:
7208:
7207:81-208-3110-1
7204:
7197:
7191:
7187:
7181:
7174:
7168:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7152:
7145:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7115:
7113:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7082:
7073:
7066:
7060:
7051:
7045:
7041:
7038:
7032:
7023:
7016:
7010:
7001:
6992:
6985:
6984:81-208-1204-2
6981:
6975:
6969:, pp. 207–208
6968:
6964:
6958:
6951:
6947:
6941:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6923:
6918:
6911:
6907:
6901:
6894:
6893:81-208-1204-2
6890:
6884:
6882:
6874:
6870:
6864:
6858:, pp. 227–249
6857:
6852:
6843:
6836:
6832:
6829:
6823:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6799:
6798:81-7030-875-5
6795:
6789:
6787:
6779:
6775:
6769:
6753:
6749:
6748:
6743:
6737:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6701:
6693:
6687:
6683:
6676:
6667:
6661:
6657:
6650:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6620:
6619:
6611:
6602:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6582:
6573:
6567:
6563:
6556:
6548:
6542:
6538:
6531:
6524:
6520:
6514:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6490:
6486:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6446:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6407:, pp. 443–445
6406:
6402:
6398:
6392:
6385:
6379:
6372:
6368:
6365:, Routledge,
6364:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6347:, pp. 183–186
6346:
6341:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6322:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6265:, pp. 405–407
6264:
6260:
6257:, Routledge,
6256:
6250:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6226:
6222:
6216:
6214:
6206:
6202:
6196:
6189:
6185:
6179:
6172:
6171:3-8322-4987-7
6168:
6164:
6158:
6152:, pp. 146–147
6151:
6147:
6141:
6135:, pp. 137–154
6134:
6130:
6126:
6121:
6114:
6113:81-208-0779-0
6110:
6104:
6095:
6088:
6087:81-7030-875-5
6084:
6078:
6076:
6059:
6055:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6036:
6029:
6026:John Bowker,
6023:
6016:
6010:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5980:
5979:
5971:
5965:, p. 75.
5964:
5959:
5952:
5951:Johnson, 2009
5947:
5941:, p. 13.
5940:
5935:
5928:
5923:
5916:
5911:
5904:
5899:
5892:
5887:
5879:
5873:
5869:
5868:
5858:
5856:9789993624318
5852:
5848:
5847:
5839:
5831:
5825:
5822:. Routledge.
5821:
5820:
5812:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5783:. Routledge.
5782:
5781:
5773:
5766:
5761:
5755:, p. 42.
5754:
5749:
5742:
5737:
5730:
5725:
5719:, p. 52.
5718:
5713:
5707:, p. 11.
5706:
5701:
5699:
5692:, p. 50.
5691:
5686:
5680:, p. 16.
5679:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5663:, p. 12.
5662:
5657:
5650:
5645:
5643:
5635:
5630:
5628:
5620:
5615:
5608:
5603:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5567:, p. 62.
5566:
5561:
5555:, p. 31.
5554:
5549:
5542:
5537:
5530:
5525:
5516:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5492:
5486:
5478:
5477:1-57731-121-3
5474:
5470:
5464:
5457:
5456:0-7914-2412-X
5453:
5449:
5443:
5427:
5423:
5421:
5413:
5406:
5400:
5391:
5383:
5376:
5372:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5317:
5312:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5278:
5274:
5263:
5253:
5251:
5241:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5227:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5155:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5135:synchronicity
5132:
5131:Shang dynasty
5128:
5124:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5041:republicanism
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5008:
5006:
5005:consciousness
5002:
4999:
4995:
4994:integral yoga
4991:
4987:
4986:Sri Aurobindo
4984:
4981:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4949:phenomenology
4946:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4911:
4908:
4900:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4874:This section
4872:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:Buddha-nature
4795:
4791:
4787:
4786:Hajime Tanabe
4783:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4725:
4724:mono no aware
4721:
4717:
4713:
4710:) during the
4709:
4701:
4697:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4629:Zhang Zhidong
4626:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4486:Tao-Te-Ching,
4483:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4469:Five Elements
4466:
4462:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4398:
4390:
4385:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4338:fortification
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4144:Wang Yangming
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3961:Ancient China
3949:
3945:
3944:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3839:(1772–1833).
