4799:
5495:
1041:
5521:
762:
5509:
749:
940:
5127:
47:
918:. Aquatic primary productivity refers to the production of organic matter, such as phytoplankton, aquatic plants, and algae, in aquatic ecosystems, which include oceans, lakes, and rivers. Terrestrial primary productivity refers to the organic matter production that takes place in terrestrial ecosystems such as forests, grasslands, and wetlands.
1253:
on the correlation between plant diversity and ecosystem functioning is that productivity increases as species diversity increases. One reasoning for this is that the likelihood of discovering a highly productive species increases as the number of species initially present in an ecosystem increases.
1252:
The connection between plant productivity and biodiversity is a significant topic in ecology, although it has been controversial for decades. Both productivity and species diversity are constricted by other variables such as climate, ecosystem type, and land use intensity. According to some research
921:
Primary production is divided into Net
Primary Production (NPP) and Gross Primary Production (GPP). Gross primary production measures all carbon assimilated into organic molecules by primary producers. Net primary production measures the organic molecules by primary producers. Net primary production
1256:
Other researchers believe that the relationship between species diversity and productivity is unimodal within an ecosystem. A 1999 study on grassland ecosystems in Europe, for example, found that increasing species diversity initially increased productivity but gradually leveled off at intermediate
1265:
Anthropogenic activities (human activities) have impacted the productivity and biomass of several ecosystems. Examples of these activities include habitat modification, freshwater consumption, an increase in nutrients due to fertilizers, and many others. Increased nutrients can stimulate an algal
869:
The productivity of an ecosystem is influenced by a wide range of factors, including nutrient availability, temperature, and water availability. Understanding ecological productivity is vital because it provides insights into how ecosystems function and the extent to which they can support life.
2773:
Carroll, Oliver; Batzer, Evan; Bharath, Siddharth; Borer, Elizabeth T.; Campana, SofĂa; Esch, Ellen; Hautier, Yann; Ohlert, Timothy; Seabloom, Eric W.; Adler, Peter B.; Bakker, Jonathan D.; Biederman, Lori; Bugalho, Miguel N.; Caldeira, Maria; Chen, Qingqing (2021-12-27). Penuelas, Josep (ed.).
1144:
Secondary production can be estimated through a number of different methods including increment summation, removal summation, the instantaneous growth method and the Allen curve method. The choice between these methods will depend on the assumptions of each and the ecosystem under study. For
1159:
is defined as the difference between gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration. The formula to calculate net ecosystem production is NEP = GPP - respiration (by autotrophs) - respiration (by heterotrophs). The key difference between NPP and NEP is that NPP focuses primarily on
2505:
Fraser, Lauchlan H.; Pither, Jason; Jentsch, Anke; Sternberg, Marcelo; Zobel, Martin; Askarizadeh, Diana; Bartha, Sandor; Beierkuhnlein, Carl; Bennett, Jonathan A.; Bittel, Alex; Boldgiv, Bazartseren; Boldrini, Ilsi I.; Bork, Edward; Brown, Leslie; Cabido, Marcelo (2015).
2086:
Galassi, Diana M. P.; Fiasca, Barbara; Di
Lorenzo, Tiziana; Montanari, Alessandro; Porfirio, Silvano; Fattorini, Simone (2017-03-01). "Groundwater biodiversity in a chemoautotrophic cave ecosystem: how geochemistry regulates microcrustacean community structure".
1266:
bloom in waterbodies, increasing primary production but making the ecosystem less stable. This would raise secondary production and have a trophic cascade effect across the food chain, ultimately increasing overall ecosystem productivity.
1020:). Organisms in the SAR clade that developed plastids did so through a secondary or a tertiary endosymbiotic relationships with green algae and/or red algae. The SAR clade includes many aquatic and marine primary producers such as
2587:
Hector, A.; Schmid, B.; Beierkuhnlein, C.; Caldeira, M. C.; Diemer, M.; Dimitrakopoulos, P. G.; Finn, J. A.; Freitas, H.; Giller, P. S.; Good, J.; Harris, R.; Högberg, P.; Huss-Danell, K.; Joshi, J.; Jumpponen, A. (1999-11-05).
922:
also measures the amount of carbon assimilated into organic molecules by primary producers, but does not include organic molecules that are then broken down again by these organism for biological processes such as
1257:
levels of diversity. More recently, a meta-analysis of 44 studies from various ecosystem types observed that the interaction between diversity and production was unimodal in all but one study.
4958:
5450:
1900:
Lazar, Cassandre Sara; Stoll, Wenke; Lehmann, Robert; Herrmann, Martina; Schwab, Valérie F.; Akob, Denise M.; Nawaz, Ali; Wubet, Tesfaye; Buscot, François (2017-06-13).
2839:
Conley, Daniel J.; Paerl, Hans W.; Howarth, Robert W.; Boesch, Donald F.; Seitzinger, Sybil P.; Havens, Karl E.; Lancelot, Christiane; Likens, Gene E. (2009-02-20).
4953:
2331:
Brun, Philipp; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; Graham, Catherine H.; Lavergne, SĂ©bastien; Pellissier, LoĂŻc; MĂĽnkemĂĽller, Tamara; Thuiller, Wilfried (2019-12-12).
1851:
Grattepanche, Jean-David; Walker, Laura M.; Ott, Brittany M.; Paim Pinto, Daniela L.; Delwiche, Charles F.; Lane, Christopher E.; Katz, Laura A. (2018).
4983:
1754:
Ford
Doolittle, W (1998-12-01). "You are what you eat: a gene transfer ratchet could account for bacterial genes in eukaryotic nuclear genomes".
3658:
2911:
4475:
2130:
2158:
4823:
3802:
4568:
3872:
793:
2260:
83:
4798:
3444:
2466:
Waide, R. B.; Willig, M. R.; Steiner, C. F.; Mittelbach, G.; Gough, L.; Dodson, S. I.; Juday, G. P.; Parmenter, R. (November 1999).
3409:
4973:
4758:
1160:
autotrophic production, whereas NEP incorporates the contributions of other aspects of the ecosystem to the total carbon budget.
