Economic history of Greece and the Greek world

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late 80s Greece implemented stabilization programs, cutting inflation from 25% in 1985 to 16% in 1987. The debt accumulated in the 80s was a large problem for the Greek government, and by 1991 interest payments on the public debt reached almost 12% of GDP. When the Maastricht Treaty was signed in 1991, Greece was very far from meeting the convergence criteria. For example, the inflation rate of Greece was 19.8%, while the EU average was 4.07% and the government's deficit was 11.5% of GDP, while the EU average was 3.64%. Nonetheless, Greece was able to dramatically improve its finances during the 1990s, with both inflation and budget deficit falling below 3% by 1999, and the government concealed economic problems. Thus, it met the criteria for entry into Eurozone (including the budget deficit criterion even after its recent revision calculated with the method in force at the time).

1268:"agriculture is here in the most undeveloped condition. Even in the immediate neighborhood of Athens it is common to find the wooden plow and the rude mattock which were in use 2,000 years ago. Fields are plowed up or scratched over, and crops replanted season after season, until the exhausted soil will bear no more. Fertilizers are not used to any appreciable extent, and the farm implements are of the very rudest description. Irrigation is in use in some districts, and, as far as I can ascertain, the methods in use can be readily learned by a study of the practices of the ancient Egyptians. Greece has olives and grapes in abundance, and of quality not excelled; but Greek olive oil and Greek wine will not bear transportation." 1459:(CAP) ahead of schedule, with prices generally rising to meet those in the rest of the EC. Previously Greece had heavily subsidized agriculture, and moving to the CAP meant that Greece moved from subsidies to price supports, so the consumer rather than the taxpayer would bear the burden of supporting farmers. Due to the CAP being formulated with other countries in mind, CAP subsidies had the effect of moving production away from products in which Greece had a comparative advantage, which hurt the country's trade balance. While farm incomes rose slightly after Greece's entry into the EC, this has not stopped the general trend of an ever decreasing agricultural sector which is in line with other European countries. 1356:

occurred it is doubtful that the Greek government would have been able to repay such enormous debts to its own populace. This strategy led to large revenues for the Greek state, and inflation effects were minimal. government's inability to pay back loans incurred from the decade of war and the resettlement of the refugees. Deflation occurred after this dichotomization of the drachma, as well as a rise in interest rates. These policies had the effect of causing much of the populace to lose faith in their government, and investment decreased as people began to stop holding their assets in cash which had become unstable, and began holding real goods.

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Greece's foreign exchange reserves being almost totally wiped out in 1932. Remittances from abroad declined sharply and the value of the drachma began to plummet from 77 drachmas to the dollar in March 1931 to 111 drachmas to the dollar in April 1931. This was especially harmful to Greece as the country relied on imports from the UK, France and the Middle East for many necessities. Greece went off the gold standard in April 1932 and declared a moratorium on all interest payments. The country also adopted protectionist policies such as import quotas, which a number of European countries did during the time period.

1240:. Greeks were active in other areas of the economy as well, such as owning coffee shops and other businesses in Constantinople. Following the Greek war of Independence however, Greeks were deemed to be untrustworthy by the Ottomans and their privileged economic status was eventually supplanted by that of the Armenians. Still, in the early part of the 20th century Greeks owned 45% of the capital in the Ottoman Empire despite being a minority. Agricultural development however, remained stunted until the reforms that followed the 512: 1451:, which also had massive ramifications on the agricultural sector in Greece. The tsifliks were abolished, and Greek refugees from Asia Minor settled on these abandoned and partitioned estates. In 1920 only 4% of land holdings were of sizes more than 24 acres (97,000 m), and only .3% of these were in large estates of more than 123 acres (0.50 km). This pattern of small scale farm ownership has continued to the present day, with the small number of larger farms declining slightly. 1429:, began to become a major earner of foreign exchange. This was initially opposed by many in the Greek government, as it was seen as a very unstable source of income in the event of any political shocks. It was also opposed by many conservatives and by the Church as bad for the country's morals. Despite concerns, tourism grew significantly in Greece and was encouraged by successive governments as it was a very easy source of badly needed foreign exchange revenues. 6156: 6166: 874:. Iron was not unknown but was very rare. Therefore, bronze was the main metal for the making of tools and weapons. Although bronze was the most important metal for the Mycenaeans, it was relatively scarce and expensive. Our knowledge of the Mycenaean bronze industry comes entirely from Pylos where we have some information about smiths. Most of the tablets concerning bronze demonstrate a very tight control of the metal industry by the palace. 1043:. Traditional patterns of land tenure predominated in Asia, where large tracts of royal land were worked by peasants tied to it. Much of this land was assigned to prominent individuals, to temple estates, or to cities. The economy of the numerous Seleucid cities, however, followed the Greek model, with land owned by citizens who worked it with the help of slave labor. In Egypt, urban settlements were rare. Outside of the three cities of 675: 459: 766:

metalworkers, leather workers, glass and faience artists, painters, sculptors, engravers, and jewelers. Due to only a small amount of evidence about occupation, we do not know whether a worker might have mastered several trades, or fully specialized in one profession. There was an area set aside for artisans and their workshops in every palace, and in a town like Malia, they had both workshops in town and in the palace.

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Aristotle Onassis also aided in strengthening the Greek merchant fleet, and shipping has remained one of the few sectors in which Greece still excels. Today, the Greek merchant marine comes third globally both in the number of ships owned and in tonnage, and at times in the 90s Greece was first. Greece is fifth in terms of registration, the reason for this is a number of Greek captains register their ships under the

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possession of Rhodes (Delos) and turned it into a free port, thus taking most of their trade - from this point onwards, the Rhodian economy shrivelled. In its prime, Rhodes was however, due to its status as a prize port, a frequent target of piracy and for this reason the Rhodian Government of the time set up a swift and efficient fleet of fast pirate chasing vessels to combat this.

758:, it had a wide range of economic interests and was something of a trade hub, exporting many items to mainland Greece as well as the Egyptian Empire of the period. The Minoans were also innovators, developing (or adopting) a system of lead weights to facilitate economic transactions. Despite this Minoan civilization remained, for the most part, an agriculturally driven one. 1290:

the poor, so that by 1870 most Greek peasant families owned about 20 acres (81,000 m). These farms were too small for prosperity but the land reform signaled the goal of a society in which Greeks were equals and could support themselves, instead of working for hire on the estates of the rich. The class basis of rivalry between Greek factions was thereby reduced.

