5214:(OPIC) can assist US investors in the South African market with services such as political risk insurance and loans and loan guarantees. In July 1996, the US and South Africa signed an investment fund protocol for a $ 120 million OPIC fund to make equity investments in South and Southern Africa. OPIC is establishing an additional fund – the Sub-Saharan Africa Infrastructure Fund, capitalised at $ 350 million – to investment in infrastructure projects. The Trade and Development Agency also has been actively involved in funding feasibility studies and identifying investment opportunities in South Africa for U.S. businesses.
1279:
703:
594:
5195:
773:
4875:
jobs between 1995 and 2006, the agro-processing sector lost 45,977 jobs. The competitive pressures from abroad, particularly from China and India, played a role in the decline of exports for the food, textiles and paper sub-sectors, as firms in these sectors increasingly compete with lower cost producers. Increased exports from the beverages, tobacco, wood and leather sub-sectors over the period are probably due to the presence of large dominant firms within these sectors in South Africa, that have managed to remain competitive.
5094:
5125:
5470:
diverse." The System has also been criticised for placing lesser educated people in more important positions in the workplace and their failure to perform to the standards required has had an immense impact on the economy. Another criticism also includes that the system goes against the constitution's preaching of equality by having preference over people, not on merit, but for their skin colour and is considered the opposite of what many people fought for during the
Apartheid era. Official
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3135:
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2537:
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2473:
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2409:
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2217:
2209:
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2145:
2089:
2081:
2025:
2017:
1961:
1953:
1897:
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1833:
1825:
1769:
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1705:
1697:
1641:
1633:
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1569:
1513:
1505:
1449:
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1382:
879:
855:
533:
525:
371:
352:
332:
1246:, and the recovery has been largely led by private and public consumption growth, while export volumes and private investment have yet to fully recover. The long-term potential growth rate of South Africa under the current policy environment has been estimated at 3.5%. Per capita GDP growth has proved mediocre, though improving, growing by 1.6% a year from 1994 to 2009, and by 2.2% over the 2000–09 decade, compared to world growth of 3.1% over the same period.
29:
4689:
5027:, was partly privatised and entered into a strategic equity partnership with a consortium of SBC (AT&T), in exchange for a monopoly to provide certain services for 5 years. Telkom assumed an obligation to facilitate network modernization and expansion into the unserved areas. A Second Network Operator, Neotel was to be licensed to compete with Telkom across its spectrum of services in 2002. Licensing officially began in late 2005.
5488:
Act, No. 55 of 1988 (aimed at promoting women's participation in mainly private sector jobs). UNFPA South Africa is one such promoter of these policies and programs. Internally, the South
African government has founded the Commission for Gender Equality. The commissions main focus is on securing adequate education and job training for women who are disenfranchised or otherwise at a disadvantage when attempting to enter the workforce.
5390:. With high unemployment levels amongst poorer South Africans, xenophobia is prevalent and many South Africans feel resentful of immigrants who are seen to be depriving the native population of jobs, a feeling which has been given credibility by the fact that many South African employers have employed migrants from other countries for lower pay than South African citizens, especially in the construction, tourism, agriculture and
717:
622:
6137:
5300:(formal or informal). This rate is 30% points lower than that of China, and about 25% lower than that of Brazil or Indonesia. The relatively generous social grants reduces the political cost of unemployment. There is some evidence that households view paid employment and social grants as substitutes at the margin: households that lose a pension-eligible member subsequently report increased labour force participation.
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5527:, but a general lack of capacity due to increased demand and lack of government planning soon came to light. The supplier and the South African government has been widely criticised for failing to adequately plan for and construct sufficient electrical generating capacity, although ultimately the government has admitted that it was at fault for refusing to approve funding for investment in infrastructure.
4117:
1753:
5475:
merit. The policy has also been criticised for having a negative impact on employment levels as it is viewed as being more of an additional burden for employees than as a transformative agent for the unemployed. Particularity in an economy where a major cause of inequality has been a growing disparity of income within the majority black population divided along lines of employment.
5492:
designated as "executives", lower than the global average of 12%. Additionally, the eNPE (Employee Net
Promoter Score) for women is a net negative (- 4) as compared to men (8), according to a survey conducted of 1000 participants. This indicated a low level of actual economic promotion for women, despite public and international initiative towards the contrary.
6096:
disposable income; an inadequate education system results in an acute shortage of skilled manpower; a strong and volatile currency deters investors and makes its exports less competitive; the infrastructure, though far better than in the rest of Africa, suffers from severe bottlenecks, including scheduled power shortages, and urgently needs upgrading.
5167:. These banks provide both retail and investment banking services as the sector has become highly competitive with the re-entry of many experienced foreign banks, which returned to the market in the mid-1990s, having left in the late 1980s. Banks operating in South Africa, when left short of liquidity, need to borrow from the SARB at a fluctuating
5978:
proposals have included wage subsidies for people being trained, a minimum wage differentiated by age, and extended periods of probation for young workers. In post-Apartheid South Africa, only Asians have made significant strides in closing the income gap with Whites; while
Coloured and Black South Africans have had much more muted progress.
5484:
traditional
African values across the continent. Additionally, females face a problem in terms of earnings, with 77% of women earning the same as their male counterparts. However, more women are becoming part of the agricultural workforce (55%) as of 2012, marking a move towards modernisation for women's participation in the economy.
5950:
from R7,498 to R25,269; for Whites, the increase was from R29,372 to R110,195. While mean income rose about 130% from 1993 to 2008, the median income rose just 15% over the same period, from R4,444 to R5,096, indicating that the increases are being driven by a small number of very large incomes, especially for Whites.
6095:
Nevertheless, South Africa is falling behind other emerging markets, such as India and China, owing to several factors: the country is relatively small, without the advantage of a huge domestic customer base; it has had for decades an unusually low rate of saving and investment, partly because of low
6028:
South Africa has about three times as many recipients of social benefits as it has income tax-payers, an extremely high ratio by international standards. After 1994 resources have been rapidly reallocated to black households: while approximately 40% of aggregate social spending was directed to whites
5945:
While between-race inequality is slowly falling, an increase in intra-race inequality is preventing the aggregate measures from declining. Despite that, between-race inequality remains a central issue: real incomes have been rising for all groups, but many blacks in the country still live in poverty.
5552:
The South
African government planned to spend R69 billion on water infrastructure between 2008 and 2015. This involves building new dams and ancillary infrastructure, and repairing existing infrastructure. South Africa has an estimated total water capacity of 38 billion cubic metres, but will need 65
5483:
South
Africans in general, regardless of race, hold what would be considered "traditional" stances on gender roles for men and women. The majority of the workforce is composed of males, while the majority of women do not participate. This viewpoint on males as "breadwinners" is very much in line with
5456:
As of 2014, roughly ten percent of the Top 100 companies on the
Johannesburg Stock Exchange were directly held by black investors through Black Economic Empowerment schemes. Black Economic Empowerment policies have been credited with creating a class of Black South Africans with a level of wealth on
5299:
The official unemployment rate, though very high by international standards, understates its magnitude because it includes only adults who are actively looking for work. Therefore, excluding those who have given up looking for employment. Only 41% of the population of working age have any kind of job
4942:
After a steep decline of 10.4% in 2009, the manufacturing sector performed well in 2010, growing by 5%, though this rebound was primarily limited to the automotive, basic chemicals, iron and steel and food and beverages industries. The performance of this sector remains curtailed by the low demand in
4887:
is relatively small, providing just 13.3% of jobs and 15% of GDP. There are growing sectors of manufacturing, however, such as in the Space industry. Labour costs are low, but not nearly as low as in most other emerging markets, and the cost of the transport, communications and general living is much
4812:
of the land, only 13.5% can be used for crop production, and only 3% is considered high potential land. The sector continues to face problems, with increased foreign competition and crime being two of the major challenges for the industry. The government has been accused of either putting in too much
5985:
about the richest 10% found that nearly 40% are black, where this group had once been almost exclusively white. While only 29% of the absolute wealthiest South
Africans are black, this jumps to 50% among the "entry-level" rich (defined as earning more than $ 4,000 per month). Factors that were found
5969:
The number of South
Africans living below the poverty line, identified according to Apartheid-era social categories, was calculated in one study as 56% "black", 27% "coloured", 9% "Indian", and 2% "white". In the past inequality in South Africa was largely defined along race lines, but it has become
5941:
increased by four percentage points, from 0.66 to 0.70, between 1993 and 2008, and income has become increasingly concentrated in the top decile. Inequality between urban and rural areas is changing: while rural poverty rates remain substantially higher than those in urban areas, urban poverty rates
5460:
Black Economic Empowerment—its purpose the "economic empowerment of all black people, including women, workers, youth, people with disabilities and people living in rural areas"—requires the Minister of Trade and Industry to develop and publish Codes of Good Practice, aimed at setting guidelines for
5075:
South Africa is a popular tourist destination, with around 860,000 arrivals per month (March 2008) of which around 210,000 is from outside the African continent. In 2012 South Africa received 9.2 million international arrivals. In August 2017 3.5 million travellers came to South Africa. According to
5066:
destination. With a highly talented pool of productive labour and with Cape Town sharing cultural affinity with Britain, large overseas firms such as Lufthansa, Amazon.com, ASDA, The Carphone Warehouse, Delta Airlines and many more have established inbound call centres within Cape Town as a means of
4895:
accounts for about 10% of South Africa's manufacturing exports, contributes 7.5% to the country's GDP and employs around 36,000 people. Annual production in 2007 was 535,000 vehicles, out of a global production of 73 million units in the same year. Vehicle exports were in the region of 170,000 units
6044:
The state old age pension, received by over 80% of the elderly, is a non-contributory pension and pays more than twice median per capita Black income, thus representing an important source of income for a third of all Black households in the country. It pays a maximum of R1,780 (as of July 2019) to
5957:
One study using calculations based on National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) data suggests that 47% of South Africans live below the poverty line: 56% of blacks live in poverty compared to 2% of whites, using an arbitrary income poverty line of R502 per capita. Although, it should also be noted that
5295:
came to power in 1994, increasing from 15.6% in 1995 to 30.3% in 2001. In the second quarter of 2010, the jobless rate increased to 25.3%, and the number of people with work fell by 61,000 to 12,700,000. The biggest decline in employment was recorded in the manufacturing industry, which lost 53,000
5250:
South Africa has been riven by arguments over whether the state should take over mineral resources. A study commissioned by the African National Congress recommended against the policy, saying nationalisation would be an "economic disaster." However, the ANC Youth Employment supporters disagree and
5179:
South Africa's informal sector contributes 8% of the country's GDP and supports 27% of all working people. The South African Local Economic Development Network values the informal economy at 28% of SA's GDP. Given the relevance of this input, there is a constant interest in developing actions on an
4820:
Maize production, which contributes to a 36% majority of the gross value of South Africa's field crops, has also experienced negative effects due to climate change. The estimated value of loss, which takes into consideration scenarios with and without the carbon dioxide fertilization effect, ranges
4384:
economy in the mid-twentieth century to an economy driven primarily by the tertiary sector in the present day which accounts for an estimated 65% of GDP or $ 230 billion in nominal GDP terms. The country's economy is reasonably diversified with key economic sectors including mining, agriculture and
5949:
The mean per-capita income has risen from R10,741 in 1993 to R24,409 in 2008, but these figures hide large differences in household welfare, both within and across population groups: the average Black income increased from R6,018 in 1993 to R9,718 in 2008; for Coloured households, the increase was
5530:
The margin between national demand and available capacity is still low or negative (particularly in peak hours), and power stations are under strain, such that surges in demand, which are common during winter, or drops in supply, often a result of a lack of coal for power plants, result in another
5491:
Not uncommon in Africa, gender equality seems to be a very cogent problem in the South African workforce. According to Bain & Company, around 31% of companies have no form of female leadership, either in management or executive positions. 22% of board directors are women, however, only 7% were
5487:
South African legislation is strongly geared to promoting gender equality in the workplace. This is characterised by several comprehensive government programs and organisations that provide resources and services to females, both adult and adolescent. Such initiatives include the Employment Equity
5349:
However, flight of human capital in South Africa should not be attributed solely to regional factors. For example, the demand for skilled labourers in the UK, US, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia has led to active recruitment programs by those countries in South Africa. These countries accounted
5303:
The unemployment problem is characterised by its lengthy duration. In the mid-1990s, nearly two-thirds of unemployed people had never worked for a salary. The 2005 Labour Force Survey found that 40% of unemployed individuals have been unemployed for more than three years, while 59% had never had a
5270:
The land reform program has been criticised both by farmers' groups and by landless workers, the latter alleging that the pace of change has not been fast enough, and the former alleging anti white racist treatment with threats of genocide, voiced openly on multiple occasions by the ANC, including
4867:
not carded or combed, miscellaneous food, sugar, meat, milling products, malt and starch. These products accounted for over 80% of agricultural export revenue in the first quarter of 2010. The most important agricultural imports, which accounted for over 60% of agricultural import value during the
5416:
In August and September 2010, South African unions organised a crippling four-week national strike involving 1.3 million public sector workers, demanding an 8.6% wage increase. The strike ended after the government had raised its 5.2% wage increase to 7.5%. The deal swelled state spending by
5340:
In mid-1998, the Southern African Migration Project (SAMP) undertook a study to examine and assess the range of factors that contribute to skilled South Africans' desire to leave the country: over two-thirds of the sample said that they had given the idea of emigration some thought while 38% said
5336:
from South Africa in recent years. South Africa's Bureau of Statistics estimates that between 1 million and 1.6 million people in skilled, professional, and managerial occupations have emigrated overseas between 1994 and 2004 and that, for every emigrant, 10 unskilled people lose their jobs.
4874:
The food sub-sector is the largest employer within the agro-processing sector – contributing 1.4% to total employment, and 11.5% within the manufacturing sector. In 2006, the agro-processing sector represented 24.7% of the total manufacturing output. Although the economy as a whole gained 975,941
1253:
are considered by the government and most South Africans to be the most salient economic problems facing the country. These issues, and others linked to them such as crime, have in turn hurt investment and growth, consequently having a negative feedback effect on employment. Crime is considered a
5474:
policies have seen a rise in black economic wealth and an emerging black middle class. An increasing number of black candidates who are supposed to be beneficiaries of affirmative action are dissociating themselves from it, largely because of the perception that the appointments are not based on
5287:
South Africa has an extreme and persistent high unemployment rate of over 30%, which interacts with other socioeconomic problems such as: inadequate education, poor health and high levels of crime. The poorest have limited access to economic opportunities and basic services. According to a 2013
6040:
Social assistance grants are non-contributory, income-tested benefits provided by the state to the poor, and are financed out of general tax revenues without any links between contributions and benefits. They are provided in the form of: grants for older persons; disability grants; war veterans
5953:
In 2000 the average white household was earning six times more than the average black household. In 2004, 29.8% of all households had an income (at constant 2001 prices) of less than R9,600 per annum, while 10.3% of all households enjoyed an annual income (at constant 2001 prices) of more than
5469:
The government's Black Economic Empowerment policies have drawn criticism from the Development Bank of Southern Africa for focusing "almost exclusively on promoting individual ownership by black people (which) does little to address broader economic disparities, though the rich may become more
5350:
for 75% (by volume) of recent skilled emigration with the UK receiving approximately half of annual skilled South African emigration from 1990 to 1996. It has been suggested that the role of domestic socio-political variables may be negligible. The health sector has been hit particularly hard.