17:
3882:
3610:
1327:
2040:
4988:
3887:
699:
480:
5086:
4948:
4075:
694:
1523:
Scognamiglio, Viviana; Giardi, Maria Teresa; Zappi, Daniele; Touloupakis, Eleftherios; Antonacci, Amina (January 2021).
3828:
3651:
3492:
2904:
4978:
3164:
5550:
4613:
4468:
1313:
3625:
1853:"Microbial Diversity in the Eukaryotic SAR Clade: Illuminating the Darkness Between Morphology and Molecular Data"
3907:
3620:
3487:
3199:
2301:
5555:
5440:
4292:
4165:
2706:
Isbell, Forest; Reich, Peter B.; Tilman, David; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Polasky, Stephen; Binder, Seth (2013-07-16).
786:
1082:
domains. Lithoautotrophy is the only form of primary production possible in ecosystems without light such as
4338:
3937:
3892:
3644:
2897:
1000:. The productivity of plants, while being photoautotrophs, is also dependent on factors such as salinity and
960:
Photoautotrophs exists across the tree of life. Many bacterial taxa are known to be photoautotrophic such as
3424:
5460:
5445:
3770:
2641:"Impacts of plant diversity on biomass production increase through time because of species complementarity"
2285:
5455:
4461:
4127:
3018:
926:. The formula used to calculate NPP is net primary production = gross primary production - respiration.
4763:
4192:
3912:
3399:
3116:
3013:
1004:
from the surrounding environment. The rest of the eukaryotic photoautotrophic organisms are within the
2401:"Diversity–productivity relationships: Initial effects, long-term patterns, and underlying mechanisms"
5071:
4965:
4373:
3985:
3877:
3735:
3720:
3715:
3394:
3106:
2467:
1466:"The global impact factors of net primary production in different land cover types from 2005 to 2011"
1290:
1122:
food. Secondary production is sometimes defined to only include consumption of primary producers by
779:
62:
2889:
1592:"Cyanobacteria: A Precious Bio-resource in Agriculture, Ecosystem, and Environmental Sustainability"
5545:
5524:
5317:
5312:
4608:
4363:
4358:
4328:
4132:
3595:
3477:
1156:
689:
3636:
3267:
5225:
5036:
4930:
4658:
4648:
4207:
4070:
3980:
3848:
3730:
3700:
3557:
3522:
3242:
3209:
3184:
1319:
1651:"Carbon Metabolic Pathways in Phototrophic Bacteria and Their Broader Evolutionary Implications"
5051:
5041:
4743:
4353:
4297:
4232:
4095:
4030:
3965:
3527:
3315:
3003:
2508:"Worldwide evidence of a unimodal relationship between productivity and plant species richness"
1119:
684:
290:
1350:
1110:(consumer) organisms in a system. This is driven by the transfer of organic material between
5470:
5397:
5332:
5197:
5172:
5147:
5031:
4778:
4558:
4257:
4202:
4065:
4050:
3833:
3790:
3780:
3775:
3532:
3512:
3368:
3358:
3300:
3295:
3131:
2983:
375:
350:
330:
165:
145:
2589:
2286:"Net Ecosystem Production: A Comprehensive Measure of Net Carbon Accumulation by Ecosystems"
1130:
consumers), but is more commonly defined to include all biomass generation by heterotrophs.
5205:
5167:
4498:
4383:
4348:
4343:
4267:
4262:
4217:
4115:
4085:
4080:
3932:
3795:
3785:
3330:
3169:
2958:
2719:
2708:"Nutrient enrichment, biodiversity loss, and consequent declines in ecosystem productivity"
2652:
2635:
Cardinale, Bradley J.; Wright, Justin P.; Cadotte, Marc W.; Carroll, Ian T.; Hector, Andy;
2519:
2412:
2344:
2218:
2096:
2052:
1968:
1712:
1536:
923:
717:
595:
405:
355:
8:
5427:
5081:
4890:
4848:
4618:
4578:
4433:
4408:
4272:
4242:
4187:
4100:
3990:
3975:
3922:
3755:
3690:
3572:
3502:
3434:
3033:
2284:
Randerson, J. T.; Chapin, F. S.; Harden, J. W.; Neff, J. C.; Harmon, M. E. (2002-08-01).
1150:
1146:
997:
969:
732:
722:
510:
380:
72:
2775:
2723:
2656:
2523:
2416:
2348:
2222:
2100:
2056:
2041:"The role of anaerobic fungi in fundamental biogeochemical cycles in the deep biosphere"
1972:
1716:
1540:
5347:
5342:
5210:
5152:
5046:
4895:
4813:
4698:
4678:
4588:
4531:
4444:
4393:
4388:
4197:
4160:
3902:
3858:
3823:
3680:
3605:
3507:
3439:
3429:
3363:
3310:
3121:
3066:
3028:
2953:
2876:
2821:
2750:
2707:
2683:
2640:
2569:
2553:
2373:
2332:
2313:
2242:
2112:
2068:
1932:
1901:
1882:
1825:
1790:
1736:
1677:
1650:
1626:
1591:
1567:
1524:
1500:
1465:
1408:
892:
884:
879:
679:
625:
605:
590:
415:
410:
79:
67:
2840:
2776:"Nutrient identity modifies the destabilising effects of eutrophication in grasslands"
2443:
2400:
1767:
5357:
5235:
5182:
5101:
4768:
4733:
4673:
4633:
4603:
4573:
4484:
4333:
4302:
4090:
3917:
3725:
3590:
3567:
3305:
3081:
2993:
2978:
2963:
2943:
2868:
2860:
2825:
2813:
2805:
2755:
2737:
2688:
2670:
2617:
2609:
2561:
2545:
2487:
2483:
2448:
2430:
2378:
2360:
2305:
2234:
2206:
1981:
1956:
1937:
1874:
1830:
1812:
1771:
1728:
1682:
1631:
1613:
1572:
1554:
1505:
1487:
1413:
1395:
1323:
1280:
1275:
1087:
839:
815:
727:
610:
490:
345:
178:
116:
2880:
2573:
2317:
2116:
2072:
1791:"Benefits to Plant Health and Productivity From Enhancing Plant Microbial Symbionts"
1740:
1070:
to fix carbon and participate in primary production. Lithoautotrophic organisms are
5465:
5157:
5061:
5013:
4925:
4818:
4516:
4287:
4150:
4142:
4060:
3942:
3927:
3863:
3843:
3760:
3750:
3745:
3710:
3542:
3482:
3353:
3154:
3096:
3008:
2968:
2852:
2795:
2787:
2745:
2727:
2678:
2660:
2636:
2601:
2535:
2527:
2479:
2438:
2420:
2368:
2352:
2297:
2246:
2226:
2104:
2060:
2019:
2009:
1976:
1927:
1917:
1886:
1864:
1820:
1802:
1763:
1720:
1672:
1662:
1621:
1603:
1562:
1544:
1495:
1477:
1444:
1403:
1387:
1115:
1059:
888:
766:
335:
174:
2605:
1724:
5435:
5402:
5263:
5215:
5091:
5066:
4875:
4828:
4753:
4598:
4583:
4423:
4282:
4252:
4247:
4237:
4170:
4155:
4035:
4015:
3897:
3765:
3671:
3562:
3472:
3414:
2998:
2924:
950:
895:
molecules. Primary production in most ecosystems is dominated by the process of
620:
585:
1040:
150:
5299:
5253:
5248:
5220:
5187:
5056:
4915:
4843:
4833:
4683:
4628:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4403:
4227:
4180:
4110:
4105:
4000:
3867:
3740:
3547:
3537:
3517:
3320:
3285:
3224:
3101:
3056:
2948:
2356:
2333:"The productivity-biodiversity relationship varies across diversity dimensions"
1091:
1051:
1029:
1005:
1001:
981:
972:
gained the ability to participate in photosynthesis through the development of
965:
954:
896:
753:
475:
285:
2230:
2108:
2064:
1703:(1968-09-06). "Evolutionary criteria in thallophytes: a radical alternative".
