6689:
5149:
the share in GDP is much less than 50%. According to the first such comprehensive assessment published by the
Russian statistics agency Rosstat in 2021, the maximum total share of the oil and gas sector in Russia's GDP, including extraction, refining, transport, sale of oil and gas, all goods and services used, and all supporting activities, amounts to 16.9% in 2017, 21.1% in 2018, 19.2% in 2019 and 15.2% in 2020. To compare the data obtained using the same methodology, the source provides data for other countries. This is more than the share of GDP in the United States (8%) and Canada (less 10%). This is comparable to the share of GDP in Norway (14%) and Kazakhstan (13.3%). It is much lower than the share of GDP in the United Arab Emirates (30%) and Saudi Arabia (50%). This assessment did not include, for example, the production of used pumps or specialized education, which should have been included, according to experts. Russia consumes domestically two-thirds of its gas production and a quarter of its oil production while it sells three-quarters of its oil on the world market and Russia's share of the traded world oil market is 17.5% - more than Saudi Arabia's. At the same time, experts note that there are formal and informal part of the rent and the total oil and gas rent in 2023 can be estimated at 24% of Russia's GDP. Michael Alexeyev (son of
2423:(1,385 long tons; 1,551 short tons), and diamonds reserves were 375 million carats (75 tonnes). Then for the first time the Ministry evaluated the mineral reserves of Russia in terms of value. The value of oil reserves amounted to 39.6 trillion rubles, the value of gas amounted to 11.3 trillion rubles, coking coal amounted to almost 2 trillion rubles, iron ore amounted to 808 billion rubles, diamonds amounted to 505 billion rubles, gold amounted to 480 billion rubles. The combined value of all mineral and energy resources (oil, gas, gold, copper, iron ore, thermal and lignite coal, and diamonds) amounted to 55.24 trillion rubles (US$ 844 billion), or 60% of GDP for 2017. The assessment occurred after the adoption of a new classification of reserves in Russia and the object of the methodology was only those fields for which a license was issued, so the assessment of the Ministry of Natural Resources is less than the total volume of explored reserves. Experts criticized such "an unsuccessful attempt to estimate reserves," pointing out that "one should not take such an estimate seriously" and "the form contains an incorrect formula for calculating the value".
6741:
than trade in services, Russia had a significant trade surplus. Trade is relatively important to the
Russian economy: the ratio of Russia's goods trade (exports plus imports) to GDP has averaged about 40% in recent years, compared to 20% for the United States. In 2021, Russia ranked 13th among world goods exporters and 22nd among importers. According to Russian official sources, its goods exports totaled $ 492 billion in 2021, up 46% from 2020 (not adjusting for inflation). Minerals, including oil and gas, accounted for almost 45% of these exports. Goods imports increased 27% to $ 294 billion in 2021. Machinery and mechanical appliances was the top import category, accounting for almost a third of Russia's goods imports. In services trade, Russia ranked 26th among world exporters and 19th among importers in 2020, the most recent year for which there is data. It was a net services importer, exporting $ 49 billion worth of services and importing $ 76 billion.
6111:
5393:
5868:, as the top 10 companies in 2013 charged 58.1% premiums in total without compulsory health insurance (CHI). Russian insurance market in 2013 demonstrated quite significant rate of growth in operations. Total amount of premiums charged (without CHI) in 2013 is RUB 904.9 bln (increase on 11.8% compared to 2012), total amount of claims paid is RUB 420.8 bln (increase on 13.9% compared to 2012). Premiums to GDP ratio (total without CHI) in 2013 increased to 1.36% compared to 1.31 a year before. The share of premiums in household spending increased to 1.39%. Level of claims paid on the market total without CHI is 46.5%, an insufficient increase compared to 2012. The number of policies in 2013 increased on 0.1% compared to 2012, to 139.6 mln policies.
2553:
5872:
life insurance and accident insurance are often used by banks as an appendix to a credit contract protecting creditors from the risk of credit default in case of borrower's death or disability. The rise of these lines is connected, evidently, with the increase in consumer loans, as the total sum of credit obligations of population in 2013 increased by 28% to RUB 9.9 trillion. At the same time premium to GDP ratio net of life and accident insurance remained at the same level of 1.1% as in 2012. Thus, if "banking" lines of business are excluded, Russian insurance market is in stagnation stage for the last four years, as premiums to GDP ratio net of life and accident insurance remains at the same level of 1.1% since 2010.
1871:
1919:
4950:
2297:
2432:
2133:
6749:(trade openness) 49.26% which is lower than an average of the countries. In December 2022 in a study an economist at the Bank of Russia's Research and Forecasting Department, finds that the import dependence of the Russian economy is relatively low, does not exceed the median for other countries and the share of imports in most industries is lower than in other countries. The key explanation for this could be the low involvement of the Russian economy in global value supply chains and its focus on production of raw materials. However, 60% of Russia's imports come from the countries that have announced sanctions against Russia.
898:
706:
5887:
5760:
2029:, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan signed the Treaty on the creation of an Economic Union which reinforces by an international agreement the intention to create an economic union through the step-by-step creation of a free trade area, a customs union and conditions for the free movement of goods, services, capital and labor. All these countries have ratified the Treaty and it entered into force on 14 January 1994. Turkmenistan and Georgia joined in 1994 and ratified the Treaty, but Georgia withdrew in 2009.
5530:
1657:
1911:
5366:
5903:
2580:
5048:
22010:
2568:
5450:
6002:
1026:
792:
5745:
5284:
1931:
834:
5409:
5157:, notes that the oil and gas taxes reported by the government do not include corporate dividends and the so-called indirect or additional revenues derived from the expenditure of oil and gas rents in the economy. There is also such an indicator as the oil rent (% of GDP), which is published by the World Bank. It is 9.7% for Russia, 14.8% for Kazakhstan, 6.1% for Norway, 23.7% for Saudi Arabia, 15.7% for the United Arab Emirates, 2.8% for Canada and 0.6% for the United States.
2508:
Department, found that the import dependence of the
Russian economy is relatively low, does not exceed the median for other countries, and the share of imports in most industries is lower than in other countries. The key explanation for this could be the low involvement of the Russian economy in global value supply chains and its focus on production of raw materials. However, 60% of Russia's imports come from the countries that have announced sanctions against Russia.
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537:
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363:
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5145:. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian state nuclear conglomerate Rosatom became the dominant actor in international nuclear power markets, training experts, constructing nuclear power plants, supplying fuel and taking care of spent fuel in around the world. Whereas oil and gas were subject to international sanctions after Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2023, its nuclear industry was not targeted by sanctions.
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764:
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29:
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998:
5941:. These companies will be expected to increase the proportion of domestic technology solutions they use in their operations. The decree puts special emphasis on purchases of innovation products and technologies. According to the new decree, by 2015, government-connected companies must double their purchases of Russian technology solutions compared to the 2013 level and their purchasing levels must quadruple by 2018.
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legal system means that impartial courts do not rule and contracts are problematic. Second is the underdevelopment of modern economic activities, with very basic peasant agriculture dominant into the 1930s. Third is technological underdevelopment, eased somewhat by borrowing from the West in the 1920s. And fourth lower living standards compared to
Western Europe and North America.
2045:
the agreement. Russia concluded bilateral free trade agreements with all CIS countries and did not switch to a multilateral free trade regime in 1999. Bilateral free trade agreements, except for
Georgia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan (all of these are in force as of 2024), ceased to apply only after 2012 with Russia's accession to the new multilateral CIS free trade area.
6082:(EAEU) and is party to EAEU trade agreements with Vietnam, Iran, Singapore, and Serbia. In 2018, the EAEU signed a trade cooperation agreement with China, and it is in trade negotiations with India, Israel, and Egypt. Russia is also a party to several agreements that predate the EAEU. The EAEU Treaty in 2015 superseded previous integration agreements and envisaged an
2049:
Belarus and the
Government of the Russian Federation, on the one side, and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, on the other side, signed an Agreement on the Customs Union in Moscow on 20 January 1995 in order to move towards the creation of an economic union as envisaged by the treaty. The implementation of these agreements made it possible to launch the
16035:
2538:(some provisions were borrowed from EAEU law) even without their membership in the WTO (Uzbekistan) or the EAEU (Uzbekistan and Tajikistan). The Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union has preserved international agreements on trade in services in the sphere of national competence of the member states therefore, the EAEU is not a party to the agreement.
4941:
including some shares in domestic and foreign companies. The
Reserve fund which started with $ 125 billion was exhausted by 2017 and discontinued. The National Wealth Fund had started with $ 32 billion in 2008 and by August 2022, peaked at $ 201 billion. December 2023 saw it fall to $ 133 billion with liquid assets also down at $ 56 billion.
1827:
half the
Russian economy was still devoted to agriculture. By the early 20th century, the Russian economy had fallen further behind the American and British economies. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, the economy grew at a similar pace as the Japanese economy and faster than the Brazilian, Indian and Chinese economies.
15677:
7800:
2018:, with loan facilities totalling $ 20 billion. The IMF was criticised for lending so much, as Russia introduced little of the reforms promised for the money and a large part of these funds could have been "diverted from their intended purpose and included in the flows of capital that left the country illegally".
9912:
In the mortality belt of the
European former Soviet Union, an aggressive health policy intervention might have prevented tens of thousands of excess deaths, or at least generated a different perception of Western intentions. Instead, Western self-congratulatory triumphalism, the political priority to
8327:
Russia is one of the world's richest countries in raw materials, many of which are significant inputs for an industrial economy. Russia accounts for around 20 per cent of the world's production of oil and natural gas and possesses large reserves of both fuels. This abundance has made Russia virtually
6757:
Between 1985 and 2018, almost 28,500 mergers or acquisitions have been announced in Russia. This cumulates to an overall value of around USD 984 billion which translates to RUB 5.456 billion. In terms of value, 2007 has been the most active year with USD 158 billion, whereas the number
6740:
In 2017, Russian
Federation's commercial services' shares of total exports and imports were 13.9% and 26.8%, respectively. Russian Federation had a trade-to-GDP ratio of 46.6% in 2017. In 2013–2017, Russia had a trade surplus for goods, and a trade deficit for services. Since trade in goods is larger
6124:
Russia recorded a trade surplus of US$ 15.8 billion in 2013. Balance of trade in Russia is reported by the Central Bank of Russia. Historically, from 1997 until 2013, Russia balance of trade averaged US$ 8.338billion reaching an all-time high of US$ 20.647 billion in December 2011 and a record low of
6114:
Over the past 30 years, the share of imports of goods and services as a share of Russia's GDP has been below 25% for almost all years. The growth of oil rents, rapid economic growth, economic integration, WTO accession, improved transport accessibility and the government's import substitution program
5913:
The government has launched a program promoting construction of IT-oriented technology parks (Technoparks)—special zones that have an established infrastructure and enjoy a favorable tax and customs regime, in seven different locations: Moscow, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga, Tumen, Republic of
1592:
also expanded during this time. The academic analyst Richard Connolly has argued that, over the last four centuries in a broad sense, there were four main characteristics of the Russian economy that have shaped the system and persisted despite the political upheavals. First of all the weakness of the
10212:
According to the Unified Register of Legal Acts and Other Documents of the Commonwealth of Independent States, on 24 December 1993, Turkmenistan sent a notification of accession to the Treaty on the Establishment of the Economic Union. It entered into force for Turkmenistan on 22 January 1994. As of
5871:
Although relative indicators of the Russian insurance market returned to pre-crisis levels, the progress is achieved mainly by the increase of life insurance and accident insurance, the input of these two market segments in premium growth in 2013 largely exceeds their share on the market. As before,
5547:
Automotive production is a significant industry in Russia, directly employing around 600,000 people or 1% of the country's total workforce. Russia produced 1,767,674 vehicles in 2018, ranking 13th among car-producing nations in 2018, and accounting for 1.8% of the worldwide production. Following the
5488:
delivered 95 new fixed-wing aircraft to its customers, including 15 civilian models. In addition, the industry produced over 141 helicopters. It is one of the most science-intensive hi-tech sectors and employs the largest number of skilled personnel. The production and value of the military aircraft
4940:
falls. On 1 February 2008, the Stabilization fund was divided into two parts. The first is a reserve fund equal to 10% of GDP and was to be invested in a similar way as the Stabilization Fund. The second is the National Welfare Fund of the Russian Federation to be invested in more risky instruments,
2545:
The 2024 budget expects revenues of 35 trillion rubles ($ 349 billion) with expenditure of 36.6 trillion, based on a Urals oil forecast of $ 71.30 per barrel, a 90.1 rubles to USD 1 exchange rate and inflation of 4.5%. Defence spending will double to 10.78 trillion, 29.4% of expenditure. Russia
1999:
The majority of state enterprises were privatized amid great controversy and subsequently came to be owned by insiders for far less than they were worth. For example, the director of a factory during the Soviet regime would often become the owner of the same enterprise. Under the government's cover,
4988:
in Russia. As of 2020, the percentage of business owners who distrust law enforcement agencies rose to 70% (from 45% in 2017); 75% don't believe in impartiality of courts and 79% do not believe that legal institutions protect them from abuse of law such as racketeering or arrest on dubious grounds.
4823:
was found. It was discovered that "greater income inequality within a region is associated with more pollution, implying that it is not only the level of income that matters but also its distribution". In Russia areas lacking in hospital beds suffer from greater air pollution than areas with higher
2522:
interventions, the exchange rate of the rouble against the dollar remained relatively stable in 2022, although in 2023 it started to decrease significantly, reaching RUB 97 per USD 1 on 15 August 2023. Both the interventions and the exchange rate decrease resulted in significant criticism
2514:
reported poor results for the Russian economy the first quarter of 2023 with revenue of 5.7 trillion roubles – down 21% (mainly due to falling oil revenue), expenditure 8.1 trillion roubles – up 34% (mainly due to increased military costs), creating a deficit 2.4 trillion roubles – ($ 29.4 billion)
2435:
Like some other major economies like the United States, China, Brazil, Japan, Argentina and others, Russia has one of the world's lowest import dependence as a percentage of GDP among more than 200 countries and territories over the past 30 years. Sanctions, boycotts and disruption of supply chains
2414:
According to the British company BP (Statistical Yearbook 2018), proven oil reserves in Russia at the end of 2017 were 14.5 billion tonnes (14.3 billion long tons; 16.0 billion short tons), natural gas was 35 trillion cubic metres (1.2 quadrillion cubic feet). Gold reserves
2060:
International agreements such as the following have further deepened trade and economic relations and integration with Belarus. The Community of Belarus and Russia was founded on 2 April 1996. The "Treaty on the Union between Belarus and Russia" was signed on 2 April 1997. And finally the Treaty on
5148:
In the mid-2000s, the share of the oil and gas sector in GDP was around 20%, and in 2013 it was 20–21% of GDP. The share of oil and gas in Russia's exports (about 50%) and federal budget revenues (about 50%) is large, and the dynamics of Russia's GDP are highly dependent on oil and gas prices, but
2422:
estimated the country's mineral reserves in physical terms. At the end of 2017, oil reserves were 9.04 billion tonnes (8.90 billion long tons; 9.96 billion short tons), gas reserves were 14.47 trillion cubic metres (511 trillion cubic feet), gold reserves were 1,407 tonnes
2048:
Further integration took place outside the legal framework of the CIS. Pursuant to the Treaty on the creation of an Economic Union, the Agreement on the Customs Union between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus was signed on 6 January 1995 in Minsk. The Government of the Republic of
2044:
in order to move towards the creation of an economic union. Article 17 also confirmed the intention to conclude a free trade agreement in services. Article 1 indicated that this was "the first stage of the creation of the Economic Union", but in 1999 the countries agreed to remove this phrase from
1826:
and created a shortage of labor for industry, was abolished in 1861. In the aftermath, GDP per capita was volatile and did not substantially increase. Steady economic growth began in the 1890s, alongside a structural transformation of the Russian economy. By the time World War I started, more than
2541:
In August and September 2023, the Central Bank of Russia started raising the key lending rate, ending up at 13% in September, while USD to RUB exchange rate remained at RUB 95. As of June 2023 share of Russia's exports to EU dropped to 1.7% while Russia's imports from EU dropped to 1.5%. In
2275:
Russian leaders repeatedly spoke of the need to diversify the economy away from its dependence on oil and gas and foster a high-technology sector. In 2012 oil, gas and petroleum products accounted for over 70% of total exports. This economic model appeared to show its limits, when after years of
5894:
The IT market is one of the most dynamic sectors of the Russian economy. Russian software exports have risen from just $ 120 million in 2000 to $ 3.3 billion in 2010. Since the year 2000 the IT market has started growth rates of 30–40% a year, growing by 54% in 2006 alone. The biggest
2332:
As a result of the World Bank's designation of a high-income economy, Barack Obama issued a proclamation 9188: "I have determined that Russia is sufficiently advanced in economic development and improved in trade competitiveness that it is appropriate to terminate the designation of Russia as a
1812:
Russian national income per capita increased and moved to closer to the most developed economies of Northern and Western Europe from the late 17th century to the 1740s. After the 1740s, the Russian economy stagnated and declined. In the 18th century, Russian national income per capita was about
4909:
In 2022, the share of external debt to GDP was 17%, decreasing from 26.3% in 2021. Russia's external debt was estimated at 381.8 billion U.S. dollars as of 1 January 2023, down 20.8 percent from the previous year. Russia External Debt reached USD 357.9 billion in March 2023, compared with
4851:
policy. Higher inflation than in developed countries has remained throughout the last 25–30 post-Soviet years and the devaluation of the currency (in relation to foreign currencies and in relation to domestic goods) is significantly compensated by higher interest rates and an increase in
2410:
rated Russia's economy as the 12th most innovative in the world, up from 14th in January 2015 and 18th in January 2014. Russia has the world's 15th highest patent application rate, the 8th highest concentration of high-tech public companies, such as internet and aerospace and the third highest
2507:
calculated that Russia did graduate into the category of high-income economies by 2022, if counted at purchasing power parity rather than the exchange rate but could fall below the threshold due to the invasion of Ukraine. In December 2022, a study at Bank of Russia's Research and Forecasting
1995:
Shock therapy was accompanied by a drop in the standard of living, including surging economic inequality and poverty, along with increased excess mortality and a decline in life expectancy. Russia suffered the largest peacetime rise in mortality ever experienced by an industrialized country.
2403:. While in 2014 GDP growth remained positive at 0.6%, in 2015 the Russian economy shrunk by 3.7% and was expected to shrink further in 2016. By 2016, the Russian economy rebounded with 0.3% GDP growth and officially exited recession. The growth continued in 2017, with an increase of 1.5%.
15602:
Russia is the only country constructing nuclear-powered icebreakers in the world. They were purposely built for the strategic importance of the Northern Sea Route and a more evident need to guarantee the safety of the Russian trade vessels in winter and Arctic settlements' dependency on
7358:
6027:, the number of inbound trips of foreign citizens to Russia amounted to 24.4 million in 2019. Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $ 11.6 billion. In 2020, tourism accounted for about 4% of country's GDP. Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the
1991:
which wiped out personal savings, crime and destitution spreading rapidly. The jump in prices from shock therapy wiped out the modest savings accumulated by Russians under socialism and resulted in a regressive redistribution of wealth in favour of elites who owned non-monetary assets.
19711:
15688:
2527:
2320:
on Russia. This led to the decline of the Russian ruble and sparked fears of a Russian financial crisis. Russia responded with sanctions against a number of countries, including a one-year period of total ban on food imports from the European Union and the United States.
6128:
In 2015, Russia main exports are oil and natural gas (62.8% of total exports), ores and metals (5.9%), chemical products (5.8%), machinery and transport equipment (5.4%) and food (4.7%). Others include: agricultural raw materials (2.2%) and textiles (0.2%).
1813:
40–70% of British per capita income but higher than Poland's. By 1860, Russian GDP per capita was similar to that of Japan; one-third of GDP per capita in the United States or the United Kingdom; and twice that of China or India. Russia was a late
2000:
outrageous financial manipulations were performed that enriched a narrow group of individuals at key positions of business and government. Many of them promptly invested their newfound wealth abroad, producing an enormous capital flight. This rapid
1517:
and its allies which have the aim of isolating the Russian economy from the Western financial system. However, Russia's economy has shown resilience to such measures broadly, and has maintained economic stability and growth—driven primarily by high
6688:
5585:
As of 2013, Russians spent 60% of their pre-tax income on shopping, the highest percentage in Europe. This is possible because many Russians pay no rent or house payments, owning their own home after privatization of state-owned Soviet housing.
13582:, outside of Moscow... The nuclear reactor, used to generate electricity, heralded Obninsk's new role as a major Soviet scientific city, a status it retains in the Russian Federation where it carries the sobriquet of First Russian Science City.
2328:
in July 2014, GDP growth in the first half of 2014 was 1%. The ministry projected growth of 0.5% for 2014. The Russian economy grew by a better than expected 0.6% in 2014. Russia is rated one of the most unequal of the world's major economies.
1866:
became overwhelming. The cumbersome procedures for bureaucratic administration foreclosed the free communication and flexible response required at the enterprise level for dealing with worker alienation, innovation, customers, and suppliers.
6022:
report, Russia is the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most visited country in Europe, as of 2018, with 24.6 million visits. Russia is ranked 39th in the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019. According to
2103:-denominated terms increased eightfold. The volume of consumer credit between 2000 and 2006 increased 45 times, fuelling a boom in private consumption. The number of people living below poverty line declined from 30% in 2000 to 14% in 2008.
2523:
of the Central Bank by Russian state propaganda. Quarter 2 of 2023 saw a 13% fall in the value of the rouble against the dollar and a current account surplus estimated in to be falling by 80% from the annual 2022 surplus of $ 233 billion.
5548:
2022 sanctions and the withdrawal of Western manufacturers the production dropped to 450,000 passenger cars in 2022, the lowest level since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The main local brands are light vehicle producers
10640:
5590:
were popular with international investors and shoppers from the emerging middle class. Russia had over 1,000 shopping malls in 2020, although in 2022, many international companies left Russia resulting in empty stores in malls. A
5865:
8420:
19701:
16225:
15427:
2041:
15719:
5353:, ranking sixth in the world in tonnage of fish caught; capturing 4.77 million tonnes (4.69 million long tons; 5.26 million short tons) of fish in 2018. It is also home to the world's finest caviar (the
7621:
Russia's unemployment rate dropped to a record-low 2.6% in April and real wages soared in March, data published by the federal statistics service showed on Wednesday, highlighting the extent of Russia's tight labour
5424:
of Russia is a strategically important sector and a large employer in the country. Russia has a large and sophisticated arms industry, capable of designing and manufacturing high-tech military equipment, including a
11634:
11608:
5863:
According to the Central Bank of Russia 422 insurance companies operate on the Russian insurance market by the end of 2013. The concentration of insurance business is significant across all major segments except
16233:
12089:
8817:
Proceeds from oil and gas sales for Russia's federal budget rose by around 41% year on year in the first half of the year 5.698 trillion roubles ($ 65.12 billion), finance ministry data showed on Wednesday...
12650:
9613:
15020:
5471:
Aircraft manufacturing is an important industry sector in Russia, employing around 355,300 people. The Russian aircraft industry offers a portfolio of internationally competitive military aircraft such as
13262:
6744:
According to the World Bank, imports of goods and services occupied 21.3% of the Russian gross domestic product (GDP) in 2021 and exports of goods and services occupied 30.9% of Russia's GDP. Russia has
12033:
10947:
10497:
4852:
nominal incomes and assets. This situation is typical for developing markets. Typically devaluations of the ruble relative to foreign currency strongly stimulate the export-oriented economy of Russia.
14592:
12754:
12353:
5855:
10 square feet) of housing, 20% of all housing stock to be renovated and to increase space from 27.8 square metres (299 sq ft) up to 33.3 square metres (358 sq ft) per person.
5560:
is the leading heavy vehicle producer. In December 2022 the only foreign car manufacturers are eleven Chinese carmakers that have production operations or are constructing their plants in Russia.
2178:, as well as prudent economic and fiscal policies. However, these gains have been distributed unevenly, as the 110 wealthiest individuals were found in a report by Credit Suisse to own 35% of all
15567:
The Russian sea port Novorossiysk, located in the Azov-Black Sea basin, handled almost 142 million metric tons of cargo in 2020 and became the leading port in the country by the cargo throughput.
13606:
5342:
foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as arability increases in Siberia, which would lead to both internal and external migration to the region.
2124:
declared that the Russian economy achieved "unprecedented macroeconomic stability". Until October 2007, Russia maintained impressive fiscal discipline with budget surpluses every year from 2000.
12495:
11005:
7864:
14008:
11660:
11423:
12323:
11810:
7984:
8353:
2166:-denominated terms this amounted to a more than sevenfold increase in disposable incomes since 2000. In the same period, unemployment and poverty more than halved and Russians' self-assessed
15185:
13794:
7924:
11578:
10628:
4888:
16026:[Selected statistical information calculated in accordance with the Official Statistical Methodology for Estimating the Number of Inbound and Outbound Tourist Trips – Rostourism].
12383:
12122:
2081:
Russia recovered quickly from the August 1998 financial crash, partly because of a devaluation of the ruble, which made domestic producers more competitive nationally and internationally.
5921:
signed in June 2013, a special "roadmap" is expected to ease business suppliers' access to the procurement programs of state-owned infrastructure monopolies, including such large ones as
10662:
20965:
15684:
13529:
11547:
2229:(CIS FTA) came into force for Russia and subsequently superseded previous bilateral agreements among 9 participating post-Soviet states. In 2015, Russia became a founding member of the
13850:
12201:
7954:
12605:
13169:
12233:
5848:
In 2022, construction was worth 13 trillion rubles, 5% more than in 2021. Residential construction in 2022 reached 126.7 million square metres (1,364 million square feet).
17928:
8405:
6094:" as in the European Union), pursues coordinated, harmonized and single policy in the sectors determined by the Treaty and international agreements within the Union. The EAEU has a
2333:
beneficiary developing country effective October 3, 2014." U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) indicated that Russia formally graduated from the GSP program on 4 October 2014.
15419:
14834:
14699:
11346:
7282:
13932:
13817:"Oil & gas share of Russia's GDP dropped to 15% in 2020 | NORVANREPORTS.COM | Business News, Insurance, Taxation, Oil & Gas, Maritime News, Ghana, Africa, World"
11125:
8248:
4906:
In 2022, domestic government debt increased by 13.9 percent to 18.78 billion rubles. Russia Domestic government Debt data was reported at RUB 19,801.921 billion in May 2023.
2546:
currently has a record low unemployment rate of just 3 percent, due to a demographic decline, demands of the war for industrial and military manpower, and large scale emigration.
13417:
10882:
19691:
13984:
13958:
10981:
10099:
6758:
of deals peaked in 2010 with 3,684 (964 compared to the value record year 2007). Since 2010 value and numbers have decreased constantly and another wave of M&A is expected.
15046:
11837:
6078:
of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed on 18 October 2011 came into force (CIS FTA) for Russia and superseded previous agreements. Russia is a founding member of the
5895:
sector in terms of revenue is system and network integration, which accounts for 28.3% of the total market revenues. Meanwhile, the fastest growing segment of the IT market is
19766:
16932:
16772:
16179:
5890:
Russia has more academic graduates than any other country in Europe (and world leader in percentage of population with associate degree or higher: 54%, compared to 31% in UK).
1510:
15589:
8873:
Russian Federation's HDI value for 2022 is 0.821— which put the country in the Very High human development category—positioning it at 56 out of 193 countries and territories.
4968:
for 2020; ranking 129th out of 180 countries. Corruption is perceived as a significant problem in Russia, affecting various aspects of life, including the economy, business,
19665:
19031:
17183:
16024:"Выборочная статистическая информация, рассчитанная в соответствии с Официальной статистической методологией оценки числа въездных и выездных туристских поездок – Ростуризм"
11885:
6135:
Russia top imports in 2021 were: Transmission equipment $ 10.7b, medication $ 7.3b, tankers $ 3.7b, parts and accessories for data processing 3.7b and storage units $ 3.3b.
2257:
11985:
11630:
6761:
The majority of deals in, into or out of Russia have taken place in the financial sector (29%), followed by banks (8.6%), oil and gas (7.8%), and Metals and Mining (7.2%).
19706:
19363:
16721:
15297:
14745:
This statistic provides a forecast of barley production volume worldwide in 2020/2021, by country. In that year, Russia produced about 20.63 million metric tons of barley.
12820:
11600:
5457:
is one of Russia's most recent civilian aviation products. The regional passenger plane was ordered around 280 times for various airlines and leasing companies as of 2018.
1847:
14870:
18834:
13387:
10341:
9283:
2458:
which will likely result in a steep recession. Since early 2022, many official economic statistics have not been published. Sanctions also included asset freezes on the
12544:
12169:
12081:
11754:
11370:
11294:
9016:
8448:
7577:
5298:
Russia's agriculture sector contributes about 5% of the country's total GDP, although the sector employs about one-eighth of the total labour force. It has the world's
2552:
15154:
5178:
Russia is also a leading producer and exporter of minerals and gold. Russia is the largest diamond-producing nation in the world, estimated to produce over 33 million
1862:. The complex demands of the modern economy and inflexible administration overwhelmed and constrained the central planners. The volume of decisions facing planners in
13352:
8081:...and the countries of the former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe, of which several, including Russia and the Czech Republic, are heavily industrialized.
21005:
19045:
16294:
11868:
8577:
7894:
16134:
13469:
13447:
12646:
2099:
Between 2000 and 2008, Russian economy got a major boost from rising commodity prices. GDP grew on average 7% per year. Disposable incomes more than doubled and in
19696:
19471:
9546:
8655:
5726:
There are four national mobile phone networks, MegaFon, Tele2, Beeline and MTS with total subscriptions between 2011 and 2021 ranging between 200 and 240 million.
1996:
Likewise, the consumption of meat decreased: in 1990, an average citizen of the RSFSR consumed 63 kg of meat a year; by 1999, it had decreased to 45 kg.
15010:
9498:
8538:
4855:
Ruble's Real Effective Exchange Rate remains in 2022–23 higher than in 1996 and 1998 when the sharp devaluations happened relative to the foreign currency.
4824:
numbers of beds per capita which implies that the poor or inadequate distribution of public services also may add to the environmental inequality of that region.