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agriculture and marginal soils. Just as in Serbia, which secured its autonomy from the Ottoman Empire at around the same time, communications were bad, presenting obstacles for any wider foreign commerce. Even by the late 19th century agricultural development had not advanced as significantly as had been intended as William Moffet, the US Consul in Athens explained:

1143:(today's Western Asia Minor) would become one of the most prosperous and famous cities in Asia Minor, noted for its architectural monuments, its fine library, and its schools. Ephesus too, another large Greek city in the same geographical area, became a major source of trade and competed with the other metropolis' of the region for the title of 'First city of Asia'. 1495:

Greece's per capita GDP was comparable to that of countries like Bulgaria ($ 1,651), Japan ($ 1,873), or Morocco ($ 1,611). Greece's per-capita GDP grew quickly. Greece's growth averaged 7% between 1950 and 1973, a rate second only to Japan's during the same period. In 1950 Greece was ranked 28th in the world for per capita GDP, while in 1970 it was ranked 20th.

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pots and other forms of cooking utensils seem to have been the most quantitatively traded product (over 80,000 amphorae and other such things have been recovered from around Athens in archaeological digs). Marble and bronze artwork also seems to have been traded (though it was largely a luxury product, and this trade only really exploded after the rise of the

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Greeks lived in urban or semi-urban areas. It has been argued by many Greek economists that these refugees kept Greek industry competitive during the 1920s, as the surplus of labor kept real wages very low. Although this thesis makes economic sense, it is sheer speculation as there is no reliable data on wages and prices in Greece during this period.

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Protectionist policies coupled with a weak drachma, stifling imports, allowed the Greek industry to expand during the Great Depression. In 1939 Greek Industrial output was 179% that of 1928. These industries were for the most part “built on sand” as one report of the Bank of Greece put it, as without

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The agricultural conditions which caused Athens to import grain began to create political turmoil around 600 BCE It is believed that tenant farmers were paying rent equivalent to a sixth of their production, hence they were known as "sixth-parters." Those who could not pay their rent could be sold by

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Apart from cereals, the Mycenaeans also produced wine, olive oil, oil from various spices and figs. As far as wine is concerned, it does not figure in the ordinary ration lists and may have been something of a luxury or possibly for export. Mycenaean trade was very advanced and there is even evidence

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Greece differed greatly from any other country in the EC at the time of its admission as agriculture, although in decline, was a much larger sector of the economy than in any other EC member. In 1981 Greek agriculture made up 17% of GDP and 30% of employment, in comparison to 5% of GDP and less than

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Greece entered its period of new-won independence in a somewhat different state than Serbia, which shared many of the post-independence economic problems such as land and land reform. In 1833, the Greeks took control of a countryside devastated by war, depopulated in places and hampered by primitive

837:. The former refers to the privately owned land, the latter to the public one (owned by the damos). Cereals were used as the basis of the rations’ system both at Knossos and Pylos. At Knossos, for example, the rations are quoted for a work-group composed of 18 men and 8 boys as 97.5 units of barley. 801:

The stone carving industry produced many vases and lamps, examples of which have been found at palaces and palatial villas throughout Minoan Crete. Another industry that contributed to the Minoan economy was the wine industry, which is mentioned in Linear A, but the small amounts referred to suggest

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was an important activity in which Minoan artisans were engaged. There were a large number of oil jars found in the destroyed palaces that tell us of the importance of this industry everywhere in the world. Oil was an extremely important part of the perfume industry as it was used to clean dirt from

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credit to every family, to be used to buy a 12-acre (49,000 m) farm at auction under a low-cost loan plan. The country was full of displaced refugees and empty Turkish estates. By a series of land reforms over several decades, the government distributed this confiscated land among veterans and

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was a substantial and on-going problem for much of Athens' history. Solon's reforms encouraged economic diversity and trade. If more people began to leave agriculture, there are indications that Athens had problems keeping them employed. Even if they found work, there are indications that many were

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emerged as the dominant economic power in Greece around the late 6th century BCE, this was further bolstered by the finding of several veins of silver in the neighbouring mountains which further added to their wealth. They facilitated an efficient trading system with other Greek city states. Again,

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hurt Greece, and the 80s were racked by high inflation as politicians pursued populist policies. The average rate of inflation in Greece during the 80s was 19%, which was three times the EU average. The Greek budget deficit also rose very substantially during the 80s, peaking at 9% in 1985. In the

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Greek economy was in an extremely poor state in 1950 (after the end of the Civil War), with its relative position dramatically affected. In that year Greece had a per capita GDP of $ 1,951, which was well below that of countries like Portugal ($ 2,132), Poland ($ 2,480), and even Mexico ($ 2,085).

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flag, which is easy due to linguistic and cultural commonalities, and significantly where there are lower taxes. In terms of registration, Cyprus has the third largest merchant fleet, and the majority of these ships are actually owned by Greeks, but sailing under the Cypriot flag for tax purposes.

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show that bronze making operations were flourishing in many of the palaces. It is believed that the Minoans imported tin and copper to make bronze ingots for other people. Evidence of this is shown in Egyptian tomb paintings where the Keftyw (people believed to be the Minoans) bring said ingots to

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tried to adopt deflationary policies to stave off the crises that were going on in other countries, but these largely failed. For a brief period, the drachma was pegged to the US dollar, but this was unsustainable given the country's large trade deficit and the only long-term effects of this were

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The emergence of the 'Polis' as the model for ideal governance following the end of the Greek Dark Ages heavily influenced the economy of the Greeks at the time. This period, of the 8th century BCE to the 4th century BCE is conventionally termed as 'Ancient Greece'. The main issues concerning the

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After Constantinople was sacked in 1204 the city continued to bring in trade albeit with fewer gains for Byzantium. The trouble the Byzantines had was that they needed the Italian fleet to assist them in wars where troops and ships were few. The Byzantines attempted to prevent the Venetians from

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By April 2010 the government realized that it would need a rescue package. Greece had the biggest sovereign debt restructuring in history in 2012. In April 2014, Greece returned to the global bond market as it successfully sold €3 billion worth of five-year government bonds at a yield of 4.95%.