1482:
5539:
5513:
5407:
5372:
5273:
5268:
5243:
4773:
4738:
4713:
4563:
4526:
4428:
3404:
3378:
3335:
3325:
3280:
3247:
3139:
2973:
2928:
2864:
2809:
2741:
2674:
2613:
2549:
2491:
2434:
2364:
2309:
2238:
1816:
1807:
1700:
1667:
1617:
1608:
1558:
1525:"Photoautotrophs–Bacteria Co-Cultures: Advances, Challenges and Applications"
1491:
1399:
1149:
should be distinguished, whether linear mortality can be assumed and whether
1111:
977:
961:
555:
450:
340:
315:
310:
2856:
2732:
2665:
2531:
2425:
2014:
1997:
5499:
5278:
5258:
5162:
4900:
4783:
4703:
4663:
4653:
4623:
4413:
4398:
4055:
4025:
3970:
3853:
3818:
3695:
3194:
2872:
2817:
2759:
2692:
2621:
2565:
2452:
2382:
1941:
1922:
1878:
1869:
1852:
1834:
1732:
1686:
1635:
1576:
1509:
1417:
1055:
1009:
600:
580:
545:
540:
530:
525:
505:
485:
395:
365:
325:
305:
295:
275:
270:
265:
260:
160:
2186:
Allen, K.R. (1951). "The
Horokiwi Stream: A study of a trout population".
1775:
1590:
Singh, Jay
Shankar; Kumar, Arun; Rai, Amar N.; Singh, Devendra P. (2016).
1168:
Following is the list of ecosystems in order of decreasing productivity.
5412:
5387:
5382:
5352:
5135:
5111:
5076:
4885:
4788:
4708:
4668:
4521:
3705:
3252:
3214:
3189:
3179:
3144:
3091:
3071:
1449:
1432:
1107:
1083:
1067:
993:
989:
855:
650:
645:
615:
570:
515:
455:
440:
435:
400:
360:
250:
240:
235:
155:
101:
2557:
2507:
1391:
5392:
5327:
5116:
5096:
4880:
4853:
4638:
4551:
4418:
3995:
3960:
3600:
3552:
3497:
3467:
3373:
3290:
3234:
3111:
3061:
2800:
2540:
1549:
1071:
835:
635:
630:
575:
560:
500:
465:
460:
430:
390:
370:
300:
280:
140:
135:
5508:
2791:
1649:
Tang, Kuo-Hsiang; Tang, Yinjie J.; Blankenship, Robert Eugene (2011).
1375:
5417:
5322:
5106:
4870:
4863:
4838:
4748:
4453:
4323:
4277:
4005:
3449:
3419:
3219:
3174:
3149:
3086:
3076:
3051:
3043:
2988:
2919:
2590:"Plant Diversity and Productivity Experiments in European Grasslands"
2207:"Is Net Ecosystem Production Equal to Ecosystem Carbon Accumulation?"
2024:
1127:
1123:
1013:
985:
843:
819:
675:
550:
535:
520:
470:
445:
198:
111:
106:
5367:
5177:
4723:
4718:
4643:
4378:
4307:
3838:
3666:
3345:
3257:
3204:
3159:
2205:
Lovett, Gary M.; Cole, Jonathan J.; Pace, Michael L. (2006-01-30).
2166:
2138:
1285:
1075:
1017:
900:
748:
640:
565:
495:
425:
420:
245:
214:
193:
1522:
1247:
939:
5377:
5337:
5307:
5285:
4905:
4693:
4593:
4368:
4175:
4045:
4040:
3667:
3615:
3275:
2920:
2586:
1134:
1103:
1079:
1063:
973:
953:, and thus participate in primary production, are referred to as
807:
655:
385:
255:
202:
188:
38:
5126:
4496:
2085:
1133:
Organisms responsible for secondary production include animals,
5362:
4688:
1906:
Fixers in
Carbonate-/Siliciclastic-Rock Groundwater Ecosystems"
1850:
1789:
Harman, Gary; Khadka, Ram; Doni, Febri; Uphoff, Norman (2021).
1025:
996:
originating from an ancient endosymbiotic relationship with an
859:
320:
210:
1998:"Chemoautotrophy at Deep-Sea Vents: Past, Present, and Future"
2634:
1138:
847:
206:
46:
2504:
2468:"The Relationship Between Productivity and Species Richness"
2465:
2330:
4858:
2302:
10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0937:NEPACM]2.0.CO;2
1021:
827:
823:
126:
4920:
4910:
2772:
2283:
1899:
1054:. Lithoautotrophs use reduced chemical compounds such as
912:
904:
831:
2838:
2705:
899:, In which organisms synthesize organic molecules from
1788:
2841:"Controlling Eutrophication: Nitrogen and Phosphorus"
1996:
Sievert, Stefan; Vetriani, Costantino (2012-03-01).