5977:
proposals for addressing income inequality included: encouraging more saving and investment; a liberalisation of product-market regulation; easier access to credit for small businesses; greater co-ordination in wage bargaining; and measures to tackle the high level of youth unemployment. Some
5445:(BEE) policy, designed to increase the participation of blacks, Coloreds, and Indians in the economy. However, BEE has faced criticism for not doing enough to accomplish this goal and only benefiting a small number of people to a great extent. This was acknowledged in 2010 by Deputy President
1085:
play a significant role in the country's economy, with the government owning a share in around 700 SOEs involved in a wide array of important industries. In 2016 according to business executives, the top five challenges to doing business in the country were inefficient government bureaucracy,
7536:
6079:
Released in early December 2010 and no longer available online, the survey by Brazil's National Confederation of Industry, "Competitividade Brasil 2010: Comparaçao com Paises Selecionados", (Competition Brazil: A comparison with selected countries), found South Africa to have the second most
5420:
Protesters sought to block hospitals, and South African media have reported numerous acts of violence against health and education staff who insisted on going to work. Volunteers and army medics were called in to help at hospitals, and some patients were moved to private medical facilities.
5076:
the World Travel & Tourism Council, travel and tourism directly contributed ZAR102 billion to South African GDP in 2012 and supports 10.3% of jobs in the country. Among the main attractions are the diverse and picturesque landscape, the game reserves and the highly regarded local wines.
4926:
all have production plants in South Africa. Large component manufacturers with bases in the country are Arvin Exhaust, Bloxwitch, Corning and Senior Flexonics. There are also about 200 automotive component manufacturers in South Africa, and more than 150 others that supply the industry on a
5345:
policy was identified as another factor influencing the emigration of skilled White South Africans. The results of the survey indicate that skilled Whites are strongly opposed to this policy and the arguments advanced in support of it, due to the negative impact it has had on South Africa.
5561:
As part of an international attempt to modernize infrastructure, South Africa has faced increasing pressure to invest government funds into its water and electricity sectors. At current, these sectors are underfunded by approximately US$ 464 billion (This is according to the G20 GI Hub).
6269:
5432:
temporarily shut down its vehicle assembly plant, frustrating its plans to build 50,000 cars a year in the country. "The ongoing labour disruptions are harming the South African economy and are affecting the country's image around the globe," the company said in a statement at the time.
1269:
cut South Africa's credit rating to junk status on Monday 3 April 2017. Fitch Ratings followed suit on Friday 7 April 2017 and cut the country's credit status to the sub-investment grade of BBB−. The South African rand lost more than 11% in the week following the cabinet reshuffling.
6071:
sophistication, business tax rates and infrastructure, but to fare poorly on the cost and availability of labour, education, and the use of technology and innovation. South Africa does have expertise in the Space industry, and students learning more through the South African
4583:
South Africa is one of the world's leading mining and mineral-processing countries. Though mining's contribution to the national GDP has fallen from 21% in 1970 to 6% in 2011, it still represents almost 60% of exports. The mining sector accounts for up to 9% of value added.
9053:
1027:, and upper-middle-income economy, one of only eight such countries in Africa. The economy is the most industrialised, technologically advanced, and diversified in Africa. Following 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa's nominal
9976:
7561:
5412:
the South African unions representing public sector workers recurrently went on strike, demanding pay rises significantly above inflation, in a practice that some experts argue is suppressing job growth, harming millions of South Africans who are out of a job.
5946:
At any poverty line, blacks are very much poorer than coloureds, who are very much poorer than Indians, who are poorer than whites. In 2002, according to one estimate, 62% of Black Africans, 29% of Coloureds, 11% of Asians, and 4% of Whites lived in poverty.
7997:
4943:
South Africa's main export markets in the developed world. There is growth in some areas, such as the Space industry in South Africa, which is expected to see an increase in Space industry jobs, and jobs in supporting technology and manufacturing sectors.
5465:
is used by the department to measure compliance with the BEE requirements, and is used for public procurement, public-private partnerships, sale of state-owned enterprises, when licenses are applied for, and for any other relevant economic activity.
5966:(HDI) ranked South Africa 110 out of 169 countries in 2010. The report notes, however, that the region's assessment has improved slowly since 1980. The HDI includes a Human Poverty Index (HPI-1), which ranked South Africa 85 out of 135 countries.
5394:
industries. Illegal immigrants are also heavily involved in informal trading. However, many immigrants to South Africa continue to live in poor conditions, and the South African immigration policy has become increasingly restrictive since 1994.
8207:
5367:
and perceptions of higher quality of life in South Africa relative to the countries from which they first emigrated to. It is estimated that around 37% of those returning are professionals such as lawyers, doctors, engineers and accountants.
6029:
and 43% to blacks in the mid-1980s, by the late 1990s fully 80% of total social spending was assigned to blacks and less than 10% to whites. At present, blacks contribute some 50% of total government transfers, while receiving roughly 80%.
5296:
jobs. Agriculture lost 32,000 jobs, employment in the construction industry fell by 15,000. In the third quarter of 2010, 29.80% of blacks were recorded as unemployed, compared with 22.30% of Coloureds, 8.60 of Asians and 5.10% of Whites.
4807:
The agricultural industry contributes around 5% of formal employment, relatively low compared to other parts of Africa, as well as providing work for casual labourers and contributing around 2.8% of GDP for the nation. However, due to the
5207:, diamonds, fruits, gold, metals and minerals, sugar, and wool. Machinery and transportation equipment make up more than one-third of the value of the country's imports. Other imports include chemicals, manufactured goods, and petroleum.
10372:
10277:
549:
mining (world's largest producer of platinum group metals, gold, chromium), automobile manufacturing, metalworking, technology, machinery, textiles, iron and steel, IT, chemicals, fertiliser, foodstuffs, manufacturing, commercial ship
5424:
There is a persistent wage differential between unionised and non-unionised workers in South Africa, suggesting that unions are keeping wages higher for their members, thereby posing additional challenges to the unemployment problem.
1191:
The government refrained from resorting to economic populism. Inflation was brought down, public finances were stabilised, and some foreign capital was attracted. However, growth was still subpar. At the start of 2000, then President
4856:(10th). In the first quarter of 2010, the agricultural sector earned export revenues for R10.1 billion and used R8.4 billion to pay for imported agricultural products, therefore earning a positive trade balance of R1.7 billion.
5308:
made the problem worse, wiping out more than one million jobs. In September 2010, over one-third of South Africa's workforce were out of work, and so were more than half of blacks aged 15–34, three times the level than Whites.
9377:
10245:
9987:
8913:
5531:
phase of rolling blackouts. The government and Eskom are currently planning new power stations, at cost to the South African consumer. The power utility plans to have 20,000 megawatts of nuclear power in its grid by 2025.
5518:
started experiencing deficiency in capacity in the electrical generating and reticulation infrastructure in 2007. Such lack led to inability to meet the routine demands of industry and consumers, resulting in countrywide
8643:
1181:, in an attempt to shelter the original white society from a never-ending increase in the black population. The policy was widely criticised and led to crippling sanctions being placed against the country in the 1980s.
5449:, at the first meeting of the BEE Advisory Council, when he said, "The story of black economic empowerment in the last 15 years has been a story dominated by a few individuals benefiting a lot." A 2010 report from the
5030:
Five mobile-phone companies provide service to over 50 million subscribers, with South Africa considered to have the 4th most advanced mobile telecommunications network worldwide. The five major cellular providers are
1031:(GDP) almost tripled to a peak of US$ 416 billion in 2011. In the same period, foreign exchange reserves increased from US$ 3 billion to nearly US$ 50 billion, creating a diversified economy with a growing and sizable
8004:
4896:
in 2007, exported mainly to Japan (about 29% of the value of total exports), Australia (20%), the UK (12%) and the US (11%). South Africa also exported ZAR 30.3 billion worth of auto components in 2006.
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8962:
5079:
The country's borders were reopened on 1 October 2020, with some exceptions to tourists travelling from specific European countries and the US, due to high levels of COVID-19 activity taking place there.
5267:, Minister of Rural Development and Land Reform, amounting to 24.5 million hectares, to black farmers by 2014. 6.7 million hectares had been transferred by early 2012 via redistribution and restitution.
5202:
Principal international trading partners of South Africa—besides other African countries—include Germany, the United States, China, Japan, the United Kingdom, Bangladesh and Spain. Chief exports include
4559:
Mining has been the main driving force behind the history and development of Africa's most advanced economy. Large-scale and profitable mining started with the discovery of a diamond on the banks of the
578:
gold, diamonds, wines, iron ore, platinum, nonferrous metals, electronics, machinery and manufactured equipment, motor vehicles, fruits, various agricultural foodstuffs, ground and air military hardware.
5958:
black South Africans make up the majority of the population at 79.2% while white South Africans make up only 8.9% of the population according to the Statistics South Africa census released in 2011. The
5356:
For the medical sector, the loss of returns from investment for all doctors emigrating is $ 1.41bn for South Africa. The benefit to destination countries is huge: $ 2.7bn for the United Kingdom alone.
5046:
South African companies which provide services related to the Space industry, also increasing, and with the correct government legislation and support, this sector is expected to grow in South Africa.
8214:
7921:
1235:
differed on the matter: whereas Manuel foresaw a quarter of economic growth, Mboweni predicted further decline: "technically," he said, "that's a recession." In 2009 the Nobel-Prize-winning economist
8575:
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same period, include: cereals, meat, soya-bean oil cake, beverages, soya-bean oil and its fractions, tobacco, palm oil and its fractions, miscellaneous food, spices, coffee, tea, and preserved food.
6084:
rate (business taxes as a percentage of company profits), out of 14 surveyed countries. The country was also ranked fourth for ease of accessing capital, fourth for cost of capital, sixth for its
5237:
have taken place in 2006. In 2010, two multibillion-dollar deals, one by HSBC to acquire Nedbank and one by Walmart to acquire Massmart Holdings, fell through. (Walmart did buy Massmart in 2011)
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they had given it a "great deal of thought". Among the reasons cited for wishing to leave the country was the declining quality of life and high levels of crime. Furthermore, the government's
5386:
Refugees from poorer neighbouring countries include many immigrants from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi and others, representing a large portion of the
5198:
South African exports and imports between 1992 and 2011. Top graph illustrates exports (dark blue) and imports (light blue). The bottom graph illustrates South Africa's balance of trade.
5016:
The domestic telecommunications infrastructure provides modern and efficient service to urban and rural areas. This includes cellular and internet services from 5G to Gigabit Broadband.
8750:
9286:
1188:(ANC) government the daunting task of trying to restore order to an economy harmed by sanctions, while also integrating the previously disadvantaged segment of the population into it.
5553:
billion by 2025 if the economy is to keep on growing. The massive urban migration has placed further strain on the country's ageing water infrastructure and created a large backlog.
8668:
5441:
The end of apartheid in 1994 left behind a skewed racial economic hierarchy that placed minority whites at the top. Since then, the African National Congress government created the
10253:
9381:
6645:
4935:. Companies producing in South Africa can take advantage of the low production costs and the access to new markets as a result of trade agreements with the European Union and the
422:
6174:
5933:
South Africa has extreme differences in incomes and wealth. The good level of economic growth in the post-apartheid period has led to a measurable decline in income poverty, but
6048:
The child support grant provides R420 per month, per child (as of July 2019) for every child in the household younger than 18, and benefited 9.1 million children by April 2009.
8650:
9858:
6051:
The war veterans grant is provided to former soldiers who fought in the Second World War or the Korean War, and pays a maximum amount of R1,800 per month (as of July 2019).
6032:
The Unemployment Insurance Fund is financed out of premiums, contributions and benefits depend on earnings, and focuses on insuring workers against the risk of income loss.
5363:
a net 359,000 high-skilled South Africans have returned to South Africa from foreign work assignments over a five-year period from 2008 to 2013. This was catalysed by the
5453:
concluded that the "relative improvement in poverty levels," since the end of apartheid, has actually been driven by social assistance grants and not the labour market.
5288:
Goldman Sachs report, that number increases to 35% when including people who have given up looking for work. A quarter of South Africans live on less than US$ 1.25 a day.
10157:
Conference paper presented at 'Overcoming inequality and structural poverty in South Africa: Towards inclusive growth and development', Johannesburg, 20–22 September 2010
9140:
9092:
7366:
5989:
According to one estimate, 10.4% of South Africans belonged to the "higher middle class" in 2004, defined as having a per capita income of over R40,000 (in 2000 Rand).
10943:
8335:
4871:
The dairy industry consists of around 4,300 milk producers providing employment for 60,000 farm workers and contributing to the livelihoods of around 40,000 others.
8489:
8464:
11937:
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5291:
South Africa's mass unemployment dates back to the 1970s, and continued to rise throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Unemployment has increased substantially since the
10398:
9500:
7312:
9330:
9826:
5974:
8583:
7209:
6076:. With the correct government support, South Africa can increase the jobs in the manufacturing, testing, and analysis sectors of the growing Space industry.
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9195:
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major or very severe constraint on investment by 30% of enterprises in South Africa, putting crime among the four most frequently mentioned constraints.
9029:
4631:, 1%. South Africa also accounted for nearly 5% of the world's polished diamond production by value. The country's estimated share of world reserves of
12452:
11593:
4671:
1166:
tactics against Boer non-combatants. South Africa also entered a period of industrialization during this time, including the organization of the first
6695:
10685:
8543:
8983:
Banerjee, Abhijit; Galiani, Sebastian; Levinsohn, Jim; McLaren, Zoë; Woolard, Ingrid (2008). "Why has unemployment risen in the New South Africa?".
7510:
5514:
After years of sub-standard maintenance and the South African government's inability to manage strategic resources, the state-owned power supplier
4576:
were precursors to the biggest discovery of all, the Main Reef/Main Reef Leader on Gerhardus Oosthuizen's farm Langlaagte, Portion C, in 1886, the
7955:
12338:
12108:
11386:
10591:
9911:
7593:
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and German colonists, some of the colonists were set free to pursue commercial farming, leading to the dominance of agriculture in the economy.
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9886:
8966:
8158:
8754:
8035:
11041:
10426:
10093:
9290:
7171:
6150:
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269:
128:
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increasingly defined by inequality within population groups as the gap between rich and poor within each group has increased substantially.