1737:
21090:
21085:
21080:
21075:
21070:
21065:
21060:
21055:
21050:
21045:
21040:
21035:
21030:
19087:
16749:
15365:
13254:
13565:
12025:
11483:
8616:
2542:
October 2023 the "psychological barrier" of RUB 100 per USD 1 was crossed. In July 2024 the Russian Central Bank raised the key interest rate to 18%.
19624:
14801:
10486:
5370:
2419:
13906:
12293:
12007:
11154:
10908:
19024:
18452:
12758:
12345:
11513:
10833:
Guriev, Sergei; Tsyvinski, Aleh (2010). "Challenges Facing the Russian Economy after the Crisis". In Anders Åslund; Sergei Guriev; Andrew C. Kuchins (eds.).
7603:
15622:
12974:
10940:
19080:
19038:
17178:
13820:
11853:
11390:
9223:
7173:
5537:
1519:
16429:
15554:
12849:
12680:
10783:
10753:
10401:
2213:
of the same countries, came into force on 1 January 2012, superseding the bilateral agreements on free trade. At the same time Russia's membership to the
18145:
16711:
15716:
2396:
2317:
14768:
13594:
12878:
5720:
Russia's telecommunications industry is growing in size and maturity. As of December 2007, there were an estimated 4,900,000 broadband lines in Russia.
4879:
Russia was expected to have a Government Budget deficit of $ 21 billion in 2016. The budget deficit narrowed to 0.6% of GDP in 2017 from 2.8% in 2016.
4819:
In Russia, areas where income is higher have increased air pollution. However while income may have been higher in these regions a greater disparity in
2007:
Difficulties in collecting government revenues amid the collapsing economy and dependence on short-term borrowing to finance budget deficits led to the
22046:
20860:
19094:
17762:
17188:
17117:
16798:
15491:
15459:
12928:
12732:
12574:
12487:
10997:
7856:
6075:
2441:
2222:
2004:
of public assets, and the widespread corruption associated with it, became widely known throughout Russia as "prikhvatizatisiya," or "grab-itization."
15330:
14005:
11656:
11413:
7976:
2276:
strong performance, the Russian economy expanded by a mere 1.3% in 2013. Several reasons were proposed to explain the slowdown, including a prolonged
19059:
16377:
15214:
12315:
11806:
9913:
irreversibly destroy the communist system, and the desire to integrate East European economies into the capitalist world at any cost took precedence.
15889:
15177:
12412:
8343:
4984:. The phenomenon of corruption is strongly established in the historical model of public governance in Russia and attributed to general weakness of
2186:. Russia also has the second-largest volume of illicit money outflows, having lost over $ 880 billion between 2002 and 2011 in this way. Since 2008
21110:
19356:
15952:
14230:
13786:
12948:
11320:
9260:
8781:
7916:
5783:
5094:
5014:
2301:
2050:
1527:
1404:
1396:
12112:
11570:
11183:
9656:
21297:
18827:
17193:
17127:
16403:
14988:
14732:
13740:
13222:
12904:
12375:
2526:
After 11 years of negotiations, on 8 June 2023, in Sochi, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan signed the
15859:
12316:"Russia's main oil product is trading way below the $ 60 price cap as just a handful of buyers keep up trade with the heavily sanctioned nation"
1748:
20975:
18761:
15651:
13322:
13000:
10666:
10470:
9082:
Kholodilin, Konstantin A.; Oshchepkov, Aleksey; Siliverstovs, Boriss (2012). "The Russian Regional Convergence Process: Where Is It Leading?".
7760:
7304:
2463:
2309:
1686:
1440:
1320:
14407:
13764:
13506:
11955:
11535:
11242:
10315:
7551:
1983:
who in 1994 urged for "the three '-ations'—privatization, stabilization, and liberalization" to be "completed as soon as possible." With deep
20883:
20779:
14503:
13842:
12191:
11094:
10458:
9715:
9693:
8798:
7946:
2477:
276:
12597:
12147:
9299:
The war against Ukraine and the West is not only the Kremlin's biggest priority; it is now also the main driver of Russia's economic growth.
5082:
make Russia rich in natural resources, which dominate Russian exports. Oil and gas exports, specifically, continue to be the main source of
2567:
19771:
17550:
16783:
14343:
14070:
13157:
12223:
11064:
10805:
10061:
7447:
7417:
4929:
2269:
1463:
434:
418:
14311:
14166:
14102:
13199:
12465:
11926:
10718:
8912:
21672:
20048:
19829:
19349:
17642:
17122:
16686:
14824:
14690:
14535:
14471:
14375:
14134:
11776:
11713:
11342:
8036:
7270:
5302:, at 1,265,267 square kilometres (488,522 sq mi). However, due to the harshness of its environment, about 13.1% of its land is
5114:
1479:
1424:
14198:
14038:
13928:
13026:
11264:
11117:
10437:
10419:
10383:
10365:
9571:
8240:
2415:
in Russia's subsoil, according to the U.S. Geological Survey, were 5,500 tonnes (5,400 long tons; 6,100 short tons) at the end of 2017.
19675:
18820:
17602:
16803:
16703:
15094:
14567:
14439:
14262:
13409:
11977:
10973:
10886:
10038:
9316:
9287:
2495:
1556:
The Russian economy has been volatile over the past multiple decades. After 1989, its institutional environment was transformed from a
1547:
570:
553:
16459:
15271:
13980:
13954:
10606:
10091:
8510:
7387:
7218:
20919:
17173:
17147:
16757:
15042:
11834:
8114:
2484:
2325:
281:
16176:
16161:
12788:
11453:
9370:
2147:, though no long term damage was done due to a proactive and timely response by the government and central bank. A sharp, but brief
20970:
20903:
18527:
17168:
16744:
15579:
8885:
7690:
7634:
7318:
7141:
5110:
5018:
1420:
1412:
13876:
11893:
2281:
22051:
21992:
21272:
20728:
19806:
19660:
19327:
18064:
17969:
17884:
17411:
16716:
14667:
14017:
12513:
9007:
8390:
Russia is the world's second-largest producer of natural gas, behind the United States, and has the world's largest gas reserves.
7833:
5489:
branch far outstrips other defence industry sectors, and aircraft products make up more than half of the country's arms exports.
1523:
16091:
15293:
14847:
Russia is also a major producer of sunflower seeds worldwide, with a production volume of 15.3 million metric tons in 2019/2020.
13108:
12810:
12059:
10841:. Peterson Institute for International Economics; Centre for Strategic and International Studies; New Economic School. pp.
10550:
10522:
10263:
10237:
10217:
10191:
20980:
20955:
20853:
20789:
19644:
18768:
18185:
16270:
14860:
11449:
7725:
7669:
6132:
Russia top exports in 2021 were: Crude oil $ 110.9b, Processed oil $ 69.9b, gold $ 17.3b, coal $ 15.4b and natural gas $ 7.3b.
6110:
5799:
4844:
2531:
15521:
15128:
13375:
11746:
10576:
10337:
7149:, a town whose economy is dominated by a single industry or company. The term is sometimes used regarding some towns in Russia
2057:, these agreements are still in force as of 2024 and apply in part not contrary to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union.
19634:
18280:
17943:
17622:
17002:
16917:
16520:
15992:
15771:
15739:
14635:
13523:
13515:
12536:
12161:
11367:
11290:
10690:
9989:
9759:
8999:
8462:
7573:
5791:
4892:
2244:
Rapid GDP and income growth continued until 2013. The most important topic of discussion in the economy for a decade was the
2175:
1089:
18664:
15998:
15150:
10165:
2084:
Between 2000 and 2002, significant pro-growth economic reforms included a comprehensive tax reform, which introduced a flat
21302:
20453:
19862:
18614:
18326:
17579:
17112:
14937:
13348:
11865:
9817:
8859:
8504:
7514:
7480:
7126:
5026:
4896:
1483:
1147:
34:
16291:
9312:
8751:
8591:
8014:
7886:
21787:
20990:
20703:
18557:
17501:
17251:
17163:
16562:
16124:
16031:
13722:
13483:
13439:
13130:
9374:
9170:
Kapeliushnikov, Rostislav I. (3 October 2023). "The Russian labor market: Long-term trends and short-term fluctuations".
8976:
6024:
5392:
5122:
1432:
14960:
12263:
11691:
11035:
10289:
8669:
8278:
7243:
1376:(PPP) according to the IMF, and fourth-largest economy by GDP (PPP) according to World Bank. Due to a volatile currency
21910:
20176:
19372:
18059:
17678:
17365:
17337:
10145:
9943:
9905:
9799:
9650:
9603:
9540:
5803:
5315:
5160:
2023 saw a fall in Russia's oil and gas tax revenues of 24% to 8.8 trillion roubles ($ 99.4 billion) compared to 2022.
5126:
4900:
2226:
2093:
2033:
2022:
1898:
failed to rejuvenate the Soviet economy; instead, a process of political and economic disintegration culminated in the
1629:
1408:
1365:
1238:
202:
91:
14903:
12628:
8552:
7518:
7484:
21332:
20846:
20748:
20106:
18843:
18492:
18381:
18316:
17617:
17476:
17327:
17317:
17261:
16949:
16552:
14899:
13555:
11475:
10850:
9949:
9608:
8630:
8208:
7547:
7162:
5918:
2062:
1784:
1766:
1708:
1643:
1444:
99:
16060:[Deputy Prime Minister believes that the contribution of tourism to Russia's GDP could triple in 10 years].
15837:
14791:
13292:
11216:
10918:
8314:
5357:), and produces about one-third of all canned fish, and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish.
1679:
1399:, which play a crucial role in its energy self-sufficiency and exports. The country has been widely described as an
21662:
20995:
18240:
18223:
17889:
17322:
17030:
16971:
16793:
15797:
13898:
13698:
13505:
Whiteman, Adrian; Rueda, Sonia; Akande, Dennis; Elhassan, Nazik; Escamilla, Gerardo; Arkhipova, Iana (March 2020).
12285:
12011:
11150:
9131:
5881:
5387:
5118:
5022:
2579:
1870:
1475:
1471:
1428:
16541:
11505:
1451:
in the world. The oil and gas industry accounted up to 41% of Russia's federal budget revenues by mid-2024, while
20041:
19811:
19796:
19619:
18034:
17572:
17090:
16767:
16762:
16679:
12970:
9140:
8061:
6125:−185 US$ million in February 1998. Russia runs regular trade surpluses primarily due to exports of commodities.
2431:
1899:
509:
305:
16589:
16572:
15618:
13816:
13633:"Russian nuclear energy diplomacy and its implications for energy security in the context of the war in Ukraine"
11386:
10775:
2528:
Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment
21762:
21172:
18639:
18265:
17698:
17297:
17221:
16425:
16069:
15544:
12845:
12672:
10743:
10398:
9052:
8187:
8137:
8094:
5349:, vegetables, and fruits. Owing to its large coastline along three oceans, Russia maintains one of the world's
5299:
2144:
1568:. Its industrial structure dramatically shifted away over the course of several years from heavy investment in
1369:
1351:
515:
311:
207:
124:
16351:
15397:
15237:
13078:
13052:
21870:
21837:
21792:
20420:
20313:
20126:
19727:
18435:
18150:
17974:
17934:
17688:
17612:
17607:
17511:
17236:
17231:
16907:
16739:
14758:
12874:
8092:—Rosefielde, Steven, and Natalia Vennikova. “Fiscal Federalism in Russia: A Critique of the OECD Proposals".
7311:
5505:
2313:
2008:
1603:
1459:
503:
299:
16641:
16636:
15449:
12925:
12728:
12566:
10013:
8937:
5137:
in 2019. Russia was also the world's first country to develop civilian nuclear power, and built the world's
21797:
21372:
20538:
20379:
20151:
19761:
19670:
19614:
18721:
18701:
18604:
18255:
18205:
18069:
17914:
17879:
17562:
17246:
17241:
16987:
16944:
16836:
15481:
15355:
15319:
9198:
9129:
Schulze, Günther G.; Sjahrir, Bambang Suharnoko; Zakharov, Nikita (February 2016). "Corruption in Russia".
9043:
7131:
7058:
The majority of the top 10 deals are within the Russian oil and gas sector, followed by metals and mining.
6055:
5711:
4965:
4953:
4919:
458:
446:
16373:
15210:
6764:
Here is a list of the top deals with Russian companies participating ranked by deal value in million USD:
5345:
More than one-third of the sown area is devoted to fodder crops, and the remaining farmland is devoted to
21627:
20784:
19751:
19310:
18619:
18356:
18228:
18135:
18089:
18079:
18044:
17924:
17799:
17784:
17438:
17404:
17282:
17266:
17256:
17025:
16902:
16726:
15893:
15486:
15454:
15360:
15121:"Elbrus processors developer preparing to transfer production to Zelenograd's Mikron from Taiwan - media"
15068:
13479:
12408:
9642:
8665:
8626:
8587:
8548:
8458:
8383:
7804:
7721:
7665:
7366:
7248:
7214:
7136:
5972:
5822:
5541:
5522:
5485:
5462:
5350:
5138:
4949:
2455:
2360:
2202:
2015:
1837:
1551:
1506:
632:
15919:
15420:"Europe continues to report the world's highest Road Network Density, followed by East Asia and Pacific"
14223:
12944:
12442:
11631:"Message to the Congress -- with respect to Russia's status under the Generalized System of Preferences"
11316:
9788:
The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century
9250:
8854:
8774:
2469:
According to most estimates, every day of the war in Ukraine costs Russia $ 500 million to $ 1 billion.
2280:, which is Russia's largest trading partner, stagnant oil prices, lack of spare industrial capacity and
22041:
21940:
21707:
21642:
21602:
20898:
20743:
20648:
20394:
20346:
20238:
20233:
20034:
19840:
19756:
19629:
19220:
18679:
18512:
18294:
18275:
18175:
18165:
18160:
17752:
17632:
17355:
17203:
16912:
16868:
16861:
16841:
16778:
16672:
15932:
13737:
11179:
9791:
9636:
9532:
9041:
Remington, Thomas F. (March 2015). "Why is interregional inequality in Russia and China not falling?".
6019:
5818:
5795:
5484:
are hoped to revive the fortunes of the civilian aircraft segment. In 2009, companies belonging to the
5383:
5278:
4961:
2451:
1918:
1487:
1470:. Roughly 70% of Russia's total GDP is driven by domestic consumption, and the country has the world's
16631:
16399:
14984:
14722:
14630:
13229:
12900:
12458:""The Most Powerful" Russian Currency and "Stable" Russian Economy: the Reality Behind the Propaganda"
8829:
8773:
Wezeman, Pieter D.; Djokic, Katarina; George, Mathew; Hussain, Zain; Wezeman, Siemon T. (March 2024).
6090:). The EAEU provides for free movement of goods, services, capital and labour without a work permit ("
20010:
19282:
18731:
18711:
18684:
18440:
18200:
17959:
17838:
17767:
17647:
17287:
17102:
17066:
16954:
16883:
16788:
16501:
16195:
15867:
13602:
8487:
5339:
5169:
5134:
4973:
2445:
2277:
2148:
2132:
1972:
1669:
1436:
1306:
1184:
1057:
16196:"President Obama's Signature Paves Way for Permanent Normal Trade Relations with Russia and Moldova"
15644:
13315:
12996:
10311:
7749:
21497:
21397:
20960:
20869:
20753:
20470:
20446:
20351:
20198:
19855:
18245:
18084:
18054:
17919:
17833:
17742:
17705:
17332:
17097:
17035:
16997:
16927:
14400:
13756:
11951:
11238:
8348:
7543:
7477:
6071:
5775:
5493:
5466:
5142:
4933:
4869:
2268:, which assesses progress in the standard of living, health and education, ranks Russia among the '
2218:
1987:
afflicting the process, the result was disastrous, with real GDP falling by more than 40% by 1999,
1809:
of 1917 (which ushered in a period of civil war, culminating in the creation of the Soviet Union).
1673:
1665:
1538:. Yet, experts predict the sanctions will have a long-term negative effect on the Russian economy.
1381:
636:
79:
14496:
14287:
12137:
11086:
10455:
9719:
9685:
2296:
1741:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
21712:
21697:
21682:
21522:
21237:
20893:
20698:
20663:
20618:
20356:
20318:
19776:
19255:
19171:
18751:
18726:
18562:
18411:
18371:
18074:
18019:
17904:
17772:
17211:
17142:
17076:
16964:
16939:
16851:
16826:
16731:
16177:
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=false&locations=RU
14336:
14063:
11657:"Renewal of the Generalized System of Preference (GSP) | U.S. Customs and Border Protection"
10129:
9889:
8112:—Robinson, Neil. “August 1998 and the Development of Russia's Post-Communist Political Economy".
8099:
8069:
6079:
2265:
2230:
2206:
2137:
2054:
1467:
1373:
1249:
399:
185:
87:
11060:
10811:
10069:
7439:
7409:
2221:(WTO) on 22 August 2012 after 19 years of negotiations. On 20 September 2012, the multi-lateral
1380:, its GDP measured in dollars fluctuates sharply. Russia was the last major economy to join the
21727:
21667:
21582:
21467:
21347:
21312:
21152:
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20924:
20588:
20583:
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17715:
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17397:
17307:
17132:
17083:
16922:
16856:
14528:
14464:
14304:
14159:
14127:
14095:
13376:"New Reports Highlight Russia's Deep-Seated Culture of Corruption | Voice of America – English"
13191:
12833:
Now Russia is one of the least indebted countries in the world – thanks to all the oil revenue.
12457:
11915:
10711:
8747:
8010:
6692:
6095:
6091:
6039:
5945:
5749:
4840:
2558:
2519:
2198:
2171:
1923:
1690:
1635:
1499:
1388:
628:
159:
14368:
11784:
11723:
10842:
6115:
hardly changed the percentage, and only sanctions and boycotts in 2022 led to a drop to 15.6%.
5790:, and its road density is among the world's lowest. Russia's inland waterways are the world's
5723:
As of 2020, 122,488,468 Russians (85% of the country's total population) were Internet users.
2490:
As part of the sanctions imposed on Russia, on 2 September 2022, the finance ministers of the
882:
Cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, aircraft, computers (2019)
21930:
21732:
21692:
21567:
21557:
21532:
21507:
21477:
21457:
21367:
21307:
21267:
21197:
21126:
20708:
20683:
20598:
20578:
20528:
20498:
20488:
20268:
20228:
20208:
20188:
20091:
19303:
19241:
19199:
19129:
19066:
18716:
18457:
18430:
18391:
18331:
18130:
18099:
18009:
17757:
17693:
17291:
17226:
16846:
16821:
14560:
14255:
14191:
14031:
13022:
11268:
10434:
10416:
10380:
10362:
9935:
9578:
5274:
1935:
151:
16452:"M&A Statistics by Countries – Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA)"
15098:
14432:
13578:
1954: The first nuclear power plant to be connected to an external grid goes operational in
13160:[Russia proposed to create the post of Ombudsman for the fight against corruption].
10834:
10046:
9526:
9512:
9508:
5886:
2197:
In July 2010, Russia, together with Belarus and Kazakhstan, became a founding member of the
21925:
21807:
21717:
21702:
21587:
21537:
21432:
21417:
21387:
21187:
21177:
20794:
20673:
20668:
20548:
20384:
20203:
19341:
18812:
18746:
18654:
18649:
18401:
18336:
18094:
18029:
18024:
18014:
17984:
17979:
17939:
17446:
17216:
16959:
16646:
16451:
15984:
15584:
15392:
15263:
14965:
13644:
13255:"Russia lost 4 billion dollars on unfavorable state procurement contracts in the last year"
10602:
8707:
8496:
7383:
7206:
6087:
6028:
5968:
5896:
5842:
5810:
5759:
5173:
5130:
4977:
4969:
4925:
2459:
2348:
2238:
1976:
1744:
1491:
1331:
624:
330:
16611:
16579:
Transition to agricultural market economies: the future of Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine
13049:"Russian National Wealth Fund up almost $ 23 bln in July to over $ 200 bln, ministry says"
11368:
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/729375/EPRS_BRI(2022)729375_EN.pdf
9429:
8182:—Czinkota, Michael R. “Russia's Transition to a Market Economy: Learning about Business".
7410:"Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) – Russian Federation"
8:
21965:
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21950:
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21827:
21747:
21742:
21722:
21632:
21617:
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21222:
21202:
21106:
21000:
20768:
20738:
20688:
20643:
20623:
20613:
20513:
20439:
20404:
20389:
20336:
20283:
20278:
20253:
20111:
19848:
19296:
19185:
19157:
19143:
19052:
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18741:
18497:
18447:
18366:
18270:
18104:
18049:
18004:
17999:
17994:
17949:
17909:
17874:
17816:
17730:
17661:
17523:
16992:
16158:
16058:"Вице-премьер считает, что вклад туризма в ВВП России может вырасти в три раза за 10 лет"
11445:
10213:
2024, the agreement is in force according to the register (CIS Executive Committee). See
10137:
9897:
9846:
9091:
9012:
8310:
8241:"Russia's ruble hit its strongest level in 7 years despite massive sanctions. Here's why"
8155:
8119:
6012:
5735:
5529:
5481:
5454:
5401:
4981:
4848:
2356:
2253:
1535:
20374:
13648:
12780:
9844:(2001). "Premature Deaths: Russia's Radical Economic Transition in Soviet Perspective".
8711:
7947:"Moody's changes outlook on Russia's Ba1 government bond rating to stable from negative"
2498:, designed to allow Russia to maintain production, but limiting revenue from oil sales.
2483:
In November 2022, it was reported that Russia had officially entered a recession as the
21955:
21905:
21895:
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21812:
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21247:
21242:
21217:
21192:
21182:
21162:
21157:
20713:
20628:
20608:
20493:
20483:
20308:
20258:
20218:
20171:
20166:
20156:
20141:
20136:
20131:
20116:
20101:
20096:
20086:
20081:
20076:
20071:
20005:
19995:
19248:
19234:
19115:
18669:
18644:
18634:
18624:
18609:
18594:
18552:
18482:
18467:
18406:
18386:
18376:
18346:
18321:
18306:
18250:
18190:
18180:
18039:
17862:
17848:
17843:
17789:
17725:
17535:
17137:
17020:
16873:
16650:
16343:
16292:
https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/knowledge-products/Russian_Federation.pdf
14865:
13872:
13474:
12707:
Economic Inequality and Environmental Quality: Evidence of Pollution Shifting in Russia
11418:
9925:
9863:
9152:
9111:
9103:
9064:
8660:
8621:
8582:
8543:
8453:
8191:
8173:
8159:
8141:
8123:
8103:
7167:
7157:
7152:
6746:
5826:
5715:
5154:
5150:
5106:
2391:
The Russian economy risked going into recession from early 2014, mainly due to falling
2352:
2304:(2014), based on data from The World Factbook. Russia has the world's largest reserves.
2245:
1886:
to report satisfied targets and quotas, thus entrenching the crisis. Starting in 1986,
1806:
1416:
1361:
119:
21116:
14657:
13346:
12509:
12192:"Ukraine war: Russia shells out $ 900 million a day over 'special military operation'"
9060:
7825:
1882:
From 1975 to 1985, corruption and data manipulation became common practice within the
21975:
21945:
21920:
21900:
21890:
21865:
21822:
21777:
21772:
21737:
21657:
21622:
21607:
21542:
21512:
21472:
21452:
21437:
21402:
21392:
21262:
21232:
21227:
21207:
21167:
20934:
20823:
20758:
20693:
20593:
20573:
20563:
20523:
20508:
20503:
20399:
20341:
20303:
20293:
20273:
20248:
20243:
20223:
20193:
20161:
20146:
20121:
20057:
19593:
19417:
19407:
19389:
19383:
19213:
19136:
18787:
18539:
18507:
18502:
18487:
18462:
18311:
18260:
18210:
18140:
17963:
17747:
17683:
17673:
17637:
17540:
17506:
17484:
17429:
17071:
17040:
16878:
16617:
Zinchenko, L. A., et al. "Main features of the Russian economy and its development."
16516:
16347:
16098:
15988:
15944:
13672:
13519:
13100:
12710:
12510:"Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств"
12055:
10846:
10835:
10554:
10528:
10286:"Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств"
10260:"Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств"
10259:
10234:"Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств"
10233:
10214:
10187:
10141:
9995:
9985:
9939:
9901:
9867:
9841:
9795:
9765:
9755:
9646:
9536:
9487:
9449:
9115:
8786:
The five largest exporters were the United States, France, Russia, China and Germany.
8725:
8500:
5996:
5438:
5430:
5365:
5354:
5303:
5288:
5090:
4820:
2473:
2261:
2167:
2159:
2106:
Russia repaid its borrowing of $ 3.3 billion from the IMF three years early in 2005.
1887:
1859:
1814:
1400:
1255:
648:
354:
5441:. It is the world's second-largest exporter of arms, behind only the United States.
5314:, which occupies considerably more than half of the cropland. Russia is the world's
1910:
21970:
21935:
21915:
21817:
21757:
21677:
21647:
21592:
21577:
21502:
21462:
21447:
21427:
21407:
21377:
21362:
21342:
21287:
21282:
21212:
20929:
20799:
20718:
20678:
20653:
20633:
20568:
20543:
20533:
20518:
20288:
20213:
20183:
19801:
19178:
19108:
19073:
18943:
18736:
18674:
18629:
18572:
18477:
18396:
18361:
18170:
17821:
17720:
17528:
17312:
17302:
16333:
16323:
16262:
15936:
15513:
15326:
15120:
13662:
13652:
13560:
13383:
13075:"Russia's National Wealth Fund totals $ 135 bln as of January 1 — finance ministry"
11151:"CIS Free Trade Agreement Comes into Force - U.S.-Ukraine Business Council (USUBC)"
10580:
10133:
9893:
9855:
9479:
9441:
9371:"The Russian economy on a war footing: A new reality financed by commodity exports"
9227:
9179:
9144:
9095:
9056:
8947:
8715:
8218:
8172:, vol. 18, no. 1, New Zealand Institute of International Affairs, 1993, pp. 18–21,
7700:
7644:
7032:
5930:
5902:
5787:
5779:
5739:
5421:
5079:
5008:
2179:
2155:
1962:
1891:
1851:
1802:
372:
42:
15775:
15746:
14625:
12082:"Germany open to Russian Central Bank asset seizure to finance Ukraine's recovery"
10687:
9313:"Russia's Soaring Wartime Salaries Are Bolstering Working-Class Support for Putin"
2530:
to partly integrate Uzbekistan and Tajikistan on the common standards of the WTO (
1486:
remains comparatively high, caused by the variance of natural resources among its
21752:
21637:
21612:
21527:
21482:
21357:
21317:
21277:
20985:
20638:
20603:
20558:
20553:
20462:
19227:
19192:
19164:
19122:
19101:
18796:
18756:
18659:
18599:
18589:
18577:
18522:
18341:
17735:
17710:
17489:
17107:
16510:
16298:
16183:
16165:
15975:
15723:
15712:
14012:
13744:
13726:
12932:
12142:
11872:
11841:
11374:
10913:
10694:
10462:
10441:
10423:
10405:
10387:
10369:
10221:
10161:
10121:
9881:
9821:
9783:
9638:
The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism
9338:
7103:
7075:
6047:
6005:
1947:
1589:
1557:
1495:
1443:
in the world. Russia has a labour force of about 72 million people, which is the
640:
22009:
11777:"О производстве и использовании валового внутреннего продукта (ВВП) за 2017 год"
9814:
8168:—Kovalev, Alexandre, and Alexandre Sokalev. “Russia: Towards a Market Economy".
5851:
The 2020–2030 target for construction is 1 billion square metres (1.1
5449:
5182:
in 2013, or 25% of global output valued at over $ 3.4 billion, with state-owned
5047:
21999:
21131:
20888:
20000:
19941:
19920:
19871:
19786:
19263:
19206:
19150:
18694:
18567:
17828:
17794:
17518:
17471:
16831:
16659:
16606:
16602:
16226:"Russian Federation | SITC Rev2 Groups | Exports to World | 2015 | WITS | Data"
15798:"Medvedev's Cabinet compels state-owned corporations to buy Russian technology"
14929:
14695:
14662:
14596:
13657:
13632:
12567:"Russia's share in EU trade falls below 2% - Products Eurostat News - Eurostat"
12435:"Russian budget deficit expected to reach $ 29.42 bln in Q1 — Finance Ministry"
11479:
9741:
9099:
8743:
8720:
8695:
8006:
7089:
6083:
6001:
5814:
5397:
5335:
5071:
5063:
2407:
2400:
2234:
2113:
1988:
1979:, recommendations of the IMF and a group of top American economists, including
1954:
1798:
1358:
1164:
16596:
Oil and the Economy of Russia: From the Late-Tsarist to the Post-Soviet Period
13719:
13316:"Corruption in Russian Health Care: The Determinants and Incidence of Bribery"
13134:
9999:
9859:
9769:
22035:
20817:
19925:
18992:
18801:
18706:
18215:
17954:
17545:
17060:
17056:
16655:
16490:
15948:
15940:
14970:
13873:"Что происходит с российской нефтью и газом? Разбираемся вместе с экспертами"
13676:
12714:
12255:
11683:
11027:
10869:
10466:
10285:
9528:
From Triumph to Crisis: Neoliberal Economic Reform in Postcommunist Countries
9491:
9453:
9255:
9183:
8729:
8270:
7574:"Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) – Russia"
7117:
6099:
6051:
5984:
5964:
5764:
5587:
5426:
5292:
5098:
5083:
4833:
2503:
2210:
2001:
1980:
1958:
1951:
1569:
1514:
1448:
1377:
1355:
1123:
839:
612:
54:
17376:
16328:
10399:
https://docs.eaeunion.org/en-us/pages/alldocuments.aspx#npbdocumentbelongsta
8696:"The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia?"