826:
per volume (unit surface) per unit of time, such as
2399:van Ruijven, Jasper; Berendse, Frank (2005-01-18).
2398:
1648:
1957:"Microbial biodiversity in groundwater ecosystems"
1589:
1126:consumers (with tertiary production referring to
5537:
2639:; Loreau, Michel; Weis, Jerome J. (2007-11-13).
2188:New Zealand Marine Department Fisheries Bulletin
2712:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2645:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2405:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1995:
1954:
1846:
1844:
1248:Species diversity and productivity relationship
2204:
2039:Drake, Henrik; Ivarsson, Magnus (2018-01-01).
1753:
1433:"Primary Production in Terrestrial Ecosystems"
4759:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
4469:
3652:
2905:
2038:
787:
27:Rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem
2131:"Definition of term: "Secondary production""
1841:
4824:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
2159:"Definition of term: "Tertiary production""
1074:and are represented by members of both the
1050:The other process of primary production is
4476:
4462:
3873:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
3659:
3645:
2912:
2898:
1102:Secondary production is the generation of
794:
780:
2799:
2749:
2731:
2682:
2664:
2539:
2442:
2424:
2372:
2023:
2013:
1980:
1931:
1921:
1868:
1824:
1806:
1676:
1666:
1625:
1607:
1566:
1548:
1499:
1481:
1448:
1407:
3771:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
3410:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
2472:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
2261:"The Flow of Energy: Primary Production"
1699:
1430:
1307:
1305:
1039:
938:
834:(g m d). The unit of mass can relate to
3803:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
1373:
1097:
949:Organisms that rely on light energy to
14:
5538:
4483:
3611:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
1463:
1348:
1311:
5012:
5011:
4495:
4457:
3640:
2893:
2394:
2392:
2185:
1302:
1260:
1114:, and represents the quantity of new
873:
3626:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
929:
814:refers to the rate of generation of
5087:Oceanic physical-biological process
4949:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
4076:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
24:
3829:Ecological effects of biodiversity
2389:
1955:Griebler, C.; Lueders, T. (2009).
1431:Woodwell, George (1 August 2015).
1374:Johnson, Matthew P. (2016-10-26).
1035:
934:
25:
5567:
3165:Generalist and specialist species
1464:Yu, Bo; Chen, Fang (2016-08-02).
5520:
5519:
5507:
5493:
5125:
4797:
4614:Colored dissolved organic matter
3888:Occupancy–abundance relationship
2484:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.257
1982:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02013.x
1177:Biomass productivity (gC/m²/yr)
822:, usually expressed in units of
761:
760:
747:
45:
4959:Latin America and the Caribbean
3908:Relative abundance distribution
3621:Plant defense against herbivory
3488:Competitive exclusion principle
3200:Mesopredator release hypothesis
2832:
2766:
2699:
2628:
2580:
2498:
2459:
2324:
2277:
2253:
2198:
2179:
2151:
2123:
2079:
2032:
1989:
1948:
1893:
1782:
1747:
1163:
5441:Ecological values of mangroves
4984:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
3493:Consumer–resource interactions
1693:
1642:
1583:
1516:
1457:
1424:
1367:
1342:
1318:(Third ed.). Oxford, UK:
1312:Allaby, Michael, ed. (2006) .
13:
1:
4339:Biological data visualization
4166:Environmental niche modelling
3893:Population viability analysis
2606:10.1126/science.286.5442.1123
1768:10.1016/S0168-9525(98)01494-2
1725:10.1126/science.161.3845.1020
1296:
5461:Marine conservation activism
5446:Fisheries and climate change
3824:Density-dependent inhibition
1045:Chemosynthetic Microbial Mat
854:, while the productivity of
838:or to the mass of generated
7:
5456:Human impact on marine life
5333:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
4569:Aquatic population dynamics
4293:Liebig's law of the minimum
4128:Resource selection function
3019:Metabolic theory of ecology
1269:
1118:created through the use of
992:, and plants, have evolved
968:(formerly proteobacteria).
10:
5572:
4193:Niche apportionment models
3913:Relative species abundance
3117:Primary nutritional groups
3014:List of feeding behaviours
2357:10.1038/s41467-019-13678-1
2265:www.globalchange.umich.edu
1902:"Archaeal Diversity and CO
1795:Frontiers in Plant Science
1349:US EPA, ORD (2017-11-01).
877:
5487:
5426:
5298:
5234:
5196:
5143:
5134:
5123:
5072:Marine primary production
5024:
5020:
5007:
4966:List of marine ecoregions
4941:
4806:
4795:
4509:
4505:
4491:
4442:
4374:Ecosystem based fisheries
4316:
4216:
4141:
4014:
3986:Interspecific competition
3951:
3878:Minimum viable population
3811:
3736:Maximum sustainable yield
3721:Intraspecific competition
3716:Effective population size
3679:
3596:Anti-predator adaptations
3581:
3460:
3387:
3344:
3266:
3233:
3130:
3107:Photosynthetic efficiency
3042:
2936:
2231:10.1007/s10021-005-0036-3
2109:10.1007/s10452-016-9599-7
2065:10.1016/j.fbr.2017.10.001
1655:Frontiers in Microbiology
1596:Frontiers in Microbiology
1483:10.1186/s40064-016-2910-1
1291:Agricultural productivity
700:List of unsolved problems
5318:Coastal biogeomorphology
5313:Marine coastal ecosystem
4364:Ecological stoichiometry
4329:Alternative stable state
1808:10.3389/fpls.2020.610065
1668:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00165
1609:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00529
1157:Net ecosystem production
695:List of research methods
5551:Biological oceanography
5226:Paradox of the plankton
5037:Diel vertical migration
4931:Freshwater swamp forest
4649:GIS and aquatic science
4497:General components and
4208:Ontogenetic niche shift
4071:Ideal free distribution
3981:Ecological facilitation
3731:Malthusian growth model
3701:Consumer-resource model
3558:Paradox of the plankton
3523:Energy systems language
3243:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
3210:Optimal foraging theory
3185:Heterotrophic nutrition
2857:10.1126/science.1167755
2733:10.1073/pnas.1310880110
2666:10.1073/pnas.0709069104
2532:10.1126/science.aab3916
2426:10.1073/pnas.0407524102
2290:Ecological Applications
2015:10.5670/oceanog.2012.21
1320:Oxford University Press
1315:A Dictionary of Ecology
1094:, and cave ecosystems.