11930:
11726:
9312:
418:
403:
8804:
8698:
8676:
6088:(at the time considered better than that of China, India, Mexico, Brazil and Poland, but behind that of Korea and Chile), and seventh for
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6203:
5540:
9229:
8272:
7696:
11171:
9622:
9433:
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to be common among those in the entry-level rich group include being young, entrepreneurial and having some post-secondary education.
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5934:
1158:
region of Transvaal, quickly transforming the economy into a resource-dominated one. The British annexed the area as a result of the
274:
8821:
7141:
5353:
A widespread skills drain in South Africa and in the developing world in general is generally considered to be a cause for concern.
1094:. On the other hand, the country's banking sector was rated as a strongly positive feature of the economy. The nation is among the
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11280:
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99:
12253:
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6995:
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since the early-1990s and the weakness of the export-oriented manufacturing were more to blame for the low level of employment.
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11731:
10885:
10827:
10296:
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4936:
1208:, raising governmental spending and cutting interest rates sharply from 1998 levels. His policies faced strong opposition from
10342:
9549:
8296:
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1257:
In April 2017, political tensions in the country arose over the sacking of nine cabinet members including Minister of Finance
10678:
10041:
9147:
9099:
8387:
8136:
7373:
7154:
6965:
825:
10610:
8342:
7059:
4859:
The most important agricultural exports of South Africa include: edible fruit and nuts, beverages, preserved food, tobacco,
12113:
11393:
11366:
11270:
6386:
869:
10031:
8239:
1265:. The finance minister was seen as central to efforts to restore confidence in South Africa. As a result of the tensions,
1239:
warned South Africa that inflation targeting should be a secondary concern amid the global financial crisis of 2007–2009.
11240:
10979:
10938:
10774:
9478:
8496:
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1332:
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8862:
https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125255/http://www.oecd.org/document/21/0,3343,en_2649_33733_45637781_1_1_1_1,00.html
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9507:
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918:
195:
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9403:
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7433:"Crime, Justice, and Growth in South Africa: Toward a Plausible Contribution from Criminal Justice to Economic Growth"
11507:
11454:
11429:
11341:
11245:
11034:
10969:
10502:
9836:
9313:"African Security Review Vol 5 No 4, 1996: Strategic Perspectives on Illegal Immigration into South Africa"
8108:
8083:
6321:
6041:
grants; care dependency grants; foster child grants; child support grants; grant-in-aid; social relief of distress.
12442:
11711:
11521:
11439:
11192:
11187:
11151:
10918:
10857:
10837:
10671:
8931:
5221:. The situation may have started to change however, with 2005 seeing the largest single FDI into South Africa when
5043:(Vodacom), Telkom Mobile(8.ta) and Rain, with Neotel owned by Liquid Telecoms not offering mobile service anymore.
1107:
9678:
5217:
Despite the numerous positive economic achievements since 1994, South Africa has struggled to attract significant
4385:
fisheries, vehicle manufacturing and assembly, food processing, clothing and textiles, telecommunication, energy,
11716:
11613:
11573:
11459:
11361:
11275:
11255:
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10996:
10862:
10741:
6822:
6155:
5364:
5263:
The government aimed to transfer 30% of the 82 million hectares estimated to be in the hands of white farmers by
5251:
state that it will give the government direct control over the mining sector which is also in alignment with the
4511:
4381:
1043:
497:
298:
8865:
7213:
11946:
11618:
11290:
11228:
10624:
10275:
Trends in poverty and inequality since the political transition – Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers – 1/2005
9734:
9202:
1055:
503:
304:
200:
107:
9352:
4992:
4195:
This is a chart of the trend of South Africa's gross domestic product (GDP) at market prices estimated by the
12364:
11751:
11628:
11578:
11449:
11260:
11086:
11079:
10948:
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292:
1120:
to establish a provisioning station for passing ships. As the colony increased in size, with the arrival of
12128:
11743:
11691:
11661:
11492:
11351:
11321:
11218:
11027:
11008:
10890:
10810:
5404:
5313:
5063:
1184:
South Africa held its first non-restricted racial elections in 1994, leaving the newly all-African elected
1167:
1054:
13.5 billion, the economy of South Africa has diversified since the end of apartheid, particularly towards
446:
434:
10646:
7819:
1177:
won the national elections, and immediately started implementing an even stricter race-based policy named
12411:
12407:
11588:
11568:
11419:
10753:
10708:
10651:
9174:
Human Capital Flight: Stratification, Globalization, and the Challenges to Tertiary Education in Africa;
6603:
6182:
5377:
4683:
4196:
1075:
95:
10064:
9331:"Queens College: The Brain Gain: Skilled Migrants and Immigration Policy in Post-Apartheid South Africa"
8894:
8208:"Economic Impacts of Climate Changeon Agriculture and Implications for Food Security in Southern Africa"
7962:
7227:
6981:
6670:
6375:
12023:
11830:
11643:
11563:
11543:
11371:
11346:
11331:
11001:
10964:
10933:
10902:
10880:
10805:
7747:
7252:
6928:
5442:
5381:
5148:
4814:
1224:
1091:
10619:
9915:
8768:
Nattrass, Nicoli; Nattrass, Jill (October 1990). "South Africa, the homelands and rural development".
8550:
687:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum products, scientific instruments, foodstuffs, cars, gold
12420:
11583:
11548:
11497:
11381:
11336:
11285:
11235:
11206:
9434:"Affirmative action in South Africa: an empirical assessment of the impact on labour market outcomes"
9250:
6771:
6089:
6085:
5292:
5218:
1286:
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2022. Inflation under 5% is in green.
1197:
1185:
980:
888:
793:
87:
10723:
10569:
9883:
8997:
8195:
The CO2 fertilization effect: higher carbohydrate production and retention as biomass and seed yield
7456:
7210:"Economic Assessment of South Africa 2008: Achieving Accelerated and Shared Growth for South Africa"
5342:
4724:(7th largest producer in the world). In addition, in the same year, it produced 2.4 million tons of
12168:
11696:
11686:
11608:
11553:
11533:
11482:
11309:
11295:
11166:
11074:
10923:
10795:
9525:"Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15–64) (modeled ILO estimate)"
7277:
7009:
6796:
6407:
6383:
6003:
4565:
1173:
The country soon started putting laws distinguishing between different races in place. In 1948 the
1151:
1117:
83:
10433:
10100:
8095:
Mohamed, Najma. 2000. "Greening Land and Agrarian Reform: A Case for Sustainable Agriculture", in
7904:
7802:
7495:
5937:
has increased. The high level of overall income inequality has further accentuated: the country's
5545:
Some predictions show surface water supply could decrease by 60% by the year 2070 in parts of the
12403:
12268:
12073:
11890:
11883:
11653:
11623:
11598:
11487:
11424:
11223:
11062:
11054:
10850:
10800:
10758:
10319:"Poverty and Well-being in Post-Apartheid South Africa: An Overview of Data, Outcomes and Policy"
9755:
9122:
8728:
8021:
7870:
7853:
7785:
7768:
7650:
6595:
6299:
5982:
5963:
5272:
5144:
4956:
4577:
1219:
In April 2009, amid fears that South Africa would soon join much of the rest of the world in the
929:
384:
178:
9316:
5520:
4670:
The mining sector has a mix of privately owned and state-controlled mines, the latter including
1278:
12283:
12173:
12103:
11671:
11603:
11558:
11444:
11326:
9465:
8992:
8808:
8706:
7887:
7023:
6624:
5506:
5276:
1136:
1063:
1028:
156:
10325:
8273:"Competitiveness of selected South African agricultural products in the European union market"
7697:"Competitiveness of selected South African agricultural products in the European union market"
7093:
1131:, spreading farming deeper into the mainland, as well as the establishment of the independent
12343:
12263:
12228:
12213:
12198:
12153:
12088:
12016:
11899:
11864:
11859:
11721:
11706:
11701:
11676:
11638:
11538:
11091:
9479:"Black middle class boosts car sales in South Africa – Business – Mail & Guardian Online"
9226:
9054:
Statistics South Africa – Economic Indicators for 2009–2010 by Year, Key Indicators and month
8279:
7836:
7703:
5137:
5020:
4632:
4573:
1071:
12394:
10149:
9439:. Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity. p. 7. Archived from
7417:
7394:
12218:
11997:
11756:
11111:
10746:
10455:"Labor Supply Responses to Large Social Transfers: Longitudinal Evidence from South Africa"
9630:
8424:
7349:
6347:
6232:
5305:
4389:, real estate, tourism, manufacturing, IT, transportation, and wholesale and retail trade.
1243:
1220:
1051:
1001:
778:
323:
103:
10012:
Income Inequality in South Africa: Center for Global Studies at the University of Illinois
8:
12318:
12293:
12143:
12138:
12118:
12083:
12068:
11966:
11961:
11904:
11820:
11356:
9524:
6128:
5859:
5849:
5589:
5579:
5360:
1250:
11915:
9971:
9273:
The financial cost of doctors emigrating from sub-Saharan Africa: human capital analysis
5194:
5132:
South Africa has a sophisticated financial structure, with the JSE Limited, the largest
5107:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
12390:
12381:
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12053:
11976:
11971:
11680:
11464:
11136:
10928:
10872:
10845:
10713:
10479:
10454:
10116:
9768:
9010:
8699:"Graduate Training. [Social Impact]. ICP. Inclusive Cities Project (2008–2014)"
8128:
7438:. Center for International Development at Harvard University. p. 2. Archived from
7140:
Gentle, Leonard; Callinicos, Luli; Jansen, Martin; Nieftagodien, Noor; Jordi, Richard.
5511:
Scheduled rolling blackouts are a part of daily life. Electricity theft is widespread.
5471:
5304:
job at all. The unemployment rate has fuelled crime, inequality and social unrest. The
5226:
4903:
4386:
1059:
123:
45:
9809:"Why South Africa's electricity blackouts are set to continue for the next five years"
9074:
8845:
8833:
6721:"Rating Action: Moody's changes South Africa's outlook to stable; affirms Ba2 ratings"
4587:
In 2008, South Africa's estimated share of world platinum production amounted to 77%;
4580:
and the subsequent rapid development of the goldfield there, the biggest of them all.
12313:
12308:
12248:
12203:
12163:
12058:
12039:
11666:
11131:
11106:
11096:
10484:
10422:
10373:"Trends in South African Income Distribution and Poverty since the Fall of Apartheid"
10089:
10037:
10011:
9977:"Trends in South African Income Distribution and Poverty since the Fall of Apartheid"
9972:
9938:"Trends in South African Income Distribution and Poverty since the Fall of Apartheid"
9006:
8958:
8881:
8785:
8132:
8104:
8103:, ed. Cousins, Ben. Bellville, School of Government, University of the Western Cape.
8079:
7609:
7179:
7150:
6961:
6104:
6017:
5446:
1213:
1140:
343:
10300:
9440:
9014:
6848:
6063:'s now-defunct BuaNews news service, South Africa was said to compare well to other
12368:
12288:
12238:
12193:
12178:
12158:
12148:
12123:
12063:
10474:
10466:
10376:
9945:
9831:
9002:
8777:
8304:
6142:
6068:
5938:
5839:
5391:
4911:
1209:
361:
10371:
Leibbrandt, Murray; Woolard, Ingrid; Finn, Arden; Argent, Jonathan (28 May 2010).
8601:
8395:
8388:"Automotive in South Africa – Key information on the South African motor industry"
7367:"South Africa Economic Update, Focus on Savings, Investment, and Inclusive Growth"
12298:
12208:
12098:
11146:
10631:
10281:
10123:
10018:
9890:
9763:
9233:
8965:. Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. p. 2. Archived from
7629:
6064:
6013:
5387:
5321:
4845:
1236:
1159:
1154:, while in 1886 some of the world's largest gold deposits were discovered in the
1024:
9782:
9227:
Health Personnel in Southern Africa: Confronting maldistribution and brain drain
8194:
6772:"Scope affirms South Africa's BB long-term ratings and maintains Stable Outlook"
1212:. From 2004 onward economic growth picked up significantly; both employment and
1127:
At the end of the 18th century, the British annexed the colony. This led to the
1062:
contributed US$ 41.4 billion to South Africa's GDP. In 2021, South Africa-based
11842:
11141:
8243:
8124:
Unequal Protection – The State Response to Violent Crime on South African Farms
7925:
6953:
5429:
5337:
There are a range of causes cited for the migration of skilled South Africans.
5271:
the former president Zuma, and expressing concerns that a similar situation to
5264:
5133:
4915:
4737:
4717:
4660:
4628:
4564:
in 1867 by Erasmus Jacobs and the subsequent discovery and exploitation of the
1258:
1163:
8781:
8278:. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. p. 4. Archived from
7702:. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. p. 3. Archived from
7115:
6322:"Number of people living in extreme poverty in South Africa from 2016 to 2030"
12436:
11852:
11781:
11776:
10895:
9073:. Centre for Development and Enterprise. July 2011. p. 2. Archived from
8789:
8616:
8367:
8122:
8075:
7183:
6099:
In 2011, after a year of observer status, South Africa officially joined the
6009:
5462:
5160:
4768:, in addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, such as
4373:
1266:
1232:
1205:
1155:
1046:
remains one of the largest in the country with an annual contribution to the
1020:
845:
750:
613:
79:
10432:. University of Cape Town; Yale University; NBER. p. 17. Archived from
10380:
9950:
9247:"Africa's Exodus: Capital Flight and the Brain Drain as Portfolio Decisions"
5275:
may develop, a fear exacerbated by comments made by former deputy president
4696:
11791:
11786:
11771:
11766:
11126:
11050:
10488:
10178:
10150:"Poverty, Inequality and Human Development in a Post-Apartheid SouthAfrica"
10099:. University of Cape Town; Yale University; NBER. p. 7. Archived from
9936:
Leibbrandt, Murray; Woolard, Ingrid; Finn, Arden; Argent, Jonathan (2010).
9759:
9407:
8341:. Department of Labour, South Africa. March 2008. p. 5. Archived from
8098:
6572:
6546:
6528:
6502:
6081:
6020:, with the overall tax burden amounting to 23.4% of total domestic income.
5546:
4928:
4829:
4561:
1228:
1113:
1098:, and is the only African country that is a permanent member of the group.
1032:
1015:
764:
33:
10663:
10375:. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers. OECD. p. 47.
8061:
5312:
Some experts contend that higher wages negotiated by politically powerful
5171:, which, in turn, allows the central bank to monitor liquidity positions.
5124:
4667:, 9%; and nickel, 5%. It is also the world's third largest coal exporter.