3838:
3837:Ram Mohan Roy
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3733:Punjab region
3730:
3726:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3582:, founded by
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3544:Sakya Pandita
3541:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3454:phenomenology
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3378:, Tibet, 2013
3377:
3357:
3354:The Buddhist
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3240:reincarnation
3237:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:transtheistic
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3022:vegetarianism
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2967:Abhinavagupta
2964:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2855:Bhagavad Gita
2851:
2850:
2849:Brahma Sutras
2845:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:Mīmāṃsā Sūtra
2756:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2723:hermeneutical
2720:
2716:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2660:(substance),
2659:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2584:(inference),
2583:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:consciousness
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:consciousness
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2441:Samkhyakarika
2438:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2410:Hindu history
2406:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2251:Sangam period
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:(also called
1934:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:Phenomenology
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:Ancient Greek
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1280:Kim Jeong-hui
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Hayashi Razan
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:Rinzai school
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
964:
956:
953:
952:
951:
948:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
934:
931:
927:
924:
923:
922:
919:
918:
917:
915:
909:
906:
905:
904:
902:
901:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
884:
882:
881:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
779:
777:
771:
768:
767:
766:
764:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
748:
746:
740:
737:
735:
732:
728:
727:Abhinavagupta
725:
724:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
708:
706:
705:
698:
695:
694:
693:
691:
690:
689:
681:
678:
677:
676:
674:
673:
672:
664:
661:
660:
659:
658:
657:
656:
648:
645:
644:
643:
641:
640:
639:
631:
628:
627:
626:
624:
623:
622:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
599:
595:
592:
591:
590:
587:
583:
580:
579:
578:
575:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
556:
553:
552:
551:
549:
548:
547:
539:
536:
535:
534:
532:
531:
530:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
490:
489:
488:
481:
480:
473:
468:
467:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
449:
447:
441:
438:
437:
436:
435:
434:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
410:
407:
406:
405:
402:
398:
395:
394:
393:
390:
386:
385:Sakya Pandita
383:
382:
381:
378:
377:
376:
374:
373:
366:
363:
361:
358:
354:
351:
350:
349:
346:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
332:
331:Huayan school
329:
325:
322:
321:
320:
317:
316:
315:
313:
312:
305:
302:
301:
300:
298:
292:
289:
288:
287:
285:
284:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
267:
265:
264:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
242:
240:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
219:
217:
213:
212:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
195:
193:
192:
185:
182:
180:
179:Wang Yangming
177:
175:
172:
171:
170:
168:
167:
158:
153:
150:
146:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
106:
104:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
88:
86:
82:
81:
75:
74:
67:
62:
61:
58:
55:
54:
50:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
13809:
13710:
13631:Demographics
13433:Pan-Asianism
13418:Human rights
13347:Indo-Pacific
13342:Eastern Asia
13252:Archipelagos
13109:Afro-Eurasia
12980:Central Asia
12888:Greater Iran
12795:China proper
12785:Pacific Asia
12774:South Arabia
12742:Pacific Asia
12727:Indo-Pacific
12673:Asia–Pacific
12656:Geopolitical
12444:
12430:
12188:
12101:
12092:Postcritique
12082:Kyoto School
12041:Posthumanism
12021:Hermeneutics
11876: /
11817:Contemporary
11793:Newtonianism
11756:Cartesianism
11715:Reductionism
11551:Conservatism
11546:Collectivism
11484:
11212:Sarvāstivadā
11190:Anekantavada
11115:Neoplatonism
11083:Epicureanism
11016:Pythagoreans
10955:Confucianism
10921:Contemporary
10911:Early modern
10815:Anti-realism
10769:Universalism
10726:Subjectivism
10522:Epistemology
10315:
10308:
10293:Bansenshūkai
10291:
10058:Rainy season
9984:
9835:unrecognized
9511:Eastern Bloc
9481:Asia Council
9442:Contemporary
9388:Latin Church
9356:Christianity
9285:Confucianism
9157:Collectivism
9088:
9073:
8971:Architecture
8877:World War II
8725:
8676:
8664:
8655:
8631:
8627:
8616:, retrieved
8596:
8586:
8574:. Retrieved
8554:
8533:
8512:
8499:. Retrieved
8479:
8459:
8447:, retrieved
8427:
8415:, retrieved
8395:
8382:. Retrieved
8362:
8350:, retrieved
8330:
8318:, retrieved
8298:
8279:
8265:, retrieved
8245:
8225:
8215:
8212:Flood, Gavin
8203:
8191:
8172:
8167:
8159:
8154:
8137:
8129:
8121:
8116:
8074:
8045:. Retrieved
8034:
8028:
8020:
8011:
7999:. Retrieved
7985:
7968:
7956:. Retrieved
7947:
7943:
7933:
7921:. Retrieved
7914:the original
7900:
7888:. Retrieved
7868:
7839:
7833:
7809:
7803:
7794:
7777:
7760:
7743:
7726:
7709:
7692:
7680:
7675:
7658:
7638:
7630:
7625:
7606:
7598:
7593:
7577:
7572:
7560:. Retrieved
7555:
7545:
7533:. Retrieved
7529:
7519:
7510:
7498:
7479:
7460:
7451:
7432:
7413:
7401:
7382:
7374:
7369:
7364:. pp. 34–36.
7352:
7335:
7330:. pp. 38–47.