166:Response to environment
18:Ecological productivity
5052:Large marine ecosystem
4744:Shoaling and schooling
4354:Ecological forecasting
4298:Marginal value theorem
4096:Landscape epidemiology
4031:Cross-boundary subsidy
3966:Biological interaction
3316:Microbial intelligence
3004:Green world hypothesis
2045:Fungal Biology Reviews
1870:10.1002/bies.201700198
1380:Essays in Biochemistry
1351:"Ecological Condition"
1047:
946:
864:secondary productivity
842:. The productivity of
685:List of biology awards
291:Biological engineering
5556:Chemical oceanography
5471:Marine protected area
5398:Salt pannes and pools
5173:Marine larval ecology
5148:Census of Marine Life
5032:Deep scattering layer
4989:San Francisco Estuary
4954:Africa and Madagascar
4779:Underwater camouflage
4559:Aquatic biomonitoring
4499:freshwater ecosystems
4359:Ecological humanities
4258:Ecological energetics
4203:Niche differentiation
4066:Habitat fragmentation
3834:Ecological extinction
3781:Small population size
3533:Feed conversion ratio
3513:Ecological succession
3445:San Francisco Estuary
3359:Ecological efficiency
3301:Microbial cooperation
2337:Nature Communications
1043:
942:
830:per square metre per
376:Developmental biology
351:Computational biology
331:Cellular microbiology
5206:Marine bacteriophage
5168:Marine invertebrates
4384:Evolutionary ecology
4349:Ecological footprint
4344:Ecological economics
4268:Ecological threshold
4263:Ecological indicator
4133:Source–sink dynamics
4086:Land change modeling
4081:Insular biogeography
3933:Species distribution
3672:Modelling ecosystems
3331:Microbial metabolism
3170:Intraguild predation
2959:Biogeochemical cycle
2925:Modelling ecosystems
2637:Srivastava, Diane S.
1923:10.1155/2017/2136287
1098:Secondary production
970:Eukaryotic organisms
924:cellular respiration
887:is the synthesis of
852:primary productivity
718:Agricultural science
596:Reproductive biology
481:Mathematical biology
406:Evolutionary biology
356:Conservation biology
5082:Ocean fertilization
4891:Trophic state index
4849:Lake stratification
4579:Aquatic respiration
4434:Theoretical ecology
4409:Natural environment
4273:Ecosystem diversity
4243:Ecological collapse
4233:Bateman's principle
4188:Limiting similarity
4101:Landscape limnology
3923:Species homogeneity
3761:Population modeling
3756:Population dynamics
3573:Trophic state index
2851:(5917): 1014–1015.
2724:2013PNAS..11011911I
2718:(29): 11911–11916.
2657:2007PNAS..10418123C
2651:(46): 18123–18128.
2600:(5442): 1123–1127.
2524:2015Sci...349..302F
2417:2005PNAS..102..695V
2349:2019NatCo..10.5691B
2223:2006Ecosy...9..152L
2101:2017AqEco..51...75G
2057:2018FunBR..32...20D
1973:2009FrBio..54..649G
1717:1968Sci...161.1020M
1711:(3845): 1020–1022.
1541:2021Mate...14.3027S
1392:10.1042/EBC20160016
1182:Swamps and Marshes
1141:and many bacteria.
998:Alphaproteobacteria
723:Biomedical sciences
381:Ecological genetics
33:Part of a series on
5348:Intertidal wetland
5343:Intertidal ecology
5211:Marine prokaryotes
5153:Deep-sea community
5047:Iron fertilization
4970:Specific examples
4896:Upland and lowland
4814:Freshwater biology
4679:Microbial food web
4589:Aquatic toxicology
4532:Aquatic adaptation
4485:Aquatic ecosystems
4445:Outline of ecology
4394:Industrial ecology
4389:Functional ecology
4253:Ecological deficit
4198:Niche construction
4161:Ecosystem engineer
3938:Species–area curve
3859:Introduced species
3674:: Other components
3606:Deimatic behaviour
3508:Ecological network
3440:North Pacific Gyre
3425:hydrothermal vents
3364:Ecological pyramid
3311:Microbial food web
3122:Primary production
3067:Foundation species
2163:The Glossary Table
2135:The Glossary Table
1961:Freshwater Biology
1756:Trends in Genetics
1550:10.3390/ma14113027
1450:10.1093/icb/8.1.19
1437:American Zoologist
1261:Human interactions
1214:Temperate forests
1145:instance, whether
1048:
947:
885:Primary production
880:Primary production
874:Primary production
754:Biology portal
606:Structural biology
591:Relational biology
416:Generative biology
411:Freshwater biology
5533:
5532:
5514:Oceans portal
5483:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5358:Hydrothermal vent
5294:
5293:
5183:Seashore wildlife
5014:Marine ecosystems
5003:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4769:Thermal pollution
4734:Ramsar Convention
4674:Microbial ecology
4634:Fisheries science
4574:Aquatic predation
4451:
4450:
4334:Balance of nature
4091:Landscape ecology
3976:Community ecology
3918:Species diversity
3854:Indicator species
3849:Gradient analysis
3726:Logistic function
3634:
3633:
3591:Animal coloration
3568:Trophic mutualism
3306:Microbial ecology
3097:Photoheterotrophs
3082:Myco-heterotrophy
2994:Ecosystem ecology
2979:Carrying capacity
2944:Abiotic component
2792:10.1111/ele.13946
2518:(6245): 302–305.