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during the 19th century. After both world wars the Greek shipping industry was hit hard by the decline in world trade, but both times it revived quickly. The Greek government aided the revival of the Greek shipping industry with insurance promises following the Second World War. Tycoons such as

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declared that each drachma was essentially to be cut in half. Half of the value of the drachma would be kept by the owner, and the other half would be surrendered by the government in exchange for a 20-year 6.5% loan. World War II led to these loans not being repaid, but even if the war had not

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These refugees from Asia Minor also led to rapid growth of urban areas in Greece, as the vast majority of them settled in urban centers such as Athens and Thessaloniki. The 1920 census reported that 36.3% of Greeks lived in urban or semi-urban areas, while the 1928 census reported that 45.6% of

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During the 12th and 13th centuries, the Byzantines were forced to make a few trade concessions to their commercial rivals, the Venetians. Attempts by John Komnenus to revert these trade agreements led to Venetian naval action and the Byzantines forced to reinstate the trade agreements that were

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throughout the Ancient period was largely based on shipping (owing to its geographical position near to Asia Minor), it had one of the finest harbours in the Mediterranean and built up a booming economy based upon trade throughout this area, even into Roman times, until the Romans took a prize

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Greek industry went into decline slightly before the country joined the EC, and this trend continued. Although worker productivity rose significantly in Greece, labor costs increased too fast for the Greek manufacturing industry to remain competitive in Europe. There was also very little

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itself. The Linear B tablets often refer to men or to their work, although, there were also female artisans, who mainly worked in the textile industry. We also know from archaeological evidence that Minoan artisans practiced a large range of craftsmanship jobs including scribes, potters,

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against civilians. Greece was also dependent on food imports, and a British naval blockade coupled with transfers of agricultural produce to Germany led to famine. It is estimated that the Greek population declined by 7% during the Second World War. Greece experienced

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the Egyptian king in gift exchange (The Egyptians and Minoans had a history of cultural exchange). Other objects made from bronze have been found in numbers at Knossos, these include bronze mirrors, labrys, votive figures, knives, cleavers, and small bronze tools.

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The series of wars between 1912 and 1922 provided a catalyst for Greek industry, with a number of industries such as textiles; ammunition and boot-making springing up to supply the military. After the wars most of these industries were converted to civilian uses.

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While Solon's proclamation was a bold move, it could not really solve the problem of meager agricultural output and competition between workers for jobs. Debt and slavery, while problems in themselves, were also symptomatic of underlying agricultural problems.

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was highly organised and this becomes apparent by the written records of deliveries of land produce, taxes in kind due to the palace, a hare set aside for the gods and so forth. The land used for agriculture was basically of two types, represented by the terms

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during the war. In 1943, prices were 34,864% higher compared to those of 1940; in 1944, prices were 163,910,000,000% higher compared to the 1940 prices. The Greek hyperinflation is the fifth worst in economic history, after Hungary's following World War II,

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Greece experienced a sustained depression with the onset of the Global Financial Crisis, as real GDP per capita declined by 20% over the period 2007–2017. Greece entered into the longest and largest depression for a modern middle- or high-income country.

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and to supply the grain used in Ptolemaic diplomacy. In the Greek homeland, established forms of agriculture continued. In most areas, free citizens farmed with the help of a slave or two, while other traditional forms of dependent labor also persisted—

1331:) also had a tremendous impact on the evolution of Greek industry and banking. Greeks held 45% of the capital in the Ottoman Empire before 1914, and many of the refugees expelled from Turkey had funds and skills which they quickly put to use in Greece. 976:

was a major turning point both in Greek economic history and Roman economic history, it opened the way for trade with the East, new agricultural techniques were developed and the spread of a relatively uniform currency throughout the near East began.

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During the period of Ottoman rule, Greeks in both the Western coast of Asia Minor as well as Greece proper played an important role in trade, especially maritime (of which the Ottomans had little experience). Centers of trade included

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Greece had a substantial wealthy commercial class of rural notables and island shipowners, and access to 9,000,000 acres (36,000 km) of land expropriated from Muslim owners who had been driven off during the War of Independence.

1095:, where new crops and techniques were introduced. But most innovations, in both Egypt and Asia, were directed toward luxury items and, with the exception of new strains of wheat, had little effect on traditional agriculture. In 1391:

The one industry in which Greece had major success was the shipping industry. Greece's geography has made the country a major player in maritime affairs from antiquity, and Greece has a strong modern tradition dating from the

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massive protection they would not have been able to survive. Despite the global depression, Greece managed to suffer comparatively little, averaging an average growth rate of 3.5% from 1932-1939. The dictatorial regime of

43: 1079:, later called katoikoi) who initially held the land in return for military service, but whose tenure eventually became permanent and hereditary. All land seems to have been worked by native peasants attached to it, 725:

Since the focal point of the center of the Greek World often changed it is necessary to enlarge upon all these areas as relevant to the time. The economic history of Greece refers to the economic history of the

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in 1774 which allowed Greek ships to escape Ottoman domination by registering under the Russian flag. The treaty prompted a number of Greek commercial houses to be set up across the Mediterranean and the

1087:. Ptolemaic policy was to increase agricultural production, and innovations in farming were largely the result of royal patronage. We are particularly well informed by the mid-third-century archive of 785:

industries were also an important aspect of the Minoan economy and the art of bronze making was very common, suggested by the fact that evidence of bronze making was discovered in many towns, such as

7312: 7327: 7279: 1169:) as the capital of a Hellenized, truly 'Graeco-Roman' Empire in 330 to 1453. Throughout its history it employed vast numbers of people in huge industries, particularly in the Capital and 7284: 7289: 1255:

began its history as a nation state in 1829 and was largely an undeveloped economic area mostly based around agriculture. It has since developed into a modernised, developed nation.

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emerged during the late Bronze Age, supplanting the Minoans as the dominant economic force in the area. The Mycenaean economy itself was based on agriculture. The tablets from both

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Land reform represented the first real test for the new Greek kingdom. The new Greek government deliberately adopted land reforms intended to create a class of free peasants. The

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The Greek Dark Ages were a period of economic stagnation for the Greeks after the destruction of the complex Mycenaean economic system, the loss of the widespread written script

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are related to the household (oikos) organization, the cities’ legislation and the first economic institutions, the invention of coinage and the degree of monetization of the

7307: 1189:. It was essentially a continuation of the old Roman economy but with a shift in trade flow towards the newly burgeoning Greek city on the Bosphorus rather than Rome itself. 7156: 7034: 7014: 1702: 1614:

In 2024, the Greek economy is forecast to grow nearly 3%, meaning it approaches its pre-crisis size of 2009 and far outpacing the euro zone average economic growth of 0.8%.

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In March 2019, Greece sold 10-year bonds for the first time since before the bailout. In March 2021, Greece sold its first 30-year bond since the financial crisis in 2008.

