1797:
978:
1931:
852:), the raising of mules for transport and the hunting of feral cattle herds to produce meat, leather and tallow— all of these economic activities supplied the mining economy of Potosí in the Andes. In the 18th century, the depletion of feral cattle herds led to the development of settled livestock agriculture in the Argentine Littoral as well as in inland regions. The relative lack of extra-economic coercion due to ample access to land on the agrarian frontier, the prevalence of wage labor, the variety of types of land tenure (ownership, tenancy, a spectrum of usufruct rights) as well as a lack of a fixed and hegemonic landed elite all lead Adelman to reject the label of “feudalism” to describe the agrarian economy of what now makes up Argentina during the colonial period.
1406:
1137:
2169:
1272:, which restricted the monetary authorities to issue paper currency only if it was fully backed by gold or convertible foreign currency. The decades of the 1860s and 1880s experienced the most favorable performance of the economy overall, setting the stage for the so-called Golden Age of Argentine history. Nevertheless, the first years of independence included a difficult economic development. In spite of the new freedom caused by the inauguration of the republic, the country was not economically united: expansion in some parts and decline in other parts. Indeed, people experienced different levels of income and welfare. Therefore, it is unclear whether this period of time (1820–1870) brought an income or welfare improvement.
2567:
1232:
1598:
876:
1446:
1610:
2248:
2106:
new line it was not unusual to wait more than ten years, and apartments with telephone lines carried a big premium in the market. After privatization the wait was reduced to less than a week. Productivity increased as investment modernized farms, factories and ports. However, in all cases, there were large outflows of employees. In addition, the process of privatization was suspected of corruption in many cases. Ultimately, the privatized enterprises became private (rather than public) monopolies. Their prices on long-term contracts were indexed to
American inflation, even though prices in Argentina were falling.
542:
2016:
559:
2354:
1501:
44:
782:, created an integrated political and commercial elite in Buenos Aires, made up of military officers, Crown officials and local merchants, and a political economy in which “corruption”— that is, the violation of royal laws regarding trade— was not an aberration but rather a defining characteristic. For Moutoukias, “corruption” in this context was simply “the violation of a fixed set of norms that limited the integration of the crown’s representatives with the local oligarchy”— a violation that was tacitly tolerated by the Crown because it was lucrative.
1387:
countries such as France, Germany and
Belgium, though British investment still accounted for two thirds of total foreign capital. In 1890 Argentina was the destination of choice for British investment in Latin America, a position it held until World War I. By then, Argentina had absorbed between 40% and 50% of all British investment outside the United Kingdom. Despite its dependence on the British market, Argentina managed a 6.7% annual rate of growth of exports between 1870 and 1890 as a result of successful geographic and commodity diversification.
2487:
2015, the government announced the elimination of export restrictions for wheat, maize and meat, while reducing withholding taxes on soybeans to 30% at a fiscal cost of 23,604 million pesos. This led to large price increases in staple products including oil, which increased by 51%, flour 110%, chicken 90%, noodles 78%, and a 50% increase in the price of meat in two weeks. Because of a 150-180% increase in feed prices, many pig producers were in crisis. It is estimated that in the province of Buenos Aires alone, 40 thousand pork producers would fail.
1784:
prices and menus for restaurants), choked economic activity. The long-term effect was to create pervasive disregard for the law, which
Argentines came to view as a hindrance to earning a living rather than an aid to enforcing legitimate property rights. The combination of industrial protectionism, redistribution of income from the agrarian to the industrial sector, and growing state intervention in the economy sparked an inflationary process. By 1950, Argentina's GDP per capita accounted fell to less than half of that of the United States.
567:
986:
1368:
2079:
1479:, laid the foundations for a return to stability and growth after the restoration of convertibility in 1899. He also reformed the banking sector in ways that were to restore stability in the medium term. Rapid growth rates soon returned: in the period 1903–1913, GDP increased at an annual rate of 7.7%, and industry grew even faster, jumping by 9.6%. By 1906, Argentina had cleared the last remnants of the 1890 default and a year later the country re-entered the international bond markets.
1692:
1684:
516:
686:
7941:
2668:
474:
1360:, Argentina's first national party; all the presidents until 1916 would come from this party. Avellaneda undertook the tough actions needed to get the debt under control. In 1876 convertibility was suspended. The inflation rate rose to almost 20% in the following year, but the ratio of debt to GDP plummeted. Avellaneda's administration was the first to deliver a balance in the fiscal accounts since the mid-1850s. Avellaneda passed on to his successor,
1992:
1866:
1310:
export of agricultural goods. A 2018 study describes
Argentina as a "super-exporter" during the period 1880–1929 and credits the boom to low trade costs and trade liberalization on one hand and on the other hand to the fact that Argentina "offered a diverse basket of products to the different European and American countries that consumed them". The study concludes "that Argentina took advantage of a multilateral and open economic system."
1337:
1788:
toward agricultural production created a gap in income distribution, as the majority of those who worked in agriculture labored on tiny plots, while the majority of the land was in large estates. Argentina signed trade agreements with
Britain, the Soviet Union and Chile, slightly opening the market to international trade as Perón's second economic plan sought to capitalize on the country's comparative advantage in agriculture.
1201:
2682:
2205:. In December, the de la Rua government announced a $ 40 billion multilateral assistance package organized by IMF. The uneven implementation of fiscal adjustments and reforms, a worsening global macroeconomic environment, and political instability led to the complete loss of market access and intensified capital flight by the second quarter of 2001. Argentine sovereign debt, held mostly in bonds, was massively
672:
1805:
2880:
2533:
contribution, and approximately 35,000 companies consider closing their business. even so, the president remains firm in his decision to maintain the state of total quarantine. Despite cuts in the payment chain, some project 180 total days and calculate 5% of companies that fell in May. In 2023, the rate of inflation in
Argentina surpassed 100% for the first time since the early 1990s.
1402:, and then for shipment around the world. Some contemporary analysts lamented the export bias of the network configuration, while opposing the "monopoly" of private British companies on nationalist grounds. Others have since argued that the initial layout of the system was mostly shaped by domestic interests, and that it was not, in fact, strictly focused on the port of Buenos Aires.
1472:, which ultimately led to the collapse of the banking system. The financial crisis of 1890 left the government with no funds for its immigration subsidies program, and it was abolished in 1891. Loans to Argentina were severely curtailed, and imports had to be cut sharply. Exports were less affected, but the value of Argentine exports did not surpass the 1889 peak until 1898.
2216:. With Argentina no longer in compliance with the conditions of the expanded IMF-supported program, the IMF decided to suspend disbursements. At the end of December, in a climate of severe political and social unrest, the country partially defaulted on its international obligations; in January 2002, it formally abandoned the currency convertibility regime.
1483:
damaged economy to improve its trade balance through import-substitution. By 1914, about 15% the
Argentine labor force was involved in manufacturing, compared to 20% involved in commercial activities. In 1913, the country's income per head was on a par with that of France and Germany, and far ahead of Italy's or Spain's. At the end of 1913, Argentina had a
2031:(IMF) for financial assistance, as it too was in serious difficulties. While developments looked positive for a while, an IMF staff team visiting Buenos Aires in August 1983 discovered a variety of problems, particularly a loss of control over wages affecting both the budget and external competitiveness, and the program failed. With the
1768:
growers and, when world grain prices dropped in the late 1940s, it stifled agricultural production, exports and business sentiment, in general. Despite these shortcomings, protectionism and government credits did allow an exponential growth of the internal market: radio sales increased 600% and fridge sales grew 218%, among others.
821:, the lack of any activity closely linked to foreign trade, and the scant amounts of labor and capital they consequently received, fell far behind those of other areas of the colonial world that participated in foreign trade. Only activities associated with a dynamic exporting centre enjoyed some degree of prosperity, as occurred in
1886:
local industry declined, and many exports were priced out of the market. The
Ministry of Economy put an end to the exchange rate policy of previous governments. The currency underwent a 30% devaluation. In 1970, the "peso moneda nacional" (one of the longest-lived currencies in the region) was replaced by the "
2555:, was sworn in as new president of Argentina. During the electoral campaign, inflation was at over 100 percent. At the time of Milei's inauguration in December 2023, Argentina’s economy was suffering 143 percent annual inflation, the currency had plunged and four out of 10 Argentines were in poverty.
2331:
In
December 2005, Kirchner decided to liquidate the Argentine debt to the IMF in a single payment, without refinancing, for a total of $ 9.8 billion. The payment was partly financed by a US$ 1.6 billion loan from Venezuela,. As of mid-2008 Venezuela holds an estimated US$ 6 billion in Argentine debt.
1382:
standard, which went into effect in July 1883. Unlike many precious metal standards the system was very decentralized: no national monetary authority existed and all control over convertibility rested with the five banks of issue. The period of convertibility lasted only 17 months: from
December 1884
1211:
forced Lavalle to leave the province, and the federals ruled Buenos Aires until 1852. Rosas modified a number of policies of the Rivadavian period but maintained others: he set a customs law with protectionist policies, but kept the port under the exclusive control of Buenos Aires and refused to call
950:
As a result of the diversification in markets and products, Argentina managed to escape the trap of a single-staple economy and sustained its economic growth over six decades. The combined effect of declining prices of textiles and rising prices of livestock products produced dramatic improvements in
730:
The period between the 16th and the end of the 18th century was characterized by the existence of self-sufficient regional economies separated by considerable distances, a lack of road, maritime or river communications, and the hazards and hardship of land transport. By the end of the 18th century, a
2642:
in Argentina led to a reliance on foreign capital to offset the resulting low savings rate. From the 1930s onwards, the accumulation of capital was hampered by the relatively high prices of (mostly imported) capital goods, which was caused by the industrial policy of import substitution, in contrast
2308:
generated more than 20% of Argentina's export revenue, triple the joint share of the traditional exports of beef and wheat. Export taxes comprised 8% to 11% of the Kirchner government's total tax receipts, around two-thirds from soy exports. Taxes on imports and exports increased government spending
2105:
After the collapse of public enterprises during the late 1980s, privatization became strongly popular. Menem privatized almost everything the state owned, except for a couple of banks. In terms of service there were indisputable improvements. For example, before the telephone privatization, to get a
1946:
Between 1975 and 1990, real per capita income fell by more than 20%, wiping out almost three decades of economic development. The manufacturing industry, which had experienced a period of uninterrupted growth until the mid-1970s, began a process of continuous decline. The extreme dependence on state
1771:
During the first Five-Year Plan, various public works and programs were executed, with the aim to modernize the country's infrastructure. For example, a total of 22 hydroelectric power plants were erected, increasing electrical output from 45,000 kVA in 1943 to 350,000 kVA in 1952. Between 1947 and
1482:
All the same, between 1853 and the 1930s, fiscal instability was a transitory phenomenon. The depressions of 1873–77 and 1890–91 played a crucial role in fostering the rise of industry: timidly in the 1870s and more decisively in the 1890s, industry grew with each crisis in response to the need of a
2532:
was considered the highest in 28 years according to the index, ascending to 53.8%. To the cause of the quarantine in 2020, in April, 143,000 SMEs will not be able to pay salaries and fixed expenses for the month, even with government assistance, so they will have to borrow or increase their capital
2513:
was strangling the urban and rural working population: decreasing from the astounding 40% of 2016, it was expected to be 17% by 2018. Other vulnerabilities include an unemployment rate close to 9% (expected to be in two digits in the next two years), as well as the sharp rise in the current-account
2196:
took office, seeking assistance from the IMF shortly thereafter. In March 2000, the IMF agreed to a three-year $ 7.2 billion stand-by arrangement with Argentina, conditioned on a strict fiscal adjustment and the assumption of 3.5% GDP growth in 2000 (actual growth was 0.5%). In late 2000, Argentina
1877:
Krieger's tenure witnessed increased concentration and centralization of capital, coupled with privatization of many important sectors of the economy. The international financial community offered strong support for this program, and economic growth continued. GDP expanded at an average annual rate
1823:
Wage growth beginning in 1950 pushed prices up. The inflation rate increased faster, and soon real wages fell. High inflation prompted a stabilization plan that included tighter monetary policy, a cut in public expenditures, and increases in taxes and utility prices. Increasing economic wariness as
1787:
Perón's second Five-Year Plan in 1952 favored increased agricultural output over industrialization, but industrial growth and high wages in previous years had expanded the domestic demand for agrarian goods. During the 1950s, output of beef and grain fell, and the economy suffered. The policy shift
1754:
Wartime reserves enabled the Peronist government to fully pay off the external debt in 1952; by the end of the year, Argentina became a net creditor to the tune of US$ 5 billion. Between 1946 and 1948, the French and British-owned railways were nationalized, and the existing networks were expanded,
1665:
Unemployment resulting from the Great Depression caused unrest. The industrial growth spurt of the 1930s gradually slowed. The economic conditions of the 1930s contributed to the process of internal migration from the countryside and smaller towns to the cities, especially Buenos Aires, where there
2153:
The share of public spending in GDP increased from 27% in 1995 to 30% in 2000. Some poorer provinces had depended on state enterprises or on inefficient industries, such as sugar, which could not compete when international trade was opened. To quell social unrest, provincial governors padded their
2125:
reserves. This was a risky policy which meant at a later stage Argentina could not devalue. After a lag, inflation was tamed. With risk of devaluation apparently removed, capital poured in from abroad. GDP growth increased significantly and total employment rose steadily until mid-1993. During the
2054:
replaced the discredited peso. In 1986, Argentina failed to pay the debt for several months, and the debt was renegotiated with the creditor banks. In 1986 and 1987, the Austral Plan faded away, as fiscal policy was undermined by large off-budget spending and a loose monetary policy, again falling
1966:
assumed power, inflation was equivalent to an annual rate of 5000%, and output had declined sharply. In 1976, the era of import substitution was ended, and the government lowered import barriers, liberalized restrictions on foreign borrowing, and supported the peso against foreign currencies. That
1885:
A gradual reversal in trade policy culminated in the military announcing import substitution as a failed experiment, lifting protectionist barriers and opening the economy to the world market. This new policy boosted some exports, but an overvalued currency meant certain imports were so cheap that
1881:
After 1966, in a radical departure from past policies, the Ministry of Economy announced a program to reduce rising inflation while promoting competition, efficiency, and foreign investment. The anti-inflation program focussed on controlling nominal wages and salaries. Inflation decreased sharply,
1783:
During this period Argentina's economy continued to grow, on average, but more slowly than the world as a whole or than its neighbors, Brazil and Chile. A suggested cause is that a multitude of frequently changed regulations, at times extended to ridiculous specifics (such as a 1947 decree setting
1625:
had a comparatively mild effect on Argentina: the unemployment rate never went above 10%, and the country largely recovered by 1935. However, the Depression permanently halted its economic expansion. Actually, much like other developing countries, the economy was already in a downturn beginning in
1580:
Exports of frozen beef, especially to Great Britain, proved highly profitable after the invention of refrigerated ships in the 1870s. However Britain imposed new restrictions on meat imports in the late 1920s, which sharply reduced beef imports from Argentina. Ranchers responded by switching from
1215:
The customs law set trade barriers to products produced in the country, and imposed high import tariffs on luxury goods, together with export quotas and tariffs on gold and silver. However, the law was not completely effective because of the control of the port, which did not allow the provinces a
2385:
In October 2008 President Fernández de Kirchner nationalized private pension funds worth almost $ 30 billion, ostensibly to protect the pensions against falling stock prices around the world, although critics said the government simply wanted to add the money to its budget. Private pension funds,
2381:
against a resolution that would have increased the tax rate on soybean exports from 35% to 44.1%. Ultimately, the new taxation regime was abandoned. Official Argentine statistics are believed to have significantly underreported inflation since 2007, and independent economists publishing their own
2046:
was elected President of Argentina, bringing an end to the military dictatorship. Under Alfonsin, negotiations started on a new program with the IMF, but they led to nothing. In March 1984, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela lent Argentina $ 300 million for three months, followed by a similar
2007:
that rose through the 1980s, when it briefly exceeded an annual rate of 1000%. Successive regimes tried to control inflation by wage and price controls, cuts in public spending, and restriction of the money supply. Efforts to stem the problems came to naught when in 1982 Argentina came into armed
1979:
that was based on a timetable to announce a gradually-declining rate of depreciation. The announcements were repeated on a rolling basis to create an environment in which economic agents could discern a government commitment to deflation. Inflation gradually fell throughout 1980 to below 100%. In
1767:
based on growth of nationalized industries. Protectionism also created a domestically oriented industry with high production costs, incapable of competing in international markets. At the same time, output of beef and grain, the country's main export goods, stagnated. The IAPI began shortchanging
2486:
In April 2016, monthly inflation rose to 6.7%, the highest since 2002, according to the indicator, with annual inflation reaching 41.7%, one of the highest in the world. Another estimate said that inflation reached 37.4%, the fiscal deficit 4.8%, and predicted GDP would fall by 1.9%. In December
1967:
exposed the fact that domestic firms could not compete with foreign imports because of the overvalued currency and long-term structural problems. A financial reform was implemented that aimed both to liberalize capital markets and to link Argentina more effectively with the world capital market.