11847:
11796:
11761:
11477:
11121:
11101:
10974:
10314:
10199:
10135:
South African Institute for Race Relations, South Africa Survey 2006/2007
8956:
8362:
7979:
5571:
Annual per capita personal income by race group relative to white levels
5333:
5317:
5059:
4596:
4365:
1201:
1193:
1112:
The formal economy of South Africa has its beginnings in the arrival of
953:
54:
11019:
10324:. University of Cape Town; Cornell University. p. 6. Archived from
4981:
4927:
non-exclusive basis. The industry is concentrated in two provinces, the
11825:
11813:
10986:
10470:
10297:"South Africa Economy: Facts, Data, & Analysis on Economic Freedom"
6901:"Information and communication technology (ICT) market in South Africa"
6671:"World Economic Outlook (October 2023) - General government gross debt"
6351:
6211:
5164:
5156:
5024:
4965:
4907:
4853:
4833:
4757:
1262:
1242:
South Africa, unlike other emerging markets, has struggled through the
1128:
1086:
restrictive labour regulations, a shortage of skilled workers for some
941:
28:
5136:
on the African continent, ranking 17th in the world in terms of total
11837:
11161:
9701:"Stats show gender inequality power positions in SA | Northglen News"
8917:
8521:
6996:"South Africa: finance sector's value added to GDP from 2014 to 2020"
6008:
The top rate of personal income tax rate in South Africa is 45%; the
5168:
5055:
5036:
4781:
4773:
4705:
4688:
4656:
4648:
4640:
4620:
4608:
4604:
4592:
4549:
4525:
1178:
1087:
1036:
319:
12008:
9572:
8003:. African Development Bank. October 2009. p. 10. Archived from
6294:
6292:
6290:
4376:
products relating to these sectors. South Africa has shifted from a
11808:
11116:
9378:"South Africa arm of General Motors hit by wage strike shuts plant"
5854:
5584:
5230:
5222:
4797:
4664:
4644:
4624:
4616:
4600:
4541:
4537:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4393:
Seasonally adjusted and annualised quarterly value added (Q1 2013)
1121:
10226:"Highest Level of Education Attainment in South Africa | LMI"
9098:. John F. Kennedy School of Government. p. 11. Archived from
8232:
7487:"Zuma tries to reassure investors after South Africa's rating cut"
6747:"Fitch Revises South Africa's Outlook to Stable; Affirms at 'BB-'"
5067:
utilising Cape Town's low labour costs and talented labour force.
1282:
Development of real GDP per capita in countries in Southern Africa
11803:
9975:; Ingrid Woolard; Arden Finn; Jonathan Argent (20 January 2010).
9654:"South Africa's social welfare system faces deepening challenges"
8336:"Asgisa And Economic Growth: Implications For Skills Development"
7630:"Exchange Rate Average (South African Rand, US Dollar) – X-Rates"
7511:"Junk for South Africa as Fitch Joins S&P in Cut on Politics"
6287:
6045:
people who reach pension age without access to private pensions.
5234:
5152:
5032:
4961:
4932:
4884:
4860:
4837:
4825:
4801:
4789:
4785:
4769:
4636:
4588:
4553:
1147:
722:
627:
10641:
7457:"South Africa's Zuma accuses protesters of racism after marches"
5523:. Initially, the lack of capacity was triggered by a failure at
5428:
In July 2014, amidst a national strike by 220,000 metalworkers,
10660:, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements
10614:
8982:
6408:"Labour force, total - South Africa Data (2023) - South Africa"
6136:
6080:
sophisticated financial market and the second-lowest effective
5457:
the same order of magnitude as very rich White South Africans.
5040:
4923:
4919:
4793:
4765:
4761:
4749:
4725:
4652:
4612:
4545:
4369:
1067:
9884:
Climate change to create African 'water refugees' – scientists
8751:"Anglo Says South Africa Must End Debate Over Nationalization"
8423:. Department of Trade and Industry. p. 26. Archived from
8078:: The State Response to Violent Crime on South African Farms,
7172:"COMMONWEALTH LEADERS AGREE ON SANCTIONS AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA"
7139:
4720:(11th largest producer in the world) and 397 thousand tons of
4364:
South Africa has a comparative advantage in the production of
7980:"Nationalisation in South Africa: A debate that will persist"
6108:
6100:
5515:
5204:
5054:
Over the last few decades, South Africa and particularly the
4849:
4777:
4753:
4745:
4741:
4729:
4713:
4709:
4708:(14th largest producer in the world), 12.5 million tonnes of
736:
708:
655:
641:
599:
91:
10636:
10590:
Blanchard, Ben and Zhou Xin, reporting; Ken Wills, editing,
10421:
10088:
9984:
OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 101
4692:
Workers planting on a farm in the central area of Mpumalanga
10592:"UPDATE 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan"
10370:
10033:
Race and Ethnic Relations: American and Global Perspectives
9935:
8748:
6092:
as a percentage of GDP: in 2008 it was over 3% of the GDP.
6073:
5450:
4864:
4809:
4721:
4533:
10598:, 14 April 2011 9:03 am GMT. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
10343:"Racial inequality and demographic change in South Africa"
6952:
6059:
According to a December 2010 article by the South African
4716:(11th largest producer in the world), 1.7 million tons of
11945:
10453:
Ardington, Cally; Case, Anne; Hosegood, Victoria (2009).
9550:"South Africa falling short in gender equality standards"
9287:"Expertise flows back into SA as brain drain is reversed"
6054:
4899:
4733:
4712:(12th largest producer in the world) 1.9 million tons of
4516:
In 2019, the country was the world's largest producer of
1095:
1047:
536:
44% youth unemployment (15 to 24 year-olds; Q4 2023 est.)
10637:
Statistics South Africa – Official Government Statistics
10625:
South African Reserve Bank – Economic and Financial Data
9944:. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers.
9431:
8544:"Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2013 South Africa"
7594:"Historical exchange rates – South African Reserve Bank"
7348:. International Monetary Fund. p. 6. Archived from
5210:
As a result of a November 1993 bilateral agreement, the
6929:"South Africa since apartheid: Boom or bust? - CNN.com"
6696:"S&P upgrades South Africa's outlook to 'positive'"
4828:, South Africa is one of world's largest producers of:
4813:
effort, or not enough effort, to tackle the problem of
10405:
10404:. South African Social Security Agency. Archived from
8859:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
8482:
7719:
6340:
5975:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
4704:
In 2018, South Africa produced 19.3 million tonnes of
10656:
Tariffs applied by South Africa as provided by ITC's
10452:
10427:"Fifteen Years On: Household Incomes in South Africa"
10200:"South Africa's economy: How it could do even better"
10094:"Fifteen Years On: Household Incomes in South Africa"
10065:"South Africa's Unemployment Rate Increases to 23.5%"
9942:
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
9123:"Wage Laws Squeeze South Africa's Poor – NYTimes.com"
9030:"South Africa Sheds Jobs, Denting Economic Recovery"
7961:. US Geological Survey. p. 37.1. Archived from
6118:
5316:
have suppressed job growth. According to a study by
10560:
10558:
9931:
9929:
9927:
9925:
9353:"South African unions suspend public sector strike"
8805:"Minister dissects government's land-reform target"
7204:
7202:
7200:
6797:"Total reserves South Africa (2024) - South Africa"
10448:
10446:
10246:"Black South Africans moving up the wealth ladder"
10159:. Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies
8963:"Education and Youth Unemployment in South Africa"
7494:
5245:
5240:
4677:
4672:African Exploration Mining and Finance Corporation
4448:Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants
1273:
1249:The high levels of unemployment, at over 25%, and
66:1 March – 28/29 February (corporate & private)
10417:
10415:
9404:"South Africa: Inequality not so black and white"
8749:Vernon Wessels; Carli Lourens (7 February 2012).
8457:
7998:"Results-Based Country Strategy Paper, 2008–2012"
7116:"Great Trek | South African history | Britannica"
6478:"South Africa Unemployment (2023) - South Africa"
6456:"South Africa Unemployment (2023) - South Africa"
6434:"South Africa Unemployment (2023) - South Africa"
6103:group of now-five emerging-market nations at the
4883:The manufacturing industry's contribution to the
12434:
10652:World Bank Summary Trade Statistics South Africa
10555:
10366:
10364:
9922:
9893:, Reuters Alertnet. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
9493:
9427:
9425:
9346:
9344:
8767:
8382:
8380:
8378:
7614:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
7197:
7084:Wood, Catherine Grant Makokera and Christopher.
4821:between tens and hundreds of millions of Rands.
10647:OECD Economic Forecast Summary for South Africa
10443:
10084:
10082:
9598:"The Status of Gender Equality in South Africa"
9466:Inequality on scale found in SA bites like acid
9093:"Understanding South Africa's Economic Puzzles"
8357:
8355:
8097:At the Crossroads: Land and Agrarian Reform in
8036:"AEMFC readies for second mine as losses mount"
7588:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7578:
7408:
7406:
7404:
6233:"South Africa Population (2024) - South Africa"
6061:Government Communication and Information System
5942:are rising and rural rates seem to be falling.
5556:
5180:inclusive urban planning for the working poor.
5140:, which is $ 1,005 Trillion as of August 2020.
5049:
816:Abroad: $ 270.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
10412:
10239:
10237:
10235:
9370:
8669:"Vital part of SA economy still being ignored"
8514:
8363:"South Africa, Jobless growth – The Economist"
7038:"16 things businesses hate about South Africa"
6948:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6067:on affordability and availability of capital,
5058:region has established itself as a successful
4552:. It was the world's 12th largest producer of
12024:
11931:
11035:
10679:
10361:
10307:
9986:. OECD Publishing. p. 16. Archived from
9422:
9341:
9190:
9188:
9186:
9184:
9086:
9084:
9065:
9063:
9061:
9027:
8415:
8413:
8375:
8120:
7651:"XE Currency Table: ZAR – South African Rand"
7596:. Archived from the original on 31 March 2006
7416:. OECD. July 2010. p. 38. Archived from
7393:. OECD. July 2010. p. 36. Archived from
6270:"World Economic Outlook database: April 2024"
6175:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019"
6151:United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
5436:
10503:"Old age pension | South African Government"
10459:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
10313:
10243:
10079:
9914:. Mail & Guardian Online. Archived from
9905:
9903:
9901:
9899:
9284:
8649:. Treasury Today. p. 17. Archived from
8638:
8636:
8634:
8352:
7748:"Gross Domestic Product, First Quarter 2013"
7575:
7562:"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"
7537:"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"
7401:
7343:"South Africa: 2011 Article IV Consultation"
6982:"Statista – Mining Industry in South Africa"
6547:"South Africa Trading (2022) - South Africa"
6503:"South Africa Trading (2022) - South Africa"
4817:as opposed to other forms of violent crime.
1000:All values, unless otherwise stated, are in
10693:
10291:
10289:
10232:
10192:
10143:
10141:
9506:. Nedbank Group. p. 77. Archived from
9350:
9116:
9114:
9112:
8952:
8950:
8948:
8744:
8742:
8330:
8328:
8326:
8324:
8322:
8267:
8265:
8263:
8261:
7143:A History of Trade Unionism In South Africa
6939:
6035:
5541:Water supply and sanitation in South Africa
5461:the process of BEE in the whole economy. A
12031:
12017:
11938:
11924:
11042:
11028:
10686:
10672:
9861:. Fin24. 18 September 2008. Archived from
9573:"Social welfare | Statistics South Africa"
9181:
9178:; JHEA/RESA Vol. 2, No. 1, 2004, pp. 57–91
9081:
9058:
8978:
8976:
8410:
7024:"Johannesburg Stock ExchangeL Market Data"
6958:How South Africa Works: And Must Do Better
6923:
6921:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6254:
4464:Finance, real estate and business services
27:
12453:World Trade Organization member economies
11049:
10566:"SA fares well in emerging markets study"
10478:
9965:
9949:
9896:
9432:Rulof Burger; Rachel Jafta (March 2010).
9170:
9168:
8996:
8721:
8631:
8576:"JSE Markets' Weekly Statistics 20200821"
8568:
8062:"South Africa production in 2018, by FAO"
8022:"South Africa's coal future looks bright"
7724:. Media Club South Africa. Archived from
6573:"Top South African Trading Partners 2022"
6529:"Top South African Trading Partners 2022"
4591:and other materials, 55%; chromium, 45%;
4548:; and the 15th largest world producer of
4185:
4177:
4169:
4108:
4047:
4039:
3978:
3970:
3909:
3901:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3702:
3694:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3357:
3349:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3081:
3073:
3012:
3004:
2943:
2935:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2664:
2656:
2600:
2592:
2536:
2528:
2472:
2464:
2408:
2400:
2344:
2336:
2280:
2272:
2216:
2208:
2152:
2144:
2088:
2080:
2024:
2016:
1960:
1952:
1896:
1888:
1832:
1824:
1768:
1760:
1704:
1696:
1640:
1632:
1576:
1568:
1512:
1504:
1448:
1440:
1381:
1116:settlers in 1652, originally sent by the
1078:is US$ 1.28 trillion as of October 2021.
878:
854:
532:
524:
370:
351:
331:
10286:
10138:
9727:"Join the fight against extreme poverty"
9278:
9244:
9109:
8945:
8908:
8906:
8904:
8739:
8522:"Monthly tourism statistics August 2017"
8319:
8258:
7372:. World Bank. p. 10. Archived from
7335:
7086:"GEG Africa – South Africa and the G-20"
6625:"South Africa - Current Account Balance"
5193:
5123:
4960:
4695:
4687:
4568:pipes a few years later. Gold rushes to
1277:
9380:. South Africa News.Net. Archived from
9133:
8973:
8490:"UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2013 edition"
8437:
7990:
7949:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7310:
7282:data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa
7257:data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa
7232:data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa
7064:Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016
6918:
6874:"World Bank Country and Lending Groups"
6663:
6583:
6251:
6204:"World Bank Country and Lending Groups"
5212:Overseas Private Investment Corporation
5183:
5023:, the South African telecommunications
4532:; the world's 11th largest producer of
1090:industries, political instability, and
1083:state-owned enterprises of South Africa
1066:managed more than US$ 1.41 trillion in
808:$ 156.8 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
36:, the financial capital of South Africa
12435:
10886:Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment
10525:
10523:
10391:
10244:Conway-Smith, Erin (17 October 2011).
10029:
9623:"UNFPA South Africa | Gender Equality"
9165:
9121:Dugger, Celia W. (27 September 2010).
9120:
9090:
8802:
8465:"Monthly tourism statistics June 2008"
7956:"The Mineral Industry of South Africa"
7905:"USGS Phosphate Production Statistics"
7854:"USGS Vanadinum Production Statistics"
7803:"USGS Manganese Production Statistics"
7672:"GDP per capita (current US$ ) | Data"
7414:"OECD Economic Surveys – South Africa"
7391:"OECD Economic Surveys – South Africa"
6899:Canada, Global Affairs (30 May 2023).
6898:
6638:
6617:
6384:HDRO (Human Development Report Office)
6055:Comparison with other emerging markets
5992:
5258:
5225:bought a majority share in local bank
5151:, is dominated by four local players:
4937:Southern African Development Community
12038:
12012:
11919:
11023:
10667:
10299:. Heritage Foundation. Archived from
9909:
9756:"Power Failures Outrage South Africa"
8901:
8666:
8172:"AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES"
8152:
7953:
7871:"USGS Iron Ore Production Statistics"
7820:"USGS Titanium Production Statistics"
7786:"USGS Chromium Production Statistics"
7769:"USGS Platinum Production Statistics"
7484:
7480:
7478:
7430:
6370:
6368:
5083:
5011:
4544:; the 11th largest world producer of
1196:vowed to promote economic growth and
169:$ 373.23 billion (nominal, 2024 est.)