7318:
7309:
7303:
7295:
7290:
7257:
7253:
7247:
7238:
7229:
7213:
7196:
7180:
7172:
7167:
7150:
7144:
7120:
7087:
7081:
7072:
7067:. pp. 24–25.
7064:
7059:
7050:
7031:
7022:
7014:
7009:
7000:
6991:
6974:
6957:
6940:
6917:
6900:
6863:
6851:
6842:
6822:
6805:
6800:, pp. xii, 4
6768:
6756:. Retrieved
6746:
6736:
6710:
6706:
6700:
6681:
6675:
6655:
6649:
6637:. Retrieved
6617:
6610:
6590:
6581:
6561:
6555:
6536:
6530:
6525:, pp. 94–103
6513:
6496:
6479:
6471:
6465:
6445:
6421:
6412:
6396:
6391:
6383:
6378:
6362:
6340:
6321:
6304:
6287:
6270:
6254:
6249:
6232:
6195:
6178:
6162:
6157:
6140:
6120:
6103:
6094:
6062:. Retrieved
6042:
6035:
6027:
6022:
6014:
6009:
5997:. Retrieved
5977:
5970:
5963:Pillai, 2015
5958:
5946:
5934:
5922:
5910:
5898:
5886:
5866:
5845:
5838:
5818:
5811:
5799:. Retrieved
5779:
5772:
5767:, p. 9.
5765:Osborne 2005
5760:
5748:
5736:
5731:, p. 3.
5724:
5717:Lockard 2007
5712:
5690:Lockard 2007
5685:
5656:
5636:, p. 5.
5614:
5602:
5590:. Retrieved
5581:
5572:
5565:Georgis 2010
5560:
5548:
5536:
5524:
5515:
5498:
5485:
5468:
5463:
5447:
5442:
5430:. Retrieved
5419:
5412:
5404:
5399:
5390:
5381:
5375:
5333:Vedic period
5331:of the late
5323:
5311:
5304:Lockard 2007
5292:Lockard 2007
5287:
5277:
5183:
5182:(originally
5179:
5175:
5156:
5152:
5120:
5057:
5016:Qing dynasty
5009:
4977:
4957:Zen Buddhism
4945:Kyoto School
4942:
4930:
4921:
4918:
4903:
4897:January 2020
4894:
4883:Please help
4878:verification
4875:
4817:
4808:North Korean
4774:Kyoto School
4771:
4763:State Shinto
4759:Shōwa period
4743:Mori Arinori
4731:Meiji period
4728:
4705:
4681:Zhang Junmai
4648:
4637:
4632:
4622:
4618:Ming dynasty
4613:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4574:Yuan dynasty
4566:Song dynasty
4558:Tang dynasty
4551:
4524:
4517:
4511:
4499:
4495:Nan Hua Jing
4493:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4457:
4451:
4433:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4402:
4400:
4360:
4354:
4345:
4325:
4315:
4307:Taoist canon
4300:
4283:
4278:
4265:
4225:
4216:
4168:
4148:Song dynasty
4128:Ming dynasty
4124:Song dynasty
4120:Tang dynasty
4109:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4075:filial piety
4072:
4059:
4051:
4047:
4044:Confucianism
4042:
4029:Confucianism
4023:Confucianism
3977:Confucianism
3969:Western Zhou
3958:
3941:
3890:
3859:
3833:Brahmo Samaj
3809:
3772:Five Thieves
3761:
3755:
3740:
3723:
3689:
3634:
3529:
3513:epistemology
3478:
3466:epistemology
3415:
3381:
3325:
3315:
3303:
3290:
3287:
3265:
3248:epistemology
3233:
3210:
3185:Tirthankaras
3150:
3125:non-violence
3077:epistemology
3055:
3003:
2959:Pratyabhijña
2929:
2889:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2833:
2824:
2815:Adi Shankara
2795:
2787:
2783:
2757:
2748:
2730:
2713:
2704:budhyapekṣam
2703:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2668:(activity),
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2625:
2606:Nyāya Sūtras
2604:
2602:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2566:
2557:Nyāya Sūtras
2555:
2551:
2544:epistemology
2538:
2526:
2524:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2472:epistemology
2469:
2431:
2421:
2414:Gupta period
2407:
2399:
2393:
2391:traditions.