7170:, a government-owned corporation in Russia and some other post-Soviet states
5744:
5568:
Russia was experiencing a regrowth of microelectronics, with the revival of
5283:
1930:
22014:
21010:
20939:
20838:
19979:
19791:
19556:
19466:
18582:
17567:
17557:
15830:"The internet business in Russia: Europe's great exception – The Economist"
14969:(2(#8)). Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. Archived from
14892:
12228:
10748:
9975:
9745:
7604:"Soaring wages, record-low unemployment underscore Russia's labour squeeze"
7506:
7469:
5569:
5408:
5346:
5179:
5102:
5055:
2392:
2117:
2089:
1943:
1855:
1843:
1823:
1531:
19733:
GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)
16263:"Russian Federation – Trade At a glance – Most Recent Value – WITS – Data"
13284:
9929:
21136:
21121:
20827:
19781:
19639:
19547:
19487:
19395:
18957:
18936:
18915:
17777:
17584:
17461:
16495:
16338:
15829:
13667:
13158:"В России предложили создать должность омбудсмена по борьбе с коррупцией"
12926:
https://ach.gov.ru/upload/iblock/bca/ke0rrd7mtyvihkmhsjv43bgk5rzw1wc8.pdf
11952:"55 триллионов в запасе: как власти оценили все природные ресурсы России"
11208:
9445:
8302:
7857:"Russia stands by 2% of GDP budget deficit plan after huge Jan shortfall"
6059:
6031:
5768:
5753:
5592:
5533:
5413:
5307:
5067:
5040:
4985:
2337:
2163:
2154:
Between 2000 and 2012, Russia's energy exports fuelled a rapid growth in
2100:
2073:
1895:
1883:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1452:
1392:
1288:
1031:
975:
797:
690:
Crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, wheat, iron (2019)
660:
596:
173:
63:
19870:
19587:
Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)
13981:"Russia's oil and gas budget revenue down 24% in 2023 -finance ministry"
13690:
11601:"Unequal Russia: is anger stirring in the global capital of inequality?"
11506:"EUROPA – EU Newsroom – EU sanctions against Russia over Ukraine crisis"
10014:"Поторебление мяса на душу населения в СССР, россии и развитьіх странах"
9156:
9107:
9068:
8195:
8177:
8163:
8145:
8127:
8107:
7691:"Imports of goods and services (BoP, current US$ ) - Russian Federation"
7635:"Exports of goods and services (BoP, current US$ ) - Russian Federation"
7097:
1961:
processes turned over major state-owned firms to politically connected "
20015:
19536:
19531:
19516:
19511:
19501:
19476:
19461:
19446:
19441:
19431:
17806:
17466:
17456:
13349:"Corruption at Universities is a Common Disease for Russia and Ukraine"
13313:
9689:
9467:
8968:
8942:
8916:
8890:
8833:
8378:
8213:
7695:
7639:
7278:
6043:
5960:
5258:
5238:
2249:
2183:
2121:
2085:
1984:
1565:
1273:
961:
811:
607:; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance
562:
390:
16612:
From Soviets to Oligarchs: Inequality and Property in Russia 1905–2016
16549:
Russia's Crony Capitalism: The Path from Market Economy to Kleptocracy
14961:"Russia's Space Program in 2006: Some Progress but No Clear Direction"
12704:
12346:"Western sanctions push Russia's energy revenues to lowest since 2020"
9572:"Nuffield Poultry Study Group — Visit to Russia 6th–14th October 2006"
9369:
Gorodnichenko, Yuriy; Korhonen, Likka; Ribakova, Elina (24 May 2024).
5786:, and exceeds 87,157 km (54,157 mi). As of 2016, Russia has
5125:, and the third largest coal exporter. Fossil fuels cause most of the
19289:
18971:
18901:
18893:
18858:
17451:
15860:"Most Popular Search Engines in the World – Top Ten List – Tech Robo"
15294:"Number of mobile cellular subscriptions in Russia from 2000 to 2021"
15011:"Russian car production slumped to lowest since Soviet times in 2022"
13929:"Какую роль нефть и газ играют в государственном бюджете и экономике"
12846:"Russia Government Debt: % of GDP, 2011 – 2023 | CEIC Data"
12815:
12755:"Russia's Budget Deficit to Reach $ 21Bln in 2016 – Finance Ministry"
12162:"Cost of War: How much Russia spending each day on war with Ukraine?"
11542:
9981:
9751:
7244:"World Economic Outlook Database - Groups and Aggregates Information"
5938:
5752:, the longest railway-line in the world, as seen across the coast of
5510:
5323:
5250:
5036:
4937:
2595:
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2023.
2487:
had reported a national GDP loss for the second consecutive quarter.
2436:
in 2022 led to a drop of import from 20.7% (top-15) to 15.6% (top-5).
2260:
due to changes in the exchange rate of the Russian ruble, which is a
2109:
1971:'s program of radical, market-oriented reform came to be known as a "
1561:
917:
725:
656:
600:
592:
326:
20026:
16664:
16057:
15807:
15043:"Only 11 foreign car brands left in Russia out of 60 before the war"
13738:
https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/1b5RpebS/Maximov-tezisy.pdf
12647:"Russia's 2024 Budget Shows It's Planning for a Long War in Ukraine"
12026:"Russian Invasion to Shrink Ukraine Economy by 45 Percent This Year"
10577:"Основные Социально-Экономические Индикаторы Уровня Жизни Населения"
9483:
9284:"Russia's 2024 Budget Shows It's Planning for a Long War in Ukraine"
7323:
2053:
in 2010. According to the database of international treaties of the
18985:
18922:
16311:
16129:
15549:
15387:
15241:
14829:
14796:
14763:
14727:
14006:"Ranking Of The World's Diamond Mines By Estimated 2013 Production"
13347:
Elena Denisova-Schmidt; Elvira Leontyeva; Yaroslav Prytula (2014).
13165:
13074:
13048:
12875:"Russia External Debt: % of GDP, 1993 – 2023 | CEIC Data"
12729:"Russia Real Effective Exchange Rate, 1994 – 2023 | CEIC Data"
12629:"Battling Inflation, Russia Raises Key Interest Rate to 18 Percent"
12434:
12117:
11343:"World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk"
10697:
10551:"Ежегодно объем потребительского кредитования в России удваивается"
9423:
9421:
9419:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9411:
9409:
9407:
9405:
9343:
9148:
8037:"World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk"
7146:
5907:
5817:
along the Black Sea. Russia is the world's sole country to operate
5230:
5222:
5194:
2256:
based on the results of 2012 but in 2016 it was reclassified as an
1850:. By the 1950s, the Soviet Union had rapidly evolved from a mainly
652:
608:
20431:
19566:
1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)
17389:
12488:"Russian Cash Flood Turns to $ 5.4 Billion Trickle, Strains Ruble"
12224:"Moscow is having a hard time facing the costs of the Ukraine war"
11718:[On the state of foreign trade in January–February 2015].
10126:
Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions
9886:
Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions
9428:
Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina; Guriev, Sergei; Markevich, Andrei (2024).
9199:"Population ageing and policy responses in the Russian Federation"
8744:"International Reserves of the Russian Federation (End of period)"
8007:"International Reserves of the Russian Federation (End of period)"
5948:
with a significant marketshare as the Russian-based search engine
5031:
2170:
also rose significantly. This growth was a combined result of the
28:
19899:
19577:
19572:
19521:
19506:
19496:
19451:
19436:
19426:
18999:
17929:
Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
17811:
16489:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
15802:
15015:
13579:
12138:"EU leaders agree more Russia sanctions, but save some for later"
11291:"World Bank updates its country classification by GNI per capita"
10744:"Financial crisis: action taken by central banks and governments"
10020:
9718:. APEC Study Center; City University of Hong Kong. Archived from
8803:
8799:"Russian oil and gas revenue soars 41% in first half, data shows"
7917:"Russia on Cusp of Exiting Junk as S&P Outlook Goes Positive"
7608:
5976:
5944:
Russia is one of the few countries in the world with a homegrown
5934:
5926:
5922:
5549:
5518:
5434:
5262:
5214:
5075:
5051:
2343:
2285:
1968:
1819:
1343:
933:
755:
644:
620:
21993:
Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China
15974:
Uppink Calderwood, Lauren; Soshkin, Maksim. Fisher, Mike (ed.).
11180:"Stages of Economic Integration: From Autarky to Economic Union"
10998:"Forbes Top 10 Billionaire Cities – Moscow Beats New York Again"
9402:
9081:
5837:
5782:. The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's
19974:
19959:
19914:
19894:
19889:
19526:
19456:
18978:
18964:
18929:
18872:
18865:
17420:
16619:
International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research
15740:"The 8th Annual Survey of the Russian Software Export Industry"
10709:
9977:
How China escaped shock therapy : the market reform debate
9747:
How China escaped shock therapy : the market reform debate
8913:"Household final consumption expenditure (current US$ ) | Data"
8132:—Charap, Samuel. “No Obituaries Yet for Capitalism in Russia".
7307:
7069:
6009:
5979:(portal, search engine, mail service, Mail.ru Agent messenger,
5949:
5595:
selling groceries is a typical anchor store in a Russian mall.
5473:
5319:
5254:
5246:
5226:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5183:
2191:
2187:
2120:
to combat appreciation of the ruble. Nevertheless, in 2007 the
2037:
2026:
1934:
Russia's GDP by purchasing power parity (PPP) in 1991–2019 (in
1863:
1585:
1478:
comprised roughly 16% of the total GDP in 2015. Russia has the
1347:
1045:
1003:
947:
825:
769:
604:
584:
38:
22000:
Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu
15072:
13757:"Росстат впервые рассчитал долю нефти и газа в российском ВВП"
11807:"Russian Economy Crawled to Growth With Recession in Rearview"
11571:"Russian Economy Unexpectedly Expanded 0.4% in Fourth Quarter"
10941:"Illicit Financial Flows from Developing Countries: 2002–2011"
8830:"Fuel exports (% of merchandise exports) - Russian Federation"
8328:
self-sufficient in energy and a large-scale exporter of fuels.
2573:
Unemployment rate of Russia since the fall of the Soviet Union
19969:
19964:
19951:
19909:
19904:
19875:
18908:
18886:
18879:
13133:. Transparency International. 3 December 2014. Archived from
12945:"Russia Domestic Debt | Economic Indicators | CEIC"
11537:ВВП России в первом полугодии вырос на 1% — Минэкономразвития
9577:. The BEMB Research and Education Trust. 2007. Archived from
9368:
8150:—Rutland, Peter. “Neoliberalism and the Russian Transition".
7977:"Russia's Outlook Raised to Stable by Fitch on Policy Action"
7378:
7376:
6035:
5956:
5557:
5477:
5311:
5234:
2233:(EAEU), which replaced EurAsEC and envisaged a supranational
1017:
989:
903:
853:
783:
741:
711:
616:
83:
19371:
18842:
16722:
Economy of the Russian Empire after the abolition of serfdom
13843:"Oil & Gas Share Of Russia's GDP Dropped To 15% In 2020"
13787:"Oil & gas share of Russia's GDP dropped to 15% in 2020"
11087:"Russia joins WTO after 19 years of talks | Financial Times"
9224:"A Russia without Russians? Putin's disastrous demographics"
5257:; in addition to being the world's 10th largest producer of
5186:
accounting for approximately 95% of all Russian production.
19732:
18950:
16065:
13504:
12705:
Vornovytskyy, Marina S.; Boyce, James K. (1 January 2010).
12196:
11916:"Mineral Commodity Summaries | U.S. Geological Survey"
10776:"Insight: No more easy pickings in Russia's banking market"
10663:"In Russia, a modern institution is quietly gaining ground"
10493:
9251:"The unprecedented American sanctions on Russia, explained"
9197:
Mikhailova, Olga; Safarova, Gaiane; Safarova, Anna (2018).
5906:
Interior of the Beriev Scientific and Technical Complex in
5514:
5496:
consists of over 100 companies and employs 250,000 people.
5327:
5218:
5210:
5190:
2535:
2511:
2316:, the United States, the European Union, Canada, and Japan
1946:, Russia underwent a radical transformation, moving from a
1890:
attempted to address economic problems by moving towards a
1738:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
588:
95:
16312:"Russia in world trade: Between globalism and regionalism"
16203:
16097:. UNWTO (World Tourism Organization). 2014. Archived from
10435:
https://docs.eaeunion.org/docs/en-us/0055079/itot_06112012
10417:
https://docs.eaeunion.org/docs/en-us/0054920/itot_06112012
10381:
https://docs.eaeunion.org/docs/ru-ru/0055079/itot_06112012
10363:
https://docs.eaeunion.org/docs/ru-ru/0054920/itot_06112012
9427:
9196:
8772:
7855:
Korsunskaya, Darya; Marrow, Alexander (17 February 2023).
7373:
4863:
2466:, to prevent it from offsetting the effects of sanctions.
2151:
was followed by a strong recovery beginning in late 2009.
1584:
and oil extraction in additional to businesses engaged in
21995:, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".
14620:
14618:
14616:
14614:
12537:"Russia raises interest rate to 13% as economy struggles"
12111:
Davidson, Kate; Weaver, Aubree Eliza (28 February 2022).
10162:"Business: The Economy Russia: The IMF's biggest failure"
10039:"Metal is the latest natural resource bonanza for Russia"
9826:
9348:
5980:
5553:
5331:
5242:
2340:
was still lower for 99% of Russians than it was in 1991.
2214:
1905:
1875:
103:
16569:
Wheel of Fortune: The Battle for Oil and Power in Russia
16456:
Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA)
13556:"June 27, 1954: World's First Nuclear Power Plant Opens"
12535:
Poznyakov, Andrey; Bellamy, Daniel (15 September 2023).
11317:"New country classifications by income level: 2016-2017"
10909:"Russia's Wealth Inequality One Of Highest In The World"
5821:, which advance the economic exploitation of the Arctic
2476:
on part of its foreign currency, its first such default
1965:", which has left equity ownership highly concentrated.
1455:
accounted up to 43% of its merchandise exports in 2021.
643:; electric power generating and transmitting equipment;
16127:[The most popular sights of Russia are named].
16125:"Названы самые популярные достопримечательности России"
14689:
Medetsky, Anatoly; Durisin, Megan (23 September 2020).
12811:"Russian finances strong but economic problems persist"
12598:"Russian rouble tumbles to over 18-month low vs dollar"
12056:"Secret Economy: What Hiding the Stats Does for Russia"
11715:О состоянии внешней торговли в январе-феврале 2015 года
10524:РОЗНИЧНЫЙ ПОДХОД. Российские банки борются за частников
9282:
Luzin, Pavel; Prokopenko, Alexandra (11 October 2023).
9206:
International Journal on Ageing in Developing Countries
8689:
8687:
8416:
7801:"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects:April 2024"
7440:"Gini index (World Bank estimate) – Russian Federation"
2491:
16159:
https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12066
14825:"Sunflower seed production in major countries 2019/20"
14611:
13410:"80% of Russian Business Owners Fear Arbitrary Arrest"
12376:"Which countries have escaped the middle-income trap?"
10092:"Russia: Clawing Its Way Back to Life (int'l edition)"
9128:
6042:. Russia's most visited and popular landmarks include
6034:
of ancient cities, cruises on the big rivers like the
5310:. The main product of Russian farming has always been
2312:
in March 2014 and Russia's involvement in the ongoing
1502:
also remain major barriers to future economic growth.
20986:
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
19546:
Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the
15580:"Nuclear icebreakers – what's so special about them?"
15390:[On the development of road infrastructure].
15097:. English.pravda.ru. 25 December 2003. Archived from
14691:"Russia's Dominance of the Wheat World Keeps Growing"
11684:"Falling oil prices: Who are the winners and losers?"
11118:"Russia's entry to WTO ends 19 years of negotiations"
9931:
Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism
7602:
Marrow, Alexander; Korsunskaya, Darya (5 June 2024).
5866:
compulsory motor third party liability market (CMTPL)
2040:, all 12 post-Soviet states signed the international
16512:
Soviet Economic Development from Lenin to Khrushchev
15977:
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019
15973:
15545:"Cargo throughput volume in Russia in 2020, by port"
13023:"Russia External Debt, 2000 – 2023 | CEIC Data"
11061:"WTO | Russian Federation - Member information"
10710:
Jarko Fidrmuc; Philipp Johann Süß (September 2009).
10665:. Emerging Markets. 26 November 2012. Archived from
8684:
7174:
List of federal subjects of Russia by GDP per capita
7065:
5794:, and total 102,000 km (63,380 mi). Among
2288:
added to the uncertainty and suppressed investment.
1975:". It was based on the policies associated with the
21998:
Officially the Republic of China, participates as "
12256:"Russia in debt default as payment deadline passes"
11799:
11028:"Russia becomes WTO member after 18 years of talks"
8886:"Final consumption expenditure (% of GDP) – Russia"
8271:"Russia becomes WTO member after 18 years of talks"
6139:
Foreign trade of Russia – Russian export and import
6074:(WTO) on 22 August 2012. On 20 September 2012, the
5952:is used by 53.8% of internet users in the country.
5189:In 2019, the country was the 3rd world producer of
2496:
cap the price of Russian oil and petroleum products
2042:
Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area
2014:In the 1990s, Russia was a major borrower from the
15918:
15264:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
15211:"Retail trade revenue in Russia from 2010 to 2022"
13314:Klara Sabirianova Peter; Tetyana Zelenska (2010).
10215:https://cis.minsk.by/reestrv2/doc/257#documentCard
10190:. International Monetary Fund. 13 September 1999.
8694:Overland, Indra; Loginova, Julia (1 August 2023).
4903:(total public and private) among major economies.
2442:Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2136:Changes in the credit rating (foreign) of Russia,
2068:
16257:
16255:
16253:
16251:
15774:. Silicon Taiga. 26 December 2006. Archived from
11830:
11828:
11414:"Economic Reforms Likely to Continue Under Putin"
10655:
8406:"Statistical Review of World Energy 69th edition"
7854:
7601:
1854:into a major industrial power. By the 1970s the
1490:, leading to regional economic disparities. High
22033:
15175:
13631:Szulecki, Kacper; Overland, Indra (April 2023).
13630:
13223:"Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective"
12534:
10120:
10062:"Analysis: punished for his political ambitions"
9880:
9680:
9678:
9676:
9674:
8938:"Public social protection expenditure (%of GDP)"
8782:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
8693:
6712: 9 750 (Russian average) – 20 000
6105:
5771:is the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world.
5015:List of countries by natural gas proven reserves
4960:Russia was the lowest rated European country in
4910:USD 380.5 billion in the previous quarter.
2051:Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Community
1678:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
16586:Putinomics: Power and money in resurgent Russia
15619:"RUSSIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: MOVING UPWARD?"
15151:"The Proliferation Of Shopping Malls In Russia"
14688:
11978:"Russia's Natural Resources Make Up 60% of GDP"
11835:These Are the World's Most Innovative Economies
11568:
10832:
10826:
9339:"Russia's economy is growing, but can it last?"
9281:
5825:, and the development of sea trade through the
4827:
16559:The Russian economy: a very short introduction
16248:
15178:"Malls Blossom in Russia, With a Middle Class"
14930:"Prospects for the Domestic Aircraft Industry"
14893:"The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture"
14852:
12869:
12867:
12110:
11825:
11744:
10471:Peterson Institute for International Economics
9525:Appel, Hilary; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2018).
9524:
9397:The Russian economy: a very short introduction
9169:
8775:"Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2023"
8344:"The Future of Russia as an Energy Superpower"
7795:
7793:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7597:
7595:
5521:, the largest Russian car manufacturer in the
4832:The currency of the Russian Federation is the
1513:and other negative financial actions from the
21836:
20854:
20447:
20042:
19856:
19357:
18828:
17405:
17381:
16680:
16632:Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
16577:Meyers, William Henry, Schmitz, Andrew, eds.
15925:UNWTO World Tourism Barometer English Version
15890:"Самые популярные поисковые системы в России"
9671:
9310:
7538:
7536:
7359:"World Economic Outlook database: April 2024"
5778:is mostly under the control of the state-run
5261:. It was the world's 6th largest producer of
5141:. In 2019, It was the world's fourth-largest
2411:graduation rate of scientists and engineers.
20868:
19772:Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union
14723:"Global barley producers by country 2020/21"
13440:"Russia: greenhouse gas emissions by sector"
12673:"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"
10712:"The Outbreak of the Russian Banking Crisis"
10543:
10527:(in Russian). Vtbmagazine.ru. Archived from
10515:
10252:
9831:15 January 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
9212:(1). International Institute on Aging: 6–26.
7826:"External Debt | Economic Indicators | CEIC"
7818:
5129:. The country is the world's fourth-largest
4930:Stabilization fund of the Russian Federation
1330:All values, unless otherwise stated, are in
19661:Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002)
15745:. Russoft. 22 November 2011. Archived from
15734:
15732:
14792:"Top countries in rye production 2019/2020"
13720:https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/61272
12864:
12626:
12409:"Russia's Import Dependence — ECONS.ONLINE"
10859:
10688:Russia attracts investors despite its image
7778:
7592:
6752:
1644:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1435:, and the third-largest coal exporter. Its
1391:throughout its vast landmass, particularly
20861:
20847:
20454:
20440:
20049:
20035:
19863:
19849:
19676:Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS
19418:1991 agreements parties and "participants"
19364:
19350:
18835:
18821:
17412:
17398:
16933:Tractor, timber and agricultural machinery
16687:
16673:
16642:World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Russia
16538:The Oxford handbook of the Russian economy
15613:
15611:
15542:
15169:
14858:
14822:
14789:
14756:
14720:
13220:
12113:"The West declares economic war on Russia"
11681:
9840:
9317:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
9288:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
7658:
7533:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7303:Not including 2,482,450 people living in
2021:On 24 September 1993, at a meeting of the
1822:, which held back development of the wage
1548:Economic history of the Russian Federation
22047:World Trade Organization member economies
17118:Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund
16637:Ministry of Economic Development (Russia)
16536:Alexeev, Michael, and Shlomo Weber, eds.
16337:
16327:
16154:
16152:
15913:
15911:
15717:Countries With The MOST College Graduates
14921:
13899:""Лишить Путина возможности вести войну""
13666:
13656:
12403:
12401:
11174:
11172:
11145:
11143:
11055:
11053:
10971:
9336:
9040:
8719:
8152:Review of International Political Economy
8115:Review of International Political Economy
7714:
7313:Том 1. Численность и размещение населения
7297:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7195:
6324:Top Trading Partners for Russia for 2021
5875:
5439:short range/long range ballistic missiles
4804:
4796:
4788:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4666:
4658:
4650:
4597:
4589:
4581:
4528:
4520:
4512:
4459:
4451:
4443:
4390:
4382:
4374:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4252:
4244:
4236:
4183:
4175:
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4114:
4098:
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4037:
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3968:
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3769:
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3700:
3692:
3684:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3007:
2999:
2943:
2935:
2879:
2871:
2815:
2807:
2751:
2743:
2252:announced that Russia had graduated to a
1785:Learn how and when to remove this message
1767:Learn how and when to remove this message
1709:Learn how and when to remove this message
1171:
1159:
1132:
536:
381:
362:
19373:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
18844:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
16509:Davies, Robert William (28 March 1998).
16309:
15729:
14927:
13155:
13123:
11203:
11201:
10481:
10479:
10456:An Assessment of Putin's Economic Policy
9782:
9311:Kurbangaleeva, Ekaterina (28 May 2024).
8086:
7744:
7742:
7319:Russian Federal State Statistics Service
7142:List of Russian federal districts by GDP
6687:
6109:
6000:
5901:
5885:
5836:
5758:
5743:
5528:
5509:
5448:
5407:
5391:
5364:
5282:
5046:
5030:
5019:List of countries by natural gas exports
4948:
2430:
2342:
2295:
2217:was accepted in 2011. Russia joined the
2194:the "billionaire capital of the world".
2131:
2072:
1929:
1917:
1909:
1869:
639:; agricultural machinery, tractors, and
19807:Collective Security Treaty Organization
19384:Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS
18065:Collective Security Treaty Organization
16717:Industrialization in the Russian Empire
15772:"Russian IT market worth $ 2,4 billion"
15608:
14985:"Production Statistics 2018 Statistics"
14859:Lustgarten, Abrahm (16 December 2020).
14401:"USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics"
13626:
13624:
13214:
13156:Alferova, Ekaterina (26 October 2020).
12700:
12698:
12455:
11769:
11738:
11412:Kramer, Andrew E. (22 September 2011).
11257:
11115:
10995:
10837:Russia After the Global Economic Crisis
10451:
10449:
9924:
9566:
9564:
9008:European Parliamentary Research Service
8997:
7338:
7271:"World Bank Country and Lending Groups"
7238:
7236:
6065:
5987:social network, online media sources).
5089:Russia has been widely described as an
4913:
4864:Federal, regional and municipal budgets
22034:
20956:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
19390:Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS
19328:special administrative region of China
16508:
16149:
16122:
15908:
14497:"USGS Phosphate Production Statistics"
14288:"USGS Vanadinum Production Statistics"
13999:
13701:from the original on 23 September 2023
13373:
12852:from the original on 25 September 2023
12595:
12577:from the original on 20 September 2023
12547:from the original on 18 September 2023
12498:from the original on 18 November 2023.
12398:
12150:from the original on 26 February 2022.
11550:from the original on 23 September 2015
11411:
11169:
11140:
11050:
10312:"WTO | Regional trade agreements"
9634:
9504:
8426:from the original on 19 September 2020
8373:
8371:
8300:
7897:from the original on 24 September 2015
7726:The Observatory of Economic Complexity
7670:The Observatory of Economic Complexity
7478:HDRO (Human Development Report Office)
7192:
5499:
4845:Central Bank of the Russian Federation
2532:General Agreement on Trade in Services
2032:On 15 April 1994, at a meeting of the
1906:Transition to market economy (1991–98)
129:Natural resource-rich Eurasian economy
20842:
20435:
20056:
20030:
19844:
19345:
18816:
17623:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
17393:
17380:
17194:Federal subjects by unemployment rate
16694:
16668:
16462:from the original on 27 November 2020
16273:from the original on 22 November 2020
16236:from the original on 27 November 2020
16137:from the original on 17 December 2018
16004:from the original on 4 September 2019
15840:from the original on 18 November 2017
15657:from the original on 3 September 2016
15400:from the original on 1 September 2019
15368:from the original on 24 November 2018
15188:from the original on 11 November 2020
14940:from the original on 25 November 2020
14909:from the original on 11 February 2021
14337:"USGS Iron Ore Production Statistics"
14317:from the original on 13 February 2021
14172:from the original on 16 February 2021
14064:"USGS Platinum Production Statistics"
13516:International Renewable Energy Agency
13450:from the original on 15 December 2020
13202:from the original on 20 December 2019
12445:from the original on 2 December 2023.
12326:from the original on 26 February 2023
12296:from the original on 16 November 2022
11694:from the original on 14 February 2018
11456:from the original on 17 February 2021
11198:
11067:from the original on 16 February 2016
10810:(in Russian). Rosstat. Archived from
10756:from the original on 15 November 2020
10553:. Bank.samaratoday.ru. Archived from
10503:from the original on 28 December 2013
10476:
10053:
10036:
9973:
9969:
9967:
9740:
9248:
9022:from the original on 17 February 2022
8754:from the original on 12 November 2020
8650:
8648:
8611:
8609:
8572:
8570:
8533:
8531:
8482:
8480:
8443:
8441:
8400:
8398:
8338:
8336:
8251:from the original on 14 February 2023
8238:
8209:"GDP, PPP (current international $ )"
8017:from the original on 12 November 2020
7957:from the original on 18 February 2017
7867:from the original on 27 February 2023
7836:from the original on 10 February 2023
7766:from the original on 12 December 2022
7739:
7487:from the original on 15 December 2019
5963:OCR system and Lingvo dictionaries),
5705:
5572:until sanctions took effect in 2022.
5334:, and the second-largest producer of
4893:net international investment position
2351:to tame inflation during their wars (
1846:'s economy was guided by a series of
1842:Beginning in 1928, the course of the
19330:, participates as "Hong Kong, China"
18762:Unified Sports Classification System
17361:
15955:from the original on 29 October 2020
15388:"О развитии дорожной инфраструктуры"
15235:
15131:from the original on 9 December 2023
14991:from the original on 2 December 2020
14952:
14861:"How Russia Wins the Climate Crisis"
14759:"Global leading oats producers 2020"
14670:from the original on 7 November 2023
14224:"USGS Bauxite Production Statistics"
13987:from the original on 11 January 2024
13621:
13568:from the original on 17 October 2022
13553:
13390:from the original on 27 January 2020
13355:from the original on 8 December 2015
13328:from the original on 8 December 2015
13295:from the original on 8 December 2015
13172:from the original on 2 November 2020
13111:from the original on 30 January 2021
13101:"Corruptions Perceptions Index 2020"
13081:from the original on 18 January 2024
13055:from the original on 3 December 2022
12735:from the original on 30 October 2023
12695:
12653:from the original on 12 October 2023
12608:from the original on 10 October 2023
12596:Marrow, Alexander (9 October 2023).
12516:from the original on 28 October 2023
12236:from the original on 7 February 2023
12204:from the original on 22 October 2022
12172:from the original on 4 February 2023
12092:from the original on 25 October 2022
11988:from the original on 7 November 2020
11932:from the original on 25 January 2019
11886:"Statistical Review of World Energy"
11757:from the original on 29 January 2016
11611:from the original on 11 January 2021
11438:
11349:from the original on 28 October 2019
11186:from the original on 10 October 2022
11008:from the original on 15 January 2021
10972:Vorasarun, Chaniga (30 April 2008).
10946:. Global Financial Integrity. 2013.
10883:"Global Wealth Report 2013 – Pg. 53"
10595:
10569:
10446:
10266:from the original on 28 October 2023
10059:
9561:
9044:Communist and Post-Communist Studies
9000:"Socioeconomic inequality in Russia"
8860:United Nations Development Programme
8700:Energy Research & Social Science
8356:from the original on 2 December 2022
8281:from the original on 1 December 2022
7987:from the original on 8 November 2020
7580:from the original on 25 January 2023
7481:United Nations Development Programme
7420:from the original on 1 November 2020
7285:from the original on 28 October 2019
7233:
5914:Tatarstan and St. Peterburg Region.
5027:Russia in the European energy sector
4814:
2462:, which holds $ 630 billion in
2284:. Political turmoil in neighbouring
1720:
1650:
1609:
1480:fifth-highest number of billionaires
587:and extractive industries producing
20966:Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
20461:
17419:
17164:Natural resources of Primorsky Krai
16072:from the original on 3 October 2020
16032:Federal Agency for Tourism (Russia)
15625:from the original on 21 August 2023
15300:from the original on 21 August 2023
15274:from the original on 9 January 2021
15176:Andrew E. Kramer (1 January 2013).