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The early Byzantine economy describes the economy of Roman Empire following the changing of its capital from Rome itself to the newly founded city of Constantinople (or

914:, the trade and its crucial role in the characterization of the economy (modernism vs. primitivism), the invention of banking and the role of slavery in the production. 1473:

Greece suffered comparatively much more than most Western European countries during the Second World War due to a number of factors. Heavy resistance led to immense

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During the 80s, despite membership in the EC, Greece suffered from poor macroeconomic performance due to expansionary fiscal policies that led to a tripling of the

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and other civilizations. This was accompanied by a huge expansion in maritime trade, these trade routes with the Far East were later solidified by the

2242: 938:(one of the great reformers of Athens) would order the cancellation of debt and the freeing of those sold into slavery, a proclamation known as the 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 3746: 2712: 2551: 1985: 1008:

for their past attacks in Greece drove a path Eastwards across the Persian Empire, eventually defeating it and opening the way for trade with

930:, as Greek Art exerted a massive influence on Roman Culture on all levels). Athens began to import grain due to poor soil conditions however. 6817: 2864: 2043:

Elisabeth Oltheten, George Pinteras, and Theodore Sougiannis, "Greece in the European Union: policy lessons from two decades of membership",

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Budgetary problems caused the Greek government to dichotomization of the drachma. Unable to secure any more loans from abroad to finance the

1063:, royal scribe, komarch —and by newly created financial officers — the dioiketes in the capital, and the oikonomos and his underlings in the 2209: 1075:, and hegemon — oversaw the nomes. Royal land was also assigned to individuals, to temple estates, and especially to small-holder soldiers ( 6888: 5803: 3921: 2801: 1584:

Greece had real GDP growth of 0.7% in 2014 after 5 years of decline. After a third bailout in 2015 (following the election of the leftist

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Pigs and artists were an important part of the Minoan economy as they produced many goods that were valued in the trade as well as within

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the body, much like soap does today. Perfumes were also sprinkled on clothing, for aesthetic reasons. It is certain that perfumes were a

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During the 19th century slowly developing industrial activity (including heavy industry like shipbuilding) was mainly concentrated in

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posits this created a period of substantial inflation affecting the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East for several decades.

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meant that development was effectively stunted and living standards deteriorated. Basic trading patterns remained however.

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10% of employment in EU countries excluding Ireland and Italy. Greece managed to implement the reforms according to the

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took over the Greek government in 1936, and economic growth was strong in the years leading up to the Second World War.

7363: 6465: 4493: 4261: 4150: 3877: 3707: 3552: 2947: 7136: 5859: 4356: 3713: 3698: 2811: 2766: 2697: 2692: 2389: 1873: 1507:, which went from the modest figure of 34.5% in 1981 to the triple digits by the 90s. The second oil shock after the 854:

were also a very important part of the Mycenaean economy, during the Mycenaean period there were five metals in use:

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as the economic and cultural centers of de ranging fame owing to the library and its significance in relation to

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From an economic perspective, poor soil was only one problem Athens had to deal with. There are indications that

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in the efforts to conquer additional territories, create civic foundations, and expand governmental services;

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the major challenge for agriculture was to feed the numerous new cities, in Egypt to feed the metropolis of

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is the earliest trading center of goods. It was extensively distributed throughout the Aegean region.

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Greece experienced a financial boom from 1998 to 2007, as real GDP per capita grew by more than 30%.

1241: 883: 342: 288: 6501: 6438: 6398: 5919: 5584: 5273: 5216: 4676: 4636: 4321: 4280: 4168: 3883: 3873: 3677: 3547: 3453: 3321: 3313: 3211: 3139: 3005: 2924: 2910: 2702: 2622: 1401:, and after independence, Greece's shipping industry was one of the few bright spots in the modern 1252: 555: 324: 272: 2269: 1962:

A historical and economic geography of Ottoman Greece; the southwestern Morea in the 18th century.

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and Knossos demonstrate that there were two major food-grains produced; wheat and barley.

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The Economic Crisis and Occupational Stress, Fotinatos-Ventouratos & Cooper, 2015

1992: 1929: 1909: 1869: 1623: 1504: 1420: 1320: 1173:(the second city of the empire), in all manner of trades, such as the silk industry. 1152: 1084: 1048: 1040: 1032: 1025: 986: 630: 599: 533: 503: 306: 237: 32: 1768:"Thomas R. Martin, An Overview of Classical Greek History from Mycenae to Alexander" 1681: 1596:

Having spent four and a half years in opposition to SYRIZA's government, right-wing

1207:

achieving complete economic supremacy by aiding their opponents in Milan and Genoa.

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It was during the 60s and 70s that tourism, which now accounts for 15% of Greece's

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Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers 1800 to present: A Pictorial History

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Party), Greece bailouts ended successfully (as declared) on August 20, 2018.

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Istoria tis Ellinikis Viomichanias (History of Greek Industry) 1840-1940

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spans several millennia and encompasses many modern-day nation states.

60: 1364:

As the reverberations of the Great Depression hit Greece in 1932, the

754:

The Minoan civilization emerged on Crete around the time of the early

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Chodorow-Reich, Gabriel; Karabarbounis, Loukas; Kekre, Rohan (2023).

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regained its majority in the parliament, returning to power under

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From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 86

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modernization in Greek industries due to a lack of financing.

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rose to prominence in the Greek mainland with the reign of

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which lasted from Constantine's foundation of Nova Roma (

1059:), and administered by both traditional civic officials— 867: 770: 1949:

The Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa

2078: 1228:. The Ottoman Empire maintained trade routes with the 802:

it was a commodity reserved for the wealthier class.

1792:

Principles and Practice in Classical World's Economy

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Wsu.edu:8080. 1999-06-06. Archived from 1518: 706: 692: 652:Greece and the International Monetary Fund 488: 474: 5852:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1943: 1941: 805: 2191:"Greece Dives Back Into the Bond Market" 2188: 1979: 1976:, Elliniki Ekdotiki Etairia, Athens 1946 1755:Mycenaean Society: Structure and Economy 1522: 1283:"Law for the Dotation of Greek Families" 1139:Pergamum was another famous city in the 1124:The Mainland Greece gave way to Western 1119: 738: 2207: 2028: 1787: 1648:"CH 1 - The Dawn of the Bronze Age.doc" 7351: 2002: 1960:American School of Classical Studies, 1938: 793:, but also as evidence in the area of 749: 6968: 6184: 4421: 4194: 3573: 2885: 2375: 2318: 2105: 2103: 2101: 1705:. Therafoundation.org. Archived from 1091:about large-scale reclamation in the 1825: 1462: 1146: 1067:. In addition, military officials — 1359: 720:economic history of the Greek World 13: 2098: 1004:, hoping to strike revenge at the 967: 934:the landlord into slavery. In 594 14: 7375: 2344: 2208:Elliott, Larry (19 August 2018). 1934:The Economic History of Byzantium 1885:The Encyclopedia of World History 1653:. Etd.unisa.ac.za. Archived from 1210: 6248:Democratic Republic of the Congo 6164: 6155: 6154: 1951:, Columbia University Press 1984 1887:, The Hellenistc World - Economy 1684:. Ancient-greece.org. 2007-04-21 1499:Late 20th and early 21st century 1247: 987:Ancient Greek state of Macedonia 673: 510: 457: 42: 4372:Thessaloniki International Fair 2287: 2262: 2234: 2220: 2201: 2182: 2164: 2089: 2071: 1954: 1923: 1902: 1890: 1878: 1859: 1838: 1606:2019 Greek legislative election 1293: 1258: 662:Thessaloniki International Fair 4159:Municipalities and communities 2189:Alderman, Liz (9 April 2014). 1819: 1807: 1781: 1760: 1748: 1695: 1640: 1432: 1343:Dichotomization of the drachma 1276: 900: 1: 6889:Confederate States of America 6212:Economic histories by country 4174:Decentralized administrations 2886: 2698:History of Greece (1923–1940) 1634: 1591: 1039:, but predominantly rural in 123: 107: 91: 3747:Parliamentary constituencies 3574: 2526:Foundation of Constantinople 2363:Alphabetical index of topics 1788:Sideris, Athanasios (2015). 1575:Greek government-debt crisis 1198:favorable to the Venetians. 997:Alexander and the successors 980: 734:Earliest Greek civilizations 7: 6996:Economic history of Europe 6949:Scotland in the Middle Ages 6818:Mongolian People's Republic 4422: 4405:Water supply and sanitation 4195: 3962:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 3595:Constitutional amendments ( 2865:Population exchange of 1923 2802:Greek countries and regions 2501:Wars of Alexander the Great 2376: 1617: 1380: 1351:, in 1922 Finance Minister 1298: 10: 7380: 7359:Economic history of Greece 6899:England in the Middle Ages 2826:Inventions and discoveries 2653:Modern Greek Enlightenment 1572: 1466: 1457:Common Agricultural Policy 1436: 1418: 1414: 1384: 1236:as well as throughout the 1150: 881: 7364:Economy of ancient Greece 7298: 7260: 7002: 6841: 6783: 6762: 6600: 6457: 6356: 6218: 6150: 6092: 6021: 5755: 5395: 5352: 5142: 4786: 4729: 4608:Greek East and Latin West 4517: 4432: 4428: 4417: 4203: 4190: 4149: 4049: 3970: 3907: 3844: 3793: 3765: 3727: 3691: 3645: 3586: 3582: 3569: 3499: 3434: 3357: 2938: 2898: 2894: 2881: 2797:Geographical name changes 2741: 2618: 2534: 2444: 2388: 2384: 2371: 2353: 2025:, St. Martin's Press 1986 1866:An Elephant for Aristotle 1682:"History of Minoan Crete" 1242:Greek War of Independence 1192: 1083:being relatively rare in 955:Island republic of Rhodes 917: 884:Economy of Ancient Greece 214:Frankish and Latin states 4151:Administrative divisions 3874:Macedonia naming dispute 3714:Parliamentary Committees 3699:Conference of Presidents 2116:American Economic Review 1826:Beek, Aaron (May 2006). 1394:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 1201: 1176: 325:Second Hellenic Republic 5800:Eastern Orthodox Church 3878:Language naming dispute 2638:Venetian Ionian islands 2552:Persecution of paganism 1519:Debt crisis (2010-2018) 1285:of 1835 extended 2,000 545:National Bank of Greece 379:Third Hellenic Republic 347:Collaborationist regime 298:First Hellenic Republic 247:Venetian Ionian Islands 7045:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6630:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6129:Orders and decorations 5866:Greek Old Calendarists 4337:Science and technology 4297:Greek economic miracle 4164:Administrative regions 2610:Fall of Constantinople 2605:Despotate of the Morea 2577:Macedonian Renaissance 1790:"Sideris, Athanasios, 1570: 1487:’s in the late 2000s, 1469:Greek economic miracle 1270: 1141:Roman province of Asia 812:Mycenaean civilization 806:Mycenaean civilization 657:International rankings 626:Greek economic miracle 310:(1832-1924, 1935-1973) 6823:Serbia and Montenegro 6784:Former industrialized 5848:Greek Orthodox Church 4218:Athens Stock Exchange 3637:Supreme Special Court 2416:Cycladic civilization 1814:Pericles Press online 1526: 1467:Further information: 1439:Agriculture in Greece 1437:Further information: 1419:Further information: 1385:Further information: 1353:Petros Protopapadakis 1266: 1120:Roman Era Greek world 908:ancient Greek economy 882:Further information: 778:of the Minoan trade. 744:Cycladic civilization 739:Cycladic civilization 6842:Historical economies 6134:World Heritage Sites 4716:Units of measurement 4109:New Social Movements 3672:Presidential Mansion 3529:Environmental issues 3250:North Aegean islands 2812:Renaissance scholars 2708:4th of August Regime 2658:Septinsular Republic 2511:Wars of the Diadochi 2486:Peloponnesian League 2128:10.1257/aer.20210864 1972:Anastasopoulos, G., 1796:. 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F., 2020: 2003: 1990:, Marathon 2012 1984: 1980: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1946: 1939: 1928: 1924: 1915: 1913: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1879: 1864: 1860: 1851: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1808: 1799: 1797: 1786: 1782: 1773: 1771: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1757:, Georganas, I. 1753: 1749: 1740: 1738: 1729: 1728: 1721: 1712: 1710: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1620: 1594: 1577: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1521: 1501: 1471: 1465: 1441: 1435: 1423: 1417: 1389: 1383: 1375:Ioannis Metaxas 1362: 1349:war with Turkey 1345: 1301: 1296: 1279: 1261: 1250: 1213: 1204: 1195: 1179: 1159: 1151:Main articles: 1149: 1122: 1085:Ptolemaic Egypt 1081:chattel slavery 1041:Ptolemaic Egypt 1022:Cyrus the Great 999: 983: 974:Hellenistic Age 970: 968:Hellenistic Age 959:The economy of 957: 940:"Seisachtheia." 