1329:978-0-19-860905-6
1281:Community ecology
1276:Biomass (ecology)
1245:
1244:
1222:Cultivated lands
1151:population growth
1088:hydrothermal vent
1002:abiotic stressors
984:, which includes
930:Primary producers
804:
803:
728:Health technology
611:Synthetic biology
491:Molecular biology
346:Cognitive biology
141:Energy processing
16:(Redirected from
5563:
5523:
5522:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5502:
5500:Lakes portal
5498:
5497:
5496:
5466:Marine pollution
5158:Deep-water coral
5141:
5140:
5129:
5062:Marine chemistry
5022:
5021:
5009:
5008:
4926:Freshwater marsh
4819:Freshwater biome
4801:
4517:Acoustic ecology
4507:
4506:
4493:
4492:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4455:
4454:
4151:Ecological niche
4123:selection theory
3943:Umbrella species
3928:Species richness
3864:Invasive species
3844:Flagship species
3751:Population cycle
3746:Overexploitation
3711:Ecological yield
3661:
3654:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3543:Mesotrophic soil
3483:Climax community
3415:Marine food webs
3354:Biomagnification
3155:Chemoorganotroph
3009:Keystone species
2969:Biotic component
2914:
2907:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2803:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2735:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2668:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2543:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2428:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2017:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1872:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1810:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1670:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1611:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1552:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1485:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1376:"Photosynthesis"
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1309:
1206:River estuaries
1171:
1170:
1153:is exponential.
1060:hydrogen sulfide
796:
789:
782:
769:
764:
763:
756:
752:
751:
690:List of journals
336:Chemical biology
49:
30:
29:
21:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5546:Aquatic ecology
5536:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5506:
5505:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5475:
5436:Coral bleaching
5422:
5403:Seagrass meadow
5300:Marine habitats
5290:
5264:Coral reef fish
5230:
5216:Marine protists
5192:
5130:
5121:
5092:Ocean turbidity
5067:Marine food web
5016:
4995:
4937:
4876:River ecosystem
4829:Freshwater fish
4802:
4793:
4599:Bioluminescence
4584:Aquatic science
4501:
4487:
4482:
4452:
4447:
4438:
4424:Systems ecology
4312:
4283:Extinction debt
4248:Ecological debt
4238:Bioluminescence
4219:
4212:
4181:marine habitats
4156:Ecological trap
4137:
4017:
4010:
3953:
3947:
3903:Rapoport's rule
3898:Priority effect
3839:Endemic species
3807:
3766:Population size
3682:
3675:
3665:
3635:
3630:
3583:
3577:
3563:Trophic cascade
3473:Bioaccumulation
3456:
3383:
3340:
3262:
3229:
3126:
3038:
2999:Ecosystem model
2932:
2918:
2888:
2837:
2833:
2780:Ecology Letters
2771:
2767:
2704:
2700:
2633:
2629:
2585:
2581:
2503:
2499:
2464:
2460:
2397:
2390:
2329:
2325:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2203:
2199:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2089:Aquatic Ecology
2084:
2080:
2037:
2033:
1994:
1990:
1953:
1949:
1905:
1898:
1894:
1863:(4): e1700198.
1849:
1842:
1787:
1783:
1752:
1748:
1698:
1694:
1647:
1643:
1588:
1584:
1521:
1517:
1462:
1458:
1429:
1425:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1272:
1263:
1250:
1166:
1100:
1092:soil ecosystems
1052:lithoautotrophy
1038:
1036:Lithoautotrophs
1030:Dinoflagellates
980:relationships.
955:photoautotrophs
944:Photoautotrophy
937:
935:Photoautotrophs
932:
916:
908:
882:
876:
800:
759:
746:
745:
738:
737:
713:
705:
704:
671:
663:
662:
661:
660:
621:Systems biology
586:Quantum biology
229:
221:
220:
185:
170:
132:
121:
97:
89:
54:
52:Science of life
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5569:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5517:
5503:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5304:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5254:Saltwater fish
5251:
5249:Marine reptile
5246:
5240:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5221:Marine viruses
5218:
5213:
5208:
5202:
5200:
5198:Microorganisms
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5188:Wild fisheries
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5102:Thorson's rule
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5057:Marine biology
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5026:
5018:
5017:
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4968:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4916:Brackish marsh
4913:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4844:Lake ecosystem
4841:
4836:
4834:Hyporheic zone
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4684:Microbial loop
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4629:Eutrophication
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4609:Cascade effect
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4537:Aquatic animal
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4503:
4502:
4489:
4488:
4481:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4458:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4404:Microecosystem
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4303:Thorson's rule
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4228:Assembly rules
4224:
4222:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4113:
4111:Patch dynamics
4108:
4106:Metapopulation
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
4001:Storage effect
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3883:Neutral theory
3880:
3875:
3870:
3868:Native species
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3741:Overpopulation
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3677:
3676:
3664:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3548:Nutrient cycle
3545:
3540:
3538:Feeding frenzy
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3518:Energy quality
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3478:Cascade effect
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3321:Microbial loop
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3286:Lithoautotroph
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3268:Microorganisms
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3225:Prey switching
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:Photosynthesis
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3057:Chemosynthesis
3054:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2949:Abiotic stress
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2887:
2886:
2831:
2786:(4): 754–765.
2765:
2698:
2627:
2579:
2497:
2478:(1): 257–300.
2458:
2411:(3): 695–700.
2388:
2323:
2296:(4): 937–947.
2276:
2252:
2217:(1): 152–155.
2197:
2178:
2150:
2122:
2078:
2031:
2008:(1): 218–233.
1988:
1967:(4): 649–677.
1947:
1903:
1892:
1840:
1781:
1762:(8): 307–311.
1746:
1692:
1641:
1582:
1515:
1456:
1423:
1386:(3): 255–273.