15157:from the original on 21 August 2023
15049:from the original on 21 August 2023
14823:Shahbandeh, M. (25 February 2021).
14790:Shahbandeh, M. (10 February 2021).
14757:Shahbandeh, M. (12 November 2020).
14573:from the original on 9 October 2022
14541:from the original on 9 October 2022
14529:"USGS Gypsum Production Statistics"
14477:from the original on 9 October 2022
14465:"USGS Sulfur Production Statistics"
14445:from the original on 13 August 2021
14349:from the original on 9 October 2022
14305:"USGS Cobalt Production Statistics"
14268:from the original on 9 October 2022
14160:"USGS Nickel Production Statistics"
14140:from the original on 9 October 2022
14128:"USGS Copper Production Statistics"
14096:"USGS Silver Production Statistics"
14076:from the original on 9 October 2022
13961:from the original on 4 January 2024
13767:from the original on 19 August 2021
13374:Maynes, Charles (26 January 2020).
13131:"Corruption Perceptions Index 2014"
13029:from the original on 12 August 2021
12971:"Russia: External debt to GDP 2022"
12683:from the original on 2 January 2024
12627:Troianovski, Anton (26 July 2024).
12468:from the original on 18 August 2023
12136:Pop, Valentina (25 February 2022).
12135:
11663:from the original on 4 January 2024
11637:from the original on 4 January 2024
11581:from the original on 28 August 2020
11486:from the original on 1 January 2016
10807:ДИНАМИКА РЕАЛЬНЫХ ДОХОДОВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ
10786:from the original on 1 January 2016
10724:from the original on 12 August 2016
10643:from the original on 2 January 2022
10609:from the original on 9 January 2021
10603:"CIA – The World Factbook – Russia"
10344:from the original on 5 January 2024
10292:from the original on 4 January 2024
10240:from the original on 4 January 2024
10194:from the original on 29 August 2016
10188:"Facts About IMF Lending to Russia"
9659:from the original on 4 January 2023
9375:Centre for Economic Policy Research
8979:from the original on 4 January 2019
8368:
8309:. Federal Research Division of the
7927:from the original on 31 August 2020
7390:from the original on 9 January 2021
7221:from the original on 9 January 2021
5377:
5115:second-largest natural gas producer
4956:by Transparency International, 2019
2143:Russian banks were affected by the
2112:remained a problem however, as the
2036:(CIS) Council of Heads of State in
2025:(CIS) Council of Heads of State in
1425:second-largest natural gas producer
13:
18060:Commonwealth of Independent States
17179:Federal subjects by GDP per capita
16530:
16123:Vlasov, Artem (17 December 2018).
15678:"Russian Insurance Market in 2013"
15645:"Russian Insurance Market in 2013"
15462:from the original on 12 April 2022
15430:from the original on 19 March 2022
15336:from the original on 6 August 2021
15217:from the original on 10 April 2023
14873:from the original on 14 April 2022
14702:from the original on 31 March 2022
14638:from the original on 12 April 2022
14369:"USGS Boron Production Statistics"
14236:from the original on 26 March 2021
13535:from the original on 26 March 2023
13508:Renewable capacity statistics 2020
12823:from the original on 12 April 2022
12757:. The Moscow Times. Archived from
12125:from the original on 1 March 2022.
11958:from the original on 14 March 2019
11813:from the original on 21 April 2019
11745:Matlack, Carol (28 January 2016).
11157:from the original on 21 March 2023
10996:Geromel, Ricardo (14 March 2013).
10984:from the original on 17 April 2009
10168:from the original on 2 August 2019
10138:10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001
10102:from the original on 30 March 2019
9964:
9952:from the original on 4 August 2018
9898:10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001
9472:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
9263:from the original on 11 April 2022
8645:
8606:
8567:
8528:
8477:
8438:
8395:
8333:
8317:from the original on 13 March 2022
8184:Journal of International Marketing
7554:from the original on 28 March 2023
5804:Sheremetyevo International Airport
5656:Total retail sales (RUB trillions)
5127:greenhouse gas emissions by Russia
4899:(total external and domestic) and
2227:Commonwealth of Independent States
2094:small and medium-sized enterprises
2034:Commonwealth of Independent States
2023:Commonwealth of Independent States
1494:, a shrinking labor force, and an
1384:(WTO), becoming a member in 2012.
14:
22063:
22002:", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.
20976:Trade-Related Investment Measures
17123:Pension and Social Insurance Fund
16804:Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
16625:
16432:from the original on 18 June 2023
16406:from the original on 18 June 2023
16380:from the original on 20 June 2023
16354:from the original on 18 June 2023
15675:
15557:from the original on 10 June 2021
15494:from the original on 3 April 2022
15023:from the original on 4 April 2023
14958:
14900:Food and Agriculture Organization
14837:from the original on 18 July 2021
14804:from the original on 18 July 2021
14771:from the original on 18 July 2021
14735:from the original on 18 July 2021
14561:"USGS Salt Production Statistics"
14413:from the original on 28 June 2021
14381:from the original on 18 July 2021
14256:"USGS Zinc Production Statistics"
14192:"USGS Lead Production Statistics"
14044:from the original on 21 June 2021
14032:"USGS Gold Production Statistics"
13935:from the original on 18 June 2023
13909:from the original on 18 June 2023
13879:from the original on 18 June 2023
13609:from the original on 16 July 2021
12456:Hryshko, Alona (18 August 2023).
12415:from the original on 18 June 2023
12386:from the original on 19 June 2023
12062:from the original on 21 July 2022
11516:from the original on 11 June 2015
11426:from the original on 1 April 2019
11393:from the original on 18 June 2023
11323:from the original on 18 June 2023
11297:from the original on 18 June 2023
11245:from the original on 18 June 2023
11219:from the original on 1 April 2020
11128:from the original on 18 June 2023
11116:Elliott, Larry (22 August 2012).
11097:from the original on 18 June 2023
10953:from the original on 8 April 2016
10124:; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2021).
9884:; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2021).
9815:Privatisation 'raised death rate'
9696:from the original on 28 June 2016
9616:from the original on 17 July 2014
9549:from the original on 5 March 2024
9178:(3). Voprosy Ekonomiki: 245–270.
9061:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.01.005
8516:from the original on 4 March 2012
7521:from the original on 25 June 2016
7163:Types of legal entities in Russia
5788:1,452.2 thousand km of roads
5729:
5480:, while new projects such as the
5318:, and is the largest producer of
5241:; 13th largest world producer of
5217:; 10th largest world producer of
2063:Union State of Russia and Belarus
1892:market-oriented socialist economy
1625:This article has multiple issues.
1596:
1572:as well as in traditional Soviet
1419:in Europe. Russia is the world's
1368:in the world by nominal GDP, the
1080:Outward: $ 64 billion (2021)
22008:
21298:Democratic Republic of the Congo
20822:
20813:
20812:
19825:
19824:
17360:
17351:
17350:
16794:Medvedev modernisation programme
16484:
16444:
16418:
16392:
16366:
16303:
16285:
16218:
16188:
16170:
16116:
16084:
16050:
16016:
15967:
15882:
15852:
15822:
15790:
15764:
15706:
15669:
15637:
15592:from the original on 24 May 2021
15572:
15536:
15524:from the original on 30 May 2019
15506:
15474:
15450:"Waterways – The World Factbook"
15442:
15412:
15380:
15348:
15312:
15286:
15256:
15229:
15203:
15143:
15113:
15087:
15069:"Electronics regrowth in Russia"
15061:
15035:
15003:
14977:
14885:
14816:
14783:
14750:
14714:
14682:
14650:
14585:
14553:
14521:
14489:
14457:
14433:"USGS Tin Production Statistics"
14425:
14393:
14361:
14329:
14297:
14280:
14248:
14216:
14204:from the original on 15 May 2021
14184:
14152:
14120:
14108:from the original on 15 May 2021
14088:
14056:
14024:
13973:
13947:
13921:
13891:
13865:
13835:
13823:from the original on 9 July 2023
13809:
13797:from the original on 9 July 2023
13779:
13749:
13731:
13713:
13683:
13587:
13547:
13498:
13462:
13432:
13420:from the original on 26 May 2021
13402:
13367:
13340:
13307:
13277:
13265:from the original on 4 June 2016
13247:
13184:
13149:
13093:
13067:
13041:
13015:
13003:from the original on 6 July 2023
12989:
12977:from the original on 5 July 2023
12963:
12951:from the original on 5 July 2023
12937:
12919:
12907:from the original on 5 July 2023
12893:
12881:from the original on 5 July 2023
12838:
12803:
12791:from the original on 13 May 2020
12773:
12747:
12721:
12665:
12639:
12620:
12589:
12559:
12528:
12502:
12480:
12449:
12427:
12368:
12356:from the original on 8 June 2023
12338:
12308:
12278:
12266:from the original on 9 July 2022
12248:
12216:
12184:
12154:
12129:
12104:
12074:
12048:
12036:from the original on 9 July 2022
12018:
12000:
11970:
11944:
11908:
11878:
11859:
11847:
11706:
11675:
11649:
11623:
11593:
11569:Anna Andrianova (2 April 2015).
11562:
11528:
11498:
11468:
11405:
11379:
11361:
11335:
11309:
11283:
11231:
11109:
11079:
11020:
10965:
10933:
10917:. 9 October 2013. Archived from
10901:
10875:
10798:
10768:
10736:
10703:
10681:
10629:"Russia pays off IMF debt early"
10621:
9337:Rosenberg, Steve (6 June 2024).
9132:The Journal of Law and Economics
8170:New Zealand International Review
7923:. Bloomberg L.P. 17 March 2017.
7507:"Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)"
7450:from the original on 13 May 2020
7127:History of Russia (1991–present)
7110:
7096:
7082:
7068:
5882:Information technology in Russia
5388:Science and technology in Russia
5253:; 8th largest world producer of
5249:; 4th largest world producer of
5245:; 3rd largest world producer of
5237:; 9th largest world producer of
5233:; 7th largest world producer of
5229:; 5th largest world producer of
5225:; 2nd largest world producer of
5213:; 9th largest world producer of
5209:; 6th largest world producer of
5205:; 3rd largest world producer of
5201:; 9th largest world producer of
5093:; as it has the world's largest
5054:headquarters on the bank of the
5023:List of countries by oil exports
4874:
4858:
4803:
4795:
4787:
4780:
4779:
4772:
4771:
4764:
4763:
4756:
4755:
4748:
4747:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4711:
4710:
4703:
4702:
4695:
4694:
4687:
4686:
4679:
4678:
4665:
4657:
4649:
4642:
4641:
4634:
4633:
4626:
4625:
4618:
4617:
4610:
4609:
4596:
4588:
4580:
4573:
4572:
4565:
4564:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4548:
4541:
4540:
4527:
4519:
4511:
4504:
4503:
4496:
4495:
4488:
4487:
4480:
4479:
4472:
4471:
4458:
4450:
4442:
4435:
4434:
4427:
4426:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4410:
4403:
4402:
4389:
4381:
4373:
4366:
4365:
4358:
4357:
4350:
4349:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4333:
4320:
4312:
4304:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4288:
4281:
4280:
4273:
4272:
4265:
4264:
4251:
4243:
4235:
4228:
4227:
4220:
4219:
4212:
4211:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4195:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4159:
4158:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4134:
4127:
4126:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4090:
4089:
4082:
4081:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4065:
4058:
4057:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4012:
4005:
4004:
3997:
3996:
3989:
3988:
3975:
3967:
3959:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3919:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3883:
3882:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3850:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3805:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3789:
3782:
3781:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3728:
3721:
3720:
3713:
3712:
3699:
3691:
3683:
3676:
3675:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3643:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3590:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3574:
3561:
3553:
3545:
3538:
3537:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3505:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3460:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3436:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3367:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3314:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3298:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3253:
3246:
3245:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3229:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3160:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3091:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3055:
3054:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3022:
3006:
2998:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2958:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2894:
2878:
2870:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2830:
2814:
2806:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2750:
2742:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2702:
2585:Russian inflation rate 2012–2022
2578:
2566:
2551:
2485:Federal State Statistics Service
1926:for the Central Federal District
1914:Russian inflation rate 1993-2022
1725:
1655:
1614:
1602:This section is an excerpt from
1315:
1314:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1170:
1158:
1136:$ 381.77 billion (December 2022)
1131:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1076:
1075:
1072:Inward: $ 38 billion (2021)
1068:
1067:
1038:
1024:
1010:
996:
982:
968:
954:
940:
926:
910:
896:
868:
867:
846:
832:
818:
804:
790:
776:
762:
748:
734:
718:
704:
676:
675:
615:; defence industries (including
535:
483:
482:
475:
474:
453:
452:
425:
424:
409:
408:
380:
361:
256:
255:
248:
247:
180:
179:
168:
167:
146:
145:
27:
19812:Collective Rapid Reaction Force
19797:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
19620:Unified Team at the Paralympics
17091:SWIFT ban against Russian banks
16799:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
16551:(Yale University Press, 2019).
15920:"UNWTO World Tourism Barometer"
15482:"Airports – The World Factbook"
15356:"Railways – The World Factbook"
14509:from the original on 2 May 2021
13853:from the original on 6 May 2023
11747:"Russia's Great Downward Shift"
11038:from the original on 6 May 2021
10885:. Credit Suisse. Archived from
10428:
10410:
10392:
10374:
10356:
10330:
10318:from the original on 5 May 2017
10304:
10278:
10226:
10206:
10180:
10154:
10114:
10084:
10030:
10006:
9918:
9874:
9834:
9808:
9776:
9734:
9708:
9628:
9596:
9518:
9460:
9389:
9362:
9330:
9304:
9275:
9242:
9216:
9190:
9163:
9141:The University of Chicago Press
9122:
9075:
9034:
8991:
8961:
8930:
8905:
8878:
8847:
8822:
8791:
8766:
8736:
8489:2010 Survey of Energy Resources
8293:
8263:
8239:Turak, Natasha (23 June 2022).
8232:
8201:
8054:
8029:
7999:
7969:
7939:
7909:
7879:
7848:
7683:
7627:
7566:
7499:
7470:"Human Development Index (HDI)"
6706: 30 000 – 50 000
6695:per capita, 2016 (US dollars):
5955:Known Russian IT companies are
5832:
5306:, and only 7.4% of its land is
5153:), a professor of economics at
2426:
2069:Recovery and growth (1999–2008)
2065:was signed on 8 December 1999.
1831:
1633:or discuss these issues on the
1472:twelfth-largest consumer market
120:Emerging and developing economy
22052:Economies of Europe by country
21673:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
20780:British Indian Ocean Territory
16515:. Cambridge University Press.
15543:D. Elagina (22 January 2021).
14721:Shahbandeh, M. (8 July 2021).
14658:"Arable land (% of land area)"
12709:. ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst.
11682:Tim Bowler (19 January 2015).
9434:Journal of Economic Literature
9430:"New Russian Economic History"
9053:University of California Press
8998:Russell, Martin (April 2018).
8301:Curtis, Glenn E., ed. (1998).
8188:American Marketing Association
8138:University of California Press
8095:Cambridge Journal of Economics
7462:
7432:
7402:
7263:
5563:
5268:
4895:(NIMP). Russia has one of the
4839:The currency exchange rate is
4106:
2561:(PPP) per capita in April 2022
2088:of 13%; and a broad effort at
1942:Following the collapse of the
1449:third-largest exporter of arms
625:advanced electronic components
1:
19728:Interstate Aviation Committee
19640:CIS national rugby union team
17970:Political abuse of psychiatry
16497:Soviet Union: A Country Study
15892:. Topmira.com. Archived from
15424:International Road Federation
15198:I feel like I'm in Disneyland
12286:"Russia falls into recession"
11239:"New Country Classifications"
8449:"Crude oil – proved reserves"
7544:"Labor force, total – Russia"
7384:"Central Intelligence Agency"
7185:
6791:Value of Transaction ($ mil)
6724: 5 000 – 7 500
6718: 7 500 – 9 750
6511:Exports from Russia for 2021
6106:External trade and investment
6038:, and journeys on the famous
5809:Russia's largest port is the
5506:Automotive industry in Russia
5300:third-largest cultivated area
5109:in Europe. It is the world's
4944:
2420:Ministry of Natural Resources
2207:EurAsEC Single Economic Space
2009:1998 Russian financial crisis
1604:Economy of the Russian Empire
1319:$ 606.7 billion (July 2024) (
252:$ 14,391 (nominal; 2024 est.)
19876:Group of Eight + Five (G8+5)
19762:Eurasian Patent Organization
19671:Joint CIS Air Defense System
19635:CIS national ice hockey team
19615:Unified Team at the Olympics
18615:Traditions and superstitions
17113:National Card Payment System
16756:Monetary reforms in Russia (
16316:Russian Journal of Economics
15685:Financial University, Moscow
15071:. Eetimes.ru. Archived from
13691:"Нефть со всеми вытекающими"
11866:30 Most Innovative Countries
11809:. Bloomberg. 31 March 2017.
11722:(in Russian). Archived from
11546:(in Russian). 27 July 2014.
11476:"On Bank of Russia key rate"
11267:. World Bank. Archived from
11265:"Country and Lending Groups"
10974:"Cities Of The Billionaires"
10060:Page, Jeremy (16 May 2005).
10043:International Herald Tribune
9686:"GDP growth (annual %)"
9468:"Economic Thought in Russia"
9172:Russian Journal of Economics
8303:"Russia – Natural Resources"
7322:(in Russian). Archived from
7132:Federal government of Russia
6056:Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius
5858:
5712:Telecommunications in Russia
5444:
5427:fifth-generation fighter jet
5221:; 2nd worldwide producer of
5197:; 4th worldwide producer of
5193:; 2nd worldwide producer of
5111:leading natural gas exporter
5035:Until 2022 Russia was a key
4966:Corruption Perceptions Index
4954:Corruption Perceptions Index
4920:Russian National Wealth Fund
4828:Currency and monetary policy
1421:leading natural gas exporter
1409:second-largest coal reserves
1405:largest natural gas reserves
1387:Russia has large amounts of
647:and scientific instruments;
487:60.8% employment rate (2023)
457:26 out of 100 points (2023,
447:Corruption Perceptions Index
7:
20971:Technical Barriers to Trade
19752:Eurasian Economic Community
19712:2023 Free Trade in Services
19311:APEC Youth Science Festival
18281:Water supply and sanitation
17189:Federal subjects by poverty
17003:Vehicle registration plates
16918:Rolling stock manufacturers
15726:retrieved 27 September 2013
15487:Central Intelligence Agency
15455:Central Intelligence Agency
15361:Central Intelligence Agency
15240:. It.tut.by. Archived from
13554:Long, Tony (27 June 2012).
13480:Central Intelligence Agency
12494:. Bloomberg. 11 July 2023.
9643:University of Chicago Press
9249:Walsh, Ben (9 March 2022).
8666:Central Intelligence Agency
8627:Central Intelligence Agency
8588:Central Intelligence Agency
8549:Central Intelligence Agency
8459:Central Intelligence Agency
8384:International Energy Agency
7805:International Monetary Fund
7722:"Import Partners of Russia"
7666:"Export Partners of Russia"
7367:International Monetary Fund
7249:International Monetary Fund
7215:Central Intelligence Agency
7137:List of companies of Russia
7061:
5973:Kaspersky Internet Security
5823:continental shelf of Russia
5819:nuclear-powered icebreakers
5776:Railway transport in Russia
5575:
5523:Russian automotive industry
5486:United Aircraft Corporation
5463:Aircraft industry of Russia
5360:
5043:supplier to much of Europe.
2456:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2361:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2302:natural gas proven reserves
2270:very high human development
2258:upper-middle income economy
2203:Eurasian Economic Community
2016:International Monetary Fund
1900:breakup of the Soviet Union
1838:Economy of the Soviet Union
1805:of Russia from 1721 to the
1552:Economy of the Soviet Union
1507:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1482:in the world. However, its
1429:second-largest oil exporter
1413:eighth-largest oil reserves
10:
22068:
20899:International Trade Centre
19757:Eurasian Patent Convention
19666:United Armed Forces (1992)
19630:CIS national football team
16779:National Priority Projects
16478:
15933:World Tourism Organization
15320:"Passenger transportation"
15238:"Internet usage statistic"
13658:10.1038/s41560-023-01228-5
13470:"Electricity – production"
13192:"Russia Corruption Report"
12997:"Russia foreign debt 2023"
11854:Most Innovative: Countries
10164:. BBC. 23 September 1999.
9792:Princeton University Press
9533:Cambridge University Press
9373:. London, United Kingdom:
9100:10.2753/EEE0012-8775500301
9084:Eastern European Economies
8969:"Forbes Billionaires 2021"
8721:10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150
8578:"Natural gas – production"
8158:, Ltd., 2013, pp. 332–62,
8122:, Ltd., 2009, pp. 433–55,
8041:datahelpdesk.worldbank.org
7275:datahelpdesk.worldbank.org
6700: 50 000 and over
6025:Federal Agency for Tourism
5994:
5990:
5879:
5733:
5709:
5503:
5460:
5431:nuclear powered submarines
5384:Defence industry of Russia
5381:
5279:Fishing industry in Russia
5272:
5167:
5074:), and timber reserves of
5012:
5006:
4997:
4992:
4962:Transparency International
4917:
4867:
2439:
2291:
2145:2007–2008 financial crisis
2127:
1894:. Gorbachev's policies of
1876:Likhachev Automotive Plant
1835:
1601:
1545:
1541:
1466:"very high" in the annual
21988:
21145:
21099:
21019:
20948:
20912:
20876:
20808:
20767:
20727:
20469:
20413:
20365:
20327:
20064:
19988:
19950:
19934:
19882:
19820:
19742:Outside the CIS framework
19741:
19720:
19684:
19653:
19607:
19586:
19565:
19545:
19490:parties and "members" (9)
19485:
19416:
19405:
19379:
19320:
19283:APEC Business Travel Card
19274:
19009:
18850:
18781:
18538:
18302:
18293:
18126:
18117:
17870:
17861:
17669:
17660:
17595:
17437:
17428:
17387:
17382:Links to related articles
17346:
17275:
17202:
17156:
17049:
17013:
16980:
16892:
16814:
16789:Great Recession in Russia
16702:
16588:(UNC Press Books, 2018).
16502:Federal Research Division
16092:"Tourism Highlights 2014"
14011:21 September 2013 at the
13603:World Nuclear Association
11209:"Eurasian Economic Union"
9860:10.1080/09668130120093174
9635:Mattei, Clara E. (2022).
9604:"How Harvard lost Russia"
7893:. Standard & Poor's.
6860:Sibirskaia Neftianaia Co
6510:
6333:Imports into Russia 2021
6332:
6323:
5580:
5340:climate change adaptation
5316:largest exporter of wheat
5170:Mining industry of Russia
5163:
5139:first nuclear power plant
5135:renewable energy producer
5117:, the second-largest oil
5002:
2464:foreign-exchange reserves
2446:2022 Russian debt default
2326:Russian economic ministry
1948:centrally planned economy
1437:foreign exchange reserves
1327:
1304:
1236:
1216:
1196:
1182:
1145:
1140:
1120:
1087:
1055:
886:
876:
863:
694:
684:
671:
666:
577:
560:
547:
528:
496:Labor force by occupation
494:
465:
444:
397:
370:
350:
324:
290:
267:
260:$ 38,292 (PPP; 2024 est.)
238:
216:
195:
158:
141:
136:
110:
73:
61:
50:
26:
21273:Central African Republic
20904:Chronology of key events
20884:Accession and membership
20870:World Trade Organization
20529:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
18055:Prime Minister of Russia
17338:Types of business entity
17169:Federal districts by GDP
15941:10.18111/wtobarometereng
15722:12 November 2020 at the
14928:Manturov, Denis (2009).
11714:
11536:
10806:
10717:. University of Munich.
10579:. Gks.ru. Archived from
10523:
9974:Weber, Isabella (2021).
9184:10.32609/j.ruje.9.113503
8656:"Crude oil – production"
8349:Harvard University Press
7887:"Sovereigns rating list"
7312:
7180:
7043:MMC Norilsk Nickel PJSC
6938:MMC Norilsk Nickel PJSC
6929:MMC Norilsk Nickel PJSC
6753:Mergers and acquisitions
6735:
6119:
6072:World Trade Organization
5494:Space industry of Russia
5467:Space industry of Russia
5400:meeting with workers of
5133:, and the ninth-largest
4882:
4870:Federal budget of Russia
2623:(in billion US$ nominal)
2472:On 27 June 2022, Russia
2454:were enacted due to the
2219:World Trade Organization
1957:. Corrupt and haphazard
1922:Main Directorate of the
1664:This article includes a
1580:related developments in
1509:, the country has faced
1447:in the world. It is the
1382:World Trade Organization
1366:eleventh-largest economy
1225:69,334 ₽ trillion (2024)
1205:65,808 ₽ trillion (2024)
637:communications equipment
633:transportation equipment
20894:Dispute Settlement Body
20790:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
19777:Eurasian Economic Union
19625:CIS national bandy team
18493:Social entrepreneurship
18382:Forced public apologies
18317:Anti-American sentiment
17328:Exclusive economic zone
17318:Social entrepreneurship
17184:Federal subjects by HDI
17174:Federal subjects by GRP
16950:Pharmaceutical industry
16329:10.32609/j.ruje.5.49345
16310:Melchior, Arne (2019).
15095:"Electronics in Russia"
14631:Encyclopædia Britannica
13743:11 October 2023 at the
10868:, (Routledge 2007), by
10700:Retrieved in March 2008
10130:Oxford University Press
9890:Oxford University Press
8539:"Natural gas – exports"
8100:Oxford University Press
8070:Oxford University Press
6102:of 183 million people.
6080:Eurasian Economic Union
6008:in Saint Petersburg, a
5796:Russia's 1,218 airports
5373:per year (%), 1992–2010
5143:nuclear energy producer
4924:On 1 January 2004, the
4897:lowest government debts
2590:
2266:Human Development Index
2231:Eurasian Economic Union
2077:Oil prices in the 2000s
2055:Eurasian Economic Union
1693:more precise citations.
1562:socialist organizations
1468:Human Development Index
1374:purchasing power parity
1264:SD (T&C Assessment)
1105:$ 55.830 billion (2024)
872:$ 378.61 billion (2023)
680:$ 465.43 billion (2023)
400:Human Development Index
20996:Information Technology
20991:Government Procurement
20925:Doha Development Round
20107:Bosnia and Herzegovina
19486:Additionally the 1993
18241:Social security system
18224:Science and technology
17890:Classified information
17716:Central Russian Upland
17323:Social security system
17084:Central Bank of Russia
17031:Information technology
16972:Science and technology
16621:15.23 (2017): 265–272.
16400:"World Bank Open Data"
16374:"World Bank Open Data"
16182:4 January 2024 at the
14593:"World Uranium Mining"
13955:"World Bank Open Data"
13351:. Harvard University.
12901:"World Bank Open Data"
12008:"World Bank Open Data"
10866:Putin: Russia's Choice
10639:(2). 8 February 2005.
10440:4 January 2024 at the
10422:4 January 2024 at the
10404:4 January 2024 at the
10386:4 January 2024 at the
10368:4 January 2024 at the
10220:4 January 2024 at the
9609:Institutional Investor
8748:Central Bank of Russia
8062:"Industrial countries"
8011:Central Bank of Russia
6776:Acquiror Mid Industry
6732:
6730: under 3 000
6263:Import (US$ Billions)
6205:Export (US$ Billions)
6116:
6096:Eurasian Customs Union
6092:four economic freedoms
6086:(the deepest stage of
6040:Trans-Siberian Railway
6015:
5946:internet search engine
5910:
5891:
5876:Information technology
5845:
5772:
5756:
5750:Trans-Siberian Railway
5599:Retail sales in Russia
5544:
5526:
5458:
5417:
5405:
5374:
5351:largest fishing fleets
5338:. Various analysts of
5295:
5059:
5044:
4957:
2559:Gross domestic product
2520:Central Bank of Russia
2437:
2388:
2305:
2237:(the deepest stage of
2190:has repeatedly named
2172:2000s commodities boom
2140:
2116:aggressively expanded
2078:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1879:
1747:by rewriting it in an
1476:social security system
641:construction equipment
21303:Republic of the Congo
21127:Supachai Panitchpakdi
19692:Common Economic Space
19304:APEC Sculpture Garden
18702:Russian tsars regalia
18035:Intelligence agencies
17758:Great Russian Regions
17502:Expansion (1500-1800)
17128:Social Insurance Fund
16068:. 26 September 2020.
13599:www.world-nuclear.org
13595:"Nuclear Power Today"
11373:18 March 2023 at the
10487:"Investing in Russia"
10461:22 March 2016 at the
9936:Duke University Press
8617:"Crude oil – exports"
8499:. 2010. p. 102.
8136:, vol. 108, no. 720,
7006:KazakhGold Group Ltd
6691:
6113:
6004:
5905:
5889:
5840:
5762:
5747:
5532:
5513:
5452:
5411:
5395:
5368:
5286:
5275:Agriculture in Russia
5101:, the eighth-largest
5097:, the second-largest
5050:
5034:
4970:public administration
4952:
4901:lowest external debts
2607:(in billion. US$ PPP)
2434:
2399:, and the subsequent
2349:Inverted yield curves
2346:
2299:
2138:Standard & Poor's
2135:
2076:
1936:international dollars
1933:
1921:
1913:
1873:
1524:household consumption
1403:; with it having the
1370:sixth-largest economy
1250:Standard & Poor's
21788:United Arab Emirates
20704:United Arab Emirates
18769:World Heritage sites
18146:Droughts and famines
17699:Environmental issues
17447:Proto-Indo-Europeans
16712:Droughts and famines
16571:(Harvard UP, 2012).
16297:26 June 2023 at the
16164:18 June 2023 at the
15985:World Economic Forum
15778:on 30 September 2007
15585:Poseidon Expeditions
15514:"Sheremetyevo today"
15426:. 16 December 2020.
15393:Government of Russia
15045:. 15 December 2022.