734:
In the colonial period, the territories that now make up Argentina were subject, like the rest of the Spanish territories in the Americas, to legal restrictions regarding how and with whom trade could be conducted. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, trade directly through the port of Buenos
2133:
during December 1994. The economy shrank by 4%, and a dozen banks collapsed. With the labor force continuing to expand and employment falling sharply along with aggregate demand, unemployment rose by over 6% in 6 months. But the government responded effectively: it tightened bank regulation and
1637:
was charged with maintaining the peso's value in gold. The devaluation of the peso increased the competitiveness of its exports and protected domestic production. Argentina saw the value of its exports drop from $ 1,537 million in 1929 to $ 561 million in 1932, but this was by no means the most
1512:
Argentina, like many other countries, entered into a recession following the beginning of World War I as international flows of goods, capital and labour declined. Foreign investment in Argentina came to a complete standstill from which it never fully recovered: Great Britain had become heavily
1309:
Argentina, which had been insignificant during the first half of the 19th century, showed growth from the 1860s up until 1930 that was so impressive that it was expected to eventually become the United States of South America. This impressive and sustained economic performance was driven by the
578:
is one of the most studied, owing to the "Argentine paradox". As a country, it had achieved advanced development in the early 20th century but experienced a reversal relative to other developed economies, which inspired an enormous wealth of literature and diverse analysis on the causes of this
1641:
In response to the Great Depression, successive governments pursued a strategy designed to transform Argentina into a country self-sufficient in industry as well as agriculture. The strategy of growth was based on import substitution in which tariffs and quotas for final goods were raised. The
847:
Other scholars reject the label of “feudal” to describe Argentine economy and society during the colonial period. Historian Jeremy Adelman, for example, describes an agrarian economy in the Argentinian interior in which both wage labor and production for the market were quite common during the
1564:
However, unlike its neighbors, Argentina became capable of still having relatively healthy growth rates during the 1920s, not being as affected by the worldwide collapse of commodity prices as Brazil and Chile were. Similarly, the gold standard was still in place at a time almost all European
2219:
The ensuing economic and political crisis was arguably the worst since the country's independence. By the end of 2002, the economy had contracted by 20% since 1998. Over the course of two years, output fell by more than 15%, the Argentine peso lost three-quarters of its value, and registered
1386:
The profitability of the agricultural sector attracted foreign capital for railways and industries. British capital investments went from just over £20 million in 1880 to £157 million in 1890. During the 1880s, investment began to show some diversification as capital began to flow from other
2102:, this time with more fiscal adjustment in view of a government deficit of 16% of GDP. In November 1989 agreement was reached on yet another standby with the IMF, but again the arrangement was ended prematurely, followed by another bout of hyper-inflation, which reached 12,000% per year.
1970:
After the relatively stable years of 1976 to 1978, fiscal deficits started to climb again, and the external debt tripled in three years. The increased debt burden interrupted industrial development and upward social mobility. From 1978, the rate of exchange depreciation was fixed with a
2275:, who became Minister of the Economy in April 2002, was credited for the ensuing recovery, having stabilized prices and the exchange rate to head off hyperinflation. After the default in 2001, growth reached over 6% a year for seven of the eight years to 2011. This was in part due to a
2134:
capital requirements, and encouraged foreign banks to take over weaker local ones. The economy soon recovered and, between 1996 and 1998, both output and employment grew rapidly and unemployment declined substantially. However, at the beginning of 1999, the Brazilian currency underwent
1267:
provided the political and legal stability necessary to assert property rights and cut transaction costs, contributing to the huge inflows of capital and labor resources that built modern Argentina. In 1866 an attempt was made to stabilize the currency, by introducing a system of
1521:
economies declined, as investors turned their attention to Asia and the Caribbean. The United States, which came out of the war a political and financial superpower, especially perceived Argentina (and to a lesser extent Brazil) as a potential rival on world markets. Neither the
1259:
caused the fiscal deficit to skyrocket. Similarly, the Confederation faced harsh economic conditions. Urquiza, president of the Confederation, issued the 'law of differential rights', benefiting the ships trading with the ports of the Confederation and but not with Buenos Aires.
1171:
allowed Britain to manage the maritime trade. Forbes's testimony should be appraised in perspective of the contemporary Anglo-American commercial rivalry, In light of the partial nature of the account and of his "jealousy, even antipathy" towards the English in Rio de la Plata.
1738:
and multiple exchange rates were its most important characteristics. Beginning in 1947, Perón took a leftward shift after breaking up with the "Catholic nationalism" movement, which led to gradual state control of the economy, reflected in the increase in state-owned property,
735:
Aires, rather than via the official system of fleets out of the port of Lima in modern Perú, was forbidden except through special permission from the Crown. In practice, however, this did not mean that the colonial economy of what is now Argentina was closed to trade.
2450:
By May 2014, private forecasts estimated annual inflation at 39.9%, one of the highest rates in the world. In July 2014, a ruling from a New York court ordered the country to pay the remaining holders of the bonds defaulted in 2001, which by then were mostly American
2176:
Argentina fell into a deep recession in the second half of 1998, triggered and then compounded by a series of adverse external shocks, which included low prices for agricultural commodities, the appreciation of the US dollar, to which the peso was pegged at par, the
1950:
In the early 1970s, per capita income in Argentina was twice as high as in Mexico and more than three times as high as in Chile and Brazil. By 1990, the difference in income between Argentina and the other Latin American countries was much smaller. Starting with the
1642:
import-substitution process had progressively been adopted since the late 19th century, but the Great Depression intensified it. The government's encouragement of industrial growth diverted investment from agriculture, and agricultural production fell dramatically.
2647:
favored by Canada. Other distorting factors behind the high relative prices of capital goods include the multiple exchange rates, the black market for foreign currencies, the depreciation of the national currency and high customs tariffs. This resulted in a lower
6494:
Rebossio, Alejandro (2015): «The end of the exchange rate: the Argentine peso depreciates 30% and threatens to further fuel inflation. The liberalization of the control of changes derives from a strong devaluation of the currency. Argentina releases control of
726:
which remains sparsely populated to this day. The agricultural and livestock sector's output was principally consumed by the producers themselves and by the small local market. They only became associated with foreign trade towards the end of the 18th century.
2514:
deficit around 3% to 4% of GDP in 2017–2018 thanks to an over-valued currency. Forecasts from the IMF show GDP growth in 2018 decelerating to 2.5% from 2.75%, and clearly any halting of the cyclical upswing in the global economy would set the country back.
2478:
On December 17, 2015, Macri lifted foreign exchange restrictions, leading to a 30% devaluation of the Peso, the largest since 2002. In January 2016 it was devalued to 44 cents. Unemployment reached double digits as, with massive layoffs in the public and
605:
strongly pushed economic growth. During the first three decades of the 20th century, Argentina outgrew Canada and Australia in population, total income, and per capita income. By 1913, Argentina was among the world's ten wealthiest states per capita.
916:, for example, imported as many as 2.5 million Africans in the 18th century. By contrast, an estimated 100,000 African slaves arrived at the port of Buenos Aires in the 17th and 18th centuries, and many were destined for Paraguay, Chile and Bolivia.
1383:
the banks of issue refused to exchange gold at par for notes. The suspension of convertibility was soon accommodated by the government, since, having no institutional power over the monetary system, there was little they could do to prevent it.
1861:
to head the Economy Ministry. His strategy implied a very active role for the public sector in guiding the process of economic growth, calling for state control over the money supply, wages and prices, and bank credit to the private sector.
6527:
Argentine peso depreciates 30%, the worst drop in 13 years, by Reuters: «The Government of Mauricio Macri announced the lifting of exchange rate measures that limited market operations: the Argentine peso devalued 30%, the worst Fall in 13
2149:
between 1992 and 1999. Unable to devalue, Argentina could only become more competitive if prices fell. Deflation came from recession, falling wages and rising unemployment. Interest rates remained high, with banks lending dollars at 25%.
731:
significant national economy came into being as Argentina developed a market in which reciprocal flows of capital, labor, and goods could take place on a significant scale between its different regions, which it had hitherto lacked.
1568:
For all its success, by the 1920s Argentina was not an industrialized country by the standards of Britain, Germany or the United States. A major hindrance to full industrialization was the lack of energy sources such as coal or
1179:
was Minister of Finance, the government borrowed heavily to finance new projects and to pay off war debts. These loans were tendered at usurious rates: in one notorious loan, the government received credit for £570,000 from the
813:
consider that it was neither capitalist nor feudalist, but a hybrid system result of the interaction of the Spanish civilization, on the transition from feudalism to capitalism, and the natives, still living in prehistory.
1842:": a new attempt at import substitution which aimed to achieve self-sufficiency in oil production by signing several contract with foreign companies for the mining and exploitation of oil. In 1960, Argentina joined the
6186:
5210:
7588:
5532:
5211:"Understanding the Latin American Gap during the era of Import Substitution: Institutions, Productivity, and Distance to the Technology Frontier in Brazil, Argentina and Mexico's Manufacturing Industries, 1935–1975"
1299:"In spite of its enormous advance which the Republic has made within the last ten years, the most cautious critic would not hesitate to aver that Argentina has but just entered upon the threshold of her greatness."
2436:, had not done its duty as to provide the financial support for research and land exploitation, as well as being a bad administrator concerned only in sending profits to Spain and forsaking YPF's economic growth.
1394:, a ten-kilometer (6.2 mi) road, had been built in 1854. By 1885, a total of 2,700 miles (4,300 km) of railways were open for traffic. The new railways brought livestock to Buenos Aires from the vast
738:
In addition to trade with Brazil and Guinea, which was legalized in the early seventeenth century, colonial Buenos Aires also conducted trade directly with Spain and other European powers through the so-called
1653:
from power and improved economic conditions, but political turbulence intensified. In 1932, Argentina required immigrants to have a labor contract prior to arrival, or proof of financial means of support. The
713:, which caused it to assume a peripheral position within the Spanish colonial economy. It lacked deposits of gold or other precious metals and did not have established native civilizations to subject to the
939:
During the early post-independence period, an important share of Argentina's exports came from cattle and sheep production. The livestock-raising economy was based upon the abundance of fertile land in the
867:
to conquer key cities in Spanish America but they were defeated by the local forces of what is now Argentina and Uruguay not once but twice without the help of Spain. When they allied to Spain during the
1905:. Krieger was removed, but the Onganía administration was unable to agree on an alternative economic policy. By 1970, the authorities were no longer capable of maintaining wage restraints, leading to a
2239:
criticized the IMF's conduct prior to Argentina's economic collapse of 2001, saying the IMF had supported the country's fixed exchange rate for too long, and was too lenient towards fiscal deficits.
6785:
1247:
In 1838 there was a new currency crisis, and the peso papel was devalued by 34%, and in 1839 when the peso papel lost 66% of its value. It was again devalued by 95% in 1845, and by 40% in 1851. The
6013:
6246:
1437:), tempted by the high wages, arrived in droves. The government subsidized European immigration for a short time in the late 1880s, but immigrants arrived in massive numbers even with no subsidy.
2416:
In November 2011, the government laid a plan to cut utilities subsidies to higher income households. By mid-2011, credit was outpacing GDP by a wide margin, raising concerns that the economy was
912:
played a much lesser role in the development of the Argentine economy, mostly because of the absence of gold mines and sugar plantations, which would have demanded huge numbers of slave workers.
2141:
Exports grew from $ 12 billion in 1991 to $ 27 billion in 2001, but many industries could not compete abroad, especially after Brazil's devaluation. The strong, fixed exchange rate turned the
947:
Exports rose 4% to 5% annually from 1810 to 1850 and 7% to 8% from 1850 to 1870. This growth was achieved through the extension of the frontier and greater efficiency in livestock production.
1947:
support of the many protected industries exacerbated the sharp fall of the industrial output. The degree of industrialization at the start of the 1990s was similar to its level in the 1940s.
1727:
country in which powerful organized interest groups negotiated for positions and resources. During these years, Argentina developed the largest middle class on the South American continent.
2316:
in 2005 failed, as many items went out of stock and the mandatory prices were often ignored. Various sectors of the economy were re-nationalized, including the postal service (2003), the
2235:. Others have stressed that the main shortcoming of economic policy-making during the 1990s was that economic reform was not pursued with enough determination. A 2004 report by the IMF's
919:
The colonial livestock ranches were established toward the middle of the 18th century. The pace of growth in the region increased dramatically with the establishment in 1776 of the new
2617:
2332:
In 2006, Argentina re-entered international debt markets selling US$ 500 million of its Bonar V five-year dollar denominated bonds, with a yield of 8.36%, mostly to foreign banks, and
2609:
4290:
2608:
Duncan and Fogarty (1984) argued that the key difference lies in the contrast between the stable, flexible government of Australia and the poor governance of Argentina. According to
1046:
2066:
measures that foresaw little fiscal adjustment. The IMF refused to resume lending to Argentina. Six months after its introduction, the plan collapsed, leading to hyperinflation and
1060:
faction centred on Buenos Aires and a Federalist faction in the provinces, which eventually led to a series of civil wars that ended with the conquest of Buenos Aires by Federalist
844:
which limited supplies and enabled Spanish merchants to mark up prices and increase profits. British and Portuguese merchants broke this monopsony by resorting to contraband trade.
609:
Beginning in the 1930s, the Argentine economy deteriorated notably. The single most important factor in this decline has been political instability since 1930 when a military junta
2506:
for treatment on March 1, 2016. As of December 2017, Macri had not fulfilled his promise, and it was not in the government's plan to eliminate the Income tax in the future either.
6067:
2154:
payrolls. The government had embarked on an old-age pension reform with costs reaching 3% of GDP in 2000, as it still had to pay pensioners but no longer received contributions.
7765:
2378:
1996:
1577:, the first state-owned oil company in Latin America, was founded in 1922 as a public company responsible for 51% of the oil production; the remaining 49% was in private hands.
5751:
1796:
8443:
6582:
6190:
5358:
5217:
747:
system to conduct specific services, such as transport soldiers. Dutch and Basque merchants in particular played an important role, in partnership, in managing the system of
7565:
6368:
6601:
6272:
5539:
2597:
such as Australia and Canada was its failure to seek adequate alternatives to compensate for the end of geographical expansion with the definitive closing of the frontier.
1317:. Until 1875 wheat was imported as it was not grown in sufficient quantities to supply local demand; by 1903 the country supplied all its own needs and exported 75,270,503
5844:
759:
were inserted. Thus, in the second half of the seventeenth century an estimated 200 ships entered the port of Buenos Aires without any permission at all, as opposed to 34
6327:
7498:
1715:
that engineered the plot, became Minister of Labor. Campaigning among workers with promises of land, higher wages, and social security, he won a decisive victory in the
6671:
5954:
7416:
5013:
2047:
amount by the United States. That provided some breathing space as it was not before late September 1984 that an agreement was reached between the IMF and Argentina.
1460:
merchant bank had developed a close and profitable association with Argentina, and when Celman's government was unable to meet its payments to the House of Baring,
8676:
7426:
Francis, Joseph. 2013. "The Terms of Trade and the Rise of Argentina in the Long Nineteenth Century." PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.
5158:
7622:
6512:"The Argentine peso cuts losses after Devaluation: the currency fell 26 The move is due to the elimination of exchange controls in the South American nation"
5557:
5465:
1816:
In the 1950s and part of the 1960s, the country had a slow rate of growth in line with most Latin American countries, while most of the rest of the world enjoyed
621:
was higher than that of Austria, Italy, Japan, and of its former colonial master, Spain. Successive governments from the 1930s to the 1970s pursued a strategy of
9261:
5936:
5507:
6287:
5624:
613:, ending seven decades of civilian constitutional government. In macroeconomic terms, Argentina was one of the most stable and conservative countries until the
7912:
5493:
5994:
4078:
1456:'s administration saw a substantial increase in the ratio of debt to GDP toward the end of his tenure and an increasing weakness in the fiscal situation. The
774:
Argentinian historian Zacarías Moutoukias argues that this system of trade, in which Buenos Aires was linked with the mining economy of the Andes through the
7907:
6350:
1658:
of 1933 gave Argentina a quota of the British market for exports of its primary products, but the discriminatory British imperial tariffs and the effects of
786:
5086:
2393:
hit the country in 2009 with GDP growth slowing to 0.8%. High GDP growth resumed in 2010, and the economy expanded by 8.5%. In April 2010, Economy Minister
1255:, saw an extremely poor economic performance. Efforts to fund extraordinary expenditure on the conflict between Buenos Aires and the other provinces of the
794:
6782:
1913:
ran out of steam, urban migration slowed. Per capita income fell, and with it the standard of living. Perón's third term of office was characterized by an
632:
The era of import substitution ended in 1976, but at the same time growing government spending, large wage increases, and inefficient production created a
6250:
6017:
5336:
2443:
caused a rapid depletion of the country's dollar reserves, prompting the government to severely curtail access to dollars in June 2012. The imposition of
9130:
7902:
6702:
6205:
2625:
2495:
6468:
4911:
4850:
2386:
which were first licensed in 1994, suffered large losses during the 1998–2002 crisis and by 2008, the state subsidized 77% of the funds' beneficiaries.
1633:
in December 1929, earlier than most countries. For much of the previous period, the country had operated a currency board, in which a body known as the
977:
583:, the country has defaulted on its debt nine times. Inflation has often risen to the double digits, even as high as 5,000%, resulting in several large
7644:
6540:
Millán, S. (2015): «Telefónica, BBVA, Santander, Abertis or Natural Gas: the Spanish companies on alert against the devaluation of the Argentine peso"
4971:
3944:
5187:
5063:
4946:
2598:
2590:
1071:
Each province had its own money, and the same money had a different value from one province and another, and even among cities in the same province.