11752:South African Bantu-speaking peoples
9679:"Gender (Dis)parity in South Africa"
8470:. South African Tourism. 3 June 2008
7940:
6387:United Nations Development Programme
5087:
4976:
4627:, 2%; iron ore, 2%; nickel, 2%; and
4540:; the 6th largest world producer of
4528:; the 2nd largest world producer of
4505:
4456:Transport, storage and communication
1044:natural resource extraction industry
475:67.2% employment rate (Q4 2023 est.)
10551:. South Africa Government Services.
10533:. South Africa Government Services.
10520:
10317:; Bhorat, Haroon (September 2005).
10030:Marger, Martin N. (22 April 2008).
9912:"How to keep SA's head above water"
9783:"S Africa cuts power to neighbours"
9275:. British Medical Journal 2011.343.
8703:SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository
8068:
7954:Yager, Thomas R. (September 2010).
7888:"USGS Cobalt Production Statistics"
7010:"Topic: Financial Market in Africa"
6012:rate is 27%. Other taxes include a
5320:, the shrinkage of the non-mineral
4946:
4424:Manufacturing (incl Space industry)
4211:US dollar exchange in early January
13:
10722:
10147:
9835:. 14 February 2008. Archived from
9570:
8834:South Africans' long wait for land
8549:. WTTC. March 2013. Archived from
7475:
7431:Stone, Christopher (August 2006).
7169:
6827:International Trade Administration
6365:
6300:"The World Factbook- South Africa"
6023:
5960:United Nations Development Program
5478:
5229:. Deals between the British-based
5174:
4953:Telecommunications in South Africa
4524:; the world's largest producer of
4520:; the world's largest producer of
355:30% on less than $ 1.90/day (2023)
14:
12464:
10604:
9651:
8242:. faostat.fao.org. Archived from
7837:"USGS Gold Production Statistics"
5495:
5365:global financial crisis of 2007–8
5332:There has been a large degree of
4893:South African automotive industry
4408:Agriculture, forestry and fishing
1035:, within three decades of ending
528:32.8% unemployment (Q4 2023 est.)
12339:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
12109:Democratic Republic of the Congo
10584:
10537:
10495:
10335:
10268:
10218:
10171:
10129:
10110:
10057:
10023:
10005:
9877:
9859:"Eskom mulls new power stations"
9851:
9827:"Eskom reopens 3 power stations"
9819:
9801:
9775:
9749:
9733:. 26 August 2015. Archived from
9719:
9693:
9671:
9645:
9615:
9590:
9564:
9542:
9517:
9471:
9458:
9396:
9351:David Smith (6 September 2010).
9323:
9305:
9285:Hedley, Nick (14 January 2014).
9265:
9238:
9220:
9047:
9021:
9007:10.1111/j.1468-0351.2008.00340.x
8924:
8851:
8846:SA 'to learn from' land seizures
8839:
8827:
8815:
8803:Davies, Richard (1 March 2012).
8796:
8761:
8691:
8667:Greve, Natalie (26 April 2017).
8660:
8644:"Doing business in South Africa"
8615:. 28 August 2020. Archived from
8582:. 28 August 2018. Archived from
7313:"Stiglitz: SA must drop targets"
7083:
7040:. Business Tech. 16 October 2016
6823:"South Africa - Market Overview"
6135:
6121:
5565:
5282:
5092:
4980:
4878:
4536:; the 3rd worldwide producer of
4488:Taxes less subsidies on products
4184:
4176:
4168:
4161:
4160:
4153:
4152:
4145:
4144:
4137:
4136:
4129:
4128:
4115:
4107:
4100:
4099:
4092:
4091:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4067:
4060:
4059:
4046:
4038:
4031:
4030:
4023:
4022:
4015:
4014:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3990:
3977:
3969:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3937:
3930:
3929:
3922:
3921:
3908:
3900:
3893:
3892:
3885:
3884:
3877:
3876:
3869:
3868:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3852:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3816:
3815:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3783:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3747:
3746:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3730:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3714:
3701:
3693:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3669:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3645:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3600:
3593:
3592:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3576:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3507:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3471:
3470:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3438:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3385:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3369:
3356:
3348:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3332:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3308:
3301:
3300:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3231:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3170:
3163:
3162:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3126:
3125:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3080:
3072:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3040:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3024:
3011:
3003:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2963:
2956:
2955:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2886:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2817:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2679:
2663:
2655:
2648:
2647:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2615:
2599:
2591:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2551:
2535:
2527:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2487:
2471:
2463:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2423:
2407:
2399:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2359:
2343:
2335:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2295:
2279:
2271:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2231:
2215:
2207:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2167:
2151:
2143:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2103:
2087:
2079:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2039:
2023:
2015:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1959:
1951:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1895:
1887:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1831:
1823:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1783:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1719:
1703:
1695:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1655:
1639:
1631:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1591:
1575:
1567:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1527:
1511:
1503:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1447:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1399:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1108:Economic history of South Africa
989:
988:
877:
853:
834:
833:
812:
811:
804:
803:
771:
757:
743:
729:
715:
701:
673:
672:
648:
634:
620:
606:
592:
564:
563:
531:
523:
471:
470:
463:
462:
441:
440:
410:
409:
394:
393:
369:
350:
330:
249:
248:
241:
240:
173:
172:
165:
164:
147:
146:
63:1 April – 31 March (government);
10997:National Budget of South Africa
9091:Rodrik, Dani (September 2006).
8536:
8431:
8289:
8200:
8188:
8164:
8114:
8089:
8054:
8028:
8014:
7972:
7914:
7897:
7880:
7863:
7846:
7829:
7812:
7795:
7778:
7761:
7740:
7713:
7689:
7664:
7643:
7622:
7554:
7529:
7503:
7449:
7424:
7383:
7359:
7304:
7295:
7270:
7245:
7220:
7163:
7133:
7108:
7077:
7052:
7030:
7016:
7002:
6988:
6974:
6892:
6866:
6841:
6815:
6789:
6764:
6739:
6713:
6688:
6565:
6539:
6521:
6495:
6470:
6448:
6426:
6376:"Human Development Index (HDI)"
6156:National Budget of South Africa
5398:
5246:Nationalisation of mines debate
5241:Land reform and property rights
4678:Agriculture and food processing
4512:Mining industry of South Africa
4387:financial and business services
1274:Historical statistics 1980–2022
838:−$ 1.046 billion (2023 Q3 est.)
12448:African Union member economies
11947:Southern African Customs Union
9289:. Business Day. Archived from
9071:"A Fresh Look at Unemployment"
9028:Nasreen Seria (27 July 2010).
7311:Wessels, Leani (8 July 2009).
7149:. South Africa. pp. 1–8.
6960:. Pan Macmillan South Africa.
6400:
6328:. Natalie Cowlig. October 2023
6314:
6225:
6196:
6167:
5981:A 2011 study published by the
5371:
4116:
1752:
1:
10642:Gosloto 7/49 National Lottery
10399:"You and Your Grants 2011/12"
9910:Geyde, Lloyd (2 March 2012).
9468:, Business Day, 31 March 2010
8932:"- Human Development Reports"
8914:"South Africa: Country Brief"
8822:South Africa's bitter harvest
8807:. BusinessDay. Archived from
8440:"Outsourcing to South Africa"
8121:Bronwen Manby (August 2001).
7278:"South Africa inflation rate"
6302:. Central Intelligence Agency
6161:
5525:Koeberg nuclear power station
5273:Zimbabwe's land reform policy
5190:Foreign trade of South Africa
993:$ 61.7 billion (Feb 2024 est)
10891:Qualifying Small Enterprises
9141:"Understanding South Africa"
8916:. World Bank. Archived from
8240:"FAOSTAT 2008 by Production"
8197:. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
8161:, The Sunday Times Magazine.
7301:Quoted in Mafirakurewa 2009.
6849:"South Africa: Introduction"
6646:"South Africa External Debt"
5557:Developments and Maintenance
5405:Trade unions in South Africa
5327:
5070:
5064:business process outsourcing
5050:Business process outsourcing
4968:shopping centre in Cape Town
1162:which saw the deployment of
912:$ 139.28 billion (2022 est.)
904:$ 122.49 billion (2022 est.)
858:$ 156.1 billion ( 2023 est.)
445:41 out of 100 points (2023,
435:Corruption Perceptions Index
7:
10620:South African Tax Resources
9481:. Mg.co.za. 15 January 2006
8770:Development Southern Africa
8753:. Bloomberg. Archived from
6604:Central Intelligence Agency
6183:International Monetary Fund
6114:
5997:
5378:Immigration to South Africa
4684:Agriculture in South Africa
4472:General government services
4217:Per capita income, in US$
4197:International Monetary Fund
1076:Johannesburg Stock Exchange
129:Upper-middle income economy
10:
12469:
10903:Exempted Micro Enterprises
10881:Black Economic Empowerment
9571:Africa, Statistics South.
8961:; Cecil Mlatsheni (2008).
8609:"USD to ZAR Exchange Rate"
8074:Human Rights Watch, 2001.
6878:datahelpdesk.worldbank.org
6208:datahelpdesk.worldbank.org
6001:
5538:
5504:
5443:Black Economic Empowerment
5437:Black Economic Empowerment
5402:
5382:Xenophobia in South Africa
5375:
5187:
5149:South African Reserve Bank
4972:
4950:
4681:
4509:
4432:Electricity, gas and water
4359:
1204:, stepping up the pace of
1168:South African trade unions
1105:
1101:
896:−4.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
484:Labour force by occupation
12352:
12327:
12046:
11990:
11954:
11877:
11742:
11652:
11529:
11520:
11415:
11406:
11317:
11308:
11214:
11205:
11180:
11070:
11061:
10957:
10911:
10871:
10836:
10783:
10767:
10734:
10720:
10701:
10252:. Toronto. Archived from
8782:10.1080/03768359008439560
8524:. Statistics South Africa
8421:"Annual report 2010–2011"
6237:worldpopulationreview.com
6090:foreign direct investment
5500:
5293:African National Congress
5219:foreign direct investment
5101:This section needs to be
4403:(R billion, 2004 prices)
1312:(in billion US$ nominal)
1186:African National Congress
997:
978:
916:
908:
900:
886:
867:
862:
842:
823:
791:
691:
681:
668:
582:
572:
559:
554:
543:
516:
482:
453:
432:
382:
359:
339:
317:
283:
260:
231:
209:
188:
155:
151:64.104 million (2024 est)
142:
137:
114:
73:
52:
41:
26:
12094:Central African Republic
9501:"Transformation Booklet"
8438:Accelerator, Outsource.
7720:South Africa's Economy.
7228:"SA government spending"
6086:transport infrastructure
6036:Social assistance grants
6004:Taxation in South Africa
5534:
5306:global economic downturn
1231:and Minister of Finance
1200:by relaxing restrictive
1118:Dutch East India Company
882:75.8% of GDP (2024 est.)
12443:Economy of South Africa
11473:State-owned enterprises
11172:Democratic South Africa
10992:State-owned enterprises
10851:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
10695:Economy of South Africa
10611:Economy of South Africa
10381:10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en
10067:. Bloomberg. 5 May 2009
9951:10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en
9889:25 October 2010 at the
8985:Economics of Transition
8495:. UNWTO. Archived from
7253:"SA real interest rate"
6348:"South Africa Overview"
5983:University of Cape Town
5964:Human Development Index
4957:Tourism in South Africa
4764:, 421 thousand tons of
4760:, 444 thousand tons of
4756:, 445 thousand tons of
4752:, 474 thousand tons of
4748:, 537 thousand tons of
4744:, 726 thousand tons of
4740:, 829 thousand tons of
4736:, 862 thousand tons of
4578:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
385:Human Development Index
245:$ 5,975 (nominal, 2024)
10728:
10630:9 January 2006 at the
10179:"SARPN – South Africa"
8580:Market Statistics; JSE
7922:"World Uranium Mining"
7212:. OECD. Archived from
7170:Ap (21 October 1985).
6956:; Mills, Greg (2015).
6274:Internal Monetary Fund
5507:Energy in South Africa
5277:Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka
5199:
5129:
4989:This section is empty.
4969:
4732:, 1.5 million tons of
4728:, 1.8 million tons of
4701:
4693:
1283:
1064:financial institutions
1029:gross domestic product
930:S&P Global Ratings
12254:São Tomé and Príncipe
12114:Republic of the Congo
11092:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
10726:
10658:ITC Market Access Map
10531:"Child support grant"
10280:19 March 2012 at the
9627:southafrica.unfpa.org
9232:30 April 2011 at the
8444:Outsource Accelerator
8101:into the 21st century
7420:on 14 September 2012.
7397:on 14 September 2012.
5197:
5138:market capitalisation
5127:
4964:
4699:
4691:
4633:platinum group metals
4623:, 6%; aluminium, 2%;
1281:
1072:market capitalization
11998:Common Monetary Area
11967:Eswatini (Swaziland)
11727:World Heritage Sites
11503:Water and sanitation
11112:Mthethwa Paramountcy
10939:Consumer price index
10727:Flag of South Africa
10572:on 24 September 2015
10545:"War veterans grant"
10408:on 16 December 2011.
10122:19 July 2011 at the
10117:SARPN – South Africa
10036:. Cengage Learning.
9865:on 21 September 2008
9337:on 25 November 2005.
9253:on 27 September 2006
8868:on 24 September 2015
8307:on 23 September 2006
8285:on 11 December 2013.
7709:on 11 December 2013.
7499:on 10 December 2022.
7445:on 25 November 2011.
7379:on 8 September 2012.
6596:"The World Factbook"
5954:R153,601 per annum.
5334:human capital flight
5184:Trade and investment
4848:(9th); pears (9th);
4496:GDP at market prices
4416:Mining and quarrying
1244:late 2000s recession
1221:late-2000s recession
693:Main import partners
677:$ 113 billion (2022)
584:Main export partners
568:$ 147 billion (2022)
270:89th (nominal, 2022)
253:$ 16,424 (PPP, 2024)
196:36th (nominal, 2023)
12329:States with limited
10775:Automotive industry
10425:; James Levinsohn.
10349:. 16 September 2019
10092:; James Levinsohn.
9319:on 19 October 2005.
9271:Mills EJ et coll.:
8735:. CIA. 31 May 2022.
8709:on 5 September 2017
8502:on 27 November 2013
8427:on 30 January 2013.
8301:South Africa Online
7928:on 26 December 2018
7491:The Financial Times
7485:Cotterill, Joseph.
6935:. 27 November 2013.