14966:Moscow Defense Brief
13905:. 7 September 2022.
13137:on 29 September 2014
12292:. 16 November 2022.
11840:2 April 2022 at the
11034:. 16 December 2011.
10693:5 March 2016 at the
10098:. 29 November 1999.
10068:. UK. Archived from
10026:on 17 December 2021.
9892:. pp. 195–196.
9820:6 March 2016 at the
9612:. 27 February 2006.
9478:(2): 233–243. 1888.
9446:10.1257/jel.20221564
9315:. Washington, D.C.:
9286:. Washington, D.C.:
9226:. Washington, D.C.:
9092:Taylor & Francis
8855:"Russian Federation"
8497:World Energy Council
8419:. 2020. p. 45.
8352:. 20 November 2017.
8277:. 16 December 2011.
8156:Taylor & Francis
8140:, 2009, pp. 333–38,
8120:Taylor & Francis
8102:, 2004, pp. 307–18,
7953:. 17 February 2017.
7891:Standardandpoors.com
7046:Metals & mining
7018:Metals & mining
7009:Metals & mining
6941:Metals & mining
6932:Metals & mining
6915:Metals & mining
6785:Target Mid Industry
6088:economic integration
6076:Free Trade Agreement
6066:Economic integration
5969:Kaspersky Anti-Virus
5897:offshore programming
5843:Port of Novorossiysk
5811:Port of Novorossiysk
5174:Metallurgy of Russia
5131:electricity producer
5095:natural gas reserves
4926:Government of Russia
4914:National wealth fund
2460:Russian Central Bank
2310:annexation of Crimea
2282:demographic problems
2239:economic integration
1977:Washington Consensus
1520:military expenditure
1500:declining population
1492:levels of corruption
1364:economy. It has the
1232:37.52% of GDP (2024)
1212:35.61% of GDP (2024)
1113:2.714% of GDP (2024)
888:Main import partners
696:Main export partners
549:Average gross salary
277:65th (nominal; 2024)
203:11th (nominal; 2024)
21763:Trinidad and Tobago
21663:St. Kitts and Nevis
21173:Antigua and Barbuda
21107:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
21001:Marrakesh Agreement
20731:limited recognition
20328:States with limited
19872:Group of Eight (G8)
19297:APEC Climate Center
18620:Forms of addressing
18229:Academy of Sciences
18186:Financial districts
18050:President of Russia
17975:Political divisions
17935:Freedom of assembly
17817:West Siberian Plain
17563:Great Patriotic War
17524:February Revolution
17252:Central Black Earth
16557:Connolly, Richard.
15935:(UNWTO): 18. 2020.
15810:on 19 December 2013
15101:on 22 December 2004
15019:. 1 February 2023.
14599:on 26 December 2018
13983:. 11 January 2024.
13931:. 25 October 2022.
13725:14 May 2023 at the
13697:. 27 October 2014.
13649:2023NatEn...8..413S
13107:. 28 January 2021.
13077:. 17 January 2024.
12931:5 July 2023 at the
12761:on 14 December 2015
12649:. 11 October 2023.
12411:. 26 January 2023.
12352:. 3 February 2023.
11875:Bloomberg Business.
11871:1 July 2016 at the
11856:Bloomberg Business.
11844:Bloomberg Business.
11452:. 31 October 2017.
11446:"Russia – Analysis"
10889:on 14 February 2015
10752:. 21 October 2008.
10338:"Market Access Map"
9847:Europe-Asia Studies
9013:European Parliament
8712:2023ERSS..10203150O
8311:Library of Congress
8190:, 1997, pp. 73–93,
7983:. 14 October 2016.
7546:. World Bank &
6981:QHG Shares Pte Ltd
6013:World Heritage Site
5736:Transport in Russia
5500:Automotive industry
5482:Sukhoi Superjet 100
5455:Sukhoi Superjet 100
5402:Kalashnikov Concern
5062:The mineral-packed
4891:and has a positive
4849:inflation targeting
2357:Russo-Ukrainian War
2278:recession in the EU
2254:high-income economy
2205:(EurAsEC), and the
2162:rising by 160%. In
2149:recession in Russia
1952:globally integrated
1797:The economy of the
1566:capitalistic system
1536:government spending
1511:extensive sanctions
1505:Following the 2022
1175:35.7% of GDP (2024)
269:GDP per capita rank
208:4th/6th (PPP; 2024)
125:High-income economy
75:Trade organizations
23:
21333:Dominican Republic
20058:Economy of Europe
19702:1994 FTA Agreement
19645:CIS Cup (football)
18670:Russian given name
18256:Telecommunications
18206:Petroleum industry
18070:State of emergency
17915:Far-right politics
17880:Capital punishment
17726:Meshchera Lowlands
17580:Russian Federation
17536:October Revolution
17157:Regional economies
16988:Telecommunications
16945:Petroleum industry
16784:Stabilization Fund
16651:CIA World Factbook
16567:Gustafson, Thane.
16540:(Oxford UP, 2013)
16267:wits.worldbank.org
16230:wits.worldbank.org
16206:on 2 February 2017
16104:on 12 January 2015
16038:on 22 January 2021
15694:on 2 November 2014
15182:The New York Times
15153:. 8 January 2023.
15075:on 7 February 2011
14973:on 27 August 2007.
14866:The New York Times
14626:"Russia – Economy"
13475:CIA World Factbook
12633:The New York Times
12322:. 9 January 2023.
12290:Al Arabiya English
12232:. 22 August 2022.
12014:on 4 January 2024.
11896:on 15 January 2023
11419:The New York Times
10814:on 13 January 2021
10557:on 21 October 2011
10049:on 16 August 2007.
9980:. Abingdon, Oxon:
9938:. pp. 63–64.
9842:Rosefielde, Steven
9750:. Abingdon, Oxon:
9395:Richard Connolly,
8661:CIA World Factbook
8622:CIA World Factbook
8583:CIA World Factbook
8544:CIA World Factbook
8454:CIA World Factbook
8307:Country Studies US
8154:, vol. 20, no. 2,
8118:, vol. 16, no. 3,
8098:, vol. 28, no. 2,
7444:data.worldbank.org
7414:data.worldbank.org
7326:on 24 January 2020
7168:Unitary enterprise
7158:Taxation in Russia
7153:Politics of Russia
6874:28 September 2005
6747:trade-to-GDP ratio
6733:
6117:
6098:and an integrated
6070:Russia joined the
6016:
5911:
5892:
5846:
5827:Northern Sea Route
5773:
5757:
5716:Internet in Russia
5706:Telecommunications
5545:
5538:armoured limousine
5527:
5459:
5418:
5406:
5375:
5296:
5155:Indiana University
5151:Lyudmila Alexeyeva
5107:oil shale reserves
5105:, and the largest
5060:
5045:
4958:
2663:(in % of GDP)
2438:
2389:
2386: 3-month bond
2374: 10-year bond
2368: 20-year bond
2353:Russo-Georgian War
2306:
2246:middle-income trap
2141:
2079:
2061:the Creation of a
1940:
1928:
1916:
1880:
1874:Workers of Moscow
1807:October Revolution
1749:encyclopedic style
1736:is written like a
1666:list of references
1417:oil shale reserves
1415:, and the largest
1407:in the world, the
1354:, industrialized,
1192:3.8% of GDP (2022)
583:Complete range of
564:Average net salary
57:(RUB or руб or ₽)
18:
22042:Economy of Russia
22029:
22028:
22023:
22022:
21984:
21983:
20981:Trade in Services
20935:Quota Elimination
20836:
20835:
20773:other territories
20429:
20428:
20024:
20023:
19838:
19837:
19603:
19602:
19339:
19338:
19331:
18810:
18809:
18777:
18776:
18357:Domestic violence
18289:
18288:
18211:Russian oligarchs
18136:Aircraft industry
18113:
18112:
18090:Mass surveillance
18080:Search and rescue
18045:Political parties
17925:Foreign relations
17857:
17856:
17656:
17655:
17648:Historical cities
17507:Tsardom of Russia
17374:
17373:
17094:
17086:
17079:
17026:Grocery retailing
16955:Chemical industry
16815:Natural resources
16736:Financial crises
16696:Economy of Russia
16522:978-0-521-62742-9
15994:978-2-940631-01-8
15396:. 29 April 2016.
14021:, 20 August 2013.
13875:. 12 March 2022.
13695:www.kommersant.ru
13525:978-92-9260-239-0
13051:. 8 August 2022.
11984:. 14 March 2019.
11954:. 14 March 2019.
11923:minerals.usgs.gov
11753:. Bloomberg L.P.
11607:. 25 April 2017.
11387:"Russia HDI 2021"
10921:on 9 October 2013
10037:Nicholson, Alex.
9991:978-0-429-49012-5
9761:978-0-429-49012-5
9722:on 10 August 2007
8388:. 8 August 2024.
8186:, vol. 5, no. 4,
7056:
7055:
7037:Other financials
6984:Other financials
6978:10 December 2016
6958:Other financials
6926:16 December 2010
6906:Other financials
6686:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6504:
6503:
6319:
6318:
5997:Tourism in Russia
5919:government decree
5703:
5702:
5371:industrial growth
5289:combine harvester
5091:energy superpower
4936:to balance it if
4821:income inequality
4815:Income inequality
4812:
4811:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2631:(in US$ nominal)
2624:
2616:
2608:
2406:In January 2016,
2380: 1-year bond
2324:According to the
2318:imposed sanctions
2262:floating currency
2168:life satisfaction
2160:disposable income
1888:Mikhail Gorbachev
1860:Era of Stagnation
1795:
1794:
1787:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1648:
1484:income inequality
1460:human development
1401:energy superpower
1340:
1339:
1282:Outlook: Negative
649:consumer durables
571:RUB 66,645 / €609
554:RUB 76,604 / €700
540:2.6% (April 2024)
479:72,407,755 (2021)
352:Population below
22059:
22015:World portal
22013:
22012:
21834:
21833:
21628:Papua New Guinea
21111:Director-General
21006:Doha Declaration
20930:Singapore issues
20863:
20856:
20849:
20840:
20839:
20826:
20816:
20815:
20785:Christmas Island
20471:Sovereign states
20463:Economy of Asia
20456:
20449:
20442:
20433:
20432:
20366:Dependencies and
20065:Sovereign states
20051:
20044:
20037:
20028:
20027:
19865:
19858:
19851:
19842:
19841:
19828:
19827:
19802:New Union Treaty
19767:EU Technical Aid
19414:
19413:
19366:
19359:
19352:
19343:
19342:
19332:
19325:
19313:
19306:
19299:
19292:
19285:
19267:
19258:
19251:
19244:
19237:
19230:
19223:
19216:
19209:
19202:
19195:
19188:
19181:
19174:
19167:
19160:
19153:
19146:
19139:
19132:
19125:
19118:
19111:
19104:
19097:
19090:
19083:
19076:
19069:
19062:
19055:
19048:
19041:
19034:
19027:
19020:
19002:
18995:
18988:
18981:
18974:
18967:
18960:
18953:
18946:
18944:Papua New Guinea
18939:
18932:
18925:
18918:
18911:
18904:
18897:
18889:
18882:
18875:
18868:
18861:
18837:
18830:
18823:
18814:
18813:
18790:
18737:Russian language
18680:National symbols
18300:
18299:
18219:
18176:Fishing industry
18166:Economic regions
18161:Defence industry
18124:
18123:
17868:
17867:
17822:Russian Far East
17721:Northwest Russia
17679:Cities and towns
17667:
17666:
17529:Russian Republic
17435:
17434:
17414:
17407:
17400:
17391:
17390:
17378:
17377:
17364:
17363:
17354:
17353:
17303:Russian oligarch
17204:Economic regions
17103:Federal Treasury
17089:
17082:
17074:
16862:Renewable energy
16842:Geothermal power
16689:
16682:
16675:
16666:
16665:
16601:Novokmet, Filip
16547:Åslund, Anders.
16526:
16505:
16488:
16487:
16472:
16471:
16469:
16467:
16448:
16442:
16441:
16439:
16437:
16426:"Trade openness"
16422:
16416:
16415:
16413:
16411:
16396:
16390:
16389:
16387:
16385:
16370:
16364:
16363:
16361:
16359:
16341:
16331:
16307:
16301:
16289:
16283:
16282:
16280:
16278:
16259:
16246:
16245:
16243:
16241:
16222:
16216:
16215:
16213:
16211:
16202:. Archived from
16192:
16186:
16174:
16168:
16156:
16147:
16146:
16144:
16142:
16120:
16114:
16113:
16111:
16109:
16103:
16096:
16088:
16082:
16081:
16079:
16077:
16054:
16048:
16047:
16045:
16043:
16034:. Archived from
16020:
16014:
16013:
16011:
16009:
16003:
15987:. p. xiii.
15982:
15971:
15965:
15964:
15962:
15960:
15922:
15915:
15906:
15905:
15903:
15901:
15896:on 13 March 2016
15886:
15880:
15879:
15877:
15875:
15866:. Archived from
15856:
15850:
15849:
15847:
15845:
15826:
15820:
15819:
15817:
15815:
15806:. Archived from
15794:
15788:
15787:
15785:
15783:
15768:
15762:
15761:
15759:
15757:
15751:
15744:
15736:
15727:
15710:
15704:
15703:
15701:
15699:
15693:
15687:. Archived from
15682:
15673:
15667:
15666:
15664:
15662:
15656:
15649:
15641:
15635:
15634:
15632:
15630:
15615:
15606:
15605:
15599:
15597:
15576:
15570:
15569:
15564:
15562:
15540:
15534:
15533:
15531:
15529:
15510:
15504:
15503:
15501:
15499:
15478:
15472:
15471:
15469:
15467:
15446:
15440:
15439:
15437:
15435:
15416:
15410:
15409:
15407:
15405:
15384:
15378:
15377:
15375:
15373:
15352:
15346:
15345:
15343:
15341:
15335:
15327:Russian Railways
15324:
15316:
15310:
15309:
15307:
15305:
15290:
15284:
15283:
15281:
15279:
15260:
15254:
15253:
15251:
15249:
15233:
15227:
15226:
15224:
15222:
15207:
15201:
15200:
15195:
15193:
15173:
15167:
15166:
15164:
15162:
15147:
15141:
15140:
15138:
15136:
15117:
15111:
15110:
15108:
15106:
15091:
15085:
15084:
15082:
15080:
15065:
15059:
15058:
15056:
15054:
15039:
15033:
15032:
15030:
15028:
15007:
15001:
15000:
14998:
14996:
14981:
14975:
14974:
14956:
14950:
14949:
14947:
14945:
14925:
14919:
14918:
14916:
14914:
14908:
14897:
14889:
14883:
14882:
14880:
14878:
14856:
14850:
14849:
14844:
14842:
14820:
14814:
14813:
14811:
14809:
14787:
14781:
14780:
14778:
14776:
14754:
14748:
14747:
14742:
14740:
14718:
14712:
14711:
14709:
14707:
14686:
14680:
14679:
14677:
14675:
14654:
14648:
14647:
14645:
14643:
14622:
14609:
14608:
14606:
14604:
14595:. Archived from
14589:
14583:
14582:
14580:
14578:
14572:
14565:
14557:
14551:
14550:
14548:
14546:
14540:
14533:
14525:
14519:
14518:
14516:
14514:
14508:
14501:
14493:
14487:
14486:
14484:
14482:
14476:
14469:
14461:
14455:
14454:
14452:
14450:
14444:
14437:
14429:
14423:
14422:
14420:
14418:
14412:
14405:
14397:
14391:
14390:
14388:
14386:
14380:
14373:
14365:
14359:
14358:
14356:
14354:
14348:
14341:
14333:
14327:
14326:
14324:
14322:
14316:
14309:
14301:
14295:
14294:
14292:
14284:
14278:
14277:
14275:
14273:
14267:
14260:
14252:
14246:
14245:
14243:
14241:
14235:
14228:
14220:
14214:
14213:
14211:
14209:
14203:
14196:
14188:
14182:
14181:
14179:
14177:
14171:
14164:
14156:
14150:
14149:
14147:
14145:
14139:
14132:
14124:
14118:
14117:
14115:
14113:
14107:
14100:
14092:
14086:
14085:
14083:
14081:
14075:
14068:
14060:
14054:
14053:
14051:
14049:
14043:
14036:
14028:
14022:
14003:
13997:
13996:
13994:
13992:
13977:
13971:
13970:
13968:
13966:
13951:
13945:
13944:
13942:
13940:
13925:
13919:
13918:
13916:
13914:
13895:
13889:
13888:
13886:
13884:
13869:
13863:
13862:
13860:
13858:
13839:
13833:
13832:
13830:
13828:
13819:. 14 July 2021.
13813:
13807:
13806:
13804:
13802:
13793:. 14 July 2021.
13783:
13777:
13776:
13774:
13772:
13763:. 13 July 2021.
13753:
13747:
13735:
13729:
13717:
13711:
13710:
13708:
13706:
13687:
13681:
13680:
13670:
13660:
13628:
13619:
13618:
13616:
13614:
13605:. October 2020.
13591:
13585:
13584:
13575:
13573:
13551:
13545:
13544:
13542:
13540:
13534:
13513:
13502:
13496:
13495:
13493:
13491:
13486:on 31 March 2022
13482:. Archived from
13466:
13460:
13459:
13457:
13455:
13436:
13430:
13429:
13427:
13425:
13414:The Moscow Times
13406:
13400:
13399:
13397:
13395:
13384:Voice of America
13371:
13365:
13364:
13362:
13360:
13344:
13338:
13337:
13335:
13333:
13327:
13320:
13311:
13305:
13304:
13302:
13300:
13281:
13275:
13274:
13272:
13270:
13251:
13245:
13244:
13242:
13240:
13234:
13228:. Archived from
13227:
13221:Suhara, Manabu.
13218:
13212:
13211:
13209:
13207:
13188:
13182:
13181:
13179:
13177:
13153:
13147:
13146:
13144:
13142:
13127:
13121:
13120:
13118:
13116:
13105:Transparency.org
13097:
13091:
13090:
13088:
13086:
13071:
13065:
13064:
13062:
13060:
13045:
13039:
13038:
13036:
13034:
13019:
13013:
13012:
13010:
13008:
12993:
12987:
12986:
12984:
12982:
12967:
12961:
12960:
12958:
12956:
12941:
12935:
12923:
12917:
12916:
12914:
12912:
12897:
12891:
12890:
12888:
12886:
12871:
12862:
12861:
12859:
12857:
12842:
12836:
12835:
12830:
12828:
12807:
12801:
12800:
12798:
12796:
12777:
12771:
12770:
12768:
12766:
12751:
12745:
12744:
12742:
12740:
12725:
12719:
12718:
12702:
12693:
12692:
12690:
12688:
12669:
12663:
12662:
12660:
12658:
12643:
12637:
12636:
12624:
12618:
12617:
12615:
12613:
12593:
12587:
12586:
12584:
12582:
12563:
12557:
12556:
12554:
12552:
12532:
12526:
12525:
12523:
12521:
12506:
12500:
12499:
12484:
12478:
12477:
12475:
12473:
12453:
12447:
12446:
12441:. 7 April 2023.
12431:
12425:
12424:
12422:
12420:
12405:
12396:
12395:
12393:
12391:
12372:
12366:
12365:
12363:
12361:
12342:
12336:
12335:
12333:
12331:
12320:Business Insider
12312:
12306:
12305:
12303:
12301:
12282:
12276:
12275:
12273:
12271:
12262:. 25 June 2022.
12252:
12246:
12245:
12243:
12241:
12220:
12214:
12213:
12211:
12209:
12188:
12182:
12181:
12179:
12177:
12158:
12152:
12151:
12133:
12127:
12126:
12108:
12102:
12101:
12099:
12097:
12078:
12072:
12071:
12069:
12067:
12052:
12046:
12045:
12043:
12041:
12022:
12016:
12015:
12010:. Archived from
12004:
11998:
11997:
11995:
11993:
11982:The Moscow Times
11974:
11968:
11967:
11965:
11963:
11948:
11942:
11941:
11939:
11937:
11931:
11920:
11912:
11906:
11905:
11903:
11901:
11892:. Archived from
11882:
11876:
11863:
11857:
11851:
11845:
11832:
11823:
11822:
11820:
11818:
11803:
11797:
11796:
11794:
11792:
11783:. Archived from
11773:
11767:
11766:
11764:
11762:
11742:
11736:
11735:
11733:
11731:
11726:on 27 April 2015
11710:
11704:
11703:
11701:
11699:
11679:
11673:
11672:
11670:
11668:
11653:
11647:
11646:
11644:
11642:
11627:
11621:
11620:
11618:
11616:
11597:
11591:
11590:
11588:
11586:
11566:
11560:
11559:
11557:
11555:
11532:
11526:
11525:
11523:
11521:
11502:
11496:
11495:
11493:
11491:
11482:. 16 June 2014.
11472:
11466:
11465:
11463:
11461:
11442:
11436:
11435:
11433:
11431:
11409:
11403:
11402:
11400:
11398:
11383:
11377:
11365:
11359:
11358:
11356:
11354:
11339:
11333:
11332:
11330:
11328:
11313:
11307:
11306:
11304:
11302:
11287:
11281:
11280:
11278:
11276:
11261:
11255:
11254:
11252:
11250:
11235:
11229:
11228:
11226:
11224:
11213:www.eaeunion.org
11205:
11196:
11195:
11193:
11191:
11176:
11167:
11166:
11164:
11162:
11147:
11138:
11137:
11135:
11133:
11113:
11107:
11106:
11104:
11102:
11083:
11077:
11076:
11074:
11072:
11057:
11048:
11047:
11045:
11043:
11024:
11018:
11017:
11015:
11013:
10993:
10991:
10989:
10969:
10963:
10962:
10960:
10958:
10952:
10945:
10937:
10931:
10930:
10928:
10926:
10905:
10899:
10898:
10896:
10894:
10879:
10873:
10863:
10857:
10856:
10840:
10830:
10824:
10823:
10821:
10819:
10802:
10796:
10795:
10793:
10791:
10772:
10766:
10765:
10763:
10761:
10740:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10729:
10723:
10716:
10707:
10701:
10685:
10679:
10678:
10676:
10674:
10669:on 8 August 2014
10659:
10653:
10652:
10650:
10648:
10625:
10619:
10618:
10616:
10614:
10599:
10593:
10592:
10590:
10588:
10573:
10567:
10566:
10564:
10562:
10547:
10541:
10540:
10538:
10536:
10519:
10513:
10512:
10510:
10508:
10502:
10491:
10483:
10474:
10453:
10444:
10432:
10426:
10414:
10408:
10396:
10390:
10378:
10372:
10360:
10354:
10353:
10351:
10349:
10334:
10328:
10327:
10325:
10323:
10308:
10302:
10301:
10299:
10297:
10282:
10276:
10275:
10273:
10271:
10256:
10250:
10249:
10247:
10245:
10230:
10224:
10210:
10204:
10203:
10201:
10199:
10184:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10173:
10158:
10152:
10151:
10122:Ghodsee, Kristen
10118:
10112:
10111:
10109:
10107:
10088:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10077:
10057:
10051:
10050:
10045:. Archived from
10034:
10028:
10027:
10025:
10019:. Archived from
10018:
10010:
10004:
10003:
9971:
9962:
9961:
9959:
9957:
9926:Ghodsee, Kristen
9922:
9916:
9915:
9882:Ghodsee, Kristen
9878:
9872:
9871:
9854:(8): 1159–1176.
9838:
9832:
9812:
9806:
9805:
9784:Scheidel, Walter
9780:
9774:
9773:
9738:
9732:
9731:
9729:
9727:
9712:
9706:
9705:
9703:
9701:
9682:
9669:
9668:
9666:
9664:
9632:
9626:
9625:
9623:
9621:
9600:
9594:
9593:
9591:
9589:
9584:on 7 August 2007
9583:
9576:
9568:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9554:
9522:
9516:
9502:
9496:
9495:
9464:
9458:
9457:
9425:
9400:
9393:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9382:
9366:
9360:
9359:
9357:
9355:
9334:
9328:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9308:
9302:
9301:
9296:
9294:
9279:
9273:
9272:
9270:
9268:
9246:
9240:
9239:
9237:
9235:
9228:Atlantic Council
9220:
9214:
9213:
9203:
9194:
9188:
9187:
9167:
9161:
9160:
9126:
9120:
9119:
9079:
9073:
9072:
9038:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9027:
9021:
9004:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8986:
8984:
8965:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8954:
8948:World Bank Group
8934:
8928:
8927:
8925:
8923:
8909:
8903:
8902:
8900:
8898:
8882:
8876:
8875:
8870:
8868:
8851:
8845:
8844:
8842:
8840:
8826:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8812:
8795:
8789:
8788:
8779:
8770:
8764:
8763:
8761:
8759:
8740:
8734:
8733:
8723:
8691:
8682:
8681:
8679:
8677:
8672:on 26 March 2023
8668:. Archived from
8652:
8643:
8642:
8640:
8638:
8633:on 26 March 2023
8629:. Archived from
8613:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8599:
8594:on 26 March 2023
8590:. Archived from
8574:
8565:
8564:
8562:
8560:
8551:. Archived from
8535:
8526:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8515:
8506:978-0-946121-021
8494:
8484:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8470:
8465:on 26 March 2023
8461:. Archived from
8445:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8431:
8425:
8410:
8402:
8393:
8392:
8375:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8361:
8340:
8331:
8330:
8324:
8322:
8297:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8286:
8267:
8261:
8260:
8258:
8256:
8236:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8219:World Bank Group
8205:
8199:
8090:
8084:
8083:
8078:
8076:
8066:Oxford Reference
8058:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8047:
8033:
8027:
8026:
8024:
8022:
8003:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7973:
7967:
7966:
7964:
7962:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7913:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7883:
7877:
7876:
7874:
7872:
7852:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7841:
7830:www.ceicdata.com
7822:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7811:
7797:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7765:
7754:
7746:
7737:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7718:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7707:
7701:World Bank Group
7687:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7662:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7645:World Bank Group
7631:
7625:
7624:
7618:
7616:
7599:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7570:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7540:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7503:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7492:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7425:
7406:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7380:
7371:
7370:
7355:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7240:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7203:
7120:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7106:
7101:
7100:
7092:
7087:
7086:
7085:
7078:
7073:
7072:
7033:Vladimir Potanin
6796:22 October 2012
6779:Acquiror Nation
6767:
6766:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6705:
6699:
6508:
6507:
6330:
6329:
6321:
6320:
6143:
6142:
5931:Russian Railways
5854:
5780:Russian Railways
5740:Russian Railways
5603:
5602:
5422:defence industry
5378:Defence industry
5347:industrial crops
5080:Russian Far East
5009:Energy in Russia
4928:established the
4807:
4806:
4799:
4798:
4791:
4790:
4783:
4782:
4775:
4774:
4767:
4766:
4759:
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4729:
4722:
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4713:
4706:
4705:
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4668:
4661:
4660:
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4621:
4620:
4613:
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4600:
4599:
4592:
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4567:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4551:
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4523:
4522:
4515:
4514:
4507:
4506:
4499:
4498:
4491:
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4483:
4482:
4475:
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4462:
4461:
4454:
4453:
4446:
4445:
4438:
4437:
4430:
4429:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4413:
4406:
4405:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4384:
4377:
4376:
4369:
4368:
4361:
4360:
4353:
4352:
4345:
4344:
4337:
4336:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4307:
4300:
4299:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4283:
4276:
4275:
4268:
4267:
4255:
4254:
4247:
4246:
4239:
4238:
4231:
4230:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4214:
4207:
4206:
4199:
4198:
4186:
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4178:
4177:
4170:
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4162:
4161:
4154:
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4146:
4145:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4129:
4117:
4116:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4100:
4093:
4092:
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4077:
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4061:
4060:
4048:
4047:
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4032:
4031:
4024:
4023:
4016:
4015:
4008:
4007:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3991:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3970:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3930:
3923:
3922:
3910:
3909:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3885:
3878:
3877:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3853:
3841:
3840:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3824:
3817:
3816:
3809:
3808:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3784:
3772:
3771:
3764:
3763:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3739:
3732:
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3724:
3723:
3716:
3715:
3703:
3702:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3662:
3655:
3654:
3647:
3646:
3634:
3633:
3626:
3625:
3618:
3617:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3593:
3586:
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3578:
3577:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3556:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3508:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3439:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3394:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3370:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3341:
3334:
3333:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3301:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3232:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3163:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3094:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3025:
3010:
3009:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2977:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2961:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2905:
2898:
2897:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2833:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2769:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2705:
2662:
2660:Government debt
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2582:
2570:
2555:
2494:group agreed to
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2182:held by Russian
2180:financial assets
2156:living standards
2092:which benefited
1852:agrarian society
1803:economic history
1790:
1783:
1772:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1689:this article by
1680:inline citations
1659:
1658:
1651:
1640:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1534:, and increased
1488:federal subjects
1389:energy resources
1318:
1317:
1309:
1308:Foreign reserves
1241:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1187:
1174:
1173:
1162:
1161:
1150:
1135:
1134:
1126:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1092:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1002:
1000:
999:
988:
986:
985:
974:
972:
971:
960:
958:
957:
946:
944:
943:
932:
930:
929:
916:
914:
913:
902:
900:
899:
871:
870:
852:
850:
849:
838:
836:
835:
824:
822:
821:
810:
808:
807:
796:
794:
793:
782:
780:
779:
768:
766:
765:
754:
752:
751:
740:
738:
737:
724:
722:
721:
710:
708:
707:
679:
678:
631:; road and rail
565:
539:
538:
486:
485:
478:
477:
456:
455:
432:
428:
427:
416:
412:
411:
388:
384:
383:
375:
374:Gini coefficient
365:
364:
357:
343:6.9% (2024 est.)