955:, which rose 377% between 1810 and 1825 in local prices. Several governors waged campaigns against the natives to increase the available lands, from
6879:
2925:
1930:
1464:
ensued. Argentina defaulted and suffered bank runs as the Baring Brothers faced failure. The crisis was caused by the lack of co-ordination between
659:
numerous state-run companies using part of the proceeds to reduce the national debt. However, a sustained recession at the turn of the 21st century
7613:
6557:
1216:
steady financial income. The exclusive control of the port was long resisted by federals from other provinces and led to the conflict of Rosas and
810:
1159:
that most official institutions (as the Bank) were under British control, and that Britain had similar control over the Argentine economy to that
7780:
6690:
584:
551:
2348:
1340:
Buenos Aires Docks, 1915. The British-financed docks and railway system created a dynamic agro-export sector that remains as an economic pillar.
183:
9098:
7686:
7190:
5810:
5599:
3805:
1894:
502:
434:
424:
6853:
1955:
in 1975, inflation accelerated sharply, reaching an average of more than 300% per year from 1975 to 1991, increasing prices 20 billion times.
9246:
6758:
6146:
6906:
6635:
5773:
5648:
2309:
from 14% to 25% of GDP. However, the import and export taxes discouraged foreign investment, while high spending pushed inflation over 20%.
1730:
Early Peronism was a period of macroeconomic shocks during which a strategy of import substitution industrialization was put into practice.
9317:
6511:
6040:
4297:
2447:, in turn, led to the emergence of a black market for dollars, known as the "dólar blue", at higher rates than the official exchange rate.
2220:
unemployment exceeded 25%. Income poverty in Argentina grew from an already high 35.4% in October 2001 to a peak of 54.3% in October 2002.
1418:
767:
system of funding from the royal treasury in Potosí, in Upper Peru, which supplied the military garrison in Buenos Aires. In practice, the
7239:
5976:
1121:
The exports of gold, allowed by the free trade policies, soon depleted the national reserves. This posed a great problem, as gold was the
9113:
7760:
5918:
2605:
in Canada, which led to a rising number of small farmers, and the small number of landowners each with large areas of land in Argentina.
1720:
257:
6071:
5600:"Culture and Social Resistance to Reform: A theory about the endogeneity of public beliefs with an application to the case of Argentina"
1133:. Like a number of other central banks worldwide, this bank was not owned by the state, but by private investors, British in this case.
864:
9145:
9058:
8631:
7976:
7775:
304:
6164:
5759:
2455:, before it paid any of its exchange bondholders. The Argentine government refused, causing the country to default on its debt again.
1513:
indebted to the United States during the war and would never again export capital at a comparable scale. And after the opening of the
138:
9310:
9231:
8167:
7770:
6227:
4499:
1828:
of 1955, as the working classes saw their quality of life diminished, thus stripping Perón from a large part of his popular support.
1094:". This plan increased the British influence in the national politics. It was based on five main pillars: complete free trade and no
909:
660:
629:, but the government's encouragement of industrial growth diverted investment from agricultural production, which fell dramatically.
7401:
Elena, Eduardo. "Spinsters, Gamblers, and Friedrich Engels: The Social Worlds of Money and Expansionism in Argentina, 1860s–1900s."
178:
8475:
7755:
7546:
6579:
6295:
5365:
4723:
4204:
2163:
1817:
663:, and the government again devalued the peso. By 2005 the economy had recovered, but the country again defaulted in 2014 and 2020.
7218:
7119:
6376:
5726:
5411:
2212:
In December 2001, a series of deposit runs began to destabilize the banking system, leading the Argentine authorities to impose a
1152:, sixth President of the United States, in 1824 mentioned that Britain had a huge influence in the economic power of the country.
9322:
8792:
6598:
1324:
In the 1870s real wages in Argentina were around 76% relative to Britain, rising to 96% in the first decade of the 20th century.
689:
Field wagons ("carretas") were introduced by the Spaniards at the end of the 16th century as transport for passengers and goods.
9403:
9377:
9367:
9170:
9073:
8267:
8257:
7378:
Cantamutto, Francisco J., and Daniel Ozarow. "Serial payers, serial losers? The political economy of Argentina’s public debt."
6335:
1110:
national organization centred in Buenos Aires. After Rivadavia resigned in 1827, ending the "happy experience", the federalist
429:
7504:
1820:. Stagnation prevailed during this period, and the economy often found itself contracting, mostly the result of union strife.
1553:'s principle of lending freely at a penalty rate. Instead, the state bank allowed the private banks to shed their risks, with
722:
Only two-thirds of its present territory were occupied during the colonial period, while the remaining third consisted of the
9327:
8872:
8193:
8040:
6669:
5958:
2366:
1910:
1843:
1667:
1405:
1353:
1156:
580:
121:
8020:
8015:
6493:
3899:
Through Five Republics (of South America): A Critical Description of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela in 1905
2948:
1192:, which was linked to the price of gold. In 1827 the peso papel was devalued by 33%, and was devalued again by 68% in 1829.
106:
92:
8284:
8218:
7715:
7413:
6925:
2582:
is said to have remarked that there were four types of countries: the developed, the underdeveloped, Japan, and Argentina.
1224:. Despite the financial obstacles, the economy of Entre Ríos grew to a size near that of Buenos Aires, with the decline of
1155:
He mentioned that the government in Buenos Aires was so eager to be on good terms with Britain and gain recognition of the
889:
771:
funded, through a system of credit, a local economy in Buenos Aires which was itself inserted into the contraband economy.
6654:
6623:
Article of May 25, 2016 on the website Om Radio (Buenos Aires) – Opens the audio of the radio without consulting the user
6443:
5702:
1574:
927:, which allowed for "free and protected" trade between Spain and its colonies. This trade system disintegrated during the
9226:
8980:
8970:
8584:
8362:
8277:
8152:
8127:
7989:
2700:
1597:
1313:
During the second half of the 19th century, there was an intense process of colonization of the territory in the form of
7167:
5162:
1980:
1978 and 1979, the real exchange rate appreciated because inflation consistently outpaced the rate of depreciation. The
1882:
decreasing from an annual rate of about 30% in 1965–67 to 7.6% in 1969. Unemployment remained low, but real wages fell.
1328:
rose from 35% of the United States average in 1880 to about 80% in 1905, similar to that of France, Germany and Canada.
8894:
7750:
7711:
7679:
7629:
7328:
7284:
7157:
7065:
7042:
7022:
6999:
6264:
5568:
5476:
5136:
5036:
4626:
4538:
4124:
3880:
3663:
3633:
3382:
3355:
3276:
2791:
2421:
1276:
1136:
1075:
495:
389:
223:
5940:
5514:
3056:"Power, Corruption and Commerce: The Making of the Local Administrative Structure in Seventeenth-Century Buenos Aires"
2523:
2168:
2117:
replaced the austral with the peso at a rate of 10,000 australs for 1 peso. The cornerstone of the reform process was
5631:
4085:
4079:"The impact of the terms of trade on economic development in the periphery, 1870–1939: Volatility and secular change"
2710:
1963:
1666:
were greater opportunities for employment. The urban working classes led several unsuccessful uprisings prior to the
6123:
4173:
4141:
3967:"How Argentina became a super-exporter of agricultural and food products during the First Globalisation (1880–1929)"
3512:
2374:
2358:
1565:
countries had abandoned it. Automobile ownership in the country in 1929 was the highest in the Southern hemisphere.
9382:
9342:
9251:
8975:
8751:
8117:
8085:
6854:"'They are voting for the executioner': Argentina's man with a plan so radical over 100 economists have trashed it"
5998:
1835:
1716:
1541:
grew steadily at the BNA after 1914, polluting its balance sheet. This corrosion of balance sheets was a result of
419:
409:
365:
43:
6354:
4059:
2288:
1704:
1646:
610:
9332:
9236:
9203:
9165:
8990:
8950:
8706:
8533:
8339:
8240:
8070:
8045:
8005:
7851:
5094:
2695:
2202:
1453:
1185:
897:, but is currently considered the result of a general negotiation between Britain and Spain, as reflected in the
637:
317:
208:
99:
60:
7437:
Horowitz, Joel. "Economic history and the politics of culture in twentieth-century Argentina." (2013): 193–203.
6417:
6213:
4950:
2129:
Although the economy was already in a mild recession at this point, conditions worsened substantially after the
9241:
9005:
8915:
8900:
8726:
8716:
8624:
8262:
8208:
8147:
7969:
7892:
6620:
5340:
2933:
1034:
920:
203:
196:
6710:
6691:
http://www.0223.com.ar/note/2016-4-8-more-of-40-thousand-pig-producers-are-in-crisis-for-the-increase-of-foods
5888:
4919:
4858:
2279:, and also because the government managed to keep the value of the currency low, boosting industrial exports.
2121:, under which the peso was fixed by law at par to the dollar, and the money supply restricted to the level of
1763:
against imports, largely cutting off Argentina from the international market. In 1947, he announced his first
1545:
loans to the other banks and the private sector. In its rediscounting actions the BNA was not engaged in pure
1487:
of £59 million, or 3.7% of the world's monetary gold, while representing 1.2% of the world's economic output.
826:
9282:
9198:
9125:
8985:
8960:
8925:
8852:
8640:
8528:
8396:
8055:
8025:
7808:
7672:
3689:
2558:
In January 2024, Argentina’s poverty rate reached 57.4%, the highest poverty rate in the country since 2004.
2236:
2178:
2113:
set out to reverse Argentina's decline through free-market reforms such as open trade. On 1 January 1992, a
1292:
1145:
1026:
1003:
875:
488:
454:
414:
133:
23:
6539:
4979:
1231:
9357:
9175:
9150:
9140:
9063:
9010:
8965:
8955:
8945:
8905:
8862:
8822:
8802:
8776:
8686:
8671:
8543:
8252:
8230:
8157:
8142:
7720:
7651:
5195:
5071:
4326:
3948:
2974:
2469:
2402:
2189:
in January 1999. Argentina's sluggish GDP growth fuelled concerns about the sustainability of public debt.
2182:
1764:
1696:
1609:
1530:
1391:
1357:
1098:
against British imports, finance with a central bank managed by British investors, absolute control of the
967:
902:
85:
9305:
9300:
9256:
9108:
9103:
9093:
9083:
9078:
9068:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9020:
8877:
8842:
8832:
8761:
8746:
8741:
8731:
8721:
8691:
8661:
8367:
8334:
8162:
8137:
8132:
8107:
7917:
7866:
4249:
4030:
4013:
3897:
3830:
2884:
2566:
2028:
1873:
in 1969. The worsening economy and the onset of dictatorship led to waves of protests, strikes and riots.
1523:
6554:
2247:
9347:
9295:
9221:
9160:
9135:
9088:
9037:
9015:
9000:
8935:
8857:
8847:
8812:
8807:
8771:
8766:
8736:
8701:
8666:
8655:
8458:
8349:
8289:
7856:
7846:
7524:
7443:
Katz, Jorge and Bernardo Kosacoff, "Import-Substituting Industrialization in Argentina, 1940–1980," in
2705:
2542:
1743:(including control of rents and prices) and higher levels of public investment, mainly financed by the
1445:
1345:
1083:
459:
285:
7300:
1189:
9337:
9277:
9180:
9155:
9120:
8995:
8940:
8920:
8910:
8837:
8817:
8756:
8711:
8696:
8681:
8617:
8498:
8465:
8453:
8326:
8225:
8198:
7962:
7927:
7839:
2473:
2099:
1414:
1252:
905:
in Buenos Aires reflected similar outcomes emanating from the other Spanish cities of South America.
404:
7199:
6732:
5606:
4426:
3812:
1825:
1095:
924:
275:
8930:
8867:
8827:
8428:
8423:
8315:
8235:
8122:
7790:
5234:
2321:
2172:
February 2002: depositors protest against frozen accounts for fear they might lose value, or worse.
2118:
2036:
1748:
1740:
6150:
5955:"The Nationalization of Aerolíneas Argentinas and Austral: Will the Government Set Them Straight?"
2325:
1670:. Traditional export agriculture stagnated at the outbreak of World War II and remained sluggish.
1348:'s presidency, total debt amounted to 48 million gold pesos. A year later, it had almost doubled.
1217:
1038:
617:, after which it turned into one of the most unstable. Despite this, up until 1962, the Argentine
9352:
8558:
8408:
8213:
5777:
5652:
2571:
2417:
2224:
2067:
1858:
1529:
As a consequence, investable funds became increasingly concentrated in a single institution, the
1256:
1176:
1065:
848:
colonial period. In the seventeenth century, this included the development of textile workshops (
168:
7457:
Lewis, Daniel. "Internal and External Convergence: The Collapse of Argentine Grain Farming," in
6044:
8433:
8418:
8382:
8272:
8203:
8095:
7897:
7529:
Thomas, Carolyn, and Nicolás Cachanosky. "Argentina's post-2001 economy and the 2014 default."
7462:
7248:
5980:
4421:
3230:
Williams, Judith Blow (February 1935). "The Establishment of British Commerce with Argentina".
2639:
2552:
2317:
2276:
2062:
The next move by the authorities was to launch the Primavera Plan in August 1988, a package of
1755:
with the rail network reaching 120,000 kilometers by 1954. The government also established the
1719:. Under Perón, the number of unionized workers expanded as he helped to establish the powerful
1087:
898:
744:
645:
213:
7149:
Chimneys in the desert: industrialization in Argentina during the export boom years, 1870–1930
5922:
4528:
1854:
1759:
to control the foreign trade in export commodities. Perón erected a system of almost complete
1557:
used as security, and lent them cash at 4.5%, below the rate the BNA offered its customers on
143:
8470:
8372:
8181:
7922:
7803:
7607:
7491:
Chimneys in the Desert: The Industrialization of Argentina in the Export Boom Years,1870–1930
5595:
4647:
4616:
4114:
3653:
3623:
3345:
2781:
2503:
1959:
1712:
1546:
1399:
1050:
856:
594:
4412:
Ades, Alberto F.; Glaeser, Edward L. (1995). "Trade and Circuses: Explaining Urban Giants".
3372:
2401:
package for the holders of over US$ 18 billion in bonds who did not participate in the 2005
2193:
1634:
1349:
541:
8577:
8518:
8490:
8377:
8320:
8303:
8112:
8035:
8030:
7997:
7871:
7834:
7813:
7695:
7211:
Industrial Development in a Frontier Economy: The Industrialization of Argentina, 1890–1930
7051:
5774:"Evolución de la indigencia, la pobreza y la desocupación en el GBA desde 1988 en adelante"
4510:
2390:
2232:
2198:
2126:
second half of 1994, the economy slowed down and unemployment increased from 10% to 12.2%.
1850:
1655:
1602:
1361:
1264:
1208:
1099:
1079:
1030:
971:
960:
956:
545:
295:
290:
218:
173:
163:
156:
32:
7104:
An Interpretation of Argentine Economic and Political History: Dutch Disease on the Pampas
6231:
4692:
Capie, Forrest (1981). "Invisible barriers to trade: Britain and Argentina in the 1920s".
3268:
Republic of capital : Buenos Aires and the legal transformation of the Atlantic world
2353:
2015:
1526:
nor the private domestic banks developed rapidly enough to fully replace British capital.
1140:
Members of the "Sociedad El Camoatí" (1848–1856), the first stock exchange in Buenos Aires
558:
8:
8503:
8080:
7861:
7745:
6172:
2613:
2227:
pursued during the Menem Presidency argued that Argentina's economic woes were caused by
2063:
2059:
program. A new IMF arrangement was reached in July 1987, only to collapse in March 1988.
1650:
1538:
1280:
1107:
1057:
1045:
during the 1815–1820 period) sought to restore the initial protectionist policy, but the
966:
Most poor gauchos joined forces with the most powerful caudillos in the vicinity. As the
860:
698:
622:
355:
7553:
7128:
6831:
6805:
5733:
5418:
4730:
4212:
2410:
1500:
1125:
of the local economy. Rivadavia sought to fix it by establishing the "Discount Bank", a
8593:
8553:
8548:
8538:
8523:
8480:
8413:
8010:
7425:
7227:
4674:
4447:
4439:
3994:
3577:
3247:
2653:
2624:, similar to Australia's, would have increased productivity encouraged by the relative
2621:
2398:
2043:
2032:
1914:
1893:
In May 1969, discontent with Krieger's economic policies led to riots in the cities of
1887:
1800:
In terms of GDP per capita, Argentina remained well above its neighbors as late as 1965
1773:
1426:
1422:
1122:
990:
941:
830:
723:
694:
360:
78:
7623:"The Crisis that Was Not Prevented: Lessons for Argentina, the IMF, and Globalisation"
7465:, ed. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1994, pp. 209–223.
4291:"Britain, the Argentine and Informal Empire: rethinking the role of railway companies"
2293:
2197:
rapidly lost credit in capital markets, as reflected in a sharp and sustained rise in
1409:
Immigrants disembarking to the southern dock, port of Buenos Aires, early 20th century
1283:
in 1856, the base of Argentine agriculture gradually shifted from livestock to crops.
1248:
884:
9287:
8508:
8438:
7324:
7280:
7153:
7061:
7038:
7018:
6995:
6967:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6639:
6187:"El PBI subió 8,5% en 2010 y asegura pago récord de u$ s 2.200 millones a inversores"
5625:"Thirty Years of Currency Crises in Argentina External Shocks or Domestic Fragility?"
5132:
5032:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4701:
4643:
4622:
4534:
4451:
4120:
3998:
3986:
3876:
3659:
3629:
3569:
3378:
3351:
3282:
3272:
2982:
2830:
2787:
2649:
2644:
2602:
2051:
2004:
2003:
Growing government spending, large wage raises, and inefficient production created a
1906:
1476:
1430:
1221:
1149:
633:
566:
399:
53:
7258:
Sanchez-Alonso, Blanca. "Making sense of immigration policy: Argentina, 1870–1930."