920: 903: 891: 886: 880: 808: 752: 741: 736: 712: 674: 672: 590: 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6959: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6939:Ottoman Empire 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6894:Dutch Republic 6891: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6861: 6856: 6854:Ashanti Empire 6851: 6849:Ancient Greece 6845: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6798:Czechoslovakia 6795: 6789: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6766: 6764: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6742:United Kingdom 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6645:Czech Republic 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6208: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6185: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6162: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6107: 6102: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6013:Wayside shrine 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5896:Kallikantzaros 5893: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5774:Modern Revival 5762: 5760: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5739: 5734: 5639:Byzantine lyra 5620: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5558: 5553: 5518:Rougatsiarikos 5407: 5401: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5346: 5344:Words for love 5341: 5336: 5327: 5285: 5267: 5260:Medieval Greek 5241: 5236: 5189:Greek language 5186: 5152:Greek alphabet 5148: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5062: 5043: 5038: 5019: 5001: 4986: 4981: 4971: 4956:Galaktoboureko 4941: 4899: 4860: 4858:List of dishes 4855: 4816: 4792: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4765: 4755: 4746: 4735: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4696:Rouketopolemos 4693: 4679: 4674: 4672:Plate smashing 4669: 4660: 4655: 4653:Naming customs 4650: 4645: 4640: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4463: 4458: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4426: 4425: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4387:Transportation 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4270: 4265: 4255: 4252:electric power 4245: 4240: 4235: 4225: 4215: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4169:Regional units 4166: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4124: 4106: 4088: 4074: 4064: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 3995: 3985: 3980: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3957:National Guard 3954: 3944: 3939: 3937:Military ranks 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3899:United Nations 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3871: 3869:European Union 3866: 3861: 3859:Cyprus dispute 3856: 3854:Aegean dispute 3850: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3780:Court of Audit 3777: 3771: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3752:Pasokification 3749: 3744: 3739: 3733: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3701: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3678:Prime Minister 3675: 3665: 3655: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3608: 3592: 3590: 3580: 3579: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3548:National Parks 3545: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3440: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3395: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3333: 3307: 3273: 3247: 3185: 3154:Ionian Islands 3151: 3129: 3063: 3013: 2991: 2948:Central Greece 2944: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2925:Extreme points 2922: 2908: 2902: 2900: 2892: 2891: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2762:Ottoman Greeks 2755: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2733:Third Republic 2730: 2725: 2723:Military junta 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2668:First Republic 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2648:Ottoman Greece 2645: 2630: 2628: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2594: 2589: 2587:Fourth Crusade 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2467:Archaic period 2464: 2459: 2453: 2451: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2397: 2395: 2382: 2381: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2342: 2341: 2334: 2327: 2319: 2312: 2311: 2286: 2261: 2250:. 5 March 2019 2233: 2230:. 7 July 2019. 2219: 2200: 2181: 2163: 2097: 2088: 2070: 2049: 2027: 2001: 1978: 1965: 1953: 1937: 1922: 1901: 1889: 1877: 1858: 1837: 1832:Macalester.edu 1818: 1806: 1780: 1759: 1747: 1719: 1694: 1670: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1619: 1616: 1593: 1590: 1573:Main article: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1520: 1517: 1500: 1497: 1480:hyperinflation 1464: 1461: 1434: 1431: 1416: 1413: 1387:Greek shipping 1382: 1379: 1366:Bank of Greece 1361: 1358: 1344: 1341: 1317:Greek refugees 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1278: 1275: 1260: 1257: 1249: 1246: 1218:Constantinople 1212: 1211:Ottoman Greece 1209: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1178: 1175: 1167:Constantinople 1157:Byzantine silk 1148: 1145: 1121: 1118: 1006:Persian Empire 998: 995: 982: 979: 969: 966: 956: 953: 928:Roman Republic 919: 916: 902: 899: 890: 887: 879: 876: 807: 804: 751: 748: 740: 737: 735: 732: 714: 713: 711: 710: 703: 696: 688: 685: 684: 683: 682: 667: 666: 665: 664: 659: 654: 649: 641: 640: 636: 635: 634: 633: 628: 623: 615: 614: 610: 609: 608: 607: 602: 597: 588: 586:Stock Exchange 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 556:Communications 553: 541:Bank of Greece 536: 531: 526: 521: 520: 516: 515: 507: 506: 496: 495: 493: 492: 485: 478: 470: 467: 466: 453: 452: 449: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 397: 394: 393: 390: 389: 386: 385: 376: 370:Military Junta 367: 358: 340: 331: 322: 319:(1914/15-1917) 313: 304: 295: 286: 276: 271: 270: 267: 266: 263: 262: 256:Ottoman Greece 253: 244: 238:Venetian Crete 234: 229: 228: 225: 224: 221: 220: 211: 204: 199: 198: 195: 194: 191: 190: 182: 179:(323 BC–31 BC) 173: 164: 158:Archaic Greece 155: 145: 142:Ancient Greece 140: 139: 136: 135: 132: 131: 116: 100: 84: 77: 72: 71: 68: 67: 64: 63: 57: 52: 51: 48: 47: 39: 38: 29: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7376: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7313:Faroe Islands 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7285:South Ossetia 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7259: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7137:Liechtenstein 