282:55th (PPP; 2024)
259:
258:
251:
250:
228:3.2% (2024)
225:3.6% (2023)
184:$ 5.5 trillion (
183:
182:
172:$ 2.0 trillion (
171:
170:
152:late 2021 census
149:
148:
43:financial centre
31:
24:
22:
17:
22067:
22066:
22062:
22061:
22060:
22058:
22057:
22056:
22032:
22031:
22030:
22025:
22024:
22019:
22007:
21980:
21832:
21708:Solomon Islands
21603:North Macedonia
21141:
21117:Roberto Azevêdo
21095:
21022:
21015:
20944:
20908:
20872:
20867:
20837:
20832:
20804:
20772:
20763:
20744:Northern Cyprus
20730:
20723:
20465:
20460:
20430:
20425:
20409:
20367:
20361:
20347:Northern Cyprus
20329:
20323:
20239:North Macedonia
20060:
20055:
20025:
20020:
19984:
19946:
19930:
19878:
19869:
19839:
19834:
19816:
19737:
19716:
19707:2011 FTA Treaty
19680:
19649:
19599:
19582:
19561:
19541:
19481:
19401:
19375:
19370:
19340:
19335:
19324:
19316:
19309:
19302:
19295:
19288:
19281:
19270:
19261:
19254:
19247:
19240:
19233:
19226:
19219:
19212:
19205:
19198:
19191:
19184:
19177:
19170:
19163:
19156:
19149:
19142:
19135:
19128:
19121:
19114:
19107:
19100:
19093:
19086:
19079:
19072:
19065:
19058:
19051:
19044:
19037:
19030:
19023:
19016:
19005:
18998:
18991:
18984:
18977:
18970:
18963:
18956:
18949:
18942:
18935:
18928:
18921:
18914:
18907:
18900:
18892:
18885:
18878:
18871:
18864:
18857:
18846:
18841:
18811:
18806:
18793:
18786:
18773:
18732:Public holidays
18727:Political jokes
18712:Personification
18665:Names of Russia
18534:
18453:Life expectancy
18285:
18217:
18109:
17960:Law enforcement
17853:
17839:Protected areas
17736:Smolensk Upland
17731:Oka–Don Lowland
17711:European Russia
17652:
17591:
17477:Mongol invasion
17424:
17418:
17383:
17375:
17370:
17342:
17271:
17198:
17152:
17108:Moscow Exchange
17067:Account Chamber
17045:
17009:
16976:
16888:
16810:
16698:
16693:
16628:
16584:Miller, Chris.
16533:
16531:Further reading
16523:
16494:
16485:
16481:
16476:
16475:
16465:
16463:
16450:
16449:
16445:
16435:
16433:
16424:
16423:
16419:
16409:
16407:
16398:
16397:
16393:
16383:
16381:
16372:
16371:
16367:
16357:
16355:
16308:
16304:
16299:Wayback Machine
16290:
16286:
16276:
16274:
16261:
16260:
16249:
16239:
16237:
16224:
16223:
16219:
16209:
16207:
16194:
16193:
16189:
16184:Wayback Machine
16175:
16171:
16166:Wayback Machine
16157:
16150:
16140:
16138:
16121:
16117:
16107:
16105:
16101:
16094:
16090:
16089:
16085:
16075:
16073:
16056:
16055:
16051:
16041:
16039:
16022:
16021:
16017:
16007:
16005:
16001:
15995:
15980:
15972:
15968:
15958:
15956:
15917:
15916:
15909:
15899:
15897:
15888:
15887:
15883:
15873:
15871:
15858:
15857:
15853:
15843:
15841:
15836:. 19 May 2012.
15828:
15827:
15823:
15813:
15811:
15796:
15795:
15791:
15781:
15779:
15770:
15769:
15765:
15755:
15753:
15749:
15742:
15738:
15737:
15730:
15724:Wayback Machine
15713:Huffington Post
15711:
15707:
15697:
15695:
15691:
15680:
15676:Zubet, Alexei.
15674:
15670:
15660:
15658:
15654:
15647:
15643:
15642:
15638:
15628:
15626:
15617:
15616:
15609:
15595:
15593:
15578:
15577:
15573:
15560:
15558:
15541:
15537:
15527:
15525:
15512:
15511:
15507:
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15480:
15479:
15475:
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15463:
15448:
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15443:
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15303:
15301:
15292:
15291:
15287:
15277:
15275:
15262:
15261:
15257:
15247:
15245:
15244:on 25 June 2009
15234:
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15127:. 30 May 2022.
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14959:Ionin, Andrey.
14957:
14953:
14943:
14941:
14934:Military Parade
14926:
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14013:Wayback Machine
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13438:
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13433:
13423:
13421:
13416:. 26 May 2021.
13408:
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13391:
13380:www.voanews.com
13372:
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13308:
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13285:"Cops for hire"
13283:
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13238:
13236:
13235:on 4 March 2016
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12933:Wayback Machine
12924:
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12844:
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12826:
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12819:. 29 May 2020.
12809:
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12492:Energy Connects
12486:
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12207:
12205:
12190:
12189:
12185:
12175:
12173:
12168:. 28 May 2022.
12160:
12159:
12155:
12143:Financial Times
12134:
12130:
12109:
12105:
12095:
12093:
12088:. 17 May 2022.
12080:
12079:
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11991:
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11873:Wayback Machine
11864:
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11848:
11842:Wayback Machine
11833:
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11805:
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11790:
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11787:on 12 June 2018
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11241:. 2 July 2013.
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10956:
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10943:
10939:
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10934:
10924:
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10914:Huffington Post
10907:
10906:
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10853:
10831:
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10804:
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10782:. 22 May 2013.
10774:
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10695:Wayback Machine
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10596:
10586:
10584:
10583:on 15 July 2006
10575:
10574:
10570:
10560:
10558:
10549:
10548:
10544:
10534:
10532:
10531:on 19 June 2006
10525:
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10516:
10506:
10504:
10500:
10489:
10485:
10484:
10477:
10463:Wayback Machine
10454:
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10442:Wayback Machine
10433:
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10415:
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10406:Wayback Machine
10397:
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10388:Wayback Machine
10379:
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10361:
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9822:Wayback Machine
9813:
9809:
9802:
9794:. p. 222.
9781:
9777:
9762:
9742:Weber, Isabella
9739:
9735:
9725:
9723:
9714:
9713:
9709:
9699:
9697:
9684:
9683:
9672:
9662:
9660:
9653:
9645:. p. 302.
9633:
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9597:
9587:
9585:
9581:
9574:
9570:
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9523:
9519:
9503:
9499:
9484:10.2307/1879493
9466:
9465:
9461:
9426:
9403:
9399:(2020) pp 2–11.
9394:
9390:
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9378:
9367:
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9321:
9319:
9309:
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9280:
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9264:
9247:
9243:
9233:
9231:
9230:. 7 August 2024
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8636:
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8607:
8597:
8595:
8576:
8575:
8568:
8558:
8556:
8555:on 5 April 2022
8537:
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8320:
8318:
8299:Excerpted from
8298:
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8264:
8254:
8252:
8237:
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8134:Current History
8131:
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7109:
7104:Politics portal
7102:
7095:
7088:
7083:
7081:
7076:Business portal
7074:
7067:
7064:
6990:Rosneft Oil Co
6825:Rosneft Oil Co
6799:Rosneft Oil Co
6770:Date Announced
6755:
6738:
6731:
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6721:
6719:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6122:
6108:
6068:
6048:Peterhof Palace
6018:According to a
6006:Peterhof Palace
5999:
5993:
5884:
5878:
5861:
5852:
5835:
5742:
5734:Main articles:
5732:
5718:
5710:Main articles:
5708:
5583:
5578:
5566:
5508:
5502:
5469:
5461:Main articles:
5447:
5390:
5382:Main articles:
5380:
5363:
5281:
5273:Main articles:
5271:
5176:
5168:Main articles:
5166:
5029:
5011:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4974:law enforcement
4947:
4932:as part of the
4922:
4916:
4889:creditor nation
4885:
4877:
4872:
4866:
4861:
4830:
4817:
2644:Inflation rate
2628:GDP per capita
2612:GDP per capita
2593:
2586:
2583:
2574:
2571:
2562:
2556:
2452:heavy sanctions
2448:
2429:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2347:Russian bonds,
2294:
2264:. While the UN
2248:. In 2013, the
2223:Free Trade Area
2176:high oil prices
2130:
2071:
1908:
1848:five-year plans
1840:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1791:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1745:help improve it
1742:
1730:
1726:
1715:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1684:
1670:related reading
1660:
1656:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1590:service economy
1558:command economy
1554:
1546:Main articles:
1544:
1359:market-oriented
1336:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1285:
1270:
1243:
1239:
1226:
1206:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1167:trillion (2024)
1152:
1149:Government debt
1148:
1141:Public finances
1128:
1124:
1116:
1094:
1091:Current account
1090:
1083:
1061:
1051:
1039:
1037:
1025:
1023:
1011:
1009:
997:
995:
983:
981:
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953:
941:
939:
927:
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911:
909:
897:
895:
889:
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847:
845:
833:
831:
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763:
761:
749:
747:
735:
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697:
687:
580:
579:Main industries
567:
563:
550:
543:
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497:
490:
468:
449:
440:
430:
417:maximum (2022,
414:
402:
386:
377:
373:
358:
353:
346:
334:
320:
293:
286:
270:
263:
241:
234:
231:1.8 (2025)
219:
212:
191:
132:
113:
76:
66:
46:
20:
12:
11:
5:
22065:
22055:
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22044:
22027:
22026:
22021:
22020:
22004:
22003:
21996:
21989:
21986:
21985:
21982:
21981:
21979:
21978:
21973:
21968:
21963:
21958:
21953:
21948:
21943:
21938:
21933:
21928:
21923:
21918:
21913:
21908:
21903:
21898:
21893:
21888:
21883:
21878:
21873:
21871:Czech Republic
21868:
21863:
21858:
21853:
21848:
21842:
21840:
21838:European Union
21831:
21830:
21825:
21820:
21815:
21810:
21805:
21800:
21795:
21793:United Kingdom
21790:
21785:
21780:
21775:
21770:
21765:
21760:
21755:
21750:
21745:
21740:
21735:
21730:
21725:
21720:
21715:
21710:
21705:
21700:
21695:
21690:
21685:
21680:
21675:
21670:
21665:
21660:
21655:
21650:
21645:
21640:
21635:
21630:
21625:
21620:
21615:
21610:
21605:
21600:
21595:
21590:
21585:
21580:
21575:
21570:
21565:
21560:
21555:
21550:
21545:
21540:
21535:
21530:
21525:
21520:
21515:
21510:
21505:
21500:
21495:
21490:
21485:
21480:
21475:
21470:
21465:
21460:
21455:
21450:
21445:
21440:
21435:
21430:
21425:
21420:
21415:
21410:
21405:
21400:
21395:
21390:
21385:
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21375:
21370:
21365:
21360:
21355:
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21320:
21315:
21310:
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21295:
21290:
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21270:
21265:
21260:
21255:
21250:
21245:
21240:
21235:
21230:
21225:
21220:
21215:
21210:
21205:
21200:
21195:
21190:
21185:
21180:
21175:
21170:
21165:
21160:
21155:
21149:
21147:
21143:
21142:
21140:
21139:
21134:
21132:Alejandro Jara
21129:
21124:
21119:
21114:
21103:
21101:
21097:
21096:
21094:
21093:
21088:
21083:
21078:
21073:
21068:
21063:
21058:
21053:
21048:
21043:
21038:
21033:
21027:
21025:
21017:
21016:
21014:
21013:
21008:
21003:
20998:
20993:
20988:
20983:
20978:
20973:
20968:
20963:
20958:
20952:
20950:
20946:
20945:
20943:
20942:
20937:
20932:
20927:
20922:
20916:
20914:
20910:
20909:
20907:
20906:
20901:
20896:
20891:
20889:Appellate Body
20886:
20880:
20878:
20874:
20873:
20866:
20865:
20858:
20851:
20843:
20834:
20833:
20831:
20830:
20820:
20809:
20806:
20805:
20803:
20802:
20797:
20792:
20787:
20782:
20776:
20774:
20765:
20764:
20762:
20761:
20756:
20751:
20746:
20741:
20735:
20733:
20725:
20724:
20722:
20721:
20716:
20711:
20706:
20701:
20696:
20691:
20686:
20681:
20676:
20671:
20666:
20661:
20656:
20651:
20646:
20641:
20636:
20631:
20626:
20621:
20616:
20611:
20606:
20601:
20596:
20591:
20586:
20581:
20576:
20571:
20566:
20561:
20556:
20551:
20546:
20541:
20536:
20531:
20526:
20521:
20516:
20511:
20506:
20501:
20496:
20491:
20486:
20481:
20475:
20473:
20467:
20466:
20459:
20458:
20451:
20444:
20436:
20427:
20426:
20424:
20423:
20421:European Union
20417:
20415:
20414:Other entities
20411:
20410:
20408:
20407:
20402:
20397:
20392:
20387:
20382:
20377:
20371:
20369:
20368:other entities
20363:
20362:
20360:
20359:
20354:
20349:
20344:
20339:
20333:
20331:
20325:
20324:
20322:
20321:
20316:
20314:United Kingdom
20311:
20306:
20301:
20296:
20291:
20286:
20281:
20276:
20271:
20266:
20261:
20256:
20251:
20246:
20241:
20236:
20231:
20226:
20221:
20216:
20211:
20206:
20201:
20196:
20191:
20186:
20181:
20179:
20174:
20169:
20164:
20159:
20154:
20149:
20144:
20139:
20134:
20129:
20127:Czech Republic
20124:
20119:
20114:
20109:
20104:
20099:
20094:
20089:
20084:
20079:
20074:
20068:
20066:
20062:
20061:
20054:
20053:
20046:
20039:
20031:
20022:
20021:
20019:
20018:
20013:
20008:
20003:
19998:
19992:
19990:
19986:
19985:
19983:
19982:
19977:
19972:
19967:
19962:
19956:
19954:
19948:
19947:
19945:
19944:
19942:European Union
19938:
19936:
19935:Representative
19932:
19931:
19929:
19928:
19923:
19921:United Kingdom
19918:
19912:
19907:
19902:
19897:
19892:
19886:
19884:
19880:
19879:
19868:
19867:
19860:
19853:
19845:
19836:
19835:
19833:
19832:
19821:
19818:
19817:
19815:
19814:
19809:
19804:
19799:
19794:
19789:
19787:Russian Empire
19784:
19779:
19774:
19769:
19764:
19759:
19754:
19749:
19745:
19743:
19739:
19738:
19736:
19735:
19730:
19724:
19722:
19718:
19717:
19715:
19714:
19709:
19704:
19699:
19697:Economic Court
19694:
19688:
19686:
19682:
19681:
19679:
19678:
19673:
19668:
19663:
19657:
19655:
19651:
19650:
19648:
19647:
19642:
19637:
19632:
19627:
19622:
19617:
19611:
19609:
19605:
19604:
19601:
19600:
19598:
19597:
19590:
19588:
19584:
19583:
19581:
19580:
19575:
19569:
19567:
19563:
19562:
19560:
19559:
19553:
19551:
19543:
19542:
19540:
19539:
19534:
19529:
19524:
19519:
19514:
19509:
19504:
19499:
19493:
19491:
19483:
19482:
19480:
19479:
19474:
19469:
19464:
19459:
19454:
19449:
19444:
19439:
19434:
19429:
19423:
19421:
19411:
19403:
19402:
19400:
19399:
19393:
19387:
19380:
19377:
19376:
19369:
19368:
19361:
19354:
19346:
19337:
19336:
19334:
19333:
19321:
19318:
19317:
19315:
19314:
19307:
19300:
19293:
19286:
19278:
19276:
19272:
19271:
19269:
19268:
19259:
19252:
19245:
19238:
19231:
19224:
19217:
19210:
19203:
19196:
19189:
19182:
19175:
19168:
19161:
19154:
19147:
19140:
19133:
19126:
19119:
19112:
19105:
19098:
19091:
19084:
19077:
19070:
19063:
19056:
19049:
19042:
19035:
19028:
19021:
19013:
19011:
19007:
19006:
19004:
19003:
18996:
18989:
18982:
18975:
18968:
18961:
18954:
18947:
18940:
18933:
18926:
18919:
18912:
18905:
18898:
18890:
18883:
18876:
18869:
18862:
18854:
18852:
18848:
18847:
18840:
18839:
18832:
18825:
18817:
18808:
18807:
18805:
18804:
18799:
18792:
18791:
18783:
18782:
18779:
18778:
18775:
18774:
18772:
18771:
18766:
18765:
18764:
18754:
18749:
18744:
18739:
18734:
18729:
18724:
18719:
18714:
18709:
18704:
18699:
18698:
18697:
18692:
18687:
18677:
18672:
18667:
18662:
18657:
18652:
18647:
18642:
18637:
18632:
18627:
18622:
18617:
18612:
18607:
18602:
18597:
18592:
18587:
18586:
18585:
18575:
18570:
18565:
18560:
18555:
18550:
18544:
18542:
18536:
18535:
18533:
18532:
18531:
18530:
18520:
18515:
18510:
18505:
18500:
18495:
18490:
18485:
18480:
18475:
18470:
18465:
18460:
18455:
18450:
18445:
18444:
18443:
18438:
18428:
18427:
18426:
18416:
18415:
18414:
18409:
18404:
18394:
18389:
18384:
18379:
18374:
18369:
18364:
18359:
18354:
18349:
18344:
18339:
18334:
18329:
18324:
18319:
18314:
18309:
18303:
18297:
18291:
18290:
18287:
18286:
18284:
18283:
18278:
18273:
18268:
18263:
18258:
18253:
18248:
18246:Space industry
18243:
18238:
18233:
18232:
18231:
18221:
18213:
18208:
18203:
18198:
18193:
18188:
18183:
18178:
18173:
18168:
18163:
18158:
18153:
18148:
18143:
18138:
18133:
18127:
18121:
18115:
18114:
18111:
18110:
18108:
18107:
18102:
18097:
18092:
18087:
18085:Urban planning
18082:
18077:
18072:
18067:
18062:
18057:
18052:
18047:
18042:
18037:
18032:
18027:
18022:
18017:
18012:
18007:
18002:
17997:
17992:
17987:
17982:
17977:
17972:
17967:
17957:
17952:
17947:
17937:
17932:
17922:
17920:Federal budget
17917:
17912:
17907:
17902:
17897:
17892:
17887:
17882:
17877:
17871:
17865:
17859:
17858:
17855:
17854:
17852:
17851:
17846:
17841:
17836:
17831:
17829:North Caucasus
17826:
17825:
17824:
17819:
17814:
17804:
17803:
17802:
17797:
17792:
17782:
17781:
17780:
17770:
17765:
17763:Highest points
17760:
17755:
17750:
17745:
17740:
17739:
17738:
17733:
17728:
17723:
17718:
17708:
17706:Extreme points
17703:
17702:
17701:
17691:
17686:
17681:
17676:
17670:
17664:
17658:
17657:
17654:
17653:
17651:
17650:
17645:
17640:
17635:
17630:
17625:
17620:
17615:
17610:
17605:
17599:
17597:
17593:
17592:
17590:
17589:
17588:
17587:
17577:
17576:
17575:
17570:
17565:
17555:
17554:
17553:
17548:
17538:
17533:
17532:
17531:
17521:
17519:Russian Empire
17516:
17515:
17514:
17504:
17499:
17498:
17497:
17492:
17487:
17479:
17474:
17469:
17464:
17459:
17454:
17449:
17443:
17441:
17432:
17426:
17425:
17423: articles
17417:
17416:
17409:
17402:
17394:
17388:
17385:
17384:
17372:
17371:
17369:
17368:
17358:
17347:
17344:
17343:
17341:
17340:
17335:
17333:Shadow economy
17330:
17325:
17320:
17315:
17310:
17305:
17300:
17295:
17285:
17279:
17277:
17273:
17272:
17270:
17269:
17264:
17259:
17254:
17249:
17244:
17239:
17234:
17229:
17224:
17222:North Caucasus
17219:
17214:
17208:
17206:
17200:
17199:
17197:
17196:
17191:
17186:
17181:
17176:
17171:
17166:
17160:
17158:
17154:
17153:
17151:
17150:
17145:
17140:
17135:
17130:
17125:
17120:
17115:
17110:
17105:
17100:
17098:Federal budget
17095:
17087:
17080:
17069:
17064:
17053:
17051:
17047:
17046:
17044:
17043:
17038:
17036:Music industry
17033:
17028:
17023:
17017:
17015:
17011:
17010:
17008:
17007:
17006:
17005:
17000:
16990:
16984:
16982:
16981:Infrastructure
16978:
16977:
16975:
16974:
16969:
16968:
16967:
16957:
16952:
16947:
16942:
16937:
16936:
16935:
16930:
16928:Space industry
16925:
16920:
16915:
16910:
16905:
16896:
16894:
16890:
16889:
16887:
16886:
16881:
16876:
16871:
16866:
16865:
16864:
16859:
16854:
16849:
16844:
16839:
16834:
16824:
16818:
16816:
16812:
16811:
16809:
16808:
16807:
16806:
16796:
16791:
16786:
16781:
16776:
16770:
16765:
16760:
16754:
16753:
16752:
16747:
16742:
16734:
16729:
16724:
16719:
16714:
16708:
16706:
16700:
16699:
16692:
16691:
16684:
16677:
16669:
16663:
16662:
16660:The World Bank
16656:Russia profile
16653:
16647:Russia profile
16644:
16639:
16634:
16627:
16626:External links
16624:
16623:
16622:
16615:
16607:Gabriel Zucman
16603:Thomas Piketty
16599:
16592:
16582:
16575:
16565:
16555:
16545:
16532:
16529:
16528:
16527:
16521:
16506:
16480:
16477:
16474:
16473:
16443:
16417:
16391:
16365:
16322:(4): 354–384.
16302:
16284:
16247:
16217:
16187:
16169:
16148:
16133:(in Russian).
16115:
16083:
16064:(in Russian).
16049:
16030:(in Russian).
16028:tourism.gov.ru
16015:
15993:
15966:
15907:
15881:
15851:
15821:
15789:
15763:
15752:on 14 May 2012
15728:
15705:
15668:
15636:
15607:
15571:
15535:
15505:
15473:
15441:
15411:
15379:
15347:
15311:
15285:
15255:
15228:
15202:
15168:
15142:
15112:
15086:
15060:
15034:
15002:
14976:
14951:
14920:
14884:
14851:
14815:
14782:
14749:
14713:
14696:Bloomberg L.P.
14681:
14663:The World Bank
14649:
14610:
14584:
14552:
14520:
14488:
14456:
14424:
14392:
14360:
14328:
14296:
14279:
14247:
14215:
14183:
14151:
14119:
14087:
14055:
14023:
13998:
13972:
13946:
13920:
13890:
13864:
13834:
13808:
13791:neftegazru.com
13778:
13748:
13730:
13712:
13682:
13643:(4): 413–421.
13620:
13586:
13546:
13524:
13497:
13461:
13431:
13401:
13366:
13339:
13306:
13276:
13246:
13213:
13183:
13164:(in Russian).
13148:
13122:
13092:
13066:
13040:
13014:
12988:
12962:
12936:
12918:
12892:
12863:
12837:
12802:
12772:
12746:
12720:
12694:
12664:
12638:
12619:
12588:
12558:
12527:
12501:
12479:
12448:
12426:
12397:
12367:
12337:
12307:
12277:
12247:
12215:
12200:. 7 May 2022.
12183:
12153:
12128:
12103:
12073:
12047:
12017:
11999:
11969:
11943:
11907:
11877:
11858:
11846:
11824:
11798:
11768:
11737:
11705:
11674:
11648:
11633:. 7 May 2014.
11622:
11592:
11561:
11527:
11497:
11480:Bank of Russia
11467:
11437:
11404:
11378:
11360:
11334:
11308:
11282:
11271:on 2 July 2014
11256:
11230:
11197:
11168:
11139:
11108:
11078:
11049:
11019:
10964:
10932:
10900:
10874:
10858:
10851:
10825:
10797:
10767:
10735:
10702:
10680:
10654:
10620:
10594:
10568:
10542:
10514:
10496:. April 2013.
10475:
10445:
10427:
10409:
10391:
10373:
10355:
10329:
10303:
10277:
10251:
10225:
10205:
10179:
10153:
10147:978-0197549247
10146:
10132:. p. 31.
10113:
10083:
10072:on 1 June 2010
10052:
10029:
10005:
9990:
9963:
9945:978-0822369493
9944:
9917:
9907:978-0197549247
9906:
9873:
9833:
9807:
9801:978-0691165028
9800:
9775:
9760:
9733:
9707:
9670:
9652:978-0226818399
9651:
9627:
9595:
9560:
9542:978-1108435055
9541:
9517:
9497:
9459:
9401:
9388:
9361:
9329:
9303:
9274:
9241:
9215:
9189:
9162:
9149:10.1086/684844
9121:
9074:
9033:
8990:
8960:
8929:
8904:
8877:
8846:
8821:
8790:
8765:
8735:
8683:
8644:
8605:
8566:
8527:
8505:
8476:
8437:
8394:
8367:
8332:
8292:
8262:
8231:
8200:
8085:
8053:
8028:
7998:
7968:
7938:
7908:
7878:
7847:
7817:
7777:
7738:
7713:
7682:
7657:
7626:
7591:
7576:. World Bank.
7565:
7532:
7498:
7461:
7446:. World Bank.
7431:
7416:. World Bank.