5565:
The Crisis that Was Not Prevented: Lessons for Argentina, the IMF, and Globalisation
5473:
The Crisis that Was Not Prevented: Lessons for Argentina, the IMF, and Globalisation
4174:"The Argentine Currency Board and the Search for Macroeconomic Stability, 1880–1935"
4142:"The Argentine Currency Board and the Search for Macroeconomic Stability, 1880–1935"
4076:
3513:"The Argentine Currency Board and the Search for Macroeconomic Stability, 1880–1935"
2494:
for workers, saying "During my government workers will not pay tax on profits". The
1780:, was built. The gas distribution reached 15 million m³, reducing costs by a third.
8598:
8513:
8247:
7945:
7580:
7316:
7107:
5128:
El ciclo de la ilusión y el desencanto: un siglo de políticas económicas argentinas
5029:
The politics of national capitalism: Peronism and the Argentine bourgeoisie ..
4666:
4431:
3978:
3561:
3239:
3166:
3133:
3100:
3067:
2820:
2738:
2687:
2673:
2635:
2499:
2444:
2009:
1809:
1744:
1735:
1683:
1622:
1434:
985:
818:
806:
763:. On top of this system of largely technically illegal transatlantic trade was the
614:
478:
7175:
Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID), 2009, Volume 44, Number 3
6950:
6310:"Some like it hot – Which emerging economies are at greatest risk of overheating?"
4986:
2731:"Finance and Development in an Emerging Market: Argentina and the Interwar Period"
2382:
estimates of Argentine inflation have been threatened with fines and prosecution.
1824:
the 1950s progressed became one of the leading causes for Perón's downfall in the
1662:
in Britain actually led to a small decline of Argentine exports to Great Britain.
1367:
1114:
assumed power as governor of Buenos Aires, but was soon executed by the unitarist
944:. Cropping apparently lacked comparative advantage compared to livestock grazing.
8050:
7420:
7274:
7147:
7092:
7055:
7032:
7012:
6989:
6880:"Argentina's newly sworn-in President Milei warns of shock adjustment to economy"
6789:
6675:
6605:
6586:
6561:
6526:
4336:
2594:
2272:
2268:
2138:. The Argentine economy contracted 4% in 1999, and unemployment increased again.
2114:
2110:
2078:
2024:
1831:
1731:
1614:
1465:
1457:
1371:
1318:
1181:
913:
869:
280:
228:
8609:
6932:
4642:
Estrada, Javier (2002). "Repsol-Ypf: Valuation In Emerging Markets". p. 2.
2231:, which had been actively promoted by the U.S. government and the IMF under the
1991:
1167:, without the financial, civil or military costs. Even the lack of an Argentine
872:, they requested the Spanish authorities to open commerce to Britain in return.
751:
to conduct trans-Atlantic trade with Buenos Aires. Even more important than the
9362:
8354:
7887:
7818:
7798:
7563:
7500:
The Prairies and the Pampas: Agrarian Policy in Canada and Argentina, 1880–1930
7008:
5706:
2631:
2586:
2510:
2480:
2440:
2313:
2130:
1985:
1939:
1550:
1325:
1269:
1168:
1111:
1015:
952:
928:
894:
702:
652:
618:
598:
128:
7584:
7358:
The Rise of Capitalism on the Pampas: The Estancias of Buenos Aires, 1785–1870
3982:
3171:
3154:
3138:
3121:
3105:
3088:
3072:
3055:
2825:
2808:
9397:
9372:
8075:
7519:
Taylor, Alan M. "The Argentina Paradox: microexplanations and macropuzzles."
7178:
6655:
Retentions: the fiscal cost of the removal provided by Macri, by Darío Gannio
6068:"Tierra Del Fuego Tech: A New Silicon Valley On South America's Southern Tip"
4705:
3990:
3573:
2986:
2834:
2579:
2339:
In early 2007 the administration began interfering with inflation estimates.
2228:
2146:
2142:
2122:
1981:
1760:
1751:
and the increase of spending to finance populist policies, led to inflation.
1630:
1558:
1518:
1469:
1461:
1019:
1011:
923:
with Buenos Aires as its capital, and increased legal trading allowed by the
793:, as most production of the coastal cities was destined to overseas markets.
656:
329:
5977:"Venezuela está dispuesta a comprar todos los bonos que le ofrezca Kirchner"
3286:
1812:
II named "Clementina" became one of the first computers in use in Argentina.
1708:
1691:
248:
7730:
7645:"The Political Economy of Debt in Argentina, or Why History Repeats Itself"
7640:
6247:"Repsol Makes Argentina's Largest Gas Find in 35 Years in Neuquen Province"
6041:"Otra medición polémica del INDEC: dijo que la inflación de abril fue 0,3%"
2779:
2548:
2452:
2394:
2305:
2260:
2186:
2135:
2095:
2039:
was introduced in 1983, with 10,000 old pesos exchanged for each new peso.
1976:
1777:
1534:
1514:
1484:
1126:
1115:
1042:
1007:
641:
597:
in agriculture because the country is endowed with a vast amount of highly
252:
7735:
7217:
Prados de la Escosura, Leandro; Sanz-Villarroya, Isabel (December 2004),
7088:
6783:
Macri’s election success is no cure-all for Argentina’s structural issues
6390:
6309:
6131:
6105:
4180:
4148:
3519:
3266:
2406:
2301:
2256:
1724:
1379:
1033:
and Manuel García, instead promoted unrestricted trade with Britain. The
370:
65:
7475:
Lloyd, A. L. "Meat from Argentina: The History of a National Industry,"
7438:
6926:"The Rise of Argentina's Economic Prosperity: An Institutional Analysis"
6907:"Poverty in Argentina hits 57%, highest number in 20 years, report says"
6589:
Article on the website of the television channel Crónica (Buenos Aires).
5862:
5791:
4807:
4251:
Argentine international trade under inconvertible paper money, 1880–1900
4015:
Argentine international trade under inconvertible paper money, 1880–1900
3832:
Argentine international trade under inconvertible paper money, 1880–1900
2851:
2490:
One of Macri's promises during the 2015 campaign was the elimination of
2209:
and the government found itself unable to borrow or meet debt payments.
1204:
In 1857, La Porteña became the first locomotive to operate in Argentina.
8448:
7740:
7664:
5669:
5235:"Un cuento para recordar a Clementina, la primer computadora argentina"
4678:
4443:
4327:"This Time Is Different – Eight Centuries of Financial Folly (summary)"
4268:
4063:
3966:
3581:
3549:
3251:
2888:
2491:
2433:
2333:
2206:
1839:
1570:
1314:
1130:
970:, they opposed the policies implemented by Buenos Aires, and waged the
863:. To achieve their economic objectives, Britain initially launched the
834:
802:
790:
715:
685:
515:
300:
7452:
British Railways in Argentina, 1857–1914: A Case of Foreign Investment
7111:
6499:
5380:
5378:
4661:
Jones, E. G. (June 1929). "The Argentine Refrigerated Meat Industry".
4077:
Christopher Blattman; Jason Hwang; Jeffrey G. Williamson (June 2004).
3945:"The Political Economy of Argentina in the Twentieth Century (Review)"
2424:
in 2012. In April 2012, the government announced plans to expropriate
2296:
became president in May 2003. In the mid-2000s, export of unprocessed
1613:
A traffic jam caused by a demonstration, Buenos Aires, 1936. Photo by
879:
Lassoing cattle in the pampas, 1794 lithography by Fernando Brambilla.
840:
This trade was legally limited to Spain: the Spanish Crown enforced a
8065:
7985:
7954:
7725:
6832:"Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms"
6793:
5513:. Center for Economic and Policy Research. p. 27. Archived from
5409:
4552:
4550:
4507:
Governed by Emergency: Economic Policy-making in Argentina, 1973–1991
2529:
2428:, despite the opposition of some energy experts, claiming that YPF's
2213:
2090:
opened hypermarkets in every major Argentine city in the early 1990s.
2087:
1952:
1935:
1902:
1898:
1870:
1865:
1659:
1582:
1554:
1160:
1006:
in 1810, an era in which commerce was controlled by a small group of
841:
798:
681:. Gauchos helped livestock ranching extend through much of Argentina.
651:
In the early 1990s, the government reined in inflation by making the
590:
324:
7216:
6971:
5845:"Man in the News; Peronist for the Present; Eduardo Alberto Duhalde"
4999:
4670:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4435:
4342:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3565:
3446:
3444:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3293:
3243:
1917:, which resulted in an uncontrolled rise in the level of inflation.
1838:
in a landslide. In the same year he announced the beginning of the "
1336:
1321:(2,737,491.8 m) of wheat, enough to sustain 16,000,000 people.
743:— ships with royal permission to sail outside the official fleet or
8060:
7168:"Export-Oriented Populism: Commodities and Coalitions in Argentina"
6636:
Franco, Liliana (2016): Bein estimates for a 2016 inflation of 37.4
6206:"Argentina to repay 2001 debt as Greece struggles to avoid default"
5649:"Serie histórica de la Balanza Comercial Argentina. Años 1910–2010"
5375:
4365:
4363:
2616:
and immigration from different regions were the key factors, while
2297:
1589:
production, but there was lasting damage to the Argentine economy.
1236:
1225:
1061:
241:
7311:] (in Spanish), Argentina: TEA (Tipográfica Editora Argentina)
7276:
Authoritarianism and the Crisis of the Argentine Political Economy
7220:
Institutional Instability And Growth In Argentina: A Long-Run View
5558:"The Puzzle of Argentina's Debt Problem: Virtual Dollar Creation?"
5492:
Keith B. Griffin, Alternative strategies for economic development
5417:. National Bureau Of Economic Research. p. 13. Archived from
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4547:
4458:
4084:. National Bureau Of Economic Research. p. 39. Archived from
3696:
3695:. National Bureau Of Economic Research. p. 17. Archived from
2743:
2730:
2502:
said that the draft amendments to the income tax would be sent to
2098:
was elected president in May 1989. He immediately announced a new
1878:
of 5.2% between 1966 and 1970, compared to 3.2% during the 1950s.
1200:
644:
by the late 1980s which became equivalent to three-fourths of the
6759:"Macri: 'Los trabajadores no van a pagar impuesto a las Ganancias
5630:. National Bureau of Economic Research. p. 6. Archived from
5593:
5159:"La economía argentina en la segunda mitad del siglo XX (Review)"
4574:
3839:
3766:
3441:
3429:
3406:
3374:
The bureaucrats of Buenos Aires, 1769–1810: amor al real servicio
2362:
2252:
2083:
1240:
1103:
822:
626:
7267:
Politics and beef in Argentina. Patterns of conflict and change.
6147:"Analizan cambios profundos en el sistema de jubilación privada"
5919:"Afirman que hay desabastecimiento de los productos con rebajas"
5811:"Report Looks Harshly at I.M.F.'s Role in Argentine Debt Crisis"
5623:
Kaminsky, Graciela; Mati, Amine; Choueiri, Nada (October 2009).
5496:, Development Centre, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1989, p. 59.
4562:
4360:
2946:
2862:
2758:
2756:
2754:
1106:, British exploitation of the national natural resources, and a
7544:
6566:
5026:
4926:
4740:
3271:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. pp. 33–36.
2681:
2413:. The unemployment rate in the third quarter of 2011 was 7.3%.
2365:. Firms like Blackberry, HP and Motorola have set up plants in
1395:
1304:
Percy F. Martin, Through Five Republics of South America, 1905.
1164:
855:
The British desire to trade with South America grew during the
706:
677:
602:
7484:
The political economy of Argentina: power and class since 1930
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
2242:
1573:. Experiments with oil, discovered in 1907, had poor results.
859:
and the loss of their 13 colonies in North America during the
671:
601:. Between 1860 and 1930, exploitation of the rich land of the
5957:. Universia Knowledge@Wharton. August 6, 2008. Archived from
5826:
5824:
5531:
Reinhart, Carmen M.; Rogoff, Kenneth S. (December 17, 2008).
5508:"A Concise History of Exchange Rate Regimes in Latin America"
4179:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 46–48. Archived from
2975:"Argentina Tries to Escape Default as It Misses Bond Payment"
2751:
2429:
2073:
1804:
1542:
636:
that rose through the 1980s. The measures enacted during the
6608:
Article published on the website Sin Mordaza (Buenos Aires)
6328:"Cristina apela a la sintonía fina para disimular el ajuste"
6014:"Milestones : $ 500 Million Bond Issue Lures Investors"
4865:
4818:
4296:. London School of Economics. pp. 17–18. Archived from
3806:"Fiscal Deficit, Macro-Uncertainty, And Growth In Argentina"
2786:. International Food Policy Research Institute. p. 12.
1699:(1946–1951) promoting the nationalization of public services
1673:
7034:
Argentina, 1516–1987: from Spanish colonization to Alfonsín
4348:
4307:
4219:
4039:
1938:
in 1975, inflation accelerated sharply, leading to several
1756:
1586:
1413:
The scarcity of labor and abundance of land induced a high
710:
6165:"Argentina Seen Reporting Strong But Slower Growth In Oct"
6086:
5899:
5821:
5705:. Independent Evaluation Office. July 2003. Archived from
5410:
Rudiger Dornbusch; Juan Carlos de Pablo (September 1987).
4147:. University of Chicago Press. p. 256. Archived from
3754:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3480:
1356:. The coalition that supported his candidature became the
7547:"Argentina's Economic Crisis: An 'Absence of Capitalism'"
7189:
Della Paolera, Gerardo; Taylor, Alan M. (November 2002),
6515:
6189:. El Cronista Comercial. January 19, 2011. Archived from
5359:"The Argentine Industry A Thwarted Restructuring Process"
3873:
A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present
3593:
3591:
3518:. University of Chicago Press. p. 37. Archived from
3322:
3320:
3186:
3184:
3182:
2425:
2056:
1747:. The expansive macroeconomic policy, which aimed at the
1678:
1505:
1090:
from 1826 to 1827, developed an economic plan deemed as "
7564:
Edward L. Glaeser, Rafael Di Tella, Lucas Llach (2018).
7372:
Essays on the economic history of the Argentine Republic
7241:
Making sense of immigration policy: Argentina, 1870–1930
7082:
Essays on the economic history of the Argentine Republic
7057:
The Economic History of Latin America since Independence
5727:"The Argentine Financial Crisis: A Chronology of Events"
4395:
4393:
3965:
Pinilla, Vicente; Rayes, Agustina (September 27, 2018).
2780:
Yair Mundlak; Domingo Cavallo; Roberto Domenech (1989).
2729:
della Paolera, Gerardo; Taylor, Alan M. (October 1997).
2593:(1967), the main difference between Argentina and other
1184:
in exchange for a debt of £1,000,000. In the 1820s, the
1049:
restored free trade once more. Thus, the economy of the
7472:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1990.
7247:, IDEAS: Economics and Finance Research, archived from
7118:
Galiani, Sebastián; Gerchunoff, Pablo (November 2002),
5752:"Experts See Record Default In Argentine Debt Revision"
5304:
5302:
5300:
5287:
5285:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5253:
5241:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4380:
4378:
3201:
3199:
3037:
3035:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3005:
3003:
1398:, for slaughter and processing in the (mainly English)
789:
consider this historical period of the Americas as pre-
778:
and to cross-Atlantic trade through contraband and the
7445:
An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Latin America
7432:
Argentina's parallel currency: The economy of the poor
6245:
Orihuela, Rodrigo; Walsh, Heather (December 7, 2010).
5494:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3785:
3603:
3588:
3529:
3468:
3456:
3317:
3305:
3179:
2263:
generated more than 20% of Argentina's export revenue.
4877:
4390:
4269:"The history of the tango: A sense of where you were"
3396:
3394:
2783:
Agriculture and economic growth in Argentina, 1913–84
6265:"Argentina unemployment falls to 7.2 pct in 3rd qtr"
5622:
5314:
5297:
5282:
5265:
5192:
Commanding Heights: The Battle For The World Economy
5068:
Commanding Heights: The Battle For The World Economy
4976:
Commanding Heights: The Battle For The World Economy
4916:
Commanding Heights: The Battle For The World Economy
4855:
Commanding Heights: The Battle For The World Economy
4591:
4375:
3196:
3032:
3015:
3000:
2947:
Alexandra Stevenson; Irene Caselli (July 31, 2014).
2663:
2312:
An attempt by the Kirchner administration to impose
1056:
Between 1812 and 1816 divisions developed between a
1053:
became one of the most open economies in the world.
833:, where livestock was raised to supply the mines of
7410:
The Gold Standard, 1880–1914: Britain and Argentina
7188:
7121:
A study of the evolution the Argentine labor market
6987:
6444:"Argentina's Economy Contracted, Hurt by Inflation"
6418:"Argentina's Peso Hits Record Lows on Black Market"
5937:"Otro gesto de un Estado más activo en la economía"
5863:"After Lavagna, an uncertain tilt towards populism"
5384:
4585:
4568:
4556:
4464:
4369:
4171:
4139:
3906:
3858:
3779:
3510:
3450:
3435:
3423:
2949:"Argentina Is in Default, and Also Maybe in Denial"
2868:
2728:
6369:"Senators clear for debate YPF expropriation bill"
4808:"Argentina's collapse: A decline without parallel"
4618:The Oil Business in Latin America: The Early Years
3492:
3391:
2570:Argentina's GDP per capita (in 1990 international
2517:
1920:
1014:, the first government established after the 1810
8639:
7299:
7117:
7101:
5463:
5087:"Intimidaciones, boicots y calidad institucional"
5014:"La economía Argentina-Presente, Pasado y Futuro"
4932:
4759:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
3690:"Latin America's Decline: A Long Historical View"
3299:
3211:
2762:
2271:was appointed president, the fifth in two weeks.