2330:
2307:
2271:
2249:of the post-
2239:Arthashastra
2227:epistemology
2168:
2153:
2142:Christianity
2098:Khmer Empire
2082:Gupta Empire
2044:
1955:, including
1945:philosophies
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1849:Philosophers
1757:Epistemology
1584:
1578:South Africa
1533:Contemporary
1482:Philosophies
1334:
1333:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1302:
1301:
1285:
1284:
1240:Chŏng To-jŏn
1232:
1226:
1225:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1143:Kyoto School
1141:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1112:
1111:
1077:
1076:
1034:Japanese Zen
1024:
1023:
1019:
962:
961:
950:Indian logic
913:
912:
898:
897:
878:
877:
833:Indian logic
818:Anekantavada
775:
774:
762:
761:
744:
743:
734:Pratyabhijna
702:
701:
686:
685:
684:
669:
668:
667:
653:
652:
651:
636:
635:
634:
619:
618:
617:
582:Madhvacharya
570:Adi Shankara
544:
543:
542:
527:
526:
525:
485:
484:
483:
477:
445:
444:
431:
430:
370:
369:
360:Chinese Chan
311:Han Buddhism
309:
308:
296:
295:
281:
280:
261:
260:
238:
237:
215:
209:
208:
189:
188:
164:
163:
115:Filial piety
102:
101:
84:
80:Confucianism
78:
77:
71:
56:
13060:Austronesia
12930:Mesopotamia
12822:Malay world
12737:Pacific Rim
12707:Middle East
12562:Sovereignty
12531:Imperialism
12087:Objectivism
12026:Neo-Marxism
11988:Continental
11898:Meta-ethics
11878:Coherentism
11783:Hegelianism
11720:Rationalism
11680:Natural law
11660:Materialism
11586:Historicism
11556:Determinism
11447:Navya-Nyāya
11222:Sautrāntika
11217:Pudgalavada
11153:Vaisheshika
11006:Presocratic
10906:Renaissance
10845:Physicalism
10830:Materialism
10736:Normativity
10721:Objectivism
10706:Emergentism
10696:Behaviorism
10645:Metaphysics
10611:Determinism
10550:Rationalism
10148:Archaeology
10040:Environment
9905:Calligraphy
9749:in Sakhalin
9705:Han Chinese
9668:South Korea
9663:North Korea
9461:Arab League
9444:integration
9383:Catholicism
9241:Vaishnavism
9015:Esotericism
8882:Pacific War
8855:World War I
8799:Indic world
8794:Sinic world
8777:Foundations
8384:10 February
8103:1st edition
8086:. pp.
8078:. reprint.
8036:Der Spiegel
8001:14 December
7958:14 December
7923:14 December
6508:, pp. 57–77
6458:Grimes 1990
6450:Ranganathan
6125:P Bilimoria
6115:, pp. 25–26
6043:On Hinduism
5870:. Ashgate.
5649:Samuel 2010
5619:Harvey 2001
5607:Bowker 2000
5529:Sharma 2003
5491:N.R. Guseva
5450:SUNY Press
5341:Samuel 2010
5188:Nishi Amane
5159:Eurocentric
5084:proletariat
5045:Sun Yat-Sen
5031:and Mill's
5001:Jean Gebser
4828:Kim Il-Sung
4824:North Korea
4747:Nishi Amane
4673:Mou Zongsan
4665:Fung Youlan
4661:Xiong Shili
4598:Xiong Shili
4564:during the
4556:during the
4481:Dao De Jing
4330:meritocracy
4311:Qin dynasty
4118:during the
4112:Han dynasty
4009:Han dynasty
3820:Neo-Vedanta
3812:colonialism
3735:during the
3665:D.T. Suzuki
3521:Dharmakirti
3273:, it was a
3254:, like the
3224:materialism
3061:metaphysics
2664:(quality),
2457:Yoga sutras
2445:Yoga school
2422:Navya Nyaya
2341:Vaisheshika
2298:Yashovijaya
2282:Navya-Nyāya
2207:metaphysics
2114:Vaishnavism
2086:Brahmanical
1975:(including
1772:Metaphysics
1687:By religion
1543:Continental
1523:Renaissance
1329:Jaegwon Kim
1039:Sōtō school
943:Dharmakirti
688:Vaisheshika
671:Navya-Nyāya
606:Vivekananda
601:Neo-Vedanta
521:Yajnavalkya
204:Mou Zongsan
199:Xiong Shili
155: [
143: [
13816:Categories
13711:Philosophy
13701:Literature
13563:Technology
13553:Currencies
13192:Peninsulas
13070:Sinosphere
13065:Indosphere
13014:Subregions
13009:South Asia
13004:North Asia
12878:Inner Asia
12514:Chronology
12386:Amerindian
12293:Australian
12232:Vietnamese
12212:Indonesian
11761:Kantianism
11710:Positivism
11700:Pragmatism
11675:Naturalism
11655:Liberalism
11633:Subjective
11571:Empiricism
11475:Avicennism
11420:Bhedabheda
11304:East Asian
11227:Madhyamaka
11207:Abhidharma
11073:Pyrrhonism
10840:Nominalism
10835:Naturalism
10764:Skepticism
10754:Relativism
10744:Absolutism
10673:Naturalism
10583:Deontology
10555:Skepticism
10540:Naturalism
10530:Empiricism
10494:Aesthetics
10398:Philosophy
10323:Yi Sun-sin
10158:Bronze Age
10095:Capitalism
10020:Typography
10015:Television
9985:Philosophy
9970:Mādhyamaka
9965:Literature
9920:Sinosphere
9840:historical
9172:Philippine
9089:Philosophy
9074:Philosophy
9047:Literature
8618:27 January
8449:27 January
8352:31 October
8320:27 January
8267:27 January
8134:Raud, Rein
7890:31 October
6432:. p. 114.