7401:
7372:
7337:
7296:
7262:
7232:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7165:
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20597:
20595:
20592:
20590:
20587:
20585:
20582:
20580:
20577:
20575:
20572:
20570:
20567:
20565:
20562:
20560:
20557:
20555:
20552:
20550:
20547:
20545:
20542:
20540:
20537:
20535:
20532:
20530:
20527:
20525:
20522:
20520:
20517:
20515:
20512:
20510:
20507:
20505:
20502:
20500:
20497:
20495:
20492:
20490:
20487:
20485:
20482:
20480:
20477:
20476:
20474:
20472:
20468:
20464:
20457:
20452:
20450:
20445:
20443:
20438:
20437:
20434:
20422:
20419:
20418:
20416:
20412:
20406:
20403:
20401:
20398:
20396:
20393:
20391:
20388:
20386:
20383:
20381:
20380:Faroe Islands
20378:
20376:
20373:
20372:
20370:
20364:
20358:
20355:
20353:
20352:South Ossetia
20350:
20348:
20345:
20343:
20340:
20338:
20335:
20334:
20332:
20326:
20320:
20317:
20315:
20312:
20310:
20307:
20305:
20302:
20300:
20297:
20295:
20292:
20290:
20287:
20285:
20282:
20280:
20277:
20275:
20272:
20270:
20267:
20265:
20262:
20260:
20257:
20255:
20252:
20250:
20247:
20245:
20242:
20240:
20237:
20235:
20232:
20230:
20227:
20225:
20222:
20220:
20217:
20215:
20212:
20210:
20207:
20205:
20202:
20200:
20199:Liechtenstein
20197:
20195:
20192:
20190:
20187:
20185:
20182:
20180:
20178:
20175:
20173:
20170:
20168:
20165:
20163:
20160:
20158:
20155:
20153:
20150:
20148:
20145:
20143:
20140:
20138:
20135:
20133:
20130:
20128:
20125:
20123:
20120:
20118:
20115:
20113:
20110:
20108:
20105:
20103:
20100:
20098:
20095:
20093:
20090:
20088:
20085:
20083:
20080:
20078:
20075:
20073:
20070:
20069:
20067:
20063:
20059:
20052:
20047:
20045:
20040:
20038:
20033:
20032:
20029:
20017:
20014:
20012:
20009:
20007:
20004:
20002:
19999:
19997:
19994:
19993:
19991:
19987:
19981:
19978:
19976:
19973:
19971:
19968:
19966:
19963:
19961:
19958:
19957:
19955:
19953:
19949:
19943:
19940:
19939:
19937:
19933:
19927:
19926:United States
19924:
19922:
19919:
19916:
19913:
19911:
19908:
19906:
19903:
19901:
19898:
19896:
19893:
19891:
19888:
19887:
19885:
19881:
19877:
19873:
19866:
19861:
19859:
19854:
19852:
19847:
19846:
19843:
19831:
19823:
19822:
19819:
19813:
19810:
19808:
19805:
19803:
19800:
19798:
19795:
19793:
19790:
19788:
19785:
19783:
19780:
19778:
19775:
19773:
19770:
19768:
19765:
19763:
19760:
19758:
19755:
19753:
19750:
19747:
19746:
19744:
19740:
19734:
19731:
19729:
19726:
19725:
19723:
19719:
19713:
19710:
19708:
19705:
19703:
19700:
19698:
19695:
19693:
19690:
19689:
19687:
19683:
19677:
19674:
19672:
19669:
19667:
19664:
19662:
19659:
19658:
19656:
19652:
19646:
19643:
19641:
19638:
19636:
19633:
19631:
19628:
19626:
19623:
19621:
19618:
19616:
19613:
19612:
19610:
19606:
19595:
19592:
19591:
19589:
19585:
19579:
19576:
19574:
19571:
19570:
19568:
19564:
19558:
19555:
19554:
19552:
19549:
19544:
19538:
19535:
19533:
19530:
19528:
19525:
19523:
19520:
19518:
19515:
19513:
19510:
19508:
19505:
19503:
19500:
19498:
19495:
19494:
19492:
19489:
19484:
19478:
19475:
19473:
19470:
19468:
19465:
19463:
19460:
19458:
19455:
19453:
19450:
19448:
19445:
19443:
19440:
19438:
19435:
19433:
19430:
19428:
19425:
19424:
19422:
19419:
19415:
19412:
19409:
19404:
19397:
19394:
19391:
19388:
19385:
19382:
19381:
19378:
19374:
19367:
19362:
19360:
19355:
19353:
19348:
19347:
19344:
19329:
19323:
19322:
19319:
19312:
19308:
19305:
19301:
19298:
19294:
19291:
19287:
19284:
19280:
19279:
19277:
19273:
19266:
19265:
19260:
19257:
19253:
19250:
19246:
19243:
19239:
19236:
19232:
19229:
19225:
19222:
19218:
19215:
19211:
19208:
19204:
19201:
19197:
19194:
19190:
19187:
19183:
19180:
19176:
19173:
19169:
19166:
19162:
19159:
19155:
19152:
19148:
19145:
19141:
19138:
19134:
19131:
19127:
19124:
19120:
19117:
19113:
19110:
19106:
19103:
19099:
19096:
19092:
19089:
19085:
19082:
19078:
19075:
19071:
19068:
19064:
19061:
19057:
19054:
19050:
19047:
19043:
19040:
19036:
19033:
19029:
19026:
19022:
19019:
19015:
19014:
19012:
19008:
19001:
18997:
18994:
18993:United States
18990:
18987:
18983:
18980:
18976:
18973:
18969:
18966:
18962:
18959:
18955:
18952:
18948:
18945:
18941:
18938:
18934:
18931:
18927:
18924:
18920:
18917:
18913:
18910:
18906:
18903:
18899:
18895:
18891:
18888:
18884:
18881:
18877:
18874:
18870:
18867:
18863:
18860:
18856:
18855:
18853:
18849:
18845:
18838:
18833:
18831:
18826:
18824:
18819:
18818:
18815:
18803:
18800:
18798:
18795:
18794:
18789:
18785:
18784:
18780:
18770:
18767:
18763:
18760:
18759:
18758:
18755:
18753:
18752:Seven Wonders
18750:
18748:
18745:
18743:
18740:
18738:
18735:
18733:
18730:
18728:
18725:
18723:
18720:
18718:
18717:Playing cards
18715:
18713:
18710:
18708:
18705:
18703:
18700:
18696:
18693:
18691:
18688:
18686:
18683:
18682:
18681:
18678:
18676:
18673:
18671:
18668:
18666:
18663:
18661:
18658:
18656:
18653:
18651:
18648:
18646:
18643:
18641:
18638:
18636:
18633:
18631:
18628:
18626:
18623:
18621:
18618:
18616:
18613:
18611:
18608:
18606:
18603:
18601:
18598:
18596:
18593:
18591:
18588:
18584:
18581:
18580:
18579:
18576:
18574:
18571:
18569:
18566:
18564:
18561:
18559:
18556:
18554:
18551:
18549:
18546:
18545:
18543:
18541:
18537:
18529:
18526:
18525:
18524:
18521:
18519:
18516:
18514:
18511:
18509:
18506:
18504:
18501:
18499:
18496:
18494:
18491:
18489:
18486:
18484:
18481:
18479:
18476:
18474:
18471:
18469:
18466:
18464:
18461:
18459:
18456:
18454:
18451:
18449:
18446:
18442:
18439:
18437:
18434:
18433:
18432:
18429:
18425:
18422:
18421:
18420:
18417:
18413:
18412:Mental health
18410:
18408:
18405:
18403:
18400:
18399:
18398:
18395:
18393:
18390:
18388:
18385:
18383:
18380:
18378:
18375:
18373:
18372:Ethnic groups
18370:
18368:
18365:
18363:
18360:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18333:
18330:
18328:
18325:
18323:
18320:
18318:
18315:
18313:
18310:
18308:
18305:
18304:
18301:
18298:
18296:
18292:
18282:
18279:
18277:
18274:
18272:
18269:
18267:
18264:
18262:
18259:
18257:
18254:
18252:
18249:
18247:
18244:
18242:
18239:
18237:
18234:
18230:
18227:
18226:
18225:
18222:
18220:
18214:
18212:
18209:
18207:
18204:
18202:
18199:
18197:
18194:
18192:
18189:
18187:
18184:
18182:
18179:
18177:
18174:
18172:
18169:
18167:
18164:
18162:
18159:
18157:
18154:
18152:
18149:
18147:
18144:
18142:
18139:
18137:
18134:
18132:
18129:
18128:
18125:
18122:
18120:
18116:
18106:
18103:
18101:
18098:
18096:
18093:
18091:
18088:
18086:
18083:
18081:
18078:
18076:
18075:Civil defense
18073:
18071:
18068:
18066:
18063:
18061:
18058:
18056:
18053:
18051:
18048:
18046:
18043:
18041:
18038:
18036:
18033:
18031:
18028:
18026:
18023:
18021:
18020:Media freedom
18018:
18016:
18013:
18011:
18008:
18006:
18003:
18001:
17998:
17996:
17993:
17991:
17988:
17986:
17983:
17981:
17978:
17976:
17973:
17971:
17968:
17965:
17961:
17958:
17956:
17953:
17951:
17948:
17945:
17941:
17938:
17936:
17933:
17930:
17926:
17923:
17921:
17918:
17916:
17913:
17911:
17908:
17906:
17905:Criminal code
17903:
17901:
17898:
17896:
17893:
17891:
17888:
17886:
17885:Civil Service
17883:
17881:
17878:
17876:
17873:
17872:
17869:
17866:
17864:
17860:
17850:
17847:
17845:
17842:
17840:
17837:
17835:
17832:
17830:
17827:
17823:
17820:
17818:
17815:
17813:
17810:
17809:
17808:
17805:
17801:
17798:
17796:
17793:
17791:
17788:
17787:
17786:
17783:
17779:
17776:
17775:
17774:
17771:
17769:
17766:
17764:
17761:
17759:
17756:
17754:
17751:
17749:
17746:
17744:
17741:
17737:
17734:
17732:
17729:
17727:
17724:
17722:
17719:
17717:
17714:
17713:
17712:
17709:
17707:
17704:
17700:
17697:
17696:
17695:
17692:
17690:
17687:
17685:
17682:
17680:
17677:
17675:
17672:
17671:
17668:
17665:
17663:
17659:
17649:
17646:
17644:
17641:
17639:
17636:
17634:
17631:
17629:
17626:
17624:
17621:
17619:
17616:
17614:
17611:
17609:
17606:
17604:
17601:
17600:
17598:
17594:
17586:
17583:
17582:
17581:
17578:
17574:
17571:
17569:
17566:
17564:
17561:
17560:
17559:
17556:
17552:
17549:
17547:
17546:Russian state
17544:
17543:
17542:
17539:
17537:
17534:
17530:
17527:
17526:
17525:
17522:
17520:
17517:
17513:
17510:
17509:
17508:
17505:
17503:
17500:
17496:
17493:
17491:
17488:
17486:
17483:
17482:
17480:
17478:
17475:
17473:
17470:
17468:
17465:
17463:
17460:
17458:
17455:
17453:
17450:
17448:
17445:
17444:
17442:
17440:
17436:
17433:
17431:
17427:
17422:
17415:
17410:
17408:
17403:
17401:
17396:
17395:
17392:
17386:
17379:
17367:
17359:
17357:
17349:
17348:
17345:
17339:
17336:
17334:
17331:
17329:
17326:
17324:
17321:
17319:
17316:
17314:
17311:
17309:
17306:
17304:
17301:
17299:
17296:
17293:
17289:
17286:
17284:
17281:
17280:
17278:
17274:
17268:
17265:
17263:
17260:
17258:
17255:
17253:
17250:
17248:
17245:
17243:
17240:
17238:
17237:East Siberian
17235:
17233:
17232:West Siberian
17230:
17228:
17225:
17223:
17220:
17218:
17215:
17213:
17210:
17209:
17207:
17205:
17201:
17195:
17192:
17190:
17187:
17185:
17182:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17161:
17159:
17155:
17149:
17146:
17144:
17143:Excise stamps
17141:
17139:
17136:
17134:
17131:
17129:
17126:
17124:
17121:
17119:
17116:
17114:
17111:
17109:
17106:
17104:
17101:
17099:
17096:
17092:
17088:
17085:
17081:
17078:
17073:
17070:
17068:
17065:
17062:
17061:Digital ruble
17058:
17057:Russian ruble
17055:
17054:
17052:
17048:
17042:
17039:
17037:
17034:
17032:
17029:
17027:
17024:
17022:
17019:
17018:
17016:
17012:
17004:
17001:
16999:
16996:
16995:
16994:
16991:
16989:
16986:
16985:
16983:
16979:
16973:
16970:
16966:
16965:Pipe Industry
16963:
16962:
16961:
16958:
16956:
16953:
16951:
16948:
16946:
16943:
16941:
16940:Food industry
16938:
16934:
16931:
16929:
16926:
16924:
16921:
16919:
16916:
16914:
16911:
16909:
16906:
16904:
16901:
16900:
16898:
16897:
16895:
16891:
16885:
16882:
16880:
16877:
16875:
16872:
16870:
16867:
16863:
16860:
16858:
16855:
16853:
16852:Nuclear power
16850:
16848:
16845:
16843:
16840:
16838:
16835:
16833:
16830:
16829:
16828:
16825:
16823:
16820:
16819:
16817:
16813:
16805:
16802:
16801:
16800:
16797:
16795:
16792:
16790:
16787:
16785:
16782:
16780:
16777:
16774:
16771:
16769:
16766:
16764:
16761:
16759:
16755:
16751:
16748:
16746:
16743:
16741:
16738:
16737:
16735:
16733:
16732:Privatization
16730:
16728:
16725:
16723:
16720:
16718:
16715:
16713:
16710:
16709:
16707:
16705:
16701:
16697:
16690:
16685:
16683:
16678:
16676:
16671:
16670:
16667:
16661:
16657:
16654:
16652:
16648:
16645:
16643:
16640:
16638:
16635:
16633:
16630:
16629:
16620:
16616:
16614:
16613:
16608:
16604:
16600:
16597:
16593:
16591:
16587:
16583:
16580:
16576:
16574:
16570:
16566:
16564:
16560:
16556:
16554:
16550:
16546:
16543:
16539:
16535:
16534:
16524:
16518:
16514:
16513:
16507:
16503:
16499:
16498:
16492:
16491:public domain
16483:
16482:
16461:
16457:
16453:
16447:
16431:
16427:
16421:
16405:
16401:
16395:
16379:
16375:
16369:
16353:
16349:
16345:
16340:
16339:11250/2712033
16335:
16330:
16325:
16321:
16317:
16313:
16306:
16300:
16296:
16293:
16288:
16272:
16268:
16264:
16258:
16256:
16254:
16252:
16235:
16231:
16227:
16221:
16205:
16201:
16197:
16191:
16185:
16181:
16178:
16173:
16167:
16163:
16160:
16155:
16153:
16136:
16132:
16131:
16126:
16119:
16100:
16093:
16087:
16071:
16067:
16063:
16059:
16053:
16037:
16033:
16029:
16025:
16019:
16000:
15996:
15990:
15986:
15979:
15978:
15970:
15954:
15950:
15946:
15942:
15938:
15934:
15930:
15926:
15921:
15914:
15912:
15895:
15891:
15885:
15870:on 6 May 2015
15869:
15865:
15861:
15855:
15839:
15835:
15834:The Economist
15831:
15825:
15809:
15805:
15804:
15799:
15793:
15777:
15773:
15767:
15748:
15741:
15735:
15733:
15725:
15721:
15718:
15714:
15709:
15690:
15686:
15679:
15672:
15653:
15646:
15640:
15624:
15620:
15614:
15612:
15604:
15591:
15587:
15586:
15581:
15575:
15568:
15556:
15552:
15551:
15546:
15539:
15523:
15519:
15515:
15509:
15493:
15489:
15488:
15483:
15477:
15461:
15457:
15456:
15451:
15445:
15429:
15425:
15421:
15415:
15399:
15395:
15394:
15389:
15383:
15367:
15363:
15362:
15357:
15351:
15332:
15328:
15321:
15315:
15299:
15295:
15289:
15273:
15269:
15265:
15259:
15243:
15239:
15232:
15216:
15212:
15206:
15199:
15187:
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15179:
15172:
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15090:
15074:
15070:
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15022:
15018:
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15006:
14990:
14986:
14980:
14972:
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14962:
14955:
14939:
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14931:
14924:
14905:
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14894:
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14868:
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14832:
14831:
14826:
14819:
14803:
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14765:
14760:
14753:
14746:
14734:
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14724:
14717:
14701:
14698:
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14685:
14669:
14665:
14664:
14659:
14653:
14637:
14633:
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14627:
14621:
14619:
14617:
14615:
14598:
14594:
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14562:
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14537:
14530:
14524:
14505:
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14492:
14473:
14466:
14460:
14441:
14434:
14428:
14409:
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14396:
14377:
14370:
14364:
14345:
14338:
14332:
14313:
14306:
14300:
14289:
14283:
14264:
14257:
14251:
14232:
14225:
14219:
14200:
14193:
14187:
14168:
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14155:
14136:
14129:
14123:
14104:
14097:
14091:
14072:
14065:
14059:
14040:
14033:
14027:
14020:
14019:
14014:
14010:
14007:
14002:
13986:
13982:
13976:
13960:
13956:
13950:
13934:
13930:
13924:
13908:
13904:
13903:Радио Свобода
13900:
13894:
13878:
13874:
13868:
13852:
13848:
13844:
13838:
13822:
13818:
13812:
13796:
13792:
13788:
13782:
13766:
13762:
13758:
13752:
13746:
13742:
13739:
13734:
13728:
13724:
13721:
13716:
13700:
13696:
13692:
13686:
13678:
13674:
13669:
13668:11250/3106595
13664:
13659:
13654:
13650:
13646:
13642:
13638:
13637:Nature Energy
13634:
13627:
13625:
13608:
13604:
13600:
13596:
13590:
13583:
13581:
13567:
13563:
13562:
13557:
13550:
13531:
13527:
13521:
13518:. p. 3.
13517:
13514:. Abu Dhabi:
13510:
13509:
13501:
13485:
13481:
13477:
13476:
13471:
13465:
13449:
13445:
13441:
13435:
13419:
13415:
13411:
13405:
13389:
13385:
13381:
13377:
13370:
13354:
13350:
13343:
13324:
13317:
13310:
13294:
13290:
13289:The Economist
13286:
13280:
13264:
13260:
13256:
13250:
13231:
13224:
13217:
13201:
13198:. June 2020.
13197:
13196:GAN Integrity
13193:
13187:
13171:
13167:
13163:
13159:
13152:
13136:
13132:
13126:
13110:
13106:
13102:
13096:
13080:
13076:
13070:
13054:
13050:
13044:
13028:
13024:
13018:
13002:
12998:
12992:
12976:
12972:
12966:
12950:
12946:
12940:
12934:
12930:
12927:
12922:
12906:
12902:
12896:
12880:
12876:
12870:
12868:
12851:
12847:
12841:
12834:
12822:
12818:
12817:
12812:
12806:
12790:
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12782:
12776:
12760:
12756:
12750:
12734:
12730:
12724:
12716:
12712:
12708:
12701:
12699:
12682:
12678:
12674:
12668:
12652:
12648:
12642:
12634:
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12623:
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12599:
12592:
12576:
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12568:
12562:
12546:
12542:
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12505:
12497:
12493:
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12467:
12463:
12459:
12452:
12444:
12440:
12436:
12430:
12414:
12410:
12404:
12402:
12385:
12381:
12380:The Economist
12377:
12371:
12355:
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12347:
12341:
12325:
12321:
12317:
12311:
12295:
12291:
12287:
12281:
12265:
12261:
12257:
12251:
12235:
12231:
12230:
12225:
12219:
12203:
12199:
12198:
12193:
12187:
12171:
12167:
12166:Ground Report
12163:
12157:
12149:
12145:
12144:
12139:
12132:
12124:
12120:
12119:
12114:
12107:
12091:
12087:
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12077:
12061:
12057:
12051:
12035:
12031:
12027:
12021:
12013:
12009:
12003:
11987:
11983:
11979:
11973:
11957:
11953:
11947:
11928:
11924:
11917:
11911:
11895:
11891:
11887:
11881:
11874:
11870:
11867:
11862:
11855:
11850:
11843:
11839:
11836:
11831:
11829:
11812:
11808:
11802:
11786:
11782:
11778:
11772:
11756:
11752:
11751:Bloomberg.com
11748:
11741:
11725:
11721:
11717:
11709:
11693:
11689:
11685:
11678:
11662:
11658:
11652:
11636:
11632:
11626:
11610:
11606:
11602:
11596:
11580:
11576:
11575:Bloomberg.com
11572:
11565:
11549:
11545:
11544:
11539:
11531:
11515:
11511:
11507:
11501:
11485:
11481:
11477:
11471:
11455:
11451:
11447:
11441:
11425:
11421:
11420:
11415:
11408:
11392:
11388:
11382:
11376:
11372:
11369:
11364:
11348:
11344:
11338:
11322:
11319:. July 2016.
11318:
11312:
11296:
11292:
11286:
11270:
11266:
11260:
11244:
11240:
11234:
11218:
11214:
11210:
11204:
11202:
11185:
11181:
11175:
11173:
11156:
11152:
11146:
11144:
11127:
11123:
11119:
11112:
11096:
11092:
11088:
11082:
11066:
11062:
11056:
11054:
11037:
11033:
11029:
11023:
11007:
11003:
10999:
10983:
10979:
10975:
10968:
10949:
10942:
10936:
10920:
10916:
10915:
10910:
10904:
10888:
10884:
10878:
10871:
10870:Richard Sakwa
10867:
10862:
10854:
10852:9780881324976
10848:
10844:
10839:
10838:
10829:
10813:
10809:
10801:
10785:
10781:
10777:
10771:
10755:
10751:
10750:
10745:
10739:
10720:
10713:
10706:
10699:
10696:
10692:
10689:
10684:
10668:
10664:
10658:
10642:
10638:
10634:
10630:
10624:
10608:
10604:
10598:
10582:
10578:
10572:
10556:
10552:
10546:
10530:
10526:
10518:
10499:
10495:
10488:
10482:
10480:
10472:
10468:
10467:Anders Aslund
10464:
10460:
10457:
10452:
10450:
10443:
10439:
10436:
10431:
10425:
10421:
10418:
10413:
10407:
10403:
10400:
10395:
10389:
10385:
10382:
10377:
10371:
10367:
10364:
10359:
10343:
10339:
10333:
10317:
10313:
10307:
10291:
10287:
10281:
10265:
10261:
10255:
10239:
10235:
10229:
10223:
10219:
10216:
10209:
10193:
10189:
10183:
10167:
10163:
10157:
10149:
10143:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10117:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10087:
10071:
10067:
10063:
10056:
10048:
10044:
10040:
10033:
10022:
10015:
10009:
10001:
9997:
9993:
9987:
9984:. p. 2.
9983:
9979:
9978:
9970:
9968:
9951:
9947:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9932:
9927:
9921:
9914:
9909:
9903:
9899:
9895:
9891:
9887:
9883:
9877:
9869:
9865:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9849:
9848:
9843:
9837:
9830:
9828:
9823:
9819:
9816:
9811:
9803:
9797:
9793:
9789:
9785:
9779:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9757:
9754:. p. 5.
9753:
9749:
9748:
9743:
9737:
9721:
9717:
9711:
9695:
9691:
9687:
9681:
9679:
9677:
9675:
9658:
9654:
9648:
9644:
9640:
9639:
9631:
9615:
9611:
9610:
9605:
9599:
9580:
9573:
9567:
9565:
9548:
9544:
9538:
9535:. p. 3.
9534:
9530:
9529:
9521:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9501:
9493:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9473:
9469:
9463:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9443:
9440:(1): 47–114.
9439:
9435:
9431:
9424:
9422:
9420:
9418:
9416:
9414:
9412:
9410:
9408:
9406:
9398:
9392:
9376:
9372:
9365:
9350:
9346:
9345:
9340:
9333:
9318:
9314:
9307:
9300:
9289:
9285:
9278:
9262:
9258:
9257:
9252:
9245:
9229:
9225:
9219:
9211:
9207:
9200:
9193:
9185:
9181:
9177:
9173:
9166:
9158:
9154:
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9138:
9134:
9133:
9125:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9078:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9045:
9037:
9018:
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9010:
9009:
9001:
8994:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8964:
8949:
8945:
8944:
8939:
8933:
8918:
8914:
8908:
8893:
8892:
8887:
8881:
8874:
8863:
8861:
8856:
8850:
8835:
8831:
8825:
8818:
8807:. 3 July 2024
8806:
8805:
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8783:
8776:
8769:
8753:
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8713:
8709:
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8701:
8697:
8690:
8688:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8662:
8657:
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8649:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8623:
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8584:
8579:
8573:
8571:
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8490:
8483:
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8464:
8460:
8456:
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8450:
8444:
8442:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8407:
8401:
8399:
8391:
8387:
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8380:
8374:
8372:
8355:
8351:
8350:
8345:
8339:
8337:
8329:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8296:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8266:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8235:
8220:
8216:
8215:
8210:
8204:
8197:
8193:
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8161:
8157:
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8147:
8143:
8139:
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8116:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8096:
8089:
8082:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8057:
8042:
8038:
8032:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8002:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7972:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7942:
7926:
7922:
7921:Bloomberg.com
7918:
7912:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7882:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7851:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7821:
7806:
7802:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7790:
7788:
7786:
7784:
7782:
7762:
7758:
7751:
7750:"UNCTAD 2022"
7745:
7743:
7727:
7723:
7717:
7702:
7698:
7697:
7692:
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7671:
7667:
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7636:
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7605:
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7520:
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7508:
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7486:
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7405:
7389:
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7368:
7364:
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7309:
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7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
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7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7119:
7118:Russia portal
7108:
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7051:
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7034:
7031:
7028:
7027:
7023:
7020:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7003:30 June 2010
7002:
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6998:
6995:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6983:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6972:
6969:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6957:
6955:Shareholders
6954:
6952:27 July 2007
6951:
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6940:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6920:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6908:
6905:
6903:Shareholders
6902:
6899:
6898:
6894:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6868:
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6853:
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6839:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6822:24 July 2012
6821:
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6807:
6804:
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6798:
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6694:
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6671:
6668:
6667:
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6658:United States
6657:
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6409:
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6398:
6396:United States
6395:
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6148:
6145:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6112:
6103:
6101:
6100:single market
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6052:Kazan Kremlin
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6030:
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6014:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5988:
5986:
5985:Odnoklassniki
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5965:Kaspersky Lab
5962:
5958:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5909:
5904:
5900:
5898:
5888:
5883:
5873:
5869:
5867:
5856:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5784:third-longest
5781:
5777:
5770:
5766:
5765:Russky Bridge
5761:
5755:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5737:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5594:
5589:
5573:
5571:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5497:
5495:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5464:
5456:
5451:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5423:
5415:
5410:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5385:
5372:
5367:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5294:
5293:Rostov Oblast
5290:
5285:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5175:
5171:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5099:coal reserves
5096:
5092:
5087:
5085:
5084:hard currency
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5066:and the vast
5065:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5010:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4955:
4951:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4875:Fiscal policy
4871:
4859:Public policy
4856:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4835:
4834:Russian ruble
4825:
4822:
4802:
4794:
4786:
4778:
4770:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4733:
4725:
4717:
4709:
4701:
4693:
4685:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4664:
4656:
4648:
4640:
4632:
4624:
4616:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4547:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4526:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4457:
4449:
4441:
4433:
4425:
4417:
4409:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4388:
4380:
4372:
4364:
4356:
4348:
4340:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4319:
4311:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4250:
4242:
4234:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4181:
4173:
4165:
4157:
4149:
4141:
4133:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3836:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3698:
3690:
3682:
3674:
3666:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3629:
3621:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3560:
3552:
3544:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2655:(in Per cent)
2652:Unemployment
2651:
2649:
2647:(in Per cent)
2643:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2615:(in US$ PPP)
2611:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:The Economist
2499:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2424:
2421:
2418:In 2019, the
2416:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2314:War in Donbas
2311:
2303:
2300:Countries by
2298:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2272:' countries.
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:common market
2208:
2204:
2200:
2199:Customs Union
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2003:
2002:privatization
1997:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:Larry Summers
1978:
1974:
1973:shock therapy
1970:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:privatization
1956:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1789:
1786:
1771:
1768:
1760:
1757:February 2024
1750:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1734:This article
1732:
1723:
1722:
1713:
1710:
1702:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:manufacturing
1567:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1515:Western world
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1378:exchange rate
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:Credit rating
1235:
1219:
1215:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1181:
1169:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1130:
1127:
1125:external debt
1119:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1036:
1033:
1022:
1019:
1008:
1005:
994:
991:
980:
977:
966:
963:
952:
949:
938:
935:
924:
919:
908:
907:
905:
894:
893:
891:
885:
881:
875:
866:
862:
855:
844:
841:
840:United States
830:
827:
816:
813:
802:
799:
788:
785:
774:
771:
760:
757:
746:
743:
732:
727:
716:
715:
713:
702:
701:
699:
693:
689:
683:
674:
670:
665:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
576:
572:
569:
566:
559:
555:
552:
546:
534:
533:
531:
527:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
501:
499:
493:
481:
473:
472:
470:
464:
460:
451:
448:
443:
436:
423:
420:
407:
406:
404:
401:
396:
392:
379:
376:
369:
360:
356:
349:
342:
339:
338:
336:
332:
328:
323:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
297:
295:
292:GDP by sector
289:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
272:
266:
254:
246:
245:
243:
237:
230:
227:
224:
223:
221:
215:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
198:
194:
187:
178:
175:
166:
165:
163:
161:
157:
153:
150:147,190,000 (
144:
140:
135:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
115:
112:Country group
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
72:
69:Calendar year
68:
65:
60:
56:
55:Russian ruble
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
16:
22006:
22005:
21713:South Africa
21698:Sierra Leone
21683:Saudi Arabia
21652:
21238:Burkina Faso
21011:Bali Package
20940:Peace Clause
20769:Dependencies
20699:Turkmenistan
20664:Saudi Arabia
20658:
20357:Transnistria
20319:Vatican City
20263:
19980:South Africa
19792:Soviet Union
19721:Organization
19557:Turkmenistan
19467:Turkmenistan
19408:Participants
19262:
18690:Coat of arms
18650:Martial arts
18558:Army culture
18548:Architecture
18518:Witch trials
18473:Prostitution
18419:Human rights
18352:Demographics
18266:Trade unions
18236:Shipbuilding
18196:Homelessness
18156:Central Bank
18151:Car industry
18118:
17990:Conservatism
17900:Constitution
17895:Conscription
17568:Eastern Bloc
17558:Soviet Union
17551:Russian SFSR
17481:Feudal Rus'
17308:Homelessness
17298:Trade unions
17247:Northwestern
17242:Volga-Vyatka
17148:Billionaires
17133:Stock market
16923:Shipbuilding
16899:Engineering
16857:Oil reserves
16727:Soviet Union
16695:
16618:
16610:
16595:
16594:Moser, Nat.
16585:
16578:
16568:
16558:
16548:
16537:
16511:
16496:
16464:. Retrieved
16455:
16446:
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16420:
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16394:
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16368:
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16319:
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16266:
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16204:the original
16199:
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16128:
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16099:the original
16086:
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16036:the original
16027:
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15976:
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15928:
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15894:the original
15884:
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15868:the original
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15833:
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15808:the original
15801:
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15747:the original
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15639:
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15601:
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15583:
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15548:
15538:
15526:. Retrieved
15518:www.svo.aero
15517:
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15485:
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15423:
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15314:
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15288:
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15267:
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15242:the original
15231:
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15089:
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15037:
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14979:
14971:the original
14964:
14954:
14944:15 September
14942:. Retrieved
14933:
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13902:
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13867:
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13847:OilPrice.com
13846:
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13825:. Retrieved
13811:
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13790:
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12784:
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12641:
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12601:
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12571:ec.europa.eu
12570:
12561:
12551:18 September
12549:. Retrieved
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7040:Russian Fed
7021:Russian Fed
6996:Russian Fed
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6909:Russian Fed
6892:Russian Fed
6883:Russian Fed
6866:Russian Fed
6857:Russian Fed
6840:Russian Fed
6831:Russian Fed
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6805:Russian Fed
6782:Target Name
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5344:
5304:agricultural
5297:
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5147:
5103:oil reserves
5088:
5061:
5056:Moskva River
4959:
4938:price of oil
4923:
4908:
4905:
4887:Russia is a
4886:
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2427:2022–present
2417:
2413:
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2336:As of 2015,
2335:
2331:
2323:
2307:
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2196:
2158:, with real
2153:
2142:
2118:money supply
2114:central bank
2108:
2105:
2098:
2090:deregulation
2083:
2080:
2059:
2047:
2031:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1967:
1944:Soviet Union
1941:
1881:
1856:Soviet Union
1844:Soviet Union
1841:
1832:Soviet Union
1824:labor market
1811:
1796:
1781:
1763:
1754:
1735:
1705:
1696:
1685:Please help
1677:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1627:Please help
1624:
1555:
1532:unemployment
1504:
1457:
1453:fossil fuels
1386:
1341:
1329:
1297:Outlook: N/A
1267:Outlook: N/A
1261:SD (Foreign)
878:Import goods
686:Export goods
629:shipbuilding
623:production,
529:Unemployment
433:real (2022,
355:poverty line
15:
21941:Netherlands
21728:Switzerland
21643:Philippines
21583:New Zealand
21468:South Korea
21348:El Salvador
21313:Ivory Coast
21153:Afghanistan
21137:Rufus Yerxa
21122:Pascal Lamy
21091:13th (2024)
21086:12th (2022)
21081:11th (2017)
21076:10th (2015)
21023:Conferences
21021:Ministerial
20961:Agriculture
20828:Asia portal
20729:States with
20649:Philippines
20589:South Korea
20584:North Korea
20479:Afghanistan
20395:Isle of Man
20330:recognition
20299:Switzerland
20234:Netherlands
20011:G4 (Europe)
19917:(suspended)
19782:Union State
19596:(1993–2009)
19548:CIS Charter
19488:CIS Charter
19396:CIS Charter
18958:Philippines
18937:New Zealand
18916:South Korea
18742:tea culture
18595:Fairy tales
18458:Open access
18431:Immigration
18392:Gun control
18131:Agriculture
18100:Term limits
18010:Martial law
18005:Nationalism
18000:Irredentism
17995:Imperialism
17778:Caspian Sea
17694:Environment
17689:Earthquakes
17585:Union State
17573:Dissolution
17472:Kievan Rus'
17462:Early Slavs
17267:Kaliningrad
17257:Far Eastern
16847:Natural gas
16837:Electricity
16822:Agriculture
16466:27 February
16141:15 December
16076:11 November
16042:11 November
16008:11 November
15959:13 February
15782:12 November
15268:www.cia.gov
15248:12 November
14995:21 November
12827:12 February
12687:26 February
12360:26 February
12330:26 February
12300:16 November
12270:16 November
12240:26 February
12208:26 February
12176:26 February
12096:26 February
11460:17 February
10872:, Chapter 9
10647:28 December
10613:12 November
10605:. Cia.gov.