1533:(BNA), creating a financial system vulnerable to
9395:
7336:
6988:Della Paolera, Gerardo; Taylor, Alan M. (2003),
6972:Prados de la Escosura & Sanz-Villarroya 2004
6580:"In the first semester consumption is still low"
5997:. CNNExpansion.com. May 23, 2008. Archived from
5732:. Congressional Research Service. Archived from
5506:Frenkel, Roberto; Rapetti, Martín (April 2010).
5466:"The Argentine Drama: A View from the IMF Board"
5339:. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Archived from
5107:
5000:Prados de la Escosura & Sanz-Villarroya 2004
4949:. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Archived from
4343:Prados de la Escosura & Sanz-Villarroya 2004
4209:Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas
4172:della Paolera, Gerardo; Taylor, Alan M. (2001).
4140:della Paolera, Gerardo; Taylor, Alan M. (2001).
3550:"Monetary Experiences of the Argentine Republic"
3511:della Paolera, Gerardo; Taylor, Alan M. (2001).
3264:
1188:began to lose value rapidly with respect to the
755:was a system of contraband trade into which the
6599:«In 2016, Unemployment would reach both digits»
6230:. Diario Los Andes. May 3, 2010. Archived from
6070:. América Economía; Worldcrunch. Archived from
5412:"Argentina: Debt and Macroeconomic Instability"
5084:
2463:
2458:
2023:In August 1982, after Mexico had announced its
2019:Timeline of Argentine exports from 1975 to 1989
1791:
1772:1949, a network of gas pipelines, which linked
1440:
1364:, a much more manageable economic environment.
989:Impression of a Buenos Aires slaughterhouse by
934:
552:Historical exchange rates of Argentine currency
7369:
7237:
6530:2015-12-17, Dinero en Imagen Website (Mexico).
5939:. lanacion.com. March 22, 2006. Archived from
5921:. Clarin.com. December 9, 2005. Archived from
5530:
5505:
4871:
4354:
4313:
4190:
4045:
3658:. University of California Press. p. 97.
3370:
2336:boosted Argentina's debt rating from B− to B.
2157:
817:The Argentine territories, held back by their
530: M2 money supply increases Year over Year
8625:
7970:
7680:
7050:
6778:
6776:
6774:
6621:"Highest inflation since 2002: 7 percent hit"
6244:
5703:"The Role of the IMF in Argentina, 1991–2002"
5533:"Banking Crises: An Equal Opportunity Menace"
5011:
4824:
4232:
3895:
2536:
801:society, based on work relations such as the
496:
7639:
7612:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7360:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1998.
7138:Paolera, Gerardo Della, and Alan M. Taylor.
6066:Lara Serrano, Rodrigo (September 19, 2011).
6065:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5331:
5329:
4493:
4243:
4241:
3964:
2634:(1992) pointed out that the relatively high
2349:Presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
1999:, in March 1980, led to runs on other banks.
184:Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata
7493:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2006.
7385:
7102:Lovering, Rick; Southgate, Douglas (2007),
7075:The political economy of Argentina, 1946–83
6441:
6351:"De la sintonía fina al ajuste desordenado"
6138:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5161:. Economic History Services. Archived from
5152:
5150:
5148:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4533:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 188.
4500:"The Great Unraveling: Argentina 1973–1991"
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4411:
4263:
4261:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4057:
4032:Wheat Production and Farm Life in Argentina
3947:. Economic History Services. Archived from
3875:. Cambridge University Press. p. 136.
3870:
2496:Minister of the Economy and Public Finances
2377:became president. In 2008 the rural sector
2342:
2243:Kirchnerism and relative growth (2003–2015)
2035:quickly losing value to inflation, the new
1102:as the sole source of income from national
1086:and finally Rivadavia himself as the first
8632:
8618:
7977:
7963:
7687:
7673:
7620:
7566:"Introduction to Argentine Exceptionalism"
7165:
6905:Herald, Buenos Aires (February 18, 2024).
6806:"Argentina inflation soars past 100% mark"
6771:
6092:
5905:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5830:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5616:
5499:
5352:
5350:
5027:James P. Brennan; Marcelo Rougier (2009).
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4526:
3943:Fritscher, André Martínez (July 2, 2009).
3625:Argentina and the United States, 1810–1960
3152:
3119:
3086:
3053:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2282:
2074:Consolidation of Neoliberalism (1990–2002)
2008:conflict with the United Kingdom over the
1601:Unemployed men in "Villa Desocupación" in
1275:In the 60 years after the founding of the
908:Compared to other parts of Latin America,
503:
489:
7552:. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from
7531:Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance
7396:Political Economy of Argentina, 1880–1946
7166:Richardson, Neal P. (December 19, 2008),
6733:"Macri dio marcha atrás con el aguinaldo"
6415:
6228:"Comenzó el canje de la deuda en default"
5326:
4722:D. Romer, Christina (December 20, 2003).
4425:
4284:
4282:
4238:
3942:
3822:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3170:
3137:
3104:
3071:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2846:
2844:
2824:
2742:
2601:(1985) noted the differences between the
1925:
1909:. As the economy started to languish and
1849:Another coup in June 1966, the so-called
1674:Import substitution industrialization Era
1022:policy until their fall from government.
7694:
7545:Ana I. Eiras, Brett D. Schaefer (2001).
7370:Díaz Alejandro, Carlos Federico (1970).
7238:Sánchez-Alonso, Blanca (November 2010),
6288:"Argentina: taking the axe to subsidies"
6144:
6011:
5724:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5428:
5145:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4470:
4258:
4247:
4158:
4070:
4028:
4011:
3828:
3647:
3645:
3621:
3547:
3229:
2574:) as a percentage of the US's, 1900–2008
2565:
2409:deposits in 35 years were discovered in
2352:
2246:
2167:
2077:
2014:
1990:
1929:
1864:
1803:
1795:
1690:
1682:
1608:
1596:
1499:
1444:
1404:
1378:In 1881, a currency reform introduced a
1366:
1335:
1230:
1199:
1135:
984:
976:
883:The first Argentine historians, such as
874:
865:British invasions of the Río de la Plata
684:
670:
565:
562:Historical development of GDP per capita
557:
540:
514:
7496:
7321:Historia de la Argentina, Tomo I&II
7315:
7007:
6917:
6348:
6038:
5970:
5968:
5873:
5713:
5664:
5662:
5549:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5347:
5259:
5247:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5156:
5114:. di Tella y Dornbusch. pp. 59–85.
5058:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5048:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4883:
4765:
4641:
4520:
4254:. Harvard University Press. p. 38.
4108:
4106:
4060:"Ingreso per cápita relativo 1875–2006"
4018:. Harvard University Press. p. 27.
3835:. Harvard University Press. p. 29.
3797:
3791:
3760:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3687:
3651:
3609:
3597:
3535:
3486:
3474:
3462:
3326:
3311:
3232:The Hispanic American Historical Review
3190:
825:, where cloth was manufactured, and in
139:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata
9396:
7984:
7776:2018–present Argentine monetary crisis
7145:
7087:
7014:The Cambridge History of Latin America
6923:
6904:
6461:
6391:"Argentina's economy: The blue dollar"
5974:
5842:
5808:
5749:
5555:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4602:
4509:. Princeton University. Archived from
4497:
4399:
4384:
4279:
4211:. Universidad del CEMA. Archived from
4112:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3919:
3811:. Universidad Del Cema. Archived from
3672:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3205:
3041:
3026:
3009:
2972:
2893:
2841:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2320:(2004), the water utility serving the
1679:First Peronist period: Nationalization
931:, and contraband became common again.
697:, present-day Argentina offered fewer
655:equal in value to the U.S. dollar and
179:French blockade of the Río de la Plata
8613:
7958:
7771:Argentine currency controls (2011–15)
7668:
7594:from the original on January 19, 2024
7340:Peronist Economic Policies, 1946–1955
7272:
7106:(Thesis), The Ohio State University,
6931:. Stanford University. Archived from
6383:
6285:
6145:Bermúdez, Ismael (October 20, 2008).
6116:
5886:
5750:Krauss, Clifford (November 3, 2001).
5680:
5578:
5475:. Fondad. p. 102. Archived from
5320:
5308:
5291:
5276:
5237:(in Spanish). CanalAR. April 5, 2011.
5124:
5111:Peronist Economic Policies, 1946–1955
4947:"Juan Perón (president of Argentina)"
4712:
4691:
4660:
4614:
4288:
3960:
3958:
3803:
3642:
3343:
2806:
2722:
1911:import substitution industrialization
1844:Latin American Free Trade Association
7602:– via Harvard Business School.
7030:
6757:Martín Slipczuk (10 December 2017).
6469:"Argentina's debt saga: No movement"
6203:
5975:Bazzan, Gustavo (January 10, 2006).
5965:
5725:Hornbeck, J. F. (January 31, 2002).
5659:
5567:. Fondad. p. 84. Archived from
5390:
5356:
5169:
5045:
4957:
4103:
3498:
3400:
3377:. Duke University Press. p. 2.
3364:
3217:
2620:(1985) suggested that a restrictive
2561:
2164:1998–2002 Argentine great depression
1626:1927, a result of declining prices.
1449:Threshing scene, Buenos Aires, 1910s
890:The Representation of the Hacendados
548:/ Argentina Currency Exchange Rates
8046:Dreadnought race with Brazil, Chile
7403:Hispanic American Historical Review
7365:A New Economic History of Argentina
7363:Barbero, Inés and Fernando Rocchi,
7140:A New Economic History of Argentina
6991:A new economic history of Argentina
6349:Szewach, Enrique (March 17, 2012).
6275:from the original on June 21, 2013.
6171:. December 21, 2010. Archived from
6039:Quiroga, Annabella (May 14, 2009).
5157:Schuler, Kurt (November 27, 2005).
5012:Jorge Todesca (November 19, 2009).
4889:
4830:
4062:. Jorge Avila Opina. Archived from
3925:
3350:. Infobase Publishing. p. 39.
3332:
3159:Hispanic American Historical Review
3126:Hispanic American Historical Review
3093:Hispanic American Historical Review
3060:Hispanic American Historical Review
2768:
2701:History of agriculture in Argentina
1592:
1352:became president after winning the
1228:and the growth of wool production.
666:
13:
7503:. Stanford Univ Pr. Archived from
7470:The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism
7386:De la Balze, Felipe A. M. (1995).
7349:
7142:(Cambridge University Press, 2003)
7037:, University of California Press,
6924:Saiegh, Sebastian M. (June 1996).
6130:. October 21, 2008. Archived from
5995:"Venezuela compra deuda argentina"
5208:
4944:
4414:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
3955:
2578:The Nobel prize-winning economist
2145:to a cumulative US$ 22 billion in
1490:
1286:
107:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
93:Governorate of the Río de la Plata
14:
9415:
7538:
7213:(Stanford University Press, 2009)
7080:Díaz-Alejandro, Carlos Federico.
6286:Weber, Jude (November 16, 2011).
6124:"Argentina to take over pensions"
5843:Rohter, Larry (January 3, 2002).
2711:Economic history of Latin America
2187:devaluation of the Brazilian real
1575:Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales
1517:in 1914, Argentina and the other
8677:Democratic Republic of the Congo
7939:
7097:, University of California Press
6898:
6872:
6846:
6824:
6798:
6751:
6725:
6695:
6684:
6663:
6648:
6629:
6614:
6592:
6573:
6548:
6542:2015-12-17, Cinco Días (Madrid)
6533:
6520:
6505:
6487:
6435:
6409:
6375:. April 18, 2012. Archived from
6361:
6342:
6334:. March 18, 2012. Archived from
6320:
6302:
6279:
6257:
6238:
6220:
6204:Wray, Richard (April 16, 2010).
6197:
6179:
6157:
6098:
6059:
6032:
6016:. Global Finance. Archived from
6005:
5987:
5947:
5929:
5911:
5887:Mount, Ian (September 1, 2011).
5855:
5836:
5802:
5784:
5766:
5743:
5641:
5524:
5486:
5464:de Beaufort Wijnholds, J. Onno.
5227:
5202:
5118:
5101:
5078:
5020:
5005:
4938:
4498:Veigel, Klaus Friedrich (2005).
3688:Edwards, Sebastian (July 2009).
3155:"Power, Corruption and Commerce"
3122:"Power, Corruption and Commerce"
3089:"Power, Corruption and Commerce"
2809:"The rise and fall of Argentina"
2680:
2666:
2405:. In late 2010, the largest new
1723:. Perón turned Argentina into a
1251:years, which coincided with the
536: Month over Month inflation
472:
42:
8071:National Reorganization Process
7390:. Council on Foreign Relations.
5385:Della Paolera & Taylor 2003
5085:Antonio Cafiero (May 7, 2008).
5031:. Penn State Press. p. 2.
4694:Inter-American Economic Affairs
4685:
4654:
4635:
4608:
4586:Della Paolera & Taylor 2002
4569:Della Paolera & Taylor 2002
4557:Della Paolera & Taylor 2003
4465:Della Paolera & Taylor 2003
4405:
4370:Della Paolera & Taylor 2002
4319:
4133:
4051:
4035:. Govt. Print. Off. p. 11.
4022:
4005:
3902:. William Heinemann. p. 2.
3889:
3864:
3859:Della Paolera & Taylor 2003
3780:Della Paolera & Taylor 2003
3615:
3541:
3504:
3451:Della Paolera & Taylor 2003
3436:Della Paolera & Taylor 2003
3424:Della Paolera & Taylor 2003
3258:
3223:
3146:
3113:
3080:
3047:
2973:Politi, Daniel (May 22, 2020).
2966:
2869:Della Paolera & Taylor 2003
2696:British investment in Argentina
2524:Presidency of Alberto Fernández
2518:Presidency of Alberto Fernández
2131:devaluation of the Mexican peso
1921:Free-market reforms (1975–2002)
1695:Propaganda poster of the first
1638:severe downturn in the region.
981:Buenos Aires marketplace, 1810s
887:, attributed the free trade to
701:compared to other parts of the
581:independence from Spain in 1816
318:National Reorganization Process
258:General Confederation of Labour
209:British investment in Argentina
100:Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires
61:Indigenous peoples in Argentina
7573:Latin American Economic Review
7521:Latin American economic review
7388:Remaking the Argentine economy
7060:, Cambridge University Press,
7017:, Cambridge University Press,
6994:, Cambridge University Press,
6709:. October 2015. Archived from
6416:Ken Parks (January 15, 2014).
6012:Guerrero, Antonio (May 2006).
5889:"Argentina's Turnaround Tango"
5809:Benson, Todd (July 30, 2004).
5337:"Military government, 1966–73"
3371:Migden Socolow, Susan (1987).
2940:
2881:GDP per capita graph 1960–2015
2874:
2813:Latin American Economic Review
2800:
2652:, which led to lower rates of
2420:. Argentina began a period of
2375:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
2359:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
1721:General Confederation of Labor
1010:merchants came to an end. The
921:Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata
524: Year over Year inflation
1:
9404:Economic history of Argentina
9318:Confederate States of America
8641:Economic histories by country
7293:
7279:, Stanford University Press,
7152:, Stanford University Press,
7084:(Yale University Press, 1970)
7077:(U of Pittsburgh Press, 1989)
6980:
6442:Shane Romig (June 23, 2014).
5364:. p. 150. Archived from
4933:Lovering & Southgate 2007
4760:Galiani & Gerchunoff 2002
4527:MacLachlan, Colin M. (2006).
4248:Williams, John Henry (1920).
4205:"Hacia la crisis (1880–1890)"
4012:Williams, John Henry (1920).
3896:Falcke Martin, Percy (1905).
3829:Williams, John Henry (1920).
3804:Avila, Jorge C. (July 2011).
3153:Moutoukias, Zacarías (1988).
3120:Moutoukias, Zacarías (1988).
3087:Moutoukias, Zacarías (1988).
3054:Moutoukias, Zacarías (1988).
2763:Galiani & Gerchunoff 2002
2289:Presidency of Néstor Kirchner
2237:Independent Evaluation Office
2179:1998 Russian financial crisis
2082:Multinational retailers like
2025:inability to service its debt
1997:Banco de Intercambio Regional
1293:Patagonian sheep farming boom
1078:(1820–1824) and his minister
640:also contributed to the huge
576:economic history of Argentina
7650:. World Bank. Archived from
6707:Mauricio Macri Official Site
6149:. Clarín.com. Archived from
6106:"Don't lie to me, Argentina"
6043:. Clarin.com. Archived from
5979:. Clarín.com. Archived from
5538:. p. 64. Archived from
4058:Jorge Avila (May 25, 2006).
3622:Peterson, Harold F. (1964).
3347:A brief history of Argentina
2852:"Becoming a serious country"
2470:Presidency of Mauricio Macri
2464:Presidency of Mauricio Macri
2459:Economic problems since 2016
2403:Argentine debt restructuring
2192:In December 1999, President
1964:José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz
1857:to power. Ongania appointed
1792:Post-Peron era and the 1960s
1531:Banco de la Nacion Argentina
1495:
1441:Baring crisis to World War I
1358:Partido Autonomista Nacional
1331:
1195:
997:
935:Post-independence transition
903:Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros
86:Governorate of New Andalusia
7:
9378:Scotland in the Middle Ages
9247:Mongolian People's Republic
8476:Water supply and sanitation
7621:Mark Allen (January 2003).