6129:South Africa portal
5993:Taxes and transfers
5843:
5572:
5361:reverse brain drain
5259:Land redistribution
5233:and South Africa's
4394:
1150:were discovered in
1133:Afrikaner Republics
262:GDP per capita rank
75:Trade organisations
23:
12040:Economy of Africa
11137:Transvaal Republic
10929:South African rand
10873:Affirmative action
10846:Mineral Revolution
10818:Telecommunications
10729:
10549:War veterans grant
10471:10.1257/app.1.1.22
10256:on 20 October 2011
10017:8 May 2013 at the
9769:The New York Times
9737:on 9 December 2017
9633:on 9 December 2017
9529:data.worldbank.org
9410:on 8 December 2015
9293:on 18 January 2014
9196:"Labour migration"
9127:The New York Times
8757:on 10 August 2014.
8733:The World Factbook
8398:on 2 December 2008
8129:Human Rights Watch
8076:Unequal Protection
7986:. 3 December 2011.
7676:data.worldbank.org
7176:The New York Times
7120:www.britannica.com
7026:. 17 October 2021.
6853:globaledge.msu.edu
6801:data.worldbank.org
6700:businesslive.co.za
6412:data.worldbank.org
5838:
5570:
5472:affirmative action
5343:affirmative action
5227:Absa Group Limited
5200:
5147:, overseen by the
5130:
5084:Financial services
5012:Telecommunications
4970:
4702:
4694:
4659:, 18%; gold, 13%;
4619:, 19%; gold, 11%;
4392:
1351:(in % of GDP)
1284:
1198:foreign investment
1060:financial industry
177:$ 1.026 trillion (
124:Developing country
46:South African rand
18:
12430:
12429:
12356:other territories
12129:Equatorial Guinea
12006:
12005:
11913:
11912:
11873:
11872:
11516:
11515:
11508:Wealth inequality
11455:Income inequality
11402:
11401:
11377:Political parties
11342:Foreign relations
11304:
11303:
11201:
11200:
11132:Orange Free State
11107:Dutch Cape Colony
11097:Kingdom of Mutapa
11017:
11016:
10919:National Treasury
10735:Natural resources
10423:Murray Leibbrandt
10387:on 12 March 2012.
10090:Murray Leibbrandt
10043:978-0-495-50436-8
9973:Murray Leibbrandt
9789:. 21 January 2008
9602:CBE International
9105:on 12 March 2012.
8959:Murray Leibbrandt
8889:Missing or empty
8776:(sup1): 517–534.
8656:on 30 April 2014.
8619:on 28 August 2020
8589:on 28 August 2020
8220:on 13 August 2011
8138:978-1-56432-263-0
8042:. 18 October 2012
8010:on 25 March 2012.
7355:on 30 April 2014.
7216:on 9 August 2009.
7156:978-0-620-78227-2
7096:on 6 January 2017
6967:978-1-77010-408-2
6829:. 26 January 2024
6111:, Hainan, China.
6018:capital gains tax
5931:
5930:
5836:
5835:
5521:rolling blackouts
5447:Kgalema Motlanthe
5122:
5121:
5009:
5008:
4844:and maize (7th);
4635:amounted to 89%;
4506:Natural resources
4503:
4502:
4480:Personal services
4357:
4356:
4214:Unemployment rate
4193:
4192:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1329:
1321:
1320:(in US$ nominal)
1313:
1306:
1299:
1298:(in bn. US$ PPP)
1261:by the president
1214:capital formation
1141:Orange Free State
1010:
1009:
938:Outlook: Positive
467:25,158,403 (2024)
341:Population below
12460:
12417:
12416:(United Kingdom)
12412:Tristan da Cunha
12408:Ascension Island
12400:
12387:
12378:
12354:Dependencies and
12047:Sovereign states
12033:
12026:
12019:
12010:
12009:
11940:
11933:
11926:
11917:
11916:
11893:
11886:
11712:National symbols
11634:Social movements
11527:
11526:
11468:
11440:Economic history
11413:
11412:
11315:
11314:
11281:Populated places
11212:
11211:
11152:Great Depression
11068:
11067:
11044:
11037:
11030:
11021:
11020:
10980:Traded companies
10944:Provinces by HDI
10858:Great Depression
10838:Economic history
10688:
10681:
10674:
10665:
10664:
10599:
10588:
10582:
10581:
10579:
10577:
10568:. Archived from
10562:
10553:
10552:
10541:
10535:
10534:
10527:
10518:
10517:
10515:
10513:
10499:
10493:
10492:
10482:
10450:
10441:
10440:
10438:
10431:
10419:
10410:
10409:
10403:
10395:
10389:
10388:
10383:. Archived from
10368:
10359:
10358:
10356:
10354:
10339:
10333:
10332:
10331:on 16 June 2012.
10330:
10323:
10311:
10305:
10304:
10303:on 5 March 2012.
10293:
10284:
10272:
10266:
10265:
10263:
10261:
10241:
10230:
10229:
10222:
10216:
10215:
10213:
10211:
10196:
10190:
10189:
10187:
10185:
10175:
10169:
10168:
10166:
10164:
10154:
10145:
10136:
10133:
10127:
10114:
10108:
10107:
10105:
10098:
10086:
10077:
10076:
10074:
10072:
10061:
10055:
10054:
10052:
10050:
10027:
10021:
10009:
10003:
10002:
10000:
9998:
9992:
9981:
9969:
9963:
9962:
9960:
9958:
9953:
9933:
9920:
9919:
9907:
9894:
9881:
9875:
9874:
9872:
9870:
9855:
9849:
9848:
9846:
9844:
9823:
9817:
9816:
9815:. 30 March 2021.
9813:The Conversation
9805:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9794:
9779:
9773:
9753:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9742:
9723:
9717:
9716:
9714:
9712:
9707:. 29 August 2017
9697:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9686:
9675:
9669:
9668:
9666:
9664:
9658:The Conversation
9649:
9643:
9642:
9640:
9638:
9629:. Archived from
9619:
9613:
9612:
9610:
9608:
9594:
9588:
9587:
9585:
9583:
9568:
9562:
9561:
9559:
9557:
9546:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9535:
9521:
9515:
9514:
9512:
9505:
9497:
9491:
9490:
9488:
9486:
9475:
9469:
9462:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9451:
9445:
9438:
9429:
9420:
9419:
9417:
9415:
9406:. Archived from
9400:
9394:
9393:
9391:
9389:
9374:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9363:
9348:
9339:
9338:
9333:. Archived from
9327:
9321:
9320:
9315:. Archived from
9309:
9303:
9302:
9300:
9298:
9282:
9276:
9269:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9258:
9249:. Archived from
9242:
9236:
9224:
9218:
9217:
9215:
9213:
9207:
9201:. Archived from
9200:
9192:
9179:
9172:
9163:
9162:
9160:
9158:
9153:on 12 March 2012
9152:
9146:. Archived from
9145:
9137:
9131:
9130:
9118:
9107:
9106:
9104:
9097:
9088:
9079:
9078:
9077:on 6 March 2012.
9067:
9056:
9051:
9045:
9044:
9042:
9040:
9025:
9019:
9018:
9000:
8980:
8971:
8970:
8969:on 6 March 2012.
8954:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8938:
8928:
8922:
8921:
8920:on 4 April 2012.
8910:
8899:
8898:
8892:
8887:
8885:
8877:
8875:
8873:
8864:. Archived from
8855:
8849:
8843:
8837:
8831:
8825:
8819:
8813:
8812:
8811:on 4 March 2012.
8800:
8794:
8793:
8765:
8759:
8758:
8746:
8737:
8736:
8725:
8719:
8718:
8716:
8714:
8705:. Archived from
8695:
8689:
8688:
8686:
8684:
8679:on 29 April 2017
8675:. Archived from
8664:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8648:
8640:
8629:
8628:
8626:
8624:
8605:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8594:
8588:
8572:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8561:
8555:
8548:
8540:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8529:
8518:
8512:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8501:
8494:
8486:
8480:
8479:
8477:
8475:
8469:
8461:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8450:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8417:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8403:
8394:. Archived from
8384:
8373:
8372:
8359:
8350:
8349:
8348:on 13 July 2014.
8347:
8340:
8332:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8312:
8303:. Archived from
8293:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8277:
8269:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8236:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8219:
8213:. Archived from
8212:
8204:
8198:
8192:
8186:
8185:
8183:
8181:
8176:
8168:
8162:
8156:
8150:
8149:
8147:
8145:
8118:
8112:
8093:
8087:
8072:
8066:
8065:
8058:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8047:
8032:
8026:
8025:
8018:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8002:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7968:on 7 April 2012.
7967:
7960:
7951:
7938:
7937:
7935:
7933:
7924:. Archived from
7918:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7884:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7867:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7833:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7799:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7765:
7759:
7758:
7752:
7744:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7733:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7701:
7693:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7657:
7647:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7636:
7626:
7620:
7619:
7613:
7605:
7603:
7601:
7590:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7558:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7547:
7533:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7507:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7493:. Archived from
7482:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7453:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7437:
7428:
7422:
7421:
7410:
7399:
7398:
7387:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7371:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7347:
7339:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7319:. Archived from
7308:
7302:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7288:
7274:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7263:
7249:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7238:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7206:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7167:
7161:
7160:
7148:
7137:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7112:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7092:. Archived from
7081:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7056:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7045:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7020:
7014:
7013:
7006:
7000:
6999:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6950:
6937:
6936:
6925:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6845:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6819:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6808:
6793:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6776:scoperatings.com
6768:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6751:fitchratings.com
6743:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6621:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6610:
6592:
6581:
6580:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6499:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6482:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6404:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6372:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6296:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6266:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6171:
6145:
6143:Economics portal
6140:
6139:
6131:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6069:financial market
6065:emerging markets
5939:Gini coefficient
5844:
5842:by race in 2004
5840:Gini coefficient
5837:
5573:
5569:
5392:domestic service
5255:signed in 1995.
5145:banking industry
5117:
5114:
5108:
5096:
5095:
5088:
5004:
5001:
4991:You can help by
4984:
4977:
4947:Service industry
4912:Daimler-Chrysler
4395:
4391:
4202:
4201:
4188:
4187:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4171:
4164:
4163:
4156:
4155:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4139:
4132:
4131:
4119:
4118:
4111:
4110:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4094:
4087:
4086:
4079:
4078:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4062:
4050:
4049:
4042:
4041:
4034:
4033:
4026:
4025:
4018:
4017:
4010:
4009:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3993:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3948:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3932:
3925:
3924:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3903:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3871:
3864:
3863:
3856:
3855:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3786:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3765:
3758:
3757:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3733:
3726:
3725:
3718:
3717:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3680:
3673:
3672:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3648:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3579:
3567:
3566:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3526:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3510:
3498:
3497:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3465:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3441:
3429:
3428:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3396:
3389:
3388:
3381:
3380:
3373:
3372:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3343:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3319:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3303:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3234:
3222:
3221:
3214:
3213:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3173:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3096:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3067:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3027:
3015:
3014:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2958:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2905:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2889:
2877:
2876:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2820:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2751:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2682:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2618:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2554:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2426:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2362:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2298:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2234:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2170:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2106:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2042:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2010:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1978:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1786:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1722:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1658:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1594:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1466:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1402:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1319:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1210:organised labour
992:
991:
983:
982:Foreign reserves
921:
891:
881:
880:
872:
857:
856:
848:
837:
836:
828:
815:
814:
807:
806:
777:
775:
774:
763:
761:
760:
749:
747:
746:
735:
733:
732:
721:
719:
718:
707:
705:
704:
676:
675:
654:
652:
651:
640:
638:
637:
626:
624:
623:
612:
610:
609:
598:
596:
595:
567:
566:
535:
534:
527:
526:
474:
473:
466:
465:
444:
443:
417:
413:
412:
401:
397:
396:
377:
373:
372:
364:
363:Gini coefficient
354:
353:
346:
334:
333:
275:74th (PPP, 2022)
252:
251:
244:
243:
224:1.2% (2025)
221:0.9% (2024)
218:0.6% (2023)
201:33rd (PPP, 2022)
176:
175:
168:
167:
150:
149:
31:
24:
22:
17:
12468:
12467:
12463:
12462:
12461:
12459:
12458:
12457:
12433:
12432:
12431:
12426:
12425:
12415:
12398:
12385:
12376:
12357:
12355:
12348:
12332:
12330:
12323:
12042:
12037:
12007:
12002:
11986:
11950:
11944:
11914:
11909:
11896:
11889:
11882:
11869:
11738:
11717:Public holidays
11648:
11614:Sexual violence
11594:Life expectancy
11512:
11466:
11460:Mining industry
11398:
11362:Law enforcement
11300:
11266:Mountain ranges
11197:
11176:
11147:Second Boer War
11057:
11048:
11018:
11013:
10953:
10907:
10867:
10832:
10779:
10763:
10742:Mining industry
10730:
10718:
10697:
10692:
10632:Wayback Machine
10607:
10602:
10589:
10585:
10575:
10573:
10564:
10563:
10556:
10543:
10542:
10538:
10529:
10528:
10521:
10511:
10509:
10501:
10500:
10496:
10451:
10444:
10439:on 10 May 2013.
10436:
10429:
10420:
10413:
10401:
10397:
10396:
10392:
10369:
10362:
10352:
10350:
10341:
10340:
10336:
10328:
10321:
10312:
10308:
10295:
10294:
10287:
10282:Wayback Machine
10273:
10269:
10259:
10257:
10242:
10233:
10224:
10223:
10219:
10209:
10207:
10198:
10197:
10193:
10183:
10181:
10177:
10176:
10172:
10162:
10160:
10152:
10146:
10139:
10134:
10130:
10126:at sarpn.org.za
10124:Wayback Machine
10115:
10111:
10106:on 10 May 2013.
10103:
10096:
10087:
10080:
10070:
10068:
10063:
10062:
10058:
10048:
10046:
10044:
10028:
10024:
10019:Wayback Machine
10010:
10006:
9996:
9994:
9993:on 12 June 2012
9990:
9979:
9970:
9966:
9956:
9954:
9934:
9923:
9908:
9897:
9891:Wayback Machine
9882:
9878:
9868:
9866:
9857:
9856:
9852:
9842:
9840:
9839:on 19 June 2008
9825:
9824:
9820:
9807:
9806:
9802:
9792:
9790:
9781:
9780:
9776:
9772:31 January 2008
9764:Celia W. Dugger
9754:
9750:
9740:
9738:
9725:
9724:
9720:
9710:
9708:
9699:
9698:
9694:
9684:
9682:
9677:
9676:
9672:
9662:
9660:
9650:
9646:
9636:
9634:
9621:
9620:
9616:
9606:
9604:
9596:
9595:
9591:
9581:
9579:
9569:
9565:
9555:
9553:
9548:
9547:
9543:
9533:
9531:
9523:
9522:
9518:
9513:on 3 June 2013.