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6990: 6985: 6983: 6978: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6967: 6955: 6954:Tamil Country 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6929:Mongol Empire 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6444:United States 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6201: 6199: 6194: 6192: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6161: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5983:Protestantism 5981: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5608:Ionian School 5606: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5585:Peloponnesian 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5382:Media freedom 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5304:Balkan Romani 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5252:Ancient Greek 5249: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5172:Cyrillization 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4896:Frappé coffee 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4778:Religious art 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4667:Hellenophobia 4664: 4663:Philhellenism 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4618:Hellenization 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4593:Eastern Party 4591: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4571:Mariner's cap 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4516: 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3993: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971:Social issues 3969: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3785:Supreme Court 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3611:Constitutions 3609: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 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1704: 1698: 1683: 1677: 1675: 1660:on 2009-03-05 1656: 1649: 1643: 1639: 1630: 1629:Greek phoenix 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598:New Democracy 1589: 1587: 1581: 1576: 1568: 1 month 1562: 3 month 1544: 10 year 1538: 15 year 1532: 20 year 1525: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1470: 1460: 1458: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1430: 1428: 1422: 1412: 1409: 1404: 1403:Greek economy 1400: 1395: 1388: 1378: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1256: 1254: 1253:Modern Greece 1248:Modern Greece 1245: 1243: 1239: 1238:Mediterranean 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1208: 1199: 1190: 1188: 1187:Constantine I 1184: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1158: 1154: 1144: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1097:Seleucid Asia 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037:Seleucid Asia 1034: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 994: 992: 988: 978: 975: 965: 962: 952: 949: 944: 941: 937: 931: 929: 924: 915: 913: 912:Greek economy 909: 898: 896: 885: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848: 844: 838: 836: 832: 828: 823: 819: 817: 813: 803: 799: 796: 792: 788: 784: 779: 777: 772: 767: 764: 759: 757: 747: 745: 731: 729: 723: 721: 709: 704: 702: 697: 695: 690: 689: 687: 686: 681: 671: 670: 669: 668: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 644: 643: 642: 638: 637: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 618: 617: 616: 612: 611: 606: 603: 601: 598: 594: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 524: 523: 522: 518: 517: 513: 509: 508: 505: 502: 501: 491: 486: 484: 479: 477: 472: 471: 469: 468: 465: 455: 454: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 398: 392: 391: 380: 377: 371: 368: 362: 359: 352: 348: 344: 341: 335: 332: 326: 323: 317: 314: 308: 305: 299: 296: 290: 287: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273:Modern Greece 269: 268: 257: 254: 248: 245: 239: 236: 235: 232: 227: 226: 215: 212: 209: 206: 205: 202: 197: 196: 186: 183: 177: 174: 168: 165: 159: 156: 150: 147: 146: 143: 138: 137: 120: 117: 104: 101: 88: 85: 82: 79: 78: 75: 70: 69: 62: 59: 58: 55: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 31: 30: 25: 20: 19: 16: 7290:Transnistria 6944:Roman Empire 6909:Feudal Japan 6877:Ming dynasty 6872:Song dynasty 6828:Soviet Union 6803:East Germany 6669: 6607: 6547:Saudi Arabia 6464: 6323:South Africa 6225: 6105:Coat of arms 6084:Rugby league 5998:Thymiaterion 5832:Contemporary 5820:19th century 5627:Askomandoura 5490:Metsovitikos 5454:Kalamatianos 5405:Church music 5264:Modern Greek 5197:Katharevousa 5176:Romanization 5113:Moschofilero 5027:Taramosalata 4948:Amygdalopita 4848:Spoon sweets 4840:Melomakarona 4762:19th century 4739:Architecture 4711:Tsiknopempti 4537:Clean Monday 4434:Demographics 4395:Athens Metro 4382:Trade unions 4352:Space Agency 4238:Central bank 4232:Central bank 4057:Conservatism 4031:Prostitution 4016:Human rights 3992:universities 3932:Conscription 3588:Constitution 3480:Thracian Sea 3468:Sea of Crete 3244:Thessaloniki 3126:Kastellorizo 2849:royal family 2791: 2777:Coups d'état 2772:Colonization 2713:World War II 2634:Stato da Màr 2619:Early modern 2592:Frankokratia 2358:Basic topics 2302:. Retrieved 2298: 2289: 2277:. Retrieved 2273: 2264: 2252:. Retrieved 2247: 2236: 2222: 2214:The Guardian 2213: 2203: 2194: 2184: 2175: 2166: 2152:cite journal 2140:. Retrieved 2119: 2115: 2091: 2082: 2073: 2064: 2044: 2022: 1987: 1981: 1973: 1968: 1961: 1956: 1948: 1933: 1925: 1914:. Retrieved 1904: 1896: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1861: 1850:. Retrieved 1840: 1831: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1798:. Retrieved 1791: 1783: 1772:. Retrieved 1762: 1754: 1750: 1739:. Retrieved 1735:the original 1711:. Retrieved 1707:the original 1697: 1686:. Retrieved 1662:. Retrieved 1655:the original 1642: 1613: 1610: 1595: 1582: 1578: 1556: 1 year 1550: 5 year 1527:Greek bonds 1514: 1502: 1493: 1472: 1453: 1442: 1424: 1390: 1371: 1363: 1346: 1337: 1333: 1313: 1302: 1294:20th century 1282: 1280: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1259:19th century 1251: 1222:Thessaloniki 1214: 1205: 1196: 1182: 1180: 1171:Thessaloniki 1160: 1138: 1123: 1030: 1018:Roman Empire 1000: 984: 971: 958: 948:unemployment 945: 939: 932: 921: 904: 892: 850: 839: 834: 830: 826: 820: 809: 800: 780: 768: 760: 753: 742: 730:since 1829. 