6249:. Bloomberg. Archived from
4729:. p. 6. Archived from
4621:. Beard Books. p. 51.
4119:. I.B. Tauris. p. 21.
4116:Argentina: A Modern History
4029:Bicknell, Frank W. (1904).
3554:Political Science Quarterly
3344:Brown, Jonathan C. (2009).
2885:Google Public Data Explorer
2735:NBER Working Paper No. 6236
2659:
2158:Economic crisis (1998–2002)
2029:International Monetary Fund
2027:, Argentina approached the
1717:1946 presidential elections
1687:A vocational school in 1945
1668:1937 presidential elections
1524:Buenos Aires Stock Exchange
1157:declaration of independence
1144:The report of the American
1029:(1811–1812), influenced by
10:
9420:
9328:England in the Middle Ages
7479:(1951) 1#4 pp. 30–38.
7459:Latin America in the 1940s
7273:Smith, William C. (1991),
6788:December 15, 2017, at the
6674:December 20, 2016, at the
6604:December 20, 2016, at the
4530:Argentina: what went wrong
3655:The Invention of Argentina
3628:. SUNY Press. p. 80.
2706:Latin American debt crisis
2543:Presidency of Javier Milei
2540:
2537:Presidency of Javier Milei
2521:
2467:
2432:partner and major holder,
2361:inaugurating a factory in
2346:
2286:
2161:
2109:In 1991, economy minister
2055:out of compliance with an
1988:and a financial collapse.
1942:of the Argentine currency.
1836:1958 presidential election
1705:1943 Argentine coup d'état
1645:In 1930, the armed forces
1354:1874 presidential election
1346:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
1290:
549:
286:1963 Argentine Navy revolt
197:Rise of Argentine Republic
9270:
9212:
9191:
9029:
8886:
8785:
8647:
8571:
8489:
8404:
8395:
8311:
8302:
8189:
8180:
8103:
8094:
7996:
7936:
7880:
7827:
7789:
7781:Historical exchange rates
7702:
7585:10.1007/s40503-017-0055-4
7497:Solberg, Carl E. (1987).
7337:Pablo Gerchunoff (1989),
7323:, Buenos Aires: Colihue,
7146:Rocchi, Fernando (2006),
6585:January 29, 2017, at the
5108:Pablo Gerchunoff (1989).
3983:10.1007/s11698-018-0178-0
3652:Shumway, Nicolas (1993).
3265:Adelman, Jeremy. (1999).
3172:10.1215/00182168-68.4.771
3139:10.1215/00182168-68.4.771
3106:10.1215/00182168-68.4.771
3073:10.1215/00182168-68.4.771
2826:10.1186/s40503-019-0076-2
2474:Argentine monetary crisis
2223:Critics of the policy of
2214:partial withdrawal freeze
1915:expansive monetary policy
1415:marginal product of labor
1253:secession of Buenos Aires
270:Post-WW II (1955 to 1976)
8194:Administrative divisions
7628:. Fondad. Archived from
7374:. Yale University Press.
7301:Abad de Santillán, Diego
6353:. Perfil. Archived from
6212:. London. Archived from
5064:"Argentina Trade Policy"
4289:Lewis, Colin M. (2007).
2716:
2612:and Di Tella (1985) the
2343:Fernández administration
2322:Province of Buenos Aires
2201:on Argentine bonds over
2037:Argentine peso argentino
1749:redistribution of wealth
1629:Argentina abandoned the
1212:a constituent assembly.
1118:during a military coup.
901:of 1809. The actions of
579:relative decline. Since
103:(1661-1671), (1759-1788)
7716:Railway nationalization
7482:Peralta-Ramos, Monica.
7454:. London: Athlone 1983.
7419:August 3, 2017, at the
7260:Economic History Review
7226:, IDEAS, archived from
6448:The Wall Street Journal
6422:The Wall Street Journal
5776:. INDEC. Archived from
5651:. INDEC. Archived from
4615:Wirth, John D. (2001).
3099:(4): 774–775, 780–784.
2930:Encyclopædia Britannica
2318:San Martín Railway line
2283:Kirchner administration
2225:economic liberalization
1859:Adalbert Krieger Vasena
1392:first Argentine railway
1175:In the mid-1820s, when
1002:After Argentina became
661:culminated in a default
570:Evolution of GDP growth
224:Radical Phase (1916–30)
9059:Bosnia and Herzegovina
8363:Science and technology
7343:, di Tella y Dornbusch
6560:July 27, 2016, at the
6234:on September 27, 2011.
6193:on September 29, 2011.
5556:Lischinsky, Bernardo.
5165:on September 27, 2011.
4922:on September 26, 2011.
3300:Abad de Santillán 1965
2640:demographic transition
2575:
2553:right-wing libertarian
2373:On December 10, 2007,
2370:
2369:, drawn by tax breaks.
2264:
2173:
2091:
2064:economically heterodox
2020:
2000:
1943:
1926:Stagnation (1975–1990)
1874:
1826:Revolución Libertadora
1813:
1801:
1700:
1688:
1618:
1606:
1509:
1450:
1410:
1375:
1341:
1301:
1244:
1205:
1141:
1096:protectionist policies
1088:president of Argentina
994:
982:
925:Free Trade Act of 1778
899:Apodaca-Canning treaty
880:
797:consider it instead a
745:Spanish treasure fleet
690:
682:
625:to achieve industrial
595:comparative advantages
571:
563:
555:
538:
435:Science and technology
335:Guerra de las Malvinas
276:Revolución Libertadora
214:Conquest of the Desert
9252:Serbia and Montenegro
9213:Former industrialized
7751:Railway privatisation
7712:Agricultural colonies
7657:on September 4, 2015.
7382:45.1 (2016): 123–147.
7094:The Argentine economy
7052:Bulmer-Thomas, Victor
6271:. November 21, 2011.
6216:on February 15, 2012.
5983:on September 4, 2015.
5925:on September 4, 2015.
5780:on February 16, 2012.
5655:on November 14, 2011.
5637:on September 4, 2015.
5596:Federico Sturzenegger
5424:on December 14, 2011.
5371:on September 2, 2011.
5194:. PBS. Archived from
5125:Llach, Lucas (1998).
5097:on February 11, 2012.
5070:. PBS. Archived from
4978:. PBS. Archived from
4953:on December 18, 2011.
4918:. PBS. Archived from
4857:. PBS. Archived from
4516:on December 14, 2011.
4154:on September 4, 2015.
4113:Hedges, Jill (2011).
3951:on September 9, 2011.
3548:Grinfeld, I. (1910).
2936:on December 14, 2011.
2569:
2547:On 10 December 2023,
2439:Rising inflation and
2356:
2326:Aerolíneas Argentinas
2250:
2171:
2136:a strong depreciation
2081:
2018:
1994:
1960:military dictatorship
1933:
1868:
1807:
1799:
1713:United Officers Group
1694:
1686:
1612:
1600:
1547:lender of last resort
1503:
1448:
1408:
1370:
1339:
1297:
1234:
1218:Justo José de Urquiza
1203:
1139:
1039:José Gervasio Artigas
988:
980:
878:
857:Industrial Revolution
688:
674:
585:currency devaluations
569:
561:
544:
518:
9271:Historical economies
8168:World Heritage Sites
8041:Arms race with Chile
7946:Argentina portal
7908:Provincial economies
7766:2008 farmers' strike
7696:Economy of Argentina
7635:on December 8, 2011.
7405:102.1 (2022): 61–94.
7309:History of Argentina
7262:(2013) 66#2 601–627.
7192:Gaucho Banking Redux
7031:Rock, David (1987),
6938:on February 23, 2014
6338:on January 17, 2013.
6298:on December 7, 2011.
6112:. February 25, 2012.
5961:on January 19, 2012.
5792:"Politics this week"
5739:on January 22, 2012.
5574:on December 8, 2011.
5482:on December 8, 2011.
5357:Kosacoff, Bernardo.
5343:on October 13, 2014.
4912:"Argentina Economic"
4851:"Argentina Overview"
4814:. February 28, 2002.
4736:on December 7, 2011.
4275:. December 20, 2001.
4186:on January 16, 2014.
3871:Baten, Jörg (2016).
3525:on January 16, 2014.
2572:Geary–Khamis dollars
2391:late-2000s recession
2277:commodity price boom
2233:Washington Consensus
1851:Argentine Revolution
1656:Roca-Runciman Treaty
1539:non-performing loans
1537:. Rediscounting and
1475:Celman's successor,
1362:Julio Argentino Roca
1209:Juan Manuel de Rosas
1100:port of Buenos Aires
1092:The happy experience
1080:Bernardino Rivadavia
1041:(who controlled the
1031:Bernardino Rivadavia
972:Argentine Civil Wars
961:Julio Argentino Roca
957:Juan Manuel de Rosas
519:Argentina Inflation
479:Argentina portal
296:Argentine Revolution
291:Arturo Umberto Illia
174:Juan Manuel de Rosas
164:Bernardino Rivadavia
9114:Republic of Ireland
8793:Antigua and Barbuda
8086:December 2001 riots
8081:Trial of the Juntas
8026:War of Independence
7903:Ministry of Economy
7746:Convertibility plan
7523:27.1 (2018): 1–17.
7430:Gómez, Georgina M.
7380:Economy and society
7134:on December 8, 2011
6911:Buenos Aires Herald
6886:. December 10, 2023
6834:. December 11, 2023
6792:November 17, 2017,
6657:El Destape Website
6373:Buenos Aires Herald
6332:La Voz del Interior
6253:on October 8, 2011.
6175:on January 2, 2011.
6169:Wall Street Journal
6153:on October 8, 2012.
6134:on August 10, 2014.
6001:on October 2, 2011.
5869:. December 1, 2005.
4872:Sánchez-Alonso 2010
4861:on October 9, 2011.
4355:Sánchez-Alonso 2010
4314:Sánchez-Alonso 2010
4215:on August 10, 2011.
4091:on October 15, 2011
4046:Sánchez-Alonso 2010
3763:, pp. 322–325.
3751:, pp. 304–306.
3739:, pp. 302–304.
3727:, pp. 280–283.
3715:, pp. 255–273.
3489:, pp. 176–181.
2807:Spruk, Rok (2019).
2614:political tradition
1855:Juan Carlos Onganía
1549:actions, following
1419:European immigrants
1400:meat-packing plants
893:economic report by
861:American Revolution
699:economic advantages
675:An 1868 photo of a
623:import substitution
593:possesses definite
366:December 2001 riots
356:Trial of the Juntas
350:Return to democracy
229:The Infamous Decade
144:Congress of Tucumán
134:War of Independence
8340:Electricity sector
8011:Colonial Argentina
7867:Telecommunications
7559:on April 26, 2012.
7489:Rocchi, Fernando.
7486:(Routledge, 2019).
7434:(Routledge, 2015).
7305:Historia Argentina
6739:. December 7, 2015
6047:on October 8, 2009
5943:on August 1, 2015.
5893:The New York Times
5849:The New York Times
5815:The New York Times
5756:The New York Times
5612:on April 19, 2012.
5223:on April 26, 2012.
5074:on April 26, 2011.
4972:"Argentina Social"
4945:McGann, Thomas F.
4825:Bulmer-Thomas 2003
4724:"Great Depression"
4303:on April 22, 2013.
4233:Bulmer-Thomas 2003
3818:on April 19, 2012.
3702:on April 26, 2012.
3302:, p. 391–392.
2979:The New York Times
2654:labor productivity
2622:immigration policy
2576:
2509:An extremely high
2371:
2265:
2251:In the mid-2000s,
2194:Fernando de la Rúa
2174:
2092:
2042:In December 1983,
2021:
2001:
1984:ultimately led to
1944:
1875:
1814:
1802:
1774:Comodoro Rivadavia
1711:, a member of the
1701:
1689:
1635:caja de conversión
1619:
1607:
1510:
1462:a financial crisis
1451:
1411:
1376:
1342:
1245:
1206:
1177:Manuel José García
1146:John Murray Forbes
1142:
1123:medium of exchange
1074:The government of
1035:Second Triumvirate
995:
991:Charles Pellegrini
983:
942:littoral provinces
881:
780:navíos de registro
761:navíos de registro
749:navíos de registro
741:navíos de registro
724:Patagonian Plateau
691:
683:
572:
564:
556:
539:
460:Years in Argentina
79:Colonial Argentina
9391:
9390:
9343:Habsburg monarchy
9311:Republic of China
8607:
8606:
8567:
8566:
8391:
8390:
8298:
8297:
8268:Political parties
8263:National Congress
8209:Foreign relations
8176:
8175:
8036:Generation of '80
8006:First inhabitants
7952:
7951:
7761:2007–10 recession
7533:60 (2016): 70–80.
7507:on August 3, 2017
7398:(Springer, 2016).
7394:Di Tella, Guido.
7317:Galasso, Norberto
7254:on March 16, 2012
7209:Pineda, Yovanna.
7184:on April 26, 2012
7073:Di Tella, Guido.
6860:. October 4, 2023
6713:on March 10, 2016
6640:Ambito Financiero
5709:on July 26, 2014.
5545:on March 5, 2012.
5520:on March 6, 2012.
5198:on April 1, 2011.
5188:"Argentina Money"
4982:on April 1, 2011.
4066:on March 3, 2016.
2650:capital intensity
2645:export-led growth
2626:scarcity of labor
2603:land distribution
2595:settler societies
2562:Argentine paradox
2052:Argentine austral
2005:chronic inflation
1962:finance minister
1907:wage-price spiral
1477:Carlos Pellegrini
1222:battle of Caseros
1150:John Quincy Adams
1027:First Triumvirate
638:last dictatorship
634:chronic inflation
513:
512:
410:Jewish Argentines
338:
219:Generation of '80
204:1853 Constitution
9411:
9333:Ethiopian Empire
9288:Byzantine Empire
9237:Empire of Brazil
8634:
8627:
8620:
8611:
8610:
8587:
8580:
8529:National symbols
8402:
8401:
8358:
8345:Economic history
8329:
8309:
8308:
8187:
8186:
8101:
8100:
7979:
7972:
7965:
7956:
7955:
7944:
7943:
7942:
7913:Provinces by HDI
7847:Defence industry
7756:1998–2002 crisis
7689:
7682:
7675:
7666:
7665:
7658:
7656:
7649:
7636:
7634:
7627:
7617:
7611:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7593:
7570:
7560:
7558:
7551:
7516:
7514:
7512:
7450:Lewis, Colin M.
7391:
7375:
7356:Amaral, Samuel,
7344:
7333:
7312:
7289:
7265:Smith, Peter H.
7255:
7253:
7246:
7234:
7233:on June 26, 2012
7232:
7225:
7206:
7205:on April 6, 2012
7204:
7198:, archived from
7197:
7185:
7183:
7177:, archived from
7172:
7162:
7135:
7133:
7127:, archived from
7126:
7114:
7098:
7070:
7047:
7027:
7004:
6975:
6969:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6937:
6930:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6902:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6876:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6812:. March 15, 2023
6802:
6796:
6780:
6769:
6768:
6765:. Chequeado.com
6762:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6699:
6693:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6596:
6590:
6577:
6571:
6552:
6546:
6545:
6537:
6531:
6524:
6518:
6509:
6503:
6491:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6475:. August 2, 2014
6465:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6357:on June 8, 2012.
6346:
6340:
6339:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6316:. June 30, 2011.
6306:
6300:
6299:
6294:. Archived from
6283:
6277:
6276:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6102:
6096:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6009:
6003:
6002:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5972:
5963:
5962:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5915:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5884:
5871:
5870:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5840:
5834:
5828:
5819:
5818:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5798:. July 29, 2004.
5788:
5782:
5781:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5762:on May 15, 2013.
5758:. Archived from
5747:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5731:
5722:
5711:
5710:
5699:
5678:
5677:
5666:
5657:
5656:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5629:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5605:. Archived from
5604:
5594:Sergio Pernice,
5591:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5562:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5537:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5512:
5503:
5497:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5470:
5461:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5416:
5407:
5388:
5382:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5363:
5354:
5345:
5344:
5333:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5295:
5289:
5280:
5274:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5216:. Archived from
5215:
5209:Arnaut, Javier.