1366:
1341:
1328:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1165:
1162:
1112:trophic levels
1099:
1096:
1037:
1034:
982:Archaeplastida
966:Pseudomonadota
936:
933:
931:
928:
914:
906:
897:photosynthesis
891:material from
878:Main article:
875:
872:
802:
801:
799:
798:
791:
784:
776:
773:
772:
771:
770:
757:
740:
739:
736:
735:
730:
725:
720:
714:
711:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
476:Marine biology
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
286:Bioinformatics
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
232:
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
196:
191:
184:
183:
169:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
131:
130:
125:Properties of
120:
119:
114:
109:
104:
98:
96:Key components
95:
94:
91:
90:
88:
87:
76:
75:
70:
65:
59:
56:
55:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5568:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5526:
5518:
5515:
5510:
5504:
5501:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5408:Sponge ground
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5373:Marine biomes
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5274:Demersal fish
5272:
5270:
5269:Deep-sea fish
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5244:Marine mammal
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5006:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4774:Trophic level
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4739:Sediment trap
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:Phytoplankton
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4564:Aquatic plant
4562:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4527:Anoxic waters
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4474:
4472:
4467:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4429:Urban ecology
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:Kleiber's law
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4061:Foster's rule
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3379:Trophic level
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3336:Phage ecology
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Microbial mat
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Bacteriophage
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:Decomposition
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:Mesopredators
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Apex predator
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:Biotic stress
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2393:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
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1109:
1108:heterotrophic
1105:
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987:
983:
979:
978:endosymbiotic
976:derived from
975:
971:
967:
963:
962:cyanobacteria
958:
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945:
941:
927:
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556:Phylogenetics
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451:Human biology
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341:Chronobiology
339:
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316:Biotechnology
314:
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311:Biostatistics
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48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5428:Conservation
5279:Pelagic fish
5259:Coastal fish
5163:Marine fungi
4901:Water garden
4784:Water column
4729:Productivity
4728:
4704:Pelagic zone
4664:Macrobenthos
4654:Hydrobiology
4624:Ecohydrology
4414:Regime shift
4399:Macroecology
4120:
4116:
4056:Edge effects
4026:Biogeography
3971:Commensalism
3819:Biodiversity
3696:Allee effect
3435:kelp forests
3388:Example webs
3253:Detritivores
3092:Organotrophs
3072:Kinetotrophs
3024:Productivity
3023:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2783:
2779:
2768:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2648:
2644:
2630:
2597:
2593:
2582:
2515:
2511:
2500:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2408:
2404:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2268:. Retrieved
2264:
2255:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2170:. Retrieved
2162:
2153:
2142:. Retrieved
2134:
2125:
2095:(1): 75–90.
2092:
2088:
2081:
2051:(1): 20–25.
2048:
2044:
2034:
2005:
2002:Oceanography
2001:
1991:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1913:
1909:
1895:
1860:
1856:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1708:
1704:
1701:Margulis, L.
1695:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1535:(11): 3027.
1532:
1528:
1518:
1473:
1470:SpringerPlus
1469:
1459:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1358:. Retrieved
1354:
1344:
1333:. Retrieved
1314:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1190:Coral reefs
1167:
1164:Productivity
1155:
1143:
1132:
1101:
1090:ecosystems,
1086:ecosystems,
1084:ground-water
1056:hydrogen gas
1049:
1044:
1010:Stramenopila
1008:(Comprising
994:chloroplasts
959:
948:
943:
920:
883:
868:
863:
862:, is called
856:heterotrophs
851:
850:, is called
812:productivity
811:
805:
712:Applications
601:Sociobiology
581:Protistology
546:Photobiology
541:Pharmacology
531:Parasitology
526:Paleontology
506:Neuroscience
486:Microbiology
396:Epidemiology
366:Cytogenetics
326:Cell biology
306:Biosemiotics
296:Biomechanics
276:Biogeography
271:Biochemistry
266:Bacteriology
261:Astrobiology
173:
161:Reproduction
124:
51:
5413:Sponge reef
5388:Rocky shore
5383:Oyster reef
5353:Kelp forest
5236:Vertebrates
5136:Marine life
5112:Viral shunt
5077:Marine snow
4979:Maharashtra
4886:Stream pool
4789:Zooplankton
4709:Photic zone
4669:Meiobenthos
4522:Algal bloom
4051:Disturbance
3954:interaction
3776:Recruitment
3706:Depensation
3498:Copiotrophs
3369:Energy flow
3291:Lithotrophy
3235:Decomposers
3215:Planktivore
3190:Insectivore
3180:Heterotroph
3145:Bacterivore
3112:Phototrophs
3062:Chemotrophs
3034:Restoration
2984:Competition
2801:1874/419064
2541:11336/22771
2343:(1): 5691.
1476:(1): 1235.
1355:www.epa.gov
1238:Open ocean
1198:Algal beds
1128:carnivorous
1124:herbivorous
1120:assimilated
1072:prokaryotic
1068:ferrous ion
990:green algae
810:, the term
651:Xenobiology
646:Virophysics
616:Systematics
571:Primatology
516:Ornithology
456:Ichthyology
441:Herpetology
436:Gerontology
401:Epigenetics
361:Cryobiology
251:Agrostology
241:Aerobiology
236:Abiogenesis
102:Cell theory
5540:Categories
5393:Salt marsh
5328:Coral reef
5117:Whale fall
5097:Photophore
4974:Everglades
4942:Ecoregions
4881:Stream bed
4854:Macrophyte
4807:Freshwater
4639:Food chain
4552:Water bird
4419:Sexecology
3996:Parasitism
3961:Antibiosis
3796:Resistance
3791:Resilience
3681:Population
3601:Camouflage
3553:Oligotroph
3468:Ascendency
3430:intertidal
3420:cold seeps
3374:Food chain
3175:Herbivores
3150:Carnivores
3077:Mixotrophs
3052:Autotrophs
2931:components
2270:2023-04-28
2211:Ecosystems
2172:2009-12-03
2144:2009-12-03
1801:: 610065.
1360:2023-04-27
1335:2009-12-03
1297:References
951:fix carbon
858:, such as
846:, such as
844:autotrophs
836:dry matter
636:Toxicology
631:Teratology
576:Proteomics
561:Physiology
501:Neontology
466:Lipidology
461:Immunology
431:Geobiology
391:Embryology
371:Dendrology
301:Biophysics
281:Biogeology
156:Regulation
136:Adaptation
5418:Tide pool
5323:Cold seep
5107:Upwelling
4871:Rheotaxis
4864:Fish pond
4839:Limnology
4764:Substrate
4749:Siltation
4619:Dead zone
4324:Allometry
4278:Emergence
4006:Symbiosis
3991:Mutualism
3786:Stability
3691:Abundance
3503:Dominance
3461:Processes
3450:tide pool
3346:Food webs
3220:Predation
3205:Omnivores
3132:Consumers
3087:Mycotroph
3044:Producers
2989:Ecosystem
2954:Behaviour
2865:0036-8075
2826:245517664
2810:1461-023X
2742:0027-8424
2675:0027-8424
2614:0036-8075
2550:0036-8075
2492:0066-4162
2435:0027-8424
2365:2041-1723
2310:1051-0761
2239:1432-9840
2025:1912/5172
1857:BioEssays
1817:1664-462X
1618:1664-302X
1559:1996-1944
1529:Materials
1492:2193-1801
1443:: 19–30.