724: 719: 717: 620: 425: 421:Constitution 185:Roman Greece 15: 7328:Isle of Man 7263:recognition 7237:Switzerland 7172:Netherlands 6919:Inca Empire 6867:Han dynasty 6775:New Zealand 6737:Switzerland 6702:Netherlands 6562:South Korea 6542:Philippines 6522:North Korea 6278:Ivory Coast 5964:Bellerephon 5911:Mount Athos 5838:Fairy tales 5802:(Timeline: 5795:Drosoulites 5790:Catholicism 5573:Heptanesian 5514:Pyrrhichios 5510:Proskinitos 5466:Kerkiraikos 5462:Kastorianos 5450:Ikariotikos 5430:Dionysiakos 5422:Antikristos 5418:Angaliastos 5330:Place names 5256:Koine Greek 5205:Cappadocian 5160:Orthography 5069:Agiorgitiko 5047:Heptanesean 5045:Varieties ( 5031:Tirokafteri 5004:Restaurants 4974:Greek salad 4964:Spanakopita 4836:Loukoumades 4832:Kourabiedes 4828:Koulourakia 4721:Worry beads 4637:Theophany's 4623:Hospitality 4527:Anastenaria 4494:Slavophones 4461:Immigration 4307:Laiki agora 4258:Debt crisis 4208:Agriculture 4099:Megali Idea 4091:Nationalism 4026:LGBT rights 3836:Coast Guard 3820:Greek mafia 3692:Legislature 3518:earthquakes 3501:Environment 3476:Myrtoan Sea 3472:Icarian Sea 3276:Peloponnese 2930:Place names 2855:Phanariotes 2821:Proto-Greek 2782:Demographic 2683:World War I 2678:Balkan Wars 2626:(post-1453) 2536:Middle Ages 2299:reuters,com 2279:27 February 2047:Winter 2003 1433:Agriculture 1277:Land reform 1224:as well as 1112:, serfs in 901:City States 845:trade from 831:ki-ti-me-na 822:Agriculture 776:luxury item 529:Agriculture 401:Agriculture 373:(1967-1974) 364:(1946-1949) 355:(1941-1944) 351:Free Greece 337:(1936-1941) 328:(1924-1935) 301:(1822-1832) 292:(1821-1829) 283:(1800-1807) 259:(1371-1912) 250:(1363-1797) 241:(1205-1667) 217:(1204-1579) 33:History of 7353:Categories 7207:San Marino 7167:Montenegro 7147:Luxembourg 7127:Kazakhstan 7030:Azerbaijan 6833:Yugoslavia 6577:Tajikistan 6487:East Timor 6472:Azerbaijan 6466:Arab world 6298:Mozambique 6288:Madagascar 6061:Ice hockey 6041:Basketball 6008:Vrykolakas 5876:Hypertimos 5715:Tambourine 5647:Macedonian 5593:Thessalian 5577:Macedonian 5561:Folk music 5538:Tsakonikos 5486:Maniatikos 5482:Leventikos 5414:Ai Georgis 5387:Corruption 5377:Television 5372:Newspapers 5316:Macedonian 5296:Arvanitika 5270:Literature 5164:Diacritics 5105:Malagousia 5101:Mandilaria 5097:Mavrodafni 5059:Macedonian 4960:Karydopita 4922:Kefalotyri 4906:Anthotyros 4852:Vasilopita 4818:Desserts ( 4758:Modern art 4677:Philosophy 4633:New Year's 4563:Fustanella 4482:Aromanians 4466:Minorities 4455:the Greeks 4287:Euro coins 4135:Trotskyism 4085:Venizelism 4077:Liberalism 4061:Monarchism 4050:Ideologies 3998:Healthcare 3811:Corruption 3658:Government 3524:Ecoregions 3491:Libyan Sea 3486:Ionian Sea 3464:Aegean Sea 3416:Peninsulas 3192:Chalkidiki 3148:Thesprotia 3074:Astypalaia 3070:Agathonisi 3066:Dodecanese 2919:co-capital 2623:Modern era 2572:Iconoclasm 2539:(330–1453) 2411:Pelasgians 2406:Bronze Age 2390:Prehistory 1916:2011-05-19 1912:. Unrv.com 1852:2011-05-19 1800:2015-01-20 1774:2011-05-19 1741:2011-05-19 1713:2011-05-19 1688:2011-05-19 1664:2011-05-19 1635:References 1604:after the 1592:Since 2019 1489:Yugoslavia 1305:Ermoupolis 1130:Alexandria 1126:Asia Minor 1101:Alexandria 1077:klerouchoi 1073:hipparchos 1053:Alexandria 756:Bronze Age 61:Pelasgians 7318:Gibraltar 7142:Lithuania 6786:economies 6770:Australia 6697:Lithuania 6557:Singapore 6532:Palestine 6497:Indonesia 6424:Nicaragua 6369:Argentina 6003:Name days 5916:Mythology 5804:Antiquity 5723:Tsampouna 5711:Tambouras 5687:Pan flute 5617:Skyladiko 5581:Nisiotika 5546:Zeibekiko 5506:Pentozali 5498:Palamakia 5478:Pidikhtos 5438:Gaitanaki 5308:Bulgarian 5300:Aromanian 5229:Tsakonian 5180:Greeklish 5144:Languages 5133:Xinomavro 5125:Savatiano 5085:Kotsifali 5077:Assyrtiko 5023:Skordalia 4998:Hilopites 4934:Metsovone 4892:Tsikoudia 4880:Sideritis 4706:Theophany 4629:Christmas 4613:Greektown 4598:Festivals 4583:Tsarouchi 4478:Arvanites 4277:renewable 4248:Companies 4222:companies 4141:Anarchism 4127:Socialism 4002:hospitals 3988:Education 3922:Alliances 3917:Air Force 3831:Terrorism 3742:Parataxis 3729:Elections 3719:Presidium 3668:President 3646:Executive 3426:Volcanoes 3398:Mountains 3288:Corinthia 3188:Macedonia 3182:Zakynthos 3166:Kefalonia 3086:Karpathos 3052:Santorini 3002:Heraklion 2984:Phthiotis 2976:Evrytania 2960:Acarnania 2888:Geography 2758:Byzantine 2718:Civil war 2521:Roman era 2446:Antiquity 2248:Bloomberg 2142:29 August 2136:0002-8282 1447:led to a 1399:Black Sea 1234:Silk Road 1183:Nova Roma 1136:himself. 1069:strategos 1049:Ptolemais 1045:Naucratis 991:Philip II 981:Macedonia 829:(ktoina) 605:Transport 561:Companies 431:Ethnonyms 361:Civil War 7338:Svalbard 7323:Guernsey 7270:Abkhazia 7222:Slovenia 7217:Slovakia 7192:Portugal 7050:Bulgaria 6924:Iroquois 6747:Scotland 6722:Slovakia 6712:Portugal 6635:Bulgaria 6582:Thailand 6537:Pakistan 6527:Mongolia 6517:Malaysia 6477:Cambodia 6434:Paraguay 6394:Colombia 6374:Barbados 6357:Americas 6348:Zimbabwe 6258:Ethiopia 6243:Botswana 6160:Category 6051:Football 6036:Baseball 5952:Daedalus 5936:Odysseus 5932:Heracles 5871:Hinduism 5785:Buddhism 5759:and lore 5757:Religion 5737:Rebetiko 5707:Souravli 5703:Santouri 5695:Psaltery 5691:Phorminx 5663:Floghera 5651:Politiki 5635:Bouzouki 5597:Thracian 5556:Éntekhno 5542:Tsamikos 5502:Partalos 5470:Kleistos 5446:Hasapiko 5434:Fisounis 5367:Internet 5339:Proverbs 5278:Medieval 5201:dialects 5184:numerals 5109:Malvasia 5041:Souvlaki 5035:Tzatziki 5021:Sauces ( 4994:Flomaria 4968:Tiropita 4952:Bougatsa 4938:Mizithra 4926:Ladotyri 4914:Graviera 4888:Tsipouro 4876:Rakomelo 4862:Drinks ( 4813:Tsoureki 4809:Paximadi 4801:Kritsini 4795:Breads ( 4627:Carols ( 4603:Folklore 4579:Perizoma 4567:Himation 4532:Caryatid 4442:Diaspora 4362:Taxation 4342:Shipping 4332:Rankings 4322:Railways 4302:Highways 4213:Airports 4131:Laocracy 4121:Pacifism 4117:Feminism 4071:Metaxism 3983:Cannabis 3978:Abortion 3909:Military 3894:Treaties 3889:Passport 3794:Security 3576:Politics 3410:Rhodopes 3330:Sporades 3322:Magnesia 3314:Karditsa 3310:Thessaly 3296:Messenia 3212:Kastoria 3140:Ioannina 3082:Kalymnos 3016:Cyclades 3006:Rethymno 2899:Overview 2841:Monarchy 2836:Military 2792:Economic 2742:By topic 2304:23 April 1618:See also 1485:Zimbabwe 1381:Shipping 1327:(modern 1299:Industry 1287:drachmas 1230:Far East 895:Linear B 827:ko-to-na 787:Phaistos 581:Shipping 571:Industry 519:Overview 446:Military 436:Language 406:Alphabet 119:Mycenean 87:Cycladic 24:a series 22:Part of 7247:Ukraine 7197:Romania 7157:Moldova 7115:Ireland 7110:Iceland 7105:Hungary 7095:Germany 7090:Georgia 7080:Finland 7075:Estonia 7070:Denmark 7055:Croatia 7040:Belgium 7035:Belarus 7025:Austria 7020:Armenia 7015:Andorra 7010:Albania 6763:Oceania 6680:Ireland 6675:Hungary 6665:Germany 6655:Estonia 6650:Denmark 6640:Croatia 6625:Belgium 6620:Austria 6615:Albania 6592:Vietnam 6449:Uruguay 6414:Jamaica 6404:Ecuador 6333:Tunisia 6318:Somalia 6313:Senegal 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Knowledge

Economic history of Greece and the Greek world

Index