5206:
5200:
5199:
5184:
5167:
5166:
5154:
5143:
5142:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5093:. Archived from
5082:
5076:
5075:
5060:
5043:
5042:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4984:
4983:
4968:
4955:
4954:
4942:
4936:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4908:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4847:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4804:
4763:
4757:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4728:
4719:
4710:
4709:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4589:
4583:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4545:
4544:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4504:
4495:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4429:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4388:
4382:
4373:
4367:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4295:
4286:
4277:
4276:
4265:
4256:
4255:
4245:
4236:
4230:
4217:
4216:
4201:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4178:
4169:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4146:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4110:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4090:
4083:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3962:
3953:
3952:
3940:
3923:
3917:
3904:
3903:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3810:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3694:
3685:
3670:
3669:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3517:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3404:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3341:
3330:
3324:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3194:
3188:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3030:
3024:
3013:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2932:. Archived from
2922:
2891:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2777:
2766:
2760:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2726:
2690:
2688:Economics portal
2685:
2684:
2676:
2674:Argentina portal
2671:
2670:
2669:
2636:dependency ratio
2500:Alfonso Prat-Gay
2445:capital controls
2422:fiscal austerity
2411:Neuquén Province
2367:Tierra del Fuego
2267:In January 2002
2119:a currency board
2010:Falkland Islands
1810:Ferranti Mercury
1745:inflationary tax
1736:exchange control
1623:Great Depression
1593:Great Depression
1344:In 1870, during
1319:imperial bushels
1305:
1076:Martín Rodríguez
1066:Battle of Cepeda
1047:Supreme Director
1037:(1812–1814) and
968:Federalist Party
819:closed economies
807:Norberto Galasso
795:Rodolfo Puiggrós
785:Historians like
667:Colonial economy
627:self-sufficiency
615:Great Depression
535:
529:
523:
505:
498:
491:
477:
476:
475:
332:
46:
36:
18:
17:
9419:
9418:
9414:
9413:
9412:
9410:
9409:
9408:
9394:
9393:
9392:
9387:
9266:
9242:Empire of Japan
9222:Austria-Hungary
9214:
9208:
9187:
9025:
8981:Solomon Islands
8882:
8781:
8643:
8638:
8608:
8603:
8590:
8583:
8576:
8563:
8544:Public holidays
8485:
8444:Life expectancy
8387:
8356:
8325:
8294:
8253:Law enforcement
8172:
8090:
8051:Infamous Decade
7992:
7983:
7953:
7948:
7940:
7938:
7932:
7876:
7823:
7785:
7721:Five-Year Plans
7698:
7693:
7662:
7654:
7647:
7632:
7625:
7605:
7604:
7597:
7595:
7591:
7568:
7556:
7549:
7541:
7536:
7510:
7508:
7468:Lewis, Paul H.
7421:Wayback Machine
7352:
7350:Further reading
7347:
7331:
7296:
7287:
7251:
7244:
7230:
7223:
7202:
7195:
7181:
7170:
7160:
7131:
7124:
7068:
7045:
7025:
7009:Bethell, Leslie
7002:
6983:
6978:
6970:
6951:
6941:
6939:
6935:
6928:
6922:
6918:
6903:
6899:
6889:
6887:
6878:
6877:
6873:
6863:
6861:
6852:
6851:
6847:
6837:
6835:
6830:
6829:
6825:
6815:
6813:
6804:
6803:
6799:
6790:Wayback Machine
6781:
6772:
6766:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6742:
6740:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6716:
6714:
6701:
6700:
6696:
6689:
6685:
6679:
6678:El Sol Website
6676:Wayback Machine
6668:
6664:
6658:
6653:
6649:
6643:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6619:
6615:
6609:
6606:Wayback Machine
6597:
6593:
6587:Wayback Machine
6578:
6574:
6570:(Buenos Aires).
6562:Wayback Machine
6553:
6549:
6543:
6538:
6534:
6525:
6521:
6510:
6506:
6492:
6488:
6478:
6476:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6452:
6450:
6440:
6436:
6426:
6424:
6414:
6410:
6400:
6398:
6389:
6388:
6384:
6379:on May 9, 2012.
6367:
6366:
6362:
6347:
6343:
6326:
6325:
6321:
6308:
6307:
6303:
6292:Financial Times
6284:
6280:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6243:
6239:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6202:
6198:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6163:
6162:
6158:
6143:
6139:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6093:Richardson 2008
6091:
6087:
6077:
6075:
6074:on May 22, 2012
6064:
6060:
6050:
6048:
6037:
6033:
6023:
6021:
6010:
6006:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5973:
5966:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5935:
5934:
5930:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5906:Richardson 2008
5904:
5900:
5885:
5874:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5841:
5837:
5831:Richardson 2008
5829:
5822:
5807:
5803:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5748:
5744:
5736:
5729:
5723:
5714:
5701:
5700:
5681:
5676:. May 13, 1999.
5670:"Down to earth"
5668:
5667:
5660:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5634:
5627:
5621:
5617:
5609:
5602:
5592:
5579:
5571:
5560:
5554:
5550:
5542:
5535:
5529:
5525:
5517:
5510:
5504:
5500:
5491:
5487:
5479:
5468:
5462:
5429:
5421:
5414:
5408:
5391:
5383:
5376:
5368:
5361:
5355:
5348:
5335:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5315:
5307:
5298:
5290:
5283:
5275:
5266:
5258:
5254:
5246:
5242:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5220:
5213:
5207:
5203:
5186:
5185:
5170:
5155:
5146:
5139:
5123:
5119:
5106:
5102:
5083:
5079:
5062:
5061:
5046:
5039:
5025:
5021:
5010:
5006:
4998:
4987:
4970:
4969:
4958:
4943:
4939:
4931:
4927:
4910:
4909:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4870:
4866:
4849:
4848:
4831:
4823:
4819:
4806:
4805:
4766:
4758:
4741:
4733:
4726:
4720:
4713:
4690:
4686:
4671:10.2307/2548200
4665:(26): 156–172.
4659:
4655:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4613:
4609:
4601:
4592:
4584:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4502:
4496:
4471:
4463:
4459:
4436:10.2307/2118515
4427:10.1.1.724.2778
4410:
4406:
4398:
4391:
4383:
4376:
4368:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4341:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4300:
4293:
4287:
4280:
4267:
4266:
4259:
4246:
4239:
4231:
4220:
4203:
4202:
4191:
4183:
4176:
4170:
4159:
4151:
4144:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4111:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4075:
4071:
4056:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4027:
4023:
4010:
4006:
3963:
3956:
3941:
3926:
3918:
3907:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3869:
3865:
3857:
3840:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3778:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3692:
3686:
3673:
3666:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3589:
3566:10.2307/2141010
3546:
3542:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3407:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3342:
3333:
3325:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3279:
3263:
3259:
3244:10.2307/2506227
3228:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3180:
3151:
3147:
3118:
3114:
3085:
3081:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3016:
3008:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2945:
2941:
2924:
2923:
2894:
2887:, sources from
2879:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2858:. June 3, 2004.
2850:
2849:
2842:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2778:
2769:
2761:
2752:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2564:
2545:
2539:
2526:
2520:
2481:private sectors
2476:
2468:Main articles:
2466:
2461:
2351:
2345:
2294:Néstor Kirchner
2291:
2285:
2273:Roberto Lavagna
2269:Eduardo Duhalde
2245:
2203:U.S. Treasuries
2185:crisis and the
2166:
2160:
2115:monetary reform
2111:Domingo Cavallo
2076:
1995:The failure of
1940:redenominations
1928:
1923:
1890:" (100 to 1).
1832:Arturo Frondizi
1794:
1741:interventionism
1732:Bilateral trade
1681:
1676:
1615:Horacio Coppola
1595:
1508:workers in 1923
1498:
1493:
1491:Interwar period
1466:monetary policy
1458:Baring Brothers
1443:
1374:brewery in 1910
1334:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1289:
1287:Export-led boom
1263:The end of the
1198:
1182:Baring Brothers
1051:Río de la Plata
1000:
937:
914:Colonial Brazil
885:Bartolomé Mitre
870:Napoleonic Wars
695:colonial period
669:
554:
537:
533:
531:
527:
525:
521:
509:
473:
471:
466:
465:
464:
449:
441:
440:
439:
384:
376:
375:
351:
343:
342:
331:
320:
310:
309:
281:Arturo Frondizi
271:
263:
262:
244:
234:
233:
199:
189:
188:
159:
149:
148:
124:
114:
113:
109:
102:
95:
88:
81:
71:
70:
56:
34:
27:
12:
11:
5:
9417:
9407:
9406:
9389:
9388:
9386:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9368:Ottoman Empire
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9323:Dutch Republic
9320:
9315:
9314:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9290:
9285:
9283:Ashanti Empire
9280:
9278:Ancient Greece
9274:
9272:
9268:
9267:
9265:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9227:Czechoslovakia
9224:
9218:
9216:
9210:
9209:
9207:
9206:
9201:
9195:
9193:
9189:
9188:
9186:
9185:
9184:
9183:
9178:
9171:United Kingdom
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9117:
9116:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9074:Czech Republic
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9033:
9031:
9027:
9026:
9024:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8890:
8888:
8884:
8883:
8881:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8789:
8787:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8651:
8649:
8645:
8644:
8637:
8636:
8629:
8622:
8614:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8601:
8596:
8589:
8588:
8581:
8573:
8572:
8569:
8568:
8565:
8564:
8562:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8495:
8493:
8487:
8486:
8484:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8462:
8461:
8456:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8405:
8399:
8393:
8392:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8368:Stock Exchange
8365:
8360:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8335:Communications
8332:
8331:
8330:
8318:
8312:
8306:
8300:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8293:
8292:
8287:
8285:Vice President
8282:
8281:
8280:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8244:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8223:
8222:
8221:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8190:
8184:
8178:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8153:National Parks
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8128:Extreme points
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8104:
8098:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8002:
8000:
7994:
7993:
7982:
7981:
7974:
7967:
7959:
7950:
7949:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7918:Stock exchange
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7898:Infrastructure
7895:
7890:
7888:Argentine peso
7884:
7882:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7831:
7829:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7795:
7793:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7708:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7692:
7691:
7684:
7677:
7669:
7660:
7659:
7637:
7618:
7561:
7540:
7539:External links
7537:
7535:
7534:
7527:
7517:
7494:
7487:
7480:
7473:
7466:
7455:
7448:
7441:
7435:
7428:
7423:
7406:
7399:
7392:
7383:
7376:
7367:
7361:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7334:
7330:978-9505634781
7329:
7313:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7286:978-0804719612
7285:
7270:
7263:
7256:
7235:
7214:
7207:
7186:
7163:
7159:978-0804767453
7158:
7143:
7136:
7115:
7099:
7085:
7078:
7071:
7067:978-0521532747
7066:
7048:
7044:978-0520061781
7043:
7028:
7024:978-0521266529
7023:
7005:
7001:978-0521822473
7000:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6949:
6916:
6897:
6871:
6845:
6823:
6797:
6770:
6750:
6724:
6694:
6683:
6662:
6647:
6628:
6613:
6591:
6572:
6555:«Estanflación»
6547:
6532:
6519:
6504:
6486:
6460:
6434:
6408:
6397:. June 2, 2012
6382:
6360:
6341:
6319:
6301:
6278:
6256:
6237:
6219:
6196:
6178:
6156:
6137:
6115:
6097:
6095:, p. 250.
6085:
6058:
6031:
6020:on May 5, 2012
6004:
5986:
5964:
5946:
5928:
5910:
5908:, p. 242.
5898:
5872:
5854:
5835:
5833:, p. 236.
5820:
5801:
5783:
5765:
5742:
5712:
5679:
5658:
5640:
5615:
5577:
5548:
5523:
5498:
5485:
5427:
5389:
5387:, p. 289.
5374:
5346:
5325:
5313:
5296:
5281:
5264:
5262:, p. 103.
5252:
5250:, p. 101.
5240:
5226:
5201:
5168:
5144:
5138:978-9509122574
5137:
5117:
5100:
5077:
5044:
5038:978-0271035727
5037:
5019:
5004:
4985:
4956:
4937:
4925:
4888:
4876:
4864:
4829:
4827:, p. 197.
4817:
4764:
4739:
4711:
4684:
4653:
4634:
4628:978-1587981036
4627:
4607:
4590:
4573:
4561:
4559:, p. 296.
4546:
4540:978-0275990763
4539:
4519:
4469:
4467:, p. 300.
4457:
4420:(1): 195–227.
4404:
4402:, p. 238.
4389:
4374:
4359:
4347:
4335:
4332:. getAbstract.
4318:
4306:
4278:
4257:
4237:
4218:
4189:
4157:
4132:
4126:978-1848856547
4125:
4102:
4069:
4050:
4038:
4021:
4004:
3977:(3): 443–469.
3954:
3924:
3905:
3888:
3882:978-1107507180
3881:
3863:
3838:
3821:
3796:
3794:, p. 352.
3784:
3765:
3753:
3741:
3729:
3717:
3705:
3671:
3665:978-0520913851
3664:
3641:
3635:978-0873950107
3634:
3614:
3612:, p. 225.
3602:
3600:, p. 223.
3587:
3560:(1): 103–122.
3540:
3538:, p. 224.
3528:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3477:, p. 143.
3467:
3465:, p. 241.
3455:
3440:
3428:
3405:
3390:
3384:978-0822307532
3383:
3363:
3357:978-0816077960
3356:
3331:
3329:, p. 128.
3316:
3314:, p. 127.
3304:
3292:
3278:978-0804764148
3277:
3257:
3222:
3210:
3195:
3193:, p. 117.
3178:
3145:
3132:(4): 787–789.
3112:
3079:
3046:
3031:
3014:
2999:
2965:
2939:
2892:
2873:
2861:
2840:
2799:
2793:978-0896290785
2792:
2767:
2750:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2677:
2661:
2658:
2618:Díaz Alejandro
2563:
2560:
2538:
2535:
2519:
2516:
2511:inflation rate
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2441:capital flight
2344:
2341:
2314:price controls
2284:
2281:
2244:
2241:
2162:Main article:
2159:
2156:
2075:
2072:
1986:capital flight
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1793:
1790:
1765:Five-Year Plan
1697:Five-Year Plan
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1594:
1591:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1442:
1439:
1333:
1330:
1326:GDP per capita
1296:
1288:
1285:
1277:farming colony
1270:convertibility
1197:
1194:
1169:merchant fleet
1112:Manuel Dorrego
1018:, undertook a
1016:May Revolution
999:
996:
953:terms of trade
936:
933:
929:Napoleonic era
895:Mariano Moreno
811:Enrique Rivera
787:Milcíades Peña
703:Spanish Empire
668:
665:
619:per capita GDP
532:
526:
520:
511:
510:
508:
507:
500:
493:
485:
482:
481:
468:
467:
463:
462:
457:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
438:
437:
432:
430:Rail transport
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
368:
363:
358:
352:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
327:
321:
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
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283:
278:
272:
269:
268:
265:
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255:
245:
240:
239:
236:
235:
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231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
200:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
160:
155:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
141:
136:
131:
129:May Revolution
125:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
104:
97:
90:
82:
77:
76:
73:
72:
69:
68:
63:
57:
52:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
29:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9416:
9405:
9402:
9401:
9399:
9384:
9383:Tamil Country
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9358:Mongol Empire
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9293:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9275:
9273:
9269:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9219:
9217:
9211:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9196:
9194:
9190:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9173:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9115:
9112:
9111:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9039:
9035:
9034:
9032:
9028:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8896:
8892:
8891:
8889:
8885:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8873:United States
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8790:
8788:
8784:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8657:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8646:
8642:
8635:
8630:
8628:
8623:
8621:
8616:
8615:
8612:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8591:
8586:
8582:
8579:
8575:
8574:
8570:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8492:
8488:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8460:
8459:Ethnic groups
8457:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8394:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8353:
8351:
8350:Foreign trade
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8328:
8324:
8323:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8301:
8291:
8290:Supreme Court
8288:
8286:
8283:
8279:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8227:
8224:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8191:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8179:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8093:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8076:Falklands War
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8003:
8001:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7980:
7975:
7973:
7968:
7966:
7961:
7960:
7957:
7947:
7935:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7879:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7857:Foreign trade
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7828:Other sectors
7826:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7788:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7690:
7685:
7683:
7678:
7676:
7671:
7670:
7667:
7663:
7653:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7631:
7624:
7619:
7615:
7609:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7567:
7562:
7555:
7548:
7543:
7542:
7532:
7528:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7506:
7502:
7501:
7495:
7492:
7488:
7485:
7481:
7478:
7477:History Today
7474:
7471:
7467:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7453:
7449:
7446:
7442:
7440:
7436:
7433:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7418:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7384:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7368:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7355:
7354:
7342:
7339:
7335:
7332:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7297:
7288:
7282:
7278:
7277:
7271:
7268:
7264:
7261:
7257:
7250:
7243:
7242:
7236:
7229:
7222:
7221:
7215:
7212:
7208:
7201:
7194:
7193:
7187:
7180:
7176:
7169:
7164:
7161:
7155:
7151:
7150:
7144:
7141:
7137:
7130:
7123:
7122:
7116:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7100:
7096:
7095:
7090:
7086:
7083:
7079:
7076:
7072:
7069:
7063:
7059:
7058:
7053:
7049:
7046:
7040:
7036:
7035:
7029:
7026:
7020:
7016:
7015:
7010:
7006:
7003:
6997:
6993:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6973:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6934:
6927:
6920:
6912:
6908:
6901:
6885:
6881:
6875:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6833:
6827:
6811:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6784:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6764:
6754:
6738:
6734:
6728:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6703:"Macri Video"
6698:
6692:
6687:
6677:
6673:
6670:
6666:
6656:
6651:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6632:
6622:
6617:
6607:
6603:
6600:
6595:
6588:
6584:
6581:
6576:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6551:
6541:
6536:
6529:
6523:
6517:
6513:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6490:
6474:
6473:The Economist
6470:
6464:
6449:
6445:
6438:
6423:
6419:
6412:
6396:
6395:The Economist
6392:
6386:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6364:
6356:
6352:
6345:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6323:
6315:
6314:The Economist
6311:
6305:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6282:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6260:
6252:
6248:
6241:
6233:
6229:
6223:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6200:
6192:
6188:
6182:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6152:
6148:
6141:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6119:
6111:
6110:The Economist
6107:
6101:
6094:
6089:
6073:
6069:
6062:
6046:
6042:
6035:
6019:
6015:
6008:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5982:
5978:
5971:
5969:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5907:
5902:
5894:
5890:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5868:
5867:The Economist
5864:
5858:
5850:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5827:
5825:
5816:
5812:
5805:
5797:
5796:The Economist
5793:
5787:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5746:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5675:
5674:The Economist
5671:
5665:
5663:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5608:
5601:
5597:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5570:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5489:
5478:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5386:
5381:
5379:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5351:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5323:, p. 82.