5753:Gomez 2013
5678:Flood 1996
5634:Knott 1998
5541:Flood 2008
5367:References
5337:Flood 1996
5250:Philosophy
5080:Mao Zedong
5064:Mao Zedong
5053:John Dewey
5033:On Liberty
4932:Upanishads
4838:See also:
4735:Meirokusha
4712:Edo period
4669:Tang Junyi
4649:xīn rú jiā
4600:circa 1960
4492:, and the
4369:definition
4342:statecraft
4264:text, the
4250:Shang Yang
4246:Shen Buhai
4234:government
4205:, such as
3854:See also:
3770:, and the
3737:Mughal Era
3729:Guru Nanak
3706:. Chinese
3673:Dhammapala
3564:Paramartha
3548:Tsongkhapa
3493:Vasubandhu
3481:Abhidharma
3236:liberation
3220:scepticism
3197:Yasovijaya
3189:Kundakunda
3183:and other
3145:liberalism
3133:liberation
3113:omnipotent
2963:Utpaladeva
2908:Bhedabheda
2864:Upanishads
2796:jñanakāṇḍa
2788:karmakāṇḍa
2768:Prabhākara
2719:orthopraxy
2542:school of
2484:perception
2461:Upanishads
2453:liberation
2449:meditation
2381:Vidyaranya
2243:Kama Sutra
2171:Upanishads
2106:South Asia
2078:Common Era
2048:refers to
2040:Sangam era
1989:South Asia
1953:South Asia
1780:Aesthetics
1469:Categories
1411:Philosophy
1250:Yi Eonjeok
1171:Traditions
1107:Ogyū Sorai
1102:Itō Jinsai
1097:Nakae Tōju
1020:Traditions
938:Vasubandhu
921:Madhyamika
914:Traditions
908:The Buddha
888:Haribhadra
858:Nondualism
560:Badarayana
506:Ashtavakra
409:Tsongkhapa
397:Longchenpa
276:Shang Yang
13651:Languages
13641:Etiquette
13636:Education
13575:Transport
13413:Democracy
13401:Elections
13114:Afro-Asia
13038:West Asia
12992:East Asia
12945:Turkestan
12827:Manchuria
12817:Indochina
12711:Near East
12641:Mountains
12576:Geography
12526:Silk Road
12265:Pakistani
12227:Taiwanese
12174:Ethiopian
12147:By region
12133:By region
11948:Scientism
11943:Systemics
11803:Spinozism
11730:Socialism
11665:Modernism
11628:Objective
11536:Anarchism
11470:Averroism
11359:Christian
11311:Neotaoism
11282:Zurvanism
11272:Mithraism
11267:Mazdakism
11038:Cyrenaics
10965:Logicians
10598:Free will
10560:Solipsism
10507:Formalism
10239:CrossAsia
10226:Education
9980:Mythology
9960:Languages
9940:Festivals
9888:Taiwanese
9795:Ryukyuans
9710:subgroups
9629:Hong Kong
9608:East Asia
9329:Abrahamic
9224:Vajrayana
9214:Theravada
9069:Mythology
9042:Languages
8830:Silk Road
8789:Old World
7993:. Iging.
7978:2161-0002
7905:Urs App.
7787:2161-0002
7770:2161-0002
7753:2161-0002
7736:2161-0002
7719:2161-0002
7702:2161-0002
7668:2161-0002
7611:"Zou Yan"
7347:. p. 163.
7274:143889851
7260:(1): 88.
6670:pp. 95–96
6460:, pp. 6–7
6190:, pp. 4–5
6089:, p. xii.
5553:Nath 2001
5300:Dravidian
5262:Mythology
5184:tetsugaku
5168:Rein Raud
5149:Criticism
5139:causality
5123:Carl Jung
5108:took over
5096:socialism
5037:democracy
4973:Heidegger
4935:(primary
4790:Masao Abe
4687:in 1958.