9510:
9503:
9499:
9498:
9494:
9484:
9482:
9477:
9476:
9472:
9464:Neva Makgetla,
9463:
9459:
9449:
9447:
9446:on 1 April 2011
9443:
9436:
9430:
9423:
9413:
9411:
9402:
9401:
9397:
9387:
9385:
9384:on 14 July 2014
9376:
9375:
9371:
9361:
9359:
9349:
9342:
9329:
9328:
9324:
9311:
9310:
9306:
9296:
9294:
9283:
9279:
9270:
9266:
9256:
9254:
9243:
9239:
9234:Wayback Machine
9225:
9221:
9211:
9209:
9208:on 16 June 2012
9205:
9198:
9194:
9193:
9182:
9173:
9166:
9156:
9154:
9150:
9143:
9139:
9138:
9134:
9119:
9110:
9102:
9095:
9089:
9082:
9069:
9068:
9059:
9052:
9048:
9038:
9036:
9026:
9022:
8998:10.1.1.514.4342
8981:
8974:
8955:
8946:
8936:
8934:
8930:
8929:
8925:
8912:
8911:
8902:
8890:
8888:
8879:
8878:
8871:
8869:
8857:
8856:
8852:
8844:
8840:
8832:
8828:
8820:
8816:
8801:
8797:
8766:
8762:
8747:
8740:
8727:
8726:
8722:
8712:
8710:
8697:
8696:
8692:
8682:
8680:
8665:
8661:
8653:
8646:
8642:
8641:
8632:
8622:
8620:
8607:
8606:
8602:
8592:
8590:
8586:
8574:
8573:
8569:
8559:
8557:
8556:on 9 March 2014
8553:
8546:
8542:
8541:
8537:
8527:
8525:
8520:
8519:
8515:
8505:
8503:
8499:
8492:
8488:
8487:
8483:
8473:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8462:
8458:
8448:
8446:
8436:
8432:
8419:
8418:
8411:
8401:
8399:
8386:
8385:
8376:
8361:
8360:
8353:
8345:
8338:
8334:
8333:
8320:
8310:
8308:
8295:
8294:
8290:
8282:
8275:
8271:
8270:
8259:
8249:
8247:
8246:on 13 July 2011
8238:
8237:
8233:
8223:
8221:
8217:
8210:
8206:
8205:
8201:
8193:
8189:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8170:
8169:
8165:
8157:
8153:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8119:
8115:
8094:
8090:
8073:
8069:
8060:
8059:
8055:
8045:
8043:
8034:
8033:
8029:
8020:
8019:
8015:
8007:
8000:
7996:
7995:
7991:
7978:
7977:
7973:
7965:
7958:
7952:
7941:
7931:
7929:
7920:
7919:
7915:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7898:
7890:
7886:
7885:
7881:
7873:
7869:
7868:
7864:
7856:
7852:
7851:
7847:
7839:
7835:
7834:
7830:
7822:
7818:
7817:
7813:
7805:
7801:
7800:
7796:
7788:
7784:
7783:
7779:
7771:
7767:
7766:
7762:
7750:
7746:
7745:
7741:
7731:
7729:
7728:on 6 April 2016
7718:
7714:
7706:
7699:
7695:
7694:
7690:
7680:
7678:
7670:
7669:
7665:
7655:
7653:
7649:
7648:
7644:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7627:
7623:
7607:
7606:
7599:
7597:
7592:
7591:
7576:
7566:
7564:
7560:
7559:
7555:
7545:
7543:
7535:
7534:
7530:
7520:
7518:
7509:
7508:
7504:
7483:
7476:
7466:
7464:
7463:. 10 April 2017
7455:
7454:
7450:
7442:
7435:
7429:
7425:
7412:
7411:
7402:
7389:
7388:
7384:
7376:
7369:
7365:
7364:
7360:
7352:
7345:
7341:
7340:
7336:
7326:
7324:
7323:on 11 July 2009
7309:
7305:
7300:
7296:
7286:
7284:
7276:
7275:
7271:
7261:
7259:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7236:
7234:
7226:
7225:
7221:
7208:
7207:
7198:
7188:
7186:
7168:
7164:
7157:
7146:
7138:
7134:
7124:
7122:
7114:
7113:
7109:
7099:
7097:
7082:
7078:
7068:
7066:
7058:
7057:
7053:
7043:
7041:
7036:
7035:
7031:
7022:
7021:
7017:
7008:
7007:
7003:
6994:
6993:
6989:
6980:
6979:
6975:
6968:
6954:Herbst, Jeffrey
6951:
6940:
6927:
6926:
6919:
6909:
6907:
6897:
6893:
6883:
6881:
6872:
6871:
6867:
6857:
6855:
6847:
6846:
6842:
6832:
6830:
6821:
6820:
6816:
6806:
6804:
6795:
6794:
6790:
6780:
6778:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6755:
6753:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6730:
6728:
6719:
6718:
6714:
6704:
6702:
6694:
6693:
6689:
6679:
6677:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6654:
6652:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6629:
6627:
6623:
6622:
6618:
6608:
6606:
6594:
6593:
6584:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6556:
6554:
6545:
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6540:
6527:
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6522:
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6510:
6501:
6500:
6496:
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6453:
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6431:
6427:
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6415:
6406:
6405:
6401:
6391:
6389:
6374:
6373:
6366:
6356:
6354:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6331:
6329:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6305:
6303:
6298:
6297:
6288:
6278:
6276:
6268:
6267:
6252:
6242:
6240:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6216:
6214:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6187:
6185:
6173:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6057:
6038:
6026:
6024:Social benefits
6014:value-added tax
6006:
6000:
5995:
5568:
5559:
5543:
5537:
5509:
5503:
5498:
5481:
5479:Gender Equality
5439:
5407:
5401:
5388:informal sector
5384:
5374:
5330:
5322:tradable sector
5285:
5261:
5253:Freedom Charter
5248:
5243:
5192:
5186:
5177:
5175:Informal sector
5118:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5097:
5093:
5086:
5073:
5052:
5014:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4975:
4959:
4949:
4881:
4846:castor oil seed
4686:
4680:
4514:
4508:
4402:
4362:
1349:
1348:Government debt
1342:
1335:
1326:
1317:GDP per capita
1303:
1296:
1276:
1237:Joseph Stiglitz
1160:Second Boer War
1110:
1104:
1058:. In 2019, the
1025:emerging market
1006:
985:
981:
974:
971:Outlook: Stable
962:Outlook: Stable
950:Outlook: Stable
923:
919:
893:
889:
874:
871:Government debt
870:
863:Public finances
850:
846:
830:
827:Current account
826:
819:
797:
787:
772:
770:
758:
756:
744:
742:
730:
728:
716:
714:
702:
700:
694:
684:
664:
649:
647:
635:
633:
621:
619:
607:
605:
593:
591:
585:
575:
546:
545:Main industries
539:
512:
485:
478:
456:
437:
428:
415:
399:
387:
375:
366:
362:
347:
342:
327:
313:
286:
279:
263:
256:
234:
227:
212:
205:
184:
133:
117:
76:
69:
57:
37:
20:
12:
11:
5:
12466:
12456:
12455:
12450:
12445:
12428:
12427:
12424:
12423:
12421:Western Sahara
12418:
12401:
12388:
12379:
12365:Canary Islands
12361:
12360:
12358:
12353:
12350:
12349:
12347:
12346:
12341:
12335:
12333:
12328:
12325:
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12311:
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12221:
12216:
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12206:
12201:
12196:
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12176:
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12141:
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12071:
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12048:
12044:
12043:
12036:
12035:
12028:
12021:
12013:
12004:
12003:
12001:
12000:
11994:
11992:
11988:
11987:
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11974:
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11928:
11920:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11907:
11902:
11895:
11894:
11887:
11879:
11878:
11875:
11874:
11871:
11870:
11868:
11867:
11862:
11857:
11856:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11843:Cape Coloureds
11835:
11834:
11833:
11828:
11818:
11817:
11816:
11811:
11801:
11800:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11748:
11746:
11740:
11739:
11737:
11736:
11735:
11734:
11732:heritage sites
11724:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11674:
11669:
11664:
11658:
11656:
11650:
11649:
11647:
11646:
11641:
11636:
11631:
11626:
11621:
11619:Slum clearance
11616:
11611:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11566:
11561:
11556:
11551:
11546:
11541:
11536:
11530:
11524:
11518:
11517:
11514:
11513:
11511:
11510:
11505:
11500:
11495:
11490:
11485:
11480:
11478:Stock exchange
11475:
11470:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11435:Communications
11432:
11427:
11422:
11416:
11410:
11404:
11403:
11400:
11399:
11397:
11396:
11394:State security
11391:
11390:
11389:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11334:
11329:
11324:
11318:
11312:
11306:
11305:
11302:
11301:
11299:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11276:National parks
11273:
11271:Municipalities
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11232:
11231:
11229:Climate change
11221:
11215:
11209:
11203:
11202:
11199:
11198:
11196:
11195:
11190:
11184:
11182:
11178:
11177:
11175:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11142:First Boer War
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11083:
11082:
11071:
11065:
11059:
11058:
11047:
11046:
11039:
11032:
11024:
11015:
11014:
11012:
11011:
11006:
11005:
11004:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10983:
10982:
10972:
10967:
10961:
10959:
10955:
10954:
10952:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10915:
10913:
10912:Macroeconomics
10909:
10908:
10906:
10905:
10900:
10899:
10898:
10888:
10883:
10877:
10875:
10869:
10868:
10866:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10854:
10853:
10842:
10840:
10834:
10833:
10831:
10830:
10828:Power stations
10825:
10820:
10815:
10814:
10813:
10808:
10798:
10793:
10787:
10785:
10781:
10780:
10778:
10777:
10771:
10769:
10765:
10764:
10762:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10750:
10749:
10738:
10736:
10732:
10731:
10721:
10719:
10717:
10716:
10711:
10705:
10703:
10699:
10698:
10691:
10690:
10683:
10676:
10668:
10662:
10661:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10622:
10617:
10606:
10605:External links
10603:
10601:
10600:
10596:Reuters Africa
10583:
10554:
10536:
10519:
10494:
10442:
10411:
10390:
10360:
10334:
10306:
10285:
10267:
10250:Globe and Mail
10231:
10217:
10206:. 22 July 2010
10191:
10170:
10148:Gumede, Vusi.
10137:
10128:
10109:
10078:
10056:
10042:
10022:
10004:
9964:
9921:
9918:on 1 May 2012.
9895:
9876:
9850:
9818:
9800:
9774:
9748:
9718:
9705:Northglen News
9692:
9670:
9652:Patel, Leila.
9644:
9614:
9589:
9577:statssa.gov.za
9563:
9541:
9516:
9492:
9470:
9457:
9421:
9395:
9369:
9340:
9322:
9304:
9277:
9264:
9245:Paul Collier.
9237:
9219:
9180:
9176:Benno J. Ndulu
9164:
9132:
9108:
9080:
9057:
9046:
9020:
8991:(4): 715–740.
8972:
8944:
8923:
8900:
8850:
8838:
8826:
8814:
8795:
8760:
8738:
8729:"South Africa"
8720:
8690:
8659:
8630:
8600:
8567:
8535:
8513:
8481:
8456:
8430:
8409:
8374:
8351:
8318:
8288:
8257:
8231:
8199:
8187:
8163:
8151:
8137:
8113:
8088:
8067:
8053:
8027:
8013:
7989:
7971:
7939:
7913:
7896:
7879:
7862:
7845:
7828:
7811:
7794:
7777:
7760:
7757:. 28 May 2013.