10587:12 November
10561:12 November
10535:12 November
10473:, July 2008
10106:27 December
10076:27 December
9956:24 November
9726:27 December
9588:27 December
9553:30 December
9505:Davies 1998
9143:: 135–171.
8360:22 February
8285:28 November
7871:27 February
7525:12 November
7491:12 November
7386:. Cia.gov.
7330:3 September
7012:Kazakhstan
6834:TNK-BP Ltd
6808:TNK-BP Ltd
6672:South Korea
6560:Netherlands
6522:Value (USD)
6424:South Korea
6344:Value (USD)
6060:Lake Baikal
6032:theme route
6029:Golden Ring
5806:in Moscow.
5769:Vladivostok
5754:Lake Baikal
5593:supermarket
5564:Electronics
5540:project by
5536:, a recent
5534:Aurus Senat
5414:T-14 Armata
5269:Agriculture
5070:(oil, gas,
5068:fossil fuel
4986:rule of law
2636:GDP growth
2534:) and the
2338:real income
1896:Perestroika
1884:bureaucracy
1801:covers the
1691:introducing
1582:natural gas
1578:free market
1574:agriculture
1560:based upon
1393:natural gas
1352:high-income
1048:1.7% (2022)
1032:Netherlands
976:South Korea
856:2.7% (2022)
798:Netherlands
661:handicrafts
521:(2016 est.)
504:Agriculture
467:Labor force
340:5.9% (2023)
317:(2022 est.)
300:Agriculture
64:Fiscal year
19:Economy of
22036:Categories
21931:Luxembourg
21733:Tajikistan
21693:Seychelles
21568:Mozambique
21558:Montenegro
21533:Mauritania
21508:Madagascar
21478:Kyrgyzstan
21458:Kazakhstan
21368:The Gambia
21308:Costa Rica
21268:Cape Verde
21198:Bangladesh
21071:9th (2013)
21066:8th (2011)
21061:7th (2009)
21056:6th (2005)
21051:5th (2003)
21046:4th (2001)
21041:3rd (1999)
21036:2nd (1998)
21031:1st (1996)
20949:Agreements
20709:Uzbekistan
20684:Tajikistan
20599:Kyrgyzstan
20579:Kazakhstan
20499:Bangladesh
20489:Azerbaijan
20269:San Marino
20229:Montenegro
20209:Luxembourg
20189:Kazakhstan
20092:Azerbaijan
19883:G8 members
19537:Uzbekistan
19532:Tajikistan
19517:Kyrgyzstan
19512:Kazakhstan
19502:Azerbaijan
19477:Uzbekistan
19462:Tajikistan
19447:Kyrgyzstan
19442:Kazakhstan
19432:Azerbaijan
18747:Television
18722:Philosophy
18655:Mass media
18645:Literature
18640:Inventions
18402:Healthcare
18337:Corruption
18327:Censorship
18218:(currency)
18095:Separatism
18040:Opposition
18025:Neo-Nazism
18015:Monarchism
17985:Liberalism
17980:Propaganda
17940:Government
17807:North Asia
17608:Journalism
17467:East Slavs
17457:Sarmatians
16960:Metallurgy
16908:Automotive
16210:27 January
16108:20 January
15983:. Geneva:
15900:8 December
15661:8 December
15650:. Rgs.ru.
15404:14 January
15236:Lenta.ru.
15105:8 December
15079:8 December
14936:(4): 8–9.
14913:4 February
13991:11 January
13613:8 November
13539:8 November
13454:3 December
13394:5 November
13359:4 December
13332:4 December
13299:4 December
13269:7 December
13239:4 December
13206:5 November
13176:5 November
13141:4 December
13115:31 January
13085:18 January
13059:20 January
13007:12 October
12981:12 October
12955:12 October
12911:12 October
12885:12 October
12856:12 October
12785:World Bank
12781:"Overview"
12739:12 October
12657:23 October
12030:World Bank
11791:1 February
11781:www.gks.ru
11761:28 January
11091:www.ft.com
11042:26 January
10957:5 December
10633:Imf Survey
10000:1228187814
9770:1228187814
9690:World Bank
9663:4 December
9507:, p.
9026:25 January
8943:World Bank
8917:World Bank
8891:World Bank
8834:World Bank
8706:: 103150.
8520:8 November
8430:8 November
8214:World Bank
8021:13 January
7840:25 January
7696:World Bank
7640:World Bank
7454:28 October
7279:World Bank
7186:References
6987:Singapore
6644:Kazakhstan
6480:Kazakhstan
6044:Red Square
5961:FineReader
5570:JCS Mikron
5412:A view of
5396:President
5239:molybdenum
5013:See also:
4978:healthcare
4945:Corruption
4918:See also:
4868:See also:
2518:Following
2478:since 1918
2440:See also:
2393:oil prices
2250:World Bank
2184:households
2122:World Bank
2086:income tax
1985:corruption
1858:was in an
1630:improve it
1332:US dollars
1258:(Domestic)
962:Kazakhstan
812:Kazakhstan
657:foodstuffs
459:141st rank
391:World Bank
366:11% (2021)
218:GDP growth
142:Population
137:Statistics
106:and others
21926:Lithuania
21808:Venezuela
21718:Sri Lanka
21703:Singapore
21668:St. Lucia
21588:Nicaragua
21538:Mauritius
21433:Indonesia
21418:Hong Kong
21388:Guatemala
21188:Australia
21178:Argentina
20920:Criticism
20795:Hong Kong
20749:Palestine
20674:Sri Lanka
20669:Singapore
20549:Indonesia
20385:Gibraltar
20204:Lithuania
19685:Economics
19290:APEC blue
18972:Singapore
18902:Indonesia
18894:Hong Kong
18859:Australia
18605:Festivals
18498:Sociology
18448:Languages
18367:Education
18271:Transport
18105:Terrorism
17950:Judiciary
17944:Apparatus
17910:Elections
17875:Anarchism
17849:Far North
17800:Volcanoes
17785:Mountains
17662:Geography
17541:Civil war
17452:Scythians
17283:Companies
16993:Transport
16745:2014–2017
16348:210124625
16277:4 October
16240:3 October
15949:1728-9246
15864:Tech Robo
15698:30 August
15629:21 August
15603:supplies.
15304:21 August
15278:3 January
15192:2 January
15161:21 August
15135:21 August
15053:21 August
13965:4 January
13677:2058-7546
12816:TRT World
12715:698200672
12612:9 October
12581:6 October
12520:4 January
12472:18 August
11667:4 January
11641:4 January
11543:Vedomosti
11510:europa.eu
11353:26 August
11101:15 August
11012:21 August
10988:21 August
10348:5 January
10322:5 January
10296:4 January
10270:4 January
10244:4 January
10066:The Times
9982:Routledge
9868:145733112
9752:Routledge
9716:"Members"
9492:0033-5533
9454:0022-0515
9116:153168354
8784:(SIPRI).
8730:2214-6296
7981:Bloomberg
7770:6 January
7052:10021.11
7024:10261.33
6973:12381.83
6964:HydroOGK
6921:12867.39
6895:13101.08
6869:13615.23
6843:26061.15
6817:27854.12
5939:Transneft
5859:Insurance
5445:Aerospace
5369:Russia's
5324:buckwheat
5265:in 2018.
5251:phosphate
4982:education
4776:13,005.7
4760:35,309.6
4707:15,645.7
4691:33,252.7
4638:12,218.7
4622:31,271.3
4569:10,155.3
4553:28,217.3
4500:11,555.3
4484:28,500.4
4431:11,261.7
4415:27,386.2
4362:10,724.0
4346:25,999.3
4277:24,104.1
4208:24,062.5
4155:14,007.5
4139:25,730.6
4086:15,928.7
4070:26,044.8
4017:15,288.0
4001:24,278.8
3948:14,306.4
3932:22,783.5
3879:11,431.1
3863:21,271.9
3794:20,117.9
3741:12,464.2
3725:21,700.5
3656:20,229.0
3587:18,133.2
3518:16,221.8
3449:14,727.8
3380:13,333.1
3311:12,127.0
3242:11,346.4
3173:10,511.7
2715:10,091.3
2676:10,805.2
2501:In 2022,
2474:defaulted
2450:In 2022,
2408:Bloomberg
2397:sanctions
2110:Inflation
1963:oligarchs
1902:in 1991.
1699:June 2020
1636:talk page
1522:, rising
1464:ranked as
1458:Russia's
1397:petroleum
918:Hong Kong
726:Hong Kong
601:chemicals
573:per month
556:per month
415:very high
327:Inflation
45:of Russia
21966:Slovenia
21961:Slovakia
21951:Portugal
21856:Bulgaria
21828:Zimbabwe
21748:Thailand
21743:Tanzania
21723:Suriname
21633:Paraguay
21618:Pakistan
21553:Mongolia
21523:Maldives
21518:Malaysia
21413:Honduras
21353:Eswatini
21328:Dominica
21323:Djibouti
21293:Colombia
21258:Cameroon
21253:Cambodia
21223:Botswana
21203:Barbados
20818:Category
20739:Abkhazia
20689:Thailand
20644:Pakistan
20624:Mongolia
20619:Maldives
20614:Malaysia
20514:Cambodia
20405:Svalbard
20390:Guernsey
20337:Abkhazia
20284:Slovenia
20279:Slovakia
20254:Portugal
20112:Bulgaria
19989:See also
19830:Category
19654:Military
18986:Thailand
18923:Malaysia
18797:Category
18675:Nobility
18635:Internet
18630:Heraldry
18625:Graffiti
18610:Folklore
18553:Armorial
18483:Religion
18468:Polygamy
18407:HIV/AIDS
18387:Funerals
18377:Feminism
18347:Deafness
18332:Citizens
18322:Cannabis
18307:Abortion
18251:Taxation
18191:Gambling
18181:Forestry
18030:Military
17863:Politics
17844:Wildlife
17790:Caucasus
17753:Glaciers
17633:Military
17618:Internet
17596:By topic
17490:Vladimir
17485:Novgorod
17439:Timeline
17356:Category
17262:Northern
17138:Taxation
17021:Gambling
17014:Services
16903:Aircraft
16893:Industry
16609:(2017).
16460:Archived
16430:Archived
16404:Archived
16378:Archived
16352:Archived
16295:Archived
16271:Archived
16234:Archived
16200:ustr.gov
16180:Archived
16162:Archived
16135:Archived
16130:Izvestia
16070:Archived
15999:Archived
15953:Archived
15874:14 March
15844:14 March
15838:Archived
15720:Archived
15652:Archived
15623:Archived
15590:Archived
15555:Archived
15550:Statista
15522:Archived
15492:Archived
15460:Archived
15428:Archived
15398:Archived
15366:Archived
15331:Archived
15329:. 2017.
15298:Archived
15272:Archived
15221:10 April
15215:Archived
15186:Archived
15155:Archived
15129:Archived
15125:Interfax
15047:Archived
15021:Archived
14989:Archived
14938:Archived
14904:Archived
14902:. 2018.
14871:Archived
14835:Archived
14830:Statista
14802:Archived
14797:Statista
14769:Archived
14764:Statista
14733:Archived
14728:Statista
14700:Archived
14668:Archived
14636:Archived
14603:28 April
14577:28 April
14568:Archived
14545:28 April
14536:Archived
14513:28 April
14504:Archived
14481:28 April
14472:Archived
14449:28 April
14440:Archived
14417:28 April
14408:Archived
14385:28 April
14376:Archived
14353:28 April
14344:Archived
14321:28 April
14312:Archived
14272:28 April
14263:Archived
14240:28 April
14231:Archived
14208:28 April
14199:Archived
14176:28 April
14167:Archived
14144:28 April
14135:Archived
14112:28 April
14103:Archived
14080:28 April
14071:Archived
14048:28 April
14039:Archived
14009:Archived
13985:Archived
13959:Archived
13933:Archived
13907:Archived
13877:Archived
13851:Archived
13821:Archived
13795:Archived
13765:Archived
13741:Archived
13723:Archived
13699:Archived
13607:Archived
13566:Archived
13530:Archived
13448:Archived
13444:Statista
13418:Archived
13388:Archived
13353:Archived
13323:Archived
13293:Archived
13291:. 2010.
13263:Archived
13200:Archived
13170:Archived
13166:Izvestia
13162:Известия
13109:Archived
13079:Archived
13053:Archived
13027:Archived
13001:Archived
12975:Archived
12949:Archived
12929:Archived
12905:Archived
12879:Archived
12850:Archived
12821:Archived
12795:22 April
12789:Archived
12733:Archived
12681:Archived
12651:Archived
12606:Archived
12575:Archived
12545:Archived
12541:euronews
12514:Archived
12496:Archived
12466:Archived
12443:Archived
12413:Archived
12384:Archived
12354:Archived
12324:Archived
12294:Archived
12264:Archived
12260:BBC News
12234:Archived
12202:Archived
12170:Archived
12148:Archived
12123:Archived
12118:Politico
12090:Archived
12086:Euractiv
12060:Archived
12034:Archived
11992:17 March
11986:Archived
11962:30 April
11956:Archived
11936:30 April
11927:Archived
11869:Archived
11838:Archived
11817:10 April
11811:Archived
11755:Archived
11730:30 April
11698:30 April
11692:Archived
11688:BBC News
11661:Archived
11635:Archived
11615:27 April
11609:Archived
11585:30 April
11579:Archived
11554:7 August
11548:Archived
11514:Archived
11484:Archived
11454:Archived
11424:Archived
11391:Archived
11371:Archived
11347:Archived
11321:Archived
11295:Archived
11243:Archived
11217:Archived
11184:Archived
11155:Archived
11126:Archived
11095:Archived
11065:Archived
11036:Archived
11006:Archived
10982:Archived
10948:Archived
10893:13 April
10784:Archived
10754:Archived
10719:Archived
10698:BBC News
10691:Archived
10641:Archived
10607:Archived
10498:Archived
10459:Archived
10438:Archived
10420:Archived
10402:Archived
10384:Archived
10366:Archived
10342:Archived
10316:Archived
10290:Archived
10264:Archived
10238:Archived
10218:Archived
10192:Archived
10166:Archived
10100:Archived
9950:Archived
9928:(2017).
9818:Archived
9786:(2017).
9744:(2021).
9694:Archived
9657:Archived
9614:Archived
9547:Archived
9381:3 August
9354:3 August
9344:BBC News
9322:4 August
9293:3 August
9267:31 March
9261:Archived
9234:9 August
9157:26456942
9108:41719700
9094:: 5–26.
9069:48610321
9055:: 1–13.
9017:Archived
8983:13 April
8977:Archived
8953:9 August
8922:5 August
8897:5 August
8867:5 August
8839:8 August
8811:8 August
8752:Archived
8511:Archived
8421:Archived
8379:"Russia"
8354:Archived
8315:Archived
8279:Archived
8275:BBC News
8255:12 April
8249:Archived
8224:3 August
8196:25048706
8178:45234200
8164:42003296
8146:45319724
8128:27756169
8108:23602130
8075:3 August
8015:Archived
7991:24 April
7985:Archived
7961:24 April
7955:Archived
7931:24 April
7925:Archived
7901:19 March
7895:Archived
7865:Archived
7834:Archived
7810:5 August
7761:Archived
7706:5 August
7650:5 August
7615:4 August
7578:Archived
7552:Archived
7519:Archived
7485:Archived
7448:Archived
7424:21 March
7418:Archived
7388:Archived
7283:Archived
7255:5 August
7219:Archived
7207:"Russia"
7147:Monotown
7062:See also
6886:Sibneft
6877:Gazprom
6535:$ 492.3b
6357:$ 293.4b
5917:Under a
5908:Taganrog
5576:Services
5556:, while
5435:firearms
5361:Industry
5231:iron ore
5223:vanadium
5195:platinum
5123:producer
5119:exporter
5078:and the
5058:, Moscow
4847:follows
4841:floating
4768:1,862.5
4752:5,056.8
4699:2,244.2
4683:4,769.8
4630:1,836.6
4614:4,551.8
4561:1,484.4
4545:4,124.5
4492:1,695.7
4476:4,182.4
4423:1,653.0
4407:4,019.8
4354:1,575.1
4338:3,818.8
4293:8,723.5
4285:1,280.6
4269:3,538.6
4224:9,257.9
4216:1,356.7
4200:3,526.2
4147:2,048.8
4131:3,763.5
4078:2,288.4
4062:3,741.8
4009:2,191.5
3993:3,480.3
3940:2,046.6
3924:3,259.3
3871:1,633.1
3855:3,039.0
3810:9,157.0
3802:1,307.9
3786:2,873.5
3733:1,779.1
3717:3,097.5
3672:9,761.4
3664:1,393.4
3648:2,887.6
3603:7,426.0
3595:1,060.9
3579:2,590.6
3534:5,708.8
3510:2,323.6
3465:4,404.0
3441:2,117.9
3396:3,197.6
3372:1,924.4
3327:2,552.8
3303:1,758.0
3258:2,255.3
3234:1,652.6
3189:1,902.0
3165:1,537.9
3120:1,427.3
3104:9,303.2
3096:1,366.5
3051:1,949.8
3035:8,588.1
3027:1,267.1
2987:2,935.0
2971:8,958.2
2963:1,323.7
2923:2,787.0
2907:8,668.4
2899:1,283.6
2859:2,264.3
2843:8,818.3
2835:1,307.7
2795:1,979.4
2779:8,999.0
2771:1,335.6
2731:1,322.0
2707:1,497.9
2673:1,602.6
1576:towards
1439:are the
1433:producer
1362:emerging
1217:Expenses
1197:Revenues
667:External
653:textiles
609:aircraft
516:Services
510:Industry
312:Services
306:Industry
196:GDP rank
51:Currency
21956:Romania
21911:Ireland
21906:Hungary
21896:Germany
21886:Finland
21881:Estonia
21876:Denmark
21861:Croatia
21851:Belgium
21846:Austria
21813:Vietnam
21803:Uruguay
21783:Ukraine
21768:Tunisia
21688:Senegal
21598:Nigeria
21573:Namibia
21563:Morocco
21548:Moldova
21493:Liberia
21488:Lesotho
21443:Jamaica
21423:Iceland
21383:Grenada
21373:Georgia
21338:Ecuador
21248:Burundi
21243:Myanmar
21218:Bolivia
21193:Bahrain
21183:Armenia
21163:Algeria
21158:Albania
21146:Members
20714:Vietnam
20629:Myanmar
20609:Lebanon
20539:Georgia
20494:Bahrain
20484:Armenia
20309:Ukraine
20259:Romania
20219:Moldova
20177:Ireland
20172:Iceland
20167:Hungary
20157:Germany
20152:Georgia
20142:Finland
20137:Estonia
20132:Denmark
20117:Croatia
20102:Belgium
20097:Belarus
20087:Austria
20082:Armenia
20077:Andorra
20072:Albania
20016:G4 (UN)
19900:Germany
19748:Georgia
19594:Georgia
19578:Ukraine
19573:Moldova
19522:Moldova
19507:Belarus
19497:Armenia
19472:Ukraine
19452:Moldova
19437:Belarus
19427:Armenia
19010:Summits
19000:Vietnam
18851:Nations
18788:Outline
18600:Fashion
18590:Fashion
18578:Cuisine
18540:Culture
18528:in army
18513:Wedding
18508:Suicide
18503:Smoking
18488:Slavery
18463:Orphans
18436:Illegal
18312:Alcohol
18295:Society
18261:Tourism
18141:Banking
18119:Economy
17964:Prisons
17812:Siberia
17768:Islands
17748:Geology
17684:Climate
17674:Borders
17638:Outline
17613:Judaism
17603:Economy
17430:History
17366:Commons
17288:Exports
17212:Central
17072:Banking
17050:Finance
17041:Tourism
16913:Defence
16879:Hunting
16869:Fishery
16704:History
16649:at the
16590:excerpt
16573:excerpt
16563:excerpt
16561:(2020)
16553:excerpt
16542:excerpt
16479:Sources
16436:19 June
16410:19 June
16384:19 June
16358:19 June
15814:23 June
15803:Russoft
15561:10 June
15528:10 June
15498:15 June
15466:15 June
15372:15 June
15016:Reuters
14877:15 June
14841:18 July
14808:18 July
14775:18 July
14739:18 July
14706:15 June
14674:15 June
13939:19 June
13913:19 June
13883:19 June
13857:19 June
13827:19 June
13801:19 June
13771:19 June
13705:19 June
13645:Bibcode
13580:Obninsk
13033:18 July
12602:Reuters
12419:19 June
12390:19 June
12350:Reuters
12066:17 July
12040:15 June
11520:22 June
11490:26 July
11430:27 July
11397:19 June
11327:19 June
11301:19 June
11249:19 June
11223:19 June
11190:19 June
11161:19 June
11132:19 June
11071:19 June
10925:21 July
10818:21 July
10790:26 July
10780:Reuters
10760:26 July
10728:26 July
10673:27 July
10507:21 July
9700:26 July
9620:24 July
8804:Reuters
8758:21 June
8708:Bibcode
8321:25 June
7951:Moody's
7861:Reuters
7622:market.
7609:Reuters
7394:5 April
7363:IMF.org
7305:annexed
7211:CIA.gov
6912:Polyus
6675:$ 16.8b
6661:$ 17.7b
6647:$ 18.4b
6633:$ 19.2b
6619:$ 22.2b
6605:$ 23.1b
6602:Belarus
6591:$ 26.4b
6577:$ 29.6b
6574:Germany
6563:$ 42.1b
6549:$ 68.6b
6538:100.0%
6519:Country
6516:Ranking
6455:$ 12.0b
6441:$ 12.2b
6427:$ 12.9b
6413:$ 15.6b
6410:Belarus
6399:$ 17.2b
6385:$ 27.3b
6382:Germany
6371:$ 72.7b
6360:100.0%
6341:Country
6338:Ranking
5991:Tourism
5977:Mail.Ru
5935:Rosatom
5927:Rosneft
5923:Gazprom
5800:busiest
5550:AvtoVAZ
5519:AvtoVAZ
5263:uranium
5215:bauxite
5076:Siberia
5052:Rosneft
4998:Primary
4993:Sectors
3083:135.2%
2875:197.3%
2811:307.5%
2803:-12.7%
2747:874.3%
2292:2014–21
2286:Ukraine
2225:of the
2201:of the
2128:2009–14
1969:Yeltsin
1820:Serfdom
1743:Please
1687:improve
1542:History
1372:by GDP
1344:economy
1274:Moody's
1163:38,362
934:Germany
864:Imports
756:Germany
672:Exports
645:medical
621:missile
512:: 27.6%
389:(2020,
314:: 67.8%
308:: 26.6%
188:; 2024)
176:; 2024)
174:nominal
21976:Sweden
21946:Poland
21921:Latvia
21901:Greece
21891:France
21866:Cyprus
21823:Zambia
21778:Uganda
21773:Turkey
21738:Taiwan
21658:Rwanda
21653:Russia
21623:Panama
21608:Norway
21543:Mexico
21513:Malawi
21473:Kuwait
21453:Jordan
21438:Israel
21403:Guyana
21393:Guinea
21263:Canada
21233:Brunei
21228:Brazil
21208:Belize
21168:Angola
21100:People
20913:Issues
20877:System
20759:Taiwan
20694:Turkey
20659:Russia
20594:Kuwait
20574:Jordan
20564:Israel
20524:Cyprus
20509:Brunei
20504:Bhutan
20400:Jersey
20342:Kosovo
20304:Turkey
20294:Sweden
20274:Serbia
20264:Russia
20249:Poland
20244:Norway
20224:Monaco
20194:Latvia
20162:Greece
20147:France
20122:Cyprus
19975:Mexico
19960:Brazil
19915:Russia
19895:France
19890:Canada
19608:Sports
19527:Russia
19457:Russia
19410:" (11)
19398:(1993)
19392:(1991)
19386:(1991)
19326:1. A
18979:Taiwan
18965:Russia
18930:Mexico
18873:Canada
18866:Brunei
18802:Portal
18757:Sports
18685:Anthem
18573:Cinema
18568:Ballet
18478:Racism
18441:Labour
18397:Health
18362:Doping
18216:Ruble
18201:Mining
18171:Energy
17834:Rivers
17743:Fjords
17643:Postal
17495:Moscow
17421:Russia
17313:Income
16884:Mining
16874:Timber
16827:Energy
16605:, and
16598:(2017)
16581:(2015)
16519:
16493:.
16346:
15991:
15947:
15596:24 May
15434:19 May
15340:2 July
15027:23 May
14642:1 July
13675:
13572:8 June
13522:
13490:2 July
13424:26 May
13259:Meduza
12765:30 May
12713:
11900:11 May
11890:bp.com
11720:gks.ru
11275:1 July
11002:Forbes
10978:Forbes
10849:
10198:10 May
10172:10 May
10144:
9998:
9988:
9942:
9904:
9866:
9798:
9768:
9758:
9649:
9539:
9490:
9452:
9377:(CEPR)
9155:
9114:
9106:
9067:
8973:Forbes
8862:(UNDP)
8728:
8676:2 July
8637:2 July
8598:2 July
8559:2 July
8503:
8469:2 July
8413:bp.com
8194:
8176:
8162:
8144:
8126:
8106:
8046:1 July
7757:UNCTAD
7731:11 May
7675:11 May
7308:Crimea
7289:1 July
7225:30 May
6967:Power
6947:12800
6728:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6698:
6588:Turkey
6552:13.9%
6497:$ 6.5b
6494:Turkey
6483:$ 7.1b
6469:$ 9.1b
6438:France
6374:24.7%
6054:, the
6050:, the
6046:, the
6010:UNESCO
5950:Yandex
5937:, and
5798:, the
5699:42.51
5581:Retail
5474:MiG-29
5437:, and
5404:(2016)
5355:beluga
5330:, and
5320:barley
5308:arable
5255:gypsum
5247:sulfur
5227:cobalt
5207:nickel
5203:copper
5199:silver
5184:ALROSA
5180:carats
5164:Mining
5113:, the
5025:, and
5003:Energy
4980:, and
4843:. The
4808:21.2%
4739:18.9%
4723:13.8%
4715:-1.2%
4670:16.5%
4601:19.2%
4577:-2.7%
4532:13.7%
4463:13.6%
4394:14.3%
4325:14.8%
4256:15.3%
4240:15.5%
4232:-2.0%
4187:15.1%
4118:12.3%
4049:11.2%
3980:10.3%
3911:10.1%
3826:11.6%
3818:-7.8%
3757:14.1%
3566:14.9%
3550:12.7%
3526:817.7
3497:20.8%
3481:10.9%
3457:633.3
3428:28.3%
3412:13.7%
3388:461.5
3359:37.6%
3343:15.8%
3319:370.1
3290:44.4%
3274:21.5%
3250:328.5
3221:55.9%
3213:10.6%
3205:20.8%
3197:10.0%
3181:278.3
3152:92.4%
3144:13.0%
3136:85.7%
3112:209.7
3075:11.9%
3067:27.7%
3059:-5.3%
3043:287.7
3014:51.5%
3011:10.8%
3003:14.8%
2979:433.7
2939:47.8%
2931:-3.6%
2915:412.7
2867:-4.1%
2851:335.8
2787:293.8
2739:-8.7%
2723:196.2
2682:482.8
2639:(real)
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2192:Moscow
2188:Forbes
2164:dollar
2101:dollar
2038:Moscow
2027:Moscow
1878:, 1963
1864:Moscow
1586:mining
1530:, low
1474:. Its
1427:, the
1423:, the
1411:, the
1348:Russia
1122:Gross
1046:France
1043:
1029:
1015:
1004:Poland
1001:
987:
973:
959:
948:Turkey
945:
931:
915:
906:39.8%
901:
851:
837:
826:France
823:
809:
795:
781:
770:Turkey
767:
753:
739:
723:
714:21.1%
709:
605:metals
603:, and
585:mining
506:: 9.4%
429:0.747
413:0.821
387:medium
302:: 5.6%
41:, the
39:Moscow
21:Russia
21971:Spain
21936:Malta
21916:Italy
21818:Yemen
21758:Tonga
21678:Samoa
21648:Qatar
21593:Niger
21578:Nepal
21503:Macau
21463:Kenya
21448:Japan
21428:India
21408:Haiti
21378:Ghana
21363:Gabon
21343:Egypt
21288:China
21283:Chile
21213:Benin
20800:Macau
20719:Yemen
20679:Syria
20654:Qatar
20634:Nepal
20569:Japan
20544:India
20534:Egypt
20519:China
20375:Åland
20289:Spain
20214:Malta
20184:Italy
19970:India
19965:China
19910:Japan
19905:Italy
19275:Other
18909:Japan
18887:China
18880:Chile
18707:Opera
18660:Music
18523:Women
18424:LGBTQ
18342:Crime
18276:Waste
17795:Urals
17773:Lakes
17292:grain
17276:Other
17227:Volga
17077:Banks
16344:S2CID
16102:(PDF)
16095:(PDF)
16002:(PDF)
15981:(PDF)
15931:(6).
15756:5 May
15750:(PDF)
15743:(PDF)
15692:(PDF)
15681:(PDF)
15655:(PDF)
15648:(PDF)
15334:(PDF)
15323:(PDF)
14907:(PDF)
14896:(PDF)
14571:(PDF)
14564:(PDF)
14539:(PDF)
14532:(PDF)
14507:(PDF)
14500:(PDF)
14475:(PDF)
14468:(PDF)
14443:(PDF)
14436:(PDF)
14411:(PDF)
14404:(PDF)
14379:(PDF)
14372:(PDF)
14347:(PDF)
14340:(PDF)
14315:(PDF)
14308:(PDF)
14291:(PDF)
14266:(PDF)
14259:(PDF)
14234:(PDF)
14227:(PDF)
14202:(PDF)
14195:(PDF)
14170:(PDF)
14163:(PDF)
14138:(PDF)
14131:(PDF)
14106:(PDF)
14099:(PDF)
14074:(PDF)
14067:(PDF)
14042:(PDF)
14035:(PDF)
14018:Kitco
13561:Wired
13533:(PDF)
13512:(PDF)
13326:(PDF)
13319:(PDF)
13233:(PDF)
13226:(PDF)
11930:(PDF)
11919:(PDF)
10951:(PDF)
10944:(PDF)
10845:–13.
10722:(PDF)
10715:(PDF)
10501:(PDF)
10490:(PDF)
10465:, by
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