4677:Xu Fuguan
4547:Guo Xiang
4519:Daodejing
4500:Zhuang Zi
4334:pragmatic
4267:Han Feizi
4262:eponymous
4254:Qin state
4207:Singapore
4179:Hong Kong
4068:Xun Kuang
4060:Kǒng Fūzǐ
4056:Confucius
4038:Confucius
3943:Guozijian
3878:Aurobindo
3629:DT Suzuki
3552:Ju Mipham
3489:Nagarjuna
3450:East Asia
3425:ignorance
3407:Sri Lanka
3399:Silk Road
3216:atheistic
3069:cosmology
2977:Raseśvara
2943:Lakulisha
2800:Upaniṣads
2749:prescribe
2741:philology
2690:Śivāditya
2682:Vaiśeṣika
2627:Vaiśeṣika
2622:Vaiśeṣika
2578:Pratyakṣa
2546:explores
2540:The Nyāya
2492:inference
2480:pratyakṣa
2389:Raseśvara
1872:Logicians
1867:Ethicists
1825:Political
1785:Education
1706:Christian
1701:Confucian
1600:Indonesia
1554:By region
1492:By period
1312:Choe Je-u
1270:Bak Jiwon
1000:Emptiness
926:Nagarjuna
647:Patanjali
611:Aurobindo
565:Gaudapada
516:Vashistha
271:Han Feizi
233:Lie Yukou
92:Confucius
13789:Category
13716:Religion
13580:airports
13428:Military
13375:Politics
13154:Plateaus
13092:Physical
13052:Cultural
12854:Mongolia
12810:Xinjiang
12781:Far East
12678:Caucasus
12550:By topic
12541:Cold War
12498:articles
12451:Category
12406:Yugoslav
12396:Romanian
12303:Scottish
12288:American
12217:Japanese
12197:Buddhist
12179:Africana
12169:Egyptian
12011:Feminist
11933:Rawlsian
11928:Quietism
11826:Analytic
11778:Krausism
11685:Nihilism
11650:Kokugaku
11613:Absolute
11608:Idealism
11596:Humanism
11384:Occamism
11351:European
11296:Medieval
11242:Yogacara
11202:Buddhist
11195:Syādvāda
11078:Stoicism
11043:Cynicism
11031:Sophists
11026:Atomists
11021:Eleatics
10960:Legalism
10901:Medieval
10825:Idealism
10779:Ontology
10759:Nihilism
10663:Idealism
10421:Branches
10410:Branches
10346:Printing
10279:Military
10163:Iron Age
10077:Politics
10025:Yogācāra
10010:Surnames
9990:Religion
9900:Buddhism
9878:Japanese
9805:Tibetans
9776:in China
9766:Mongolic
9744:in Japan
9739:in China
9722:Japanese
9658:Mongolia
9639:Mainland
9322:Yazidism
9305:Tengrism
9256:Smartism
9251:Shaktism
9246:Shaivism
9231:Hinduism
9219:Mahayana
9197:Buddhism
9184:Religion
9167:Japanese
9079:Religion
9030:Japanese
9020:Folklore
8998:Buddhist
8988:Calendar
8959:Cyrillic
8919:Alphabet
8894:Cold War
8809:Islamdom
8710:Archived
8675:(2003).
8612:archived
8597:Hinduism
8576:12 March
8570:Archived
8495:Archived
8443:archived
8411:archived
8378:Archived
8346:archived
8314:archived
8278:(2001),
8261:archived
8214:(2008).
8202:(1996),
8144:Archived
8106:Archived
8057:Archived
8041:Archived
7995:Archived
7952:Archived
7884:Archived
7814:Archived
7647:Archived
7614:Archived
7488:Archived
7469:Archived
7441:Archived
7422:Archived
7391:Archived
7125:Archived
7092:Archived
7040:Archived
6952:, p. 654
6925:Archived
6922:Ajivikas
6875:, p. 199
6831:Archived
6780:, p. 67;
6752:Archived
6744:(2006).
6633:Archived
6605:, p. 141
6589:(2007).
6426:Archived
6419:(2008).