1400:0071-1365
1174:Producer
1076:bacterial
1014:Alveolata
1006:SAR clade
986:red algae
964:and some
893:inorganic
820:ecosystem
676:Biologist
551:Phycology
536:Pathology
521:Osteology
511:Nutrition
471:Mammalogy
446:Histology
117:Phylogeny
112:Evolution
107:Ecosystem
5525:Category
5451:HERMIONE
5368:Mangrove
5178:Seagrass
4724:Pleuston
4719:Plankton
4699:Particle
4644:Food web
4379:Endolith
4308:Xerosere
4220:networks
4036:Ecocline
3582:Defense,
3258:Detritus
3160:Foraging
3029:Resource
2881:28502866
2873:19229022
2818:34957674
2760:23818582
2693:17991772
2622:10550043
2574:11207678
2566:26185249
2558:24748582
2453:15640357
2383:31831803
2318:54714382
2194:: 1–238.
2167:FishBase
2139:FishBase
2117:41641625
2073:89881167
1942:28694737
1916:: 1–13.
1879:29512175
1835:33912198
1741:21929905
1733:17812802
1687:21866228
1636:27148218
1577:34199583
1510:27536518
1418:27784776
1286:Food web
1270:See also
1230:Tundras
1135:protists
1080:archaeal
1018:Rhizaria
974:plastids
901:sunlight
767:Category
733:Pharming
670:Research
641:Virology
626:Taxonomy
566:Pomology
496:Mycology
426:Genomics
421:Genetics
246:Agronomy
228:Branches
215:Protists
194:Bacteria
179:Kingdoms
84:timeline
73:Glossary
5378:Mudflat
5338:Estuary
5308:Bay mud
5286:Seabird
5042:f-ratio
5025:General
4906:Wetland
4694:Neuston
4659:Hypoxia
4604:Biomass
4594:Benthos
4510:General
4369:Ecopath
4176:Habitat
4046:Ecotype
4041:Ecotone
4018:ecology
4016:Spatial
3952:Species
3812:Species
3683:ecology
3668:Ecology
3616:Mimicry
3584:counter
3528:f-ratio
3276:Archaea
2964:Biomass
2937:General
2929:Trophic
2921:Ecology
2845:Science
2751:3718098
2720:Bibcode
2684:2084307
2653:Bibcode
2594:Science
2520:Bibcode
2512:Science
2413:Bibcode
2374:6908676
2345:Bibcode
2247:5890190
2219:Bibcode
2097:Bibcode
2053:Bibcode
1969:Bibcode
1933:5485487
1910:Archaea
1887:3731086
1826:8072474
1776:9724962
1713:Bibcode
1705:Science
1678:3149686
1661:: 165.
1627:4838734
1602:: 529.
1568:8199690
1537:Bibcode
1501:4971002
1409:5264509
1147:cohorts
1104:biomass
1064:methane
1026:Diatoms
889:organic
860:animals
816:biomass
808:ecology
656:Zoology
386:Ecology
256:Anatomy
203:Animals
199:Eukarya
189:Archaea
181:of life
175:Domains
80:History
68:Outline
39:Biology
5363:Lagoon
4689:Nekton
4547:Mammal
4542:Insect
3400:Rivers
3296:Marine
2879:
2871:
2863:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2758:
2748:
2740:
2691:
2681:
2673:
2620:
2612:
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2564:
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1940:
1930:
1885:
1877:
1833:
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1731:
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1624:
1616:
1575:
1565:
1557:
1508:
1498:
1490:
1416:
1406:
1398:
1326:
1217:1,250
1209:1,800
1201:2,000
1193:2,000
1185:2,500
1116:tissue
1028:, and
1016:, and
911:, and
848:plants
840:carbon
818:in an
765:
321:Botany
211:Plants
146:Growth
4754:Spawn
4317:Other
4218:Other
4171:Guild
4143:Niche
3395:Lakes
2877:S2CID
2822:S2CID
2570:S2CID
2554:JSTOR
2314:S2CID
2243:S2CID
2113:S2CID
2069:S2CID
1883:S2CID
1737:S2CID
1139:fungi
1066:, or
828:grams
680:list)
207:Fungi
151:Order
63:Index
4859:Pond
3405:Soil
2869:PMID
2861:ISSN
2814:PMID
2806:ISSN
2756:PMID
2738:ISSN
2689:PMID
2671:ISSN
2618:PMID
2610:ISSN
2562:PMID
2546:ISSN
2488:ISSN
2449:PMID
2431:ISSN
2379:PMID
2361:ISSN
2306:ISSN
2235:ISSN
1938:PMID
1914:2017
1875:PMID
1831:PMID
1813:ISSN
1772:PMID
1729:PMID
1683:PMID
1632:PMID
1614:ISSN
1573:PMID
1555:ISSN
1506:PMID
1488:ISSN
1414:PMID
1396:ISSN
1324:ISBN
1241:125
1233:140
1225:650
1078:and
1022:Kelp
824:mass
177:and
127:life
4921:Fen
4911:Bog
2853:doi
2849:323
2796:hdl
2788:doi
2746:PMC
2728:doi
2716:110
2679:PMC
2661:doi
2649:104
2602:doi
2598:286
2536:hdl
2528:doi
2516:349
2480:doi
2439:PMC
2421:doi
2409:102
2369:PMC
2353:doi
2298:doi
2227:doi
2105:doi
2061:doi
2020:hdl
2010:doi
1977:doi
1928:PMC
1918:doi
1865:doi
1821:PMC
1803:doi
1764:doi
1721:doi
1709:161
1673:PMC
1663:doi
1622:PMC
1604:doi
1563:PMC
1545:doi
1496:PMC
1478:doi
1445:doi
1404:PMC
1388:doi
1106:of
832:day
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