5322:
5317:
5311:, p. 77.
5310:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5294:, p. 79.
5293:
5288:
5286:
5279:, p. 74.
5278:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5261:
5256:
5249:
5244:
5236:
5230:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5164:
5160:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5140:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5121:
5113:
5110:
5104:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5040:
5034:
5030:
5023:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4935:, p. 12.
4934:
4929:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4886:, p. 96.
4885:
4880:
4874:, p. 24.
4873:
4868:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4826:
4821:
4813:
4812:The Economist
4809:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4762:, p. 32.
4761:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4716:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4611:
4605:, p. 96.
4604:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4588:, p. 10.
4587:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4570:
4565:
4558:
4553:
4551:
4542:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4523:
4512:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4466:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4396:
4394:
4387:, p. 87.
4386:
4381:
4379:
4371:
4366:
4364:
4356:
4351:
4344:
4339:
4328:
4322:
4315:
4310:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4283:
4274:
4273:The Economist
4270:
4264:
4262:
4253:
4252:
4244:
4242:
4235:, p. 71.
4234:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4128:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4109:
4107:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4034:
4033:
4025:
4017:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3959:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3901:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3861:, p. 68.
3860:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3825:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3782:, p. 67.
3781:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3762:
3757:
3750:
3745:
3738:
3733:
3726:
3721:
3714:
3709:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3667:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3646:
3637:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3532:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3501:, p. 80.
3500:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3476:
3471:
3464:
3459:
3453:, p. 22.
3452:
3447:
3445:
3438:, p. 21.
3437:
3432:
3426:, p. 20.
3425:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3403:, p. 40.
3402:
3397:
3395:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3214:
3208:, p. 24.
3207:
3202:
3200:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3044:, p. 32.
3043:
3038:
3036:
3029:, p. 23.
3028:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3012:, p. 22.
3011:
3006:
3004:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2871:, p. 87.
2870:
2865:
2857:
2856:The Economist
2853:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2745:
2744:10.3386/w6236
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2721:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2638:and the slow
2637:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2585:According to
2583:
2581:
2580:Simon Kuznets
2573:
2568:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2475:
2471:
2456:
2454:
2453:Vulture funds
2448:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2229:neoliberalism
2226:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2165:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2143:trade balance
2139:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2123:hard-currency
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2100:shock program
2097:
2094:The Peronist
2089:
2085:
2080:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2050:In 1985, the
2048:
2045:
2044:Raúl Alfonsín
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1982:overvaluation
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1798:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1693:
1685:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:gold standard
1627:
1624:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1559:time deposits
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1519:Southern cone
1516:
1507:
1502:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1470:fiscal policy
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:Juárez Celman
1447:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1257:Confederation
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1129:for printing
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1020:protectionist
1017:
1013:
1012:Primera Junta
1009:
1005:
992:
987:
979:
975:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
948:
945:
943:
932:
930:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:
886:
877:
873:
871:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
845:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
736:
732:
728:
725:
720:
718:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
687:
680:
679:
673:
664:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
586:
582:
577:
568:
560:
553:
547:
543:
517:
506:
501:
499:
494:
492:
487:
486:
484:
483:
480:
470:
469:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
445:
444:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
380:
379:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
361:Raúl Alfonsín
359:
357:
354:
353:
347:
346:
339:
336:
330:Falklands War
328:
326:
323:
322:
319:
314:
313:
306:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
267:
266:
259:
256:
254:
250:
247:
246:
243:
238:
237:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
198:
193:
192:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
169:Confederation
167:
165:
162:
161:
158:
153:
152:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
126:
123:
118:
117:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
83:
80:
75:
74:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:Pre-Columbian
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
31:
30:
25:
20:
19:
16:
9373:Roman Empire
9338:Feudal Japan
9306:Ming dynasty
9301:Song dynasty
9257:Soviet Union
9232:East Germany
9036:
8976:Saudi Arabia
8893:
8797:
8752:South Africa
8654:
8499:Architecture
8466:Prostitution
8454:Demographics
8344:
8327:Central Bank
8226:Human rights
8199:Constitution
8056:World War II
7928:Trade unions
7840:Central Bank
7731:Austral plan
7703:
7661:
7652:the original
7641:Miguel Braun
7630:the original
7608:cite journal
7596:. Retrieved
7576:
7572:
7554:the original
7530:
7520:
7509:. Retrieved
7505:the original
7499:
7490:
7483:
7476:
7469:
7458:
7451:
7444:
7431:
7409:
7402:
7395:
7387:
7379:
7371:
7364:
7357:
7341:
7338:
7320:
7308:
7304:
7275:
7266:
7259:
7249:the original
7240:
7228:the original
7219:
7210:
7200:the original
7191:
7179:the original
7174:
7148:
7139:
7129:the original
7120:
7103:
7093:
7089:Ferrer, Aldo
7081:
7074:
7056:
7033:
7013:
6990:
6974:, p. 5.
6942:February 18,
6940:. Retrieved
6933:the original
6919:
6910:
6900:
6890:December 11,
6888:. Retrieved
6884:PBS NewsHour
6883:
6874:
6862:. Retrieved
6857:
6848:
6838:December 11,
6836:. Retrieved
6826:
6814:. Retrieved
6809:
6800:
6767:(in Spanish)
6753:
6743:December 31,
6741:. Retrieved
6736:
6727:
6717:December 31,
6715:. Retrieved
6711:the original
6706:
6697:
6686:
6680:(in Spanish)
6665:
6659:(in Spanish)
6650:
6644:(in Spanish)
6638:
6631:
6625:(in Spanish)
6616:
6610:(in Spanish)
6594:
6575:
6565:
6564:2016-01-17,
6550:
6544:(in Spanish)
6535:
6522:
6514:2015-12-17,
6507:
6498:
6497:2015-12-17,
6489:
6477:. Retrieved
6472:
6463:
6451:. Retrieved
6447:
6437:
6425:. Retrieved
6421:
6411:
6399:. Retrieved
6394:
6385:
6377:the original
6372:
6363:
6355:the original
6344:
6336:the original
6331:
6322:
6313:
6304:
6296:the original
6291:
6281:
6268:
6259:
6251:the original
6240:
6232:the original
6222:
6214:the original
6210:The Guardian
6209:
6199:
6191:the original
6181:
6173:the original
6168:
6159:
6151:the original
6140:
6132:the original
6127:
6118:
6109:
6100:
6088:
6078:December 19,
6076:. Retrieved
6072:the original
6061:
6049:. Retrieved
6045:the original
6034:
6022:. Retrieved
6018:the original
6007:
5999:the original
5989:
5981:the original
5959:the original
5949:
5941:the original
5931:
5923:the original
5913:
5901:
5892:
5866:
5857:
5848:
5838:
5814:
5804:
5795:
5786:
5778:the original
5768:
5760:the original
5755:
5745:
5734:the original
5707:the original
5673:
5653:the original
5643:
5632:the original
5618:
5607:the original
5569:the original
5564:
5551:
5540:the original
5526:
5515:the original
5501:
5488:
5477:the original
5472:
5419:the original
5366:the original
5341:the original
5316:
5260:Bethell 1991
5255:
5248:Bethell 1991
5243:
5229:
5218:the original
5204:
5196:the original
5191:
5163:the original
5129:
5126:
5120:
5112:
5109:
5103:
5095:the original
5090:
5080:
5072:the original
5067:
5028:
5022:
5007:
5002:, p. 8.
4980:the original
4975:
4951:the original
4940:
4928:
4920:the original
4915:
4884:Bethell 1991
4879:
4867:
4859:the original
4854:
4820:
4811:
4731:the original
4700:(3): 91–96.
4697:
4693:
4687:
4662:
4656:
4637:
4617:
4610:
4571:, p. 9.
4564:
4529:
4522:
4511:the original
4506:
4460:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4372:, p. 5.
4357:, p. 6.
4350:
4345:, p. 6.
4338:
4321:
4316:, p. 2.
4309:
4298:the original
4272:
4250:
4213:the original
4208:
4181:the original
4149:the original
4135:
4115:
4093:. Retrieved
4086:the original
4072:
4064:the original
4053:
4048:, p. 9.
4041:
4031:
4024:
4014:
4007:
3974:
3970:
3949:the original
3922:, p. 4.
3898:
3891:
3872:
3866:
3831:
3824:
3813:the original
3799:
3792:Galasso 2011
3787:
3761:Galasso 2011
3756:
3749:Galasso 2011
3744:
3737:Galasso 2011
3732:
3725:Galasso 2011
3720:
3713:Galasso 2011
3708:
3697:the original
3654:
3624:
3617:
3610:Galasso 2011
3605:
3598:Galasso 2011
3557:
3553:
3543:
3536:Galasso 2011
3531:
3520:the original
3506:
3494:
3487:Galasso 2011
3482:
3475:Galasso 2011
3470:
3463:Galasso 2011
3458:
3431:
3373:
3366:
3346:
3327:Galasso 2011
3312:Galasso 2011
3307:
3295:
3267:
3260:
3238:(1): 43–64.
3235:
3231:
3225:
3220:, p. 5.
3213:
3191:Galasso 2011
3162:
3158:
3148:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3063:
3059:
3049:
2990:. Retrieved
2978:
2968:
2956:. Retrieved
2952:
2942:
2934:the original
2929:
2876:
2864:
2855:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2782:
2765:, p. 4.
2734:
2724:
2630:
2607:
2584:
2577:
2557:
2549:Javier Milei
2546:
2528:In 2019 the
2527:
2508:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2449:
2438:
2415:
2395:Amado Boudou
2388:
2384:
2372:
2338:
2330:
2311:
2292:
2266:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2191:
2175:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2108:
2104:
2096:Carlos Menem
2093:
2061:
2049:
2041:
2022:
2002:
1977:crawling peg
1975:, an active
1972:
1969:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1848:
1830:
1822:
1818:a golden era
1815:
1786:
1782:
1778:Buenos Aires
1770:
1753:
1729:
1702:
1664:
1644:
1640:
1628:
1620:
1579:
1567:
1563:
1535:rent-seeking
1528:
1515:Panama Canal
1511:
1481:
1474:
1452:
1412:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1343:
1323:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1274:
1262:
1246:
1214:
1207:
1174:
1154:
1143:
1127:central bank
1120:
1116:Juan Lavalle
1091:
1073:
1070:
1055:
1043:Liga Federal
1024:
1001:
965:
949:
946:
938:
918:
907:
888:
882:
854:
849:
846:
839:
816:
805:or slavery.
784:
779:
775:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
740:
737:
733:
729:
721:
714:
692:
676:
650:
642:foreign debt
631:
608:
599:fertile land
589:
575:
573:
394:
334:
122:Independence
15:
9348:Inca Empire
9296:Han dynasty
9204:New Zealand
9166:Switzerland
9131:Netherlands
8991:South Korea
8971:Philippines
8951:North Korea
8707:Ivory Coast
8429:Immigration
8316:Agriculture
8241:Transgender
8123:Environment
8118:Earthquakes
8021:Viceroyalty
8016:Governorate
7791:Agriculture
7736:Spring plan
7598:January 23,
7579:(1): 1–22.
7408:Ford, A.G.
6864:January 23,
6024:December 8,
4603:Rocchi 2006
4400:Rocchi 2006
4385:Rocchi 2006
4095:February 1,
3971:Cliometrica
3920:Rocchi 2006
3206:Ferrer 1967
3042:Ferrer 1967
3027:Ferrer 1967
3010:Ferrer 1967
2953:NYTimes.com
2926:"Argentina"
2418:overheating
2407:natural gas
2397:prepared a
2324:(2006) and
2302:soybean oil
2257:soybean oil
1808:In 1961, a
1725:corporatist
1504:A group of
1190:peso fuerte
1004:independent
693:During the
420:Nationality
371:Kirchnerism
110:(1776–1814)
96:(1549-1776)
89:(1534-1542)
66:Inca Empire
33:History of
9262:Yugoslavia
9006:Tajikistan
8916:East Timor
8901:Azerbaijan
8895:Arab world
8727:Mozambique
8717:Madagascar
8559:Television
8534:Newspapers
8519:Literature
8424:Healthcare
8409:Corruption
8357:(currency)
8219:ministries
8214:Government
8031:Civil Wars
7741:BONEX plan
7511:August 26,
7463:David Rock
7294:In Spanish
7112:1811/28514
6981:References
5321:Smith 1991
5309:Smith 1991
5292:Smith 1991
5277:Smith 1991
3165:(4): 777.
3066:(4): 774.
2889:World Bank
2541:See also:
2522:See also:
2492:Income tax
2357:President
2347:See also:
2287:See also:
2207:sold short
1895:Corrientes
1853:, brought
1840:oil battle
1761:protection
1709:Juan Perón
1703:After the
1571:hydropower
1485:gold stock
1380:bimetallic
1350:Avellaneda
1315:latifundia
1291:See also:
1265:civil wars
1186:peso papel
1131:fiat money
1008:peninsular
835:Upper Peru
803:encomienda
791:capitalist
716:encomienda
705:, such as
657:privatized
611:took power
550:See also:
390:Corruption
301:Montoneros
249:Juan Perón
157:Civil Wars
9215:economies
9199:Australia
9126:Lithuania
8986:Singapore
8961:Palestine
8926:Indonesia
8853:Nicaragua
8798:Argentina
8434:Languages
8419:Education
8383:Transport
8273:President
8204:Elections
8148:Mountains
8096:Geography
8066:Dirty War
7986:Argentina
7893:Companies
7726:Rodrigazo
6816:March 15,
6794:Euromoney
6737:Pagina 12
6479:August 1,
6453:August 1,
6427:August 1,
6401:August 1,
5131:. Ariel.
5091:Página/12
4706:0020-4943
4663:Economica
4452:154470166
4422:CiteSeerX
3999:158598822
3991:1863-2505
3574:0032-3195
3499:Rock 1987
3401:Rock 1987
3218:Rock 1987
2987:0362-4331
2958:August 1,
2835:2196-436X
2819:(1): 16.
2643:with the
2530:inflation
2399:debt swap
2379:mobilized
2088:Carrefour
1958:When the
1953:Rodrigazo
1936:Rodrigazo
1934:From the
1871:Rosariazo
1660:deflation
1583:livestock
1555:bad paper
1496:1914–1929
1427:Spaniards
1421:(chiefly
1332:1870–1890
1281:Esperanza
1226:saladeros
1196:1829–1870
1161:metropole
1108:Unitarist
1084:Las Heras
1068:in 1820.
1062:caudillos
1058:Unitarist
998:1810–1829
842:monopsony
799:feudalist
591:Argentina
400:Etymology
325:Dirty War
253:Eva Perón
35:Argentina
9398:Category
9353:Iroquois
9176:Scotland
9151:Slovakia
9141:Portugal
9064:Bulgaria
9011:Thailand
8966:Pakistan
8956:Mongolia
8946:Malaysia
8906:Cambodia
8863:Paraguay
8823:Colombia
8803:Barbados
8786:Americas
8777:Zimbabwe
8687:Ethiopia
8672:Botswana
8594:Category
8539:Painting
8471:Religion
8373:Taxation
8258:Military
8231:Intersex
8182:Politics
8061:Peronism
7990:articles
7923:Taxation
7643:(2006).
7589:Archived
7417:Archived
7319:(2011),
7303:(1965),
7091:(1967),
7054:(2003),
7011:(1991),
6858:ABC News
6810:BBC News
6786:Archived
6672:Archived
6602:Archived
6583:Archived
6558:Archived
6495:capital.
6273:Archived
6128:BBC News
3287:85828915
2660:See also
2591:Zymelman
2587:Di Tella
2504:Congress
2328:(2009).
2298:soybeans
2253:soybeans
2147:deficits
1888:peso ley
1834:won the
1651:Radicals
1423:Italians
1237:saladero
829:and the
455:Timeline
448:See also
415:Military
242:Peronism
24:a series
22:Part of
9192:Oceania
9109:Ireland
9104:Hungary
9094:Germany
9084:Estonia
9079:Denmark
9069:Croatia
9054:Belgium
9049:Austria
9044:Albania
9021:Vietnam
8878:Uruguay
8843:Jamaica
8833:Ecuador
8762:Tunisia
8747:Somalia
8742:Senegal
8732:Nigeria
8722:Morocco
8692:Eritrea
8662:Algeria
8578:Outline
8509:Cuisine
8491:Culture
8397:Society
8378:Tourism
8321:Banking
8304:Economy
8158:Regions
8143:Islands
8113:Climate
7998:History
7872:Tourism
7835:Banking
7814:Whaling
7809:Tobacco
7714:·
7704:History
7447:vol. 3.
7412:(1962)
7269:(1969).
6500:El País
6269:Reuters
6051:May 16,
4679:2548200
4444:2118515
3582:2141010
3252:2506227
2992:May 24,
2599:Solberg
2430:Spanish
2363:Ushuaia
2334:Moody's
2199:spreads
2084:Walmart
1973:tablita
1903:Córdoba
1899:Rosario
1605:, 1930.
1551:Bagehot
1435:Germans
1372:Quilmes
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