6373:, p. 503
6329:Archived
6316:, p. 172
6299:, p. 150
6244:, p. 129
6227:, p. 238
6207:, p. 151
6058:Archived
6030:, p. 259
5993:Archived
5795:Archived
5592:31 March
5586:Archived
5510:, p. 316
5426:Archived
5238:Religion
5226:Hinduism
5194:See also
5112:Legalism
5088:Leninist
4992:and his
4965:Japanese
4927:Hinduism
4820:ideology
4716:Kokugaku
4691:Japanese
4526:Zhuangzi
4467:and the
4465:yin-yang
4456:and the
4238:autocrat
4230:morality
4218:Legalism
4213:Legalism
4048:Kǒngjiào
3981:Legalism
3825:Hinduism
3661:Yin Shun
3568:Xuanzang
3497:Shunyata
3485:Mahayana
3462:ontology
3417:Buddhism
3193:Umasvati
3181:Mahavira
3177:Buddhism
3173:Hinduism
3109:creative
3081:divinity
3073:ontology
3026:Śramaṇic
3006:Śramaṇic
2953:Shaivism
2935:Paśupata
2920:Hinduism
2894:include
2884:Prakriti
2852:and the
2743:and the
2686:Śrīdhara
2678:samavāya
2654:padārtha
2635:paramāṇu
2573:Pramanas
2476:pramanas
2470:Sāmkhya
2403:-sastras
2365:Buddhist
2259:Valluvar
2235:axiology
2231:Pramanas
2203:Ontology
2140:, after
2118:Shaktism
2110:Shaivism
2102:Hinduism
2080:and the
2070:Hinduism
2054:Sanskrit
2036:Valluvar
2019:Hinduism
2001:Mongolia
1830:Religion
1815:Ontology
1795:Language
1749:Branches
1696:Buddhist
1651:American
1573:Ethiopia
1538:Analytic
1518:Medieval
1459:Glossary
1444:Contents
1255:Yi Hwang
1207:Cheontae
1114:Kokugaku
933:Yogacara
900:Buddhism
893:Umaswati
770:Chanakya
757:Valluvar
752:Valluvam
717:Charvaka
594:Ramanuja
263:Legalism
251:Yin yang
228:Zhuangzi
49:a series
47:Part of
13773:Outline
13696:Cuisine
13678:Culture
13620:Society
13596:Markets
13522:Economy
13352:Malesia
13119:Eurasia
13075:Nanyang
12935:Siberia
12631:Islands
12506:History
12401:Russian
12370:Spanish
12365:Slovene
12355:Maltese
12350:Italian
12330:Finland
12298:British
12280:Western
12270:Turkish
12255:Islamic
12250:Iranian
12202:Chinese
12189:Eastern
12156:African
12103:more...
11788:Marxism
11618:British
11561:Dualism
11457:Islamic
11415:Advaita
11405:Vedanta
11379:Scotism
11374:Thomism
11316:Tiantai
11259:Persian
11247:Tibetan
11237:Śūnyatā
11178:Cārvāka
11168:Ājīvika
11163:Mīmāṃsā
11143:Samkhya
11058:Academy
11011:Ionians
10985:Yangism
10942:Chinese
10933:Ancient
10896:Western
10891:Ancient
10850:Realism
10807:Reality
10797:Process
10678:Realism
10658:Dualism
10653:Atomism
10535:Fideism
10304:Sun Tzu
10140:History
10073:Economy
10053:Monsoon
9995:Scripts
9945:Gardens
9915:Cuisine
9873:Chinese
9852:Culture
9815:Uyghurs
9771:Mongols
9734:Koreans
9486:BIMSTEC
9407:Culture
9402:Judaism
9366:Eastern
9361:Culture
9339:Culture
9312:Iranian
9290:Shenism
9268:Jainism
9263:Sikhism
9236:Culture
9202:Culture
9192:Dharmic
9025:Chinese
9010:Cuisine
8993:Chinese
8981:History
8949:Brahmic
8911:Culture
8818:History
8770:culture
8648:3518337
8417:7 March
8183:Sources
8047:14 June
6912:, p. 22
6727:2803303
6618:Jainism
6576:, p. 14
6064:2 March
5999:2 March
5801:2 March
5432:2 March
5420:darzana
5349:Sramana
5347:, the
5212:Portals
5143:I Ching
5127:I Ching
5060:Marxism
5049:Hu Shih
4953:Husserl
4852:New Age
4729:In the
4708:Rangaku
4606:Jingxue
4589:Chinese
4543:Ge Hong
4535:Wang Bi
4508:Xuanxue
4504:Tianshi
4473:Zou Yan
4459:I Ching
4409:Chinese
4361:Míngjiā
4326:jiān ài
4318:Chinese
4258:Han Fei
4199:Vietnam
4064:Mencius
3955:Chinese
3948:Beijing
3892:Jainism
3725:Sikhism
3683:leader
3625:Hu Shih
3580:Tiantai
3509:Pramāṇa
3505:Dignāga
3356:Nalanda
3283:Jainism
3267:Ājīvika
3262:Ājīvika
3252:Cārvāka
3212:Cārvāka
3207:Cārvāka
3165:Samsara
3141:ascetic
3135:of the
3095:Śramaṇa
3085:Jainism
3065:reality
3046:Ājīvika
3038:Cārvāka
3030:Jainism
3000:Śramaṇa
2939:ascetic
2916:Vedānta
2896:Advaita
2892:Vedānta
2872:Brahman
2860:Vedānta
2826:Vedānta
2821:Vedānta
2819:Advaita
2806:Vedānta
2780:Vedānta
2764:Jaimini
2737:mantras
2715:Mīmāṃsā
2710:Mīmāṃsā
2670:sāmānya
2631:atomism
2616:Ishvara
2598:realism
2586:Upamāṇa
2582:Anumāṇa
2552:Pramāṇa
2516:prakṛti
2488:anumāṇa
2465:Sāmkhya
2437:dualist
2433:Sāmkhya
2401:Pramana
2377:Cārvāka
2369:Ajivika
2357:Vedanta
2353:Mīmāṃsā
2345:Samkhya
2318:Brahman
2219:Sunyata
2211:Brahman
2199:pramana
2187:samsara
2173:of the
2090:Jainism
2060:dárśana
2050:ancient
1835:Science
1790:History
1716:Islamic
1676:Russian
1671:Italian
1656:British
1646:Western
1639:Iranian
1615:Vietnam
1590:Chinese
1563:African
1501:Ancient
1464:History
1449:Outline
1322:Persons
1304:Donghak
1233:Persons
1202:Uicheon
1135:Statism
1065:Shingon
990:Nirvana
955:Dignāga
880:Jainism
868:Pramana
863:Samadhi
823:Brahman
788:Atomism
712:Ājīvika
621:Samkhya
555:Advaita
546:Vedanta
538:Jaimini
529:Mimamsa
496:Agastya
392:Nyingma
319:Tientai
304:Sun Tzu
216:Persons
97:Mencius
85:Persons
13794:Portal
13734:Future
13691:Cinema
13661:People
13646:Health
12914:Levant
12800:Taiwan
12769:Arabia
12693:MENASA
12646:Rivers
12592:Cities
12496:
12360:Polish
12340:German
12335:French
12320:Danish
12310:Canada
12260:Jewish
12222:Korean
12207:Indian
11749:People
11670:Monism
11623:German
11591:Holism
11524:Modern
11502:Jewish
11425:Dvaita
11398:Indian
11321:Huayan
11173:Ajñana
11130:Indian
10995:Greco-
10980:Taoism
10970:Mohism
10916:Modern
10883:By era
10872:By era
10787:Action
10668:Monism
10588:Virtue
10570:Ethics
10351:Swords
10178:Sports
9910:Cinema
9883:Korean
9825:Zhuang
9756:Manchu
9727:Yamato
9673:Taiwan
9651:Ryukyu
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4413:pinyin
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4371:, and
4340:, and
4322:pinyin
4320:: 兼愛;
4303:(book)
4280:Mohism
4275:Mohism
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4222:pinyin
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3044:, and
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2418:Dvaita
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1528:Modern
1335:Topics
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1293:Silhak
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1195:Hwaeom
1190:Uisang
1185:Wonhyo
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980:Anicca
975:Anatta
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828:Dharma
792:Atman
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577:Dvaita
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256:Wu wei
239:Topics
211:Daoism
184:Zhu Xi
174:Han Yu
157:simple
145:simple
120:Guanxi
103:Topics
13780:Index
13721:Sport
13706:Music
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12866:Korea
12861:Japan
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12345:Greek
12325:Dutch
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11148:Nyaya
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9975:Music
9925:Dance
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9334:Islam
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9275:Taoic
9057:Chant
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9003:Hindu
8964:Latin
8944:Hanja
8929:Kanji
8924:Hanzi
8644:JSTOR
8088:45–67
7917:(PDF)
7910:(PDF)
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7535:1 May
7270:S2CID
6723:JSTOR
5493:p. 44
5296:Aryan
5269:Notes
5157:Some
4980:Hindu
4937:Hindu
4814:Juche
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4610:Lixue
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3584:Zhiyi
3554:. In
3470:logic
3411:Burma
3403:Tibet
3305:ātman
3300:Vedas
3296:karma
3244:merit
3228:Vedas
3171:like
3161:Moksa
3157:Karma
3119:, an
3117:karma
3115:God,
3014:atman
2937:, an
2926:Other
2878:Ātman
2830:Vedas
2792:Vedas
2727:Vedas
2700:artha
2666:karma
2639:atoms
2594:Nyāya
2590:Śabda
2568:Nyāya
2562:Nyāya
2535:Nyāya
2496:śabda
2435:is a
2385:Śaiva
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2326:Devas
2322:Atman
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2215:Atman
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2130:karma
1997:Tibet
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1568:Egypt
1454:Lists
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1265:Yi Ik
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813:Artha
763:Other
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501:Aruni
472:India
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380:Sakya
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223:Laozi
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147:]
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11326:Chan
11185:Jain
11158:Yoga
10688:Mind
10628:Hard
10616:Hard
10075:and
10000:Seal
9869:Art
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9700:Ainu
9546:RCEP
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9451:APEC
9349:Shia
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8934:Kana
8768:and
8620:2016
8602:ISBN
8578:2021
8560:ISBN
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8485:ISBN
8465:ISBN
8451:2016
8433:ISBN
8419:2018
8401:ISBN
8386:2023
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8322:2016
8304:ISBN
8284:ISBN
8269:2016
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7974:ISSN
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6066:2018
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5824:ISBN
5803:2018
5785:ISBN
5594:2013
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