7739:
7712:
7688:
7663:
7642:
7621:
7574:
7553:
7528:
7517:. 7 April 2017
7502:
7474:
7448:
7423:
7400:
7382:
7358:
7334:
7303:
7294:
7269:
7244:
7219:
7196:
7162:
7155:
7132:
7107:
7076:
7051:
7029:
7015:
7001:
6987:
6973:
6966:
6938:
6917:
6891:
6865:
6840:
6814:
6788:
6763:
6738:
6712:
6687:
6662:
6637:
6616:
6582:
6564:
6538:
6520:
6494:
6469:
6447:
6425:
6399:
6364:
6339:
6313:
6286:
6250:
6224:
6195:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6132:
6116:
6113:
6056:
6053:
6037:
6034:
6025:
6022:
6002:Main article:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5567:
5564:
5558:
5555:
5539:Main article:
5536:
5533:
5505:Main article:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5496:Infrastructure
5494:
5480:
5477:
5438:
5435:
5430:General Motors
5403:Main article:
5400:
5397:
5373:
5370:
5329:
5326:
5284:
5281:
5265:Gugile Nkwinti
5260:
5257:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5188:Main article:
5185:
5182:
5176:
5173:
5134:stock exchange
5120:
5119:
5100:
5098:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5072:
5069:
5051:
5048:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5006:
4987:
4985:
4974:
4971:
4948:
4945:
4916:General Motors
4880:
4877:
4738:sunflower seed
4682:Main article:
4679:
4676:
4661:phosphate rock
4629:phosphate rock
4570:Pilgrim's Rest
4507:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4191:
4190:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4073:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3975:
3967:
3959:
3951:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3561:
3553:
3545:
3537:
3529:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1378:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1333:Inflation rate
1330:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1302:GDP per capita
1300:
1293:
1275:
1272:
1267:S&P Global
1259:Pravin Gordhan
1175:National Party
1164:scorched earth
1106:Main article:
1103:
1100:
1008:
1007:
998:
995:
994:
986:
979:
976:
975:
973:
972:
969:
966:
965:Scope Ratings:
963:
960:
957:
951:
948:
945:
939:
936:
933:
926:
924:
917:
914:
913:
910:
906:
905:
902:
898:
897:
894:
890:Budget balance
887:
884:
883:
875:
868:
865:
864:
860:
859:
851:
843:
840:
839:
831:
824:
821:
820:
818:
817:
809:
800:
798:
792:
789:
788:
786:
785:
782:
768:
754:
740:
726:
712:
697:
695:
692:
689:
688:
685:
682:
679:
678:
670:
666:
665:
663:
662:
659:
645:
631:
617:
603:
588:
586:
583:
580:
579:
576:
573:
570:
569:
561:
557:
556:
552:
551:
547:
544:
541:
540:
538:
537:
529:
520:
518:
514:
513:
511:
510:
507:
501:
495:
488:
486:
483:
480:
479:
477:
476:
468:
459:
457:
454:
451:
450:
438:
433:
430:
429:
427:
426:
407:
390:
388:
383:
380:
379:
367:
360:
357:
356:
348:
340:
337:
336:
328:
318:
315:
314:
312:
311:
308:
302:
296:
289:
287:
284:
281:
280:
278:
277:
272:
266:
264:
261:
258:
257:
255:
254:
246:
237:
235:
233:GDP per capita
232:
229:
228:
226:
225:
222:
219:
215:
213:
210:
207:
206:
204:
203:
198:
192:
190:
186:
185:
183:
182:
170:
161:
159:
153:
152:
144:
140:
139:
135:
134:
132:
131:
126:
120:
118:
115:
112:
111:
77:
74:
71:
70:
68:
67:
64:
60:
58:
53:
50:
49:
43:
39:
38:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12465:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12440:
12438:
12422:
12419:
12413:
12409:
12405:
12402:
12396:
12392:
12389:
12383:
12380:
12374:
12370:
12366:
12363:
12362:
12359:
12351:
12345:
12342:
12340:
12337:
12336:
12334:
12326:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12169:Guinea-Bissau
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12051:
12049:
12045:
12041:
12034:
12029:
12027:
12022:
12020:
12015:
12014:
12011:
11999:
11996:
11995:
11993:
11989:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11959:
11957:
11953:
11948:
11941:
11936:
11934:
11929:
11927:
11922:
11921:
11918:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11897:
11892:
11888:
11885:
11881:
11880:
11876:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11840:
11839:
11836:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11823:
11822:
11819:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11806:
11805:
11802:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11754:
11753:
11750:
11749:
11747:
11745:
11741:
11733:
11730:
11729:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11682:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11659:
11657:
11655:
11651:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11629:Social issues
11627:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11579:Land invasion
11577:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11565:
11562:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11532:
11531:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11519:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11450:Foreign trade
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11417:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11405:
11395:
11392:
11388:
11385:
11384:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11319:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11307:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11230:
11227:
11226:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11216:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11204:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11185:
11183:
11179:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11087:Early history
11085:
11081:
11078:
11077:
11076:
11073:
11072:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11060:
11056:
11052:
11045:
11040:
11038:
11033:
11031:
11026:
11025:
11022:
11010:
11007:
11003:
11002:National debt
11000:
10999:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10981:
10978:
10977:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10962:
10960:
10956:
10950:
10949:Foreign trade
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10916:
10914:
10910:
10904:
10901:
10897:
10894:
10893:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10878:
10876:
10874:
10870:
10864:
10863:Disinvestment
10861:
10859:
10856:
10852:
10849:
10848:
10847:
10844:
10843:
10841:
10839:
10835:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10823:Nuclear power
10821:
10819:
10816:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10803:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10788:
10786:
10782:
10776:
10773:
10772:
10770:
10766:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10748:
10745:
10744:
10743:
10740:
10739:
10737:
10733:
10725:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10706:
10704:
10700:
10696:
10689:
10684:
10682:
10677:
10675:
10670:
10669:
10666:
10659:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10629:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10612:
10609:
10608:
10597:
10593:
10587:
10571:
10567:
10561:
10559:
10550:
10546:
10540:
10532:
10526:
10524:
10508:
10504:
10498:
10490:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10472:
10468:
10464:
10460:
10456:
10449:
10447:
10435:
10428:
10424:
10418:
10416:
10407:
10400:
10394:
10386:
10382:
10378:
10374:
10367:
10365:
10348:
10344:
10338:
10327:
10320:
10316:
10310:
10302:
10298:
10292:
10290:
10283:
10279:
10276:
10271:
10255:
10251:
10247:
10240:
10238:
10236:
10227:
10221:
10205:
10204:The Economist
10201:
10195:
10180:
10174:
10158:
10151:
10144:
10142:
10132:
10125:
10121:
10118:
10113:
10102:
10095:
10091:
10085:
10083:
10066:
10060:
10045:
10039:
10035:
10034:
10026:
10020:
10016:
10013:
10008:
9989:
9985:
9978:
9974:
9968:
9952:
9947:
9943:
9939:
9932:
9930:
9928:
9926:
9917:
9913:
9906:
9904:
9902:
9900:
9892:
9888:
9885:
9880:
9864:
9860:
9854:
9838:
9834:
9833:
9828:
9822:
9814:
9810:
9804:
9788:
9784:
9778:
9771:
9770:
9765:
9761:
9757:
9752:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9722:
9706:
9702:
9696:
9681:. 24 May 2017
9680:
9674:
9659:
9655:
9648:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9618:
9603:
9599:
9593:
9578:
9574:
9567:
9551:
9545:
9530:
9526:
9520:
9509:
9502:
9496:
9480:
9474:
9467:
9461:
9442:
9435:
9428:
9426:
9409:
9405:
9399:
9383:
9379:
9373:
9358:
9354:
9347:
9345:
9336:
9332:
9326:
9318:
9314:
9308:
9292:
9288:
9281:
9274:
9268:
9252:
9248:
9241:
9235:
9231:
9228:
9223:
9204:
9197:
9191:
9189:
9187:
9185:
9177:
9171:
9169:
9149:
9142:
9136:
9128:
9124:
9117:
9115:
9113:
9101:
9094:
9087:
9085:
9076:
9072:
9066:
9064:
9062:
9055:
9050:
9035:
9034:Bloomberg.com
9031:
9024:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8979:
8977:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8953:
8951:
8949:
8933:
8927:
8919:
8915:
8909:
8907:
8905:
8896:
8883:
8867:
8863:
8860:
8854:
8847:
8842:
8835:
8830:
8823:
8818:
8810:
8806:
8799:
8791:
8787:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8764:
8756:
8752:
8745:
8743:
8734:
8730:
8724:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8694:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8663:
8652:
8645:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8604:
8585:
8581:
8577:
8571:
8552:
8545:
8539:
8523:
8517:
8498:
8491:
8485:
8466:
8460:
8445:
8441:
8434:
8426:
8422:
8416:
8414:
8397:
8393:
8389:
8383:
8381:
8379:
8370:
8369:
8368:The Economist
8364:
8358:
8356:
8344:
8337:
8331:
8329:
8327:
8325:
8323:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8297:"Agriculture"
8292:
8281:
8274:
8268:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8245:
8241:
8235:
8216:
8209:
8203:
8196:
8191:
8173:
8167:
8160:
8159:Farms of Fear
8155:
8140:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8125:
8117:
8110:
8109:1-86808-467-1
8106:
8102:
8100:
8092:
8085:
8084:1-56432-263-7
8081:
8077:
8071:
8063:
8057:
8041:
8037:
8031:
8023:
8017:
8006:
7999:
7993:
7985:
7984:The Economist
7981:
7975:
7964:
7957:
7950:
7948:
7946:
7944:
7927:
7923:
7917:
7906:
7900:
7889:
7883:
7872:
7866:
7855:
7849:
7838:
7832:
7821:
7815:
7804:
7798:
7787:
7781:
7770:
7764:
7756:
7749:
7743:
7727:
7723:
7722:"Key Sectors"
7716:
7705:
7698:
7692:
7677:
7673:
7667:
7652:
7646:
7631:
7625:
7617:
7611:
7595:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7563:
7557:
7542:
7538:
7532:
7516:
7515:Bloomberg.com
7512:
7506:
7497:
7492:
7488:
7481:
7479:
7462:
7458:
7452:
7441:
7434:
7427:
7419:
7415:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7396:
7392:
7386:
7375:
7368:
7362:
7351:
7344:
7338:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7307:
7298:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7258:
7254:
7248:
7233:
7229:
7223:
7215:
7211:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7166:
7158:
7152:
7145:
7144:
7136:
7121:
7117:
7111:
7095:
7091:
7090:gegafrica.org
7087:
7080:
7065:
7061:
7055:
7039:
7033:
7025:
7019:
7011:
7005:
6997:
6991:
6983:
6977:
6969:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6922:
6906:
6902:
6895:
6879:
6875:
6869:
6854:
6850:
6844:
6828:
6824:
6818:
6802:
6798:
6792:
6777:
6773:
6767:
6752:
6748:
6742:
6726:
6722:
6716:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6676:
6672:
6666:
6651:
6647:
6641:
6626:
6620:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6552:
6548:
6542:
6534:
6530:
6524:
6508:
6504:
6498:
6479:
6473:
6457:
6451:
6435:
6429:
6413:
6409:
6403:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6371:
6369:
6353:
6349:
6343:
6327:
6323:
6317:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6275:
6271:
6265:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6238:
6234:
6228:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6170:
6166:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6133:
6130:
6119:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6097:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6077:
6075:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6033:
6030:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6010:corporate tax
6005:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5979:
5976:
5971:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5566:Income levels
5563:
5554:
5550:
5548:
5542:
5532:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5476:
5473:
5467:
5464:
5458:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5431:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5406:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5379:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5359:In a case of
5357:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5338:
5335:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5307:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5289:
5283:Labour market
5280:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5266:
5256:
5254:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5213:
5208:
5206:
5196:
5191:
5181:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5161:Standard Bank
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5126:
5116:
5104:
5099:
5090:
5089:
5081:
5077:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5017:
5003:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4954:
4944:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4889:
4886:
4879:Manufacturing
4876:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4830:chicory roots
4827:
4824:According to
4822:
4818:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4698:
4690:
4685:
4675:
4673:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4374:manufacturing
4371:
4367:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4208:GDP, US$ bln
4207:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4143:
4135:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4114:
4106:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3936:
3928:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1341:Unemployment
1340:
1334:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:Trevor Manuel
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:privatisation
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:Witwatersrand
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:Although the
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:mixed economy
1018:
1017:
1005:
1003:
996:
987:
984:
977:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
927:
925:
922:
920:Credit rating
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
892:
885:
876:
873:
866:
861:
852:
849:
847:external debt
841:
832:
829:
822:
810:
802:
801:
799:
795:
790:
783:
780:
769:
766:
755:
752:
751:United States
741:
738:
727:
724:
713:
710:
699:
698:
696:
690:
686:
680:
671:
667:
660:
657:
646:
643:
632:
629:
618:
615:
614:United States
604:
601:
590:
589:
587:
581:
577:
571:
562:
558:
553:
548:
542:
530:
522:
521:
519:
515:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
489:
487:
481:
469:
461:
460:
458:
452:
448:
439:
436:
431:
424:
420:
408:
405:
392:
391:
389:
386:
381:
368:
365:
358:
349:
345:
338:
329:
325:
321:
316:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
290:
288:
285:GDP by sector
282:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
265:
259:
247:
239:
238:
236:
230:
223:
220:
217:
216:
214:
208:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
191:
187:
180:
171:
163:
162:
160:
158:
154:
145:
141:
136:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
119:
116:Country group
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
72:
65:
62:
61:
59:
56:
51:
47:
44:
40:
35:
30:
25:
16:
12404:Saint Helena
12375:
12279:South Africa
12278:
12269:Sierra Leone
12074:Burkina Faso
11982:South Africa
11981:
11744:Demographics
11692:Homelessness
11662:Architecture
11493:Trade unions
11407:
11352:Human rights
11322:Constitution
11219:Biodiversity
11157:World War II
11127:Zulu Kingdom
11051:South Africa
11009:Trade unions
10934:Reserve Bank
10811:LGBT tourism
10709:Western Cape
10694:
10595:
10586:
10574:. Retrieved
10570:the original
10548:
10539:
10510:. Retrieved
10506:
10497:
10465:(1): 22–48.
10462:
10458:
10434:the original
10406:the original
10393:
10385:the original
10351:. Retrieved
10346:
10337:
10326:the original
10315:Kanbur, Ravi
10309:
10301:the original
10270:
10258:. Retrieved
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10249:
10220:
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10203:
10194:
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10173:
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10156:
10131:
10112:
10101:the original
10069:. Retrieved
10059:
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10032:
10025:
10007:
9995:. Retrieved
9988:the original
9983:
9967:
9955:. Retrieved
9941:
9916:the original
9879:
9867:. Retrieved
9863:the original
9853:
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9837:the original
9830:
9821:
9812:
9803:
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9786:
9777:
9767:
9760:Barry Bearak
9751:
9739:. Retrieved
9735:the original
9730:
9721:
9709:. Retrieved
9704:
9695:
9683:. Retrieved
9673:
9661:. Retrieved
9657:
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9635:. Retrieved
9631:the original
9626:
9617:
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9601:
9592:
9580:. Retrieved
9576:
9566:
9554:. Retrieved
9552:. 4 May 2015
9544:
9532:. Retrieved
9528:
9519:
9508:the original
9495:
9483:. Retrieved
9473:
9460:
9448:. Retrieved
9441:the original
9412:. Retrieved
9408:the original
9398:
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9382:the original
9372:
9360:. Retrieved
9357:the Guardian
9356:
9335:the original
9325:
9317:the original
9307:
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9280:
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9267:
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9240:
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9135:
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9075:the original
9049:
9037:. Retrieved
9033:
9023:
8988:
8984:
8967:the original
8935:. Retrieved
8926:
8918:the original
8891:|title=
8870:. Retrieved
8866:the original
8858:
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8829:
8817:
8809:the original
8798:
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8769:
8763:
8755:the original
8732:
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8711:. Retrieved
8707:the original
8702:
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8681:. Retrieved
8677:the original
8672:
8662:
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8621:. Retrieved
8617:the original
8612:
8603:
8591:. Retrieved
8584:the original
8579:
8570:
8558:. Retrieved
8551:the original
8538:
8526:. Retrieved
8516:
8504:. Retrieved
8497:the original
8484:
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8459:
8447:. Retrieved
8443:
8433:
8425:the original
8400:. Retrieved
8396:the original
8391:
8366:
8343:the original
8309:. Retrieved
8305:the original
8300:
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8280:the original
8248:. Retrieved
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8234:
8222:. Retrieved
8215:the original
8202:
8190:
8178:. Retrieved
8166:
8154:
8142:. Retrieved
8123:
8116:
8099:South Africa
8096:
8091:
8070:
8056:
8044:. Retrieved
8039:
8030:
8016:
8005:the original
7992:
7983:
7974:
7963:the original
7930:. Retrieved
7926:the original
7916:
7899:
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7865:
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7831:
7814:
7797:
7780:
7763:
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7742:
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7726:the original
7715:
7704:the original
7691:
7679:. Retrieved
7675:
7666:
7654:. Retrieved
7645:
7633:. Retrieved
7624:
7598:. Retrieved
7565:. Retrieved
7556:
7546:11 September
7544:. Retrieved
7540:
7531:
7519:. Retrieved
7514:
7505:
7496:the original
7490:
7465:. Retrieved
7460:
7451:
7440:the original
7426:
7418:the original
7395:the original
7385:
7374:the original
7361:
7350:the original
7337:
7325:. Retrieved
7321:the original
7317:News24.co.za
7316:
7306:
7297:
7285:. Retrieved
7281:
7272:
7260:. Retrieved
7256:
7247:
7235:. Retrieved
7231:
7222:
7214:the original
7187:. Retrieved
7175:
7165:
7142:
7135:
7123:. Retrieved
7119:
7110:
7098:. Retrieved
7094:the original
7089:
7079:
7067:. Retrieved
7063:
7054:
7042:. Retrieved
7032:
7018:
7004:
6990:
6976:
6957:
6932:
6908:. Retrieved
6904:
6894:
6882:. Retrieved
6880:. World Bank
6877:
6868:
6856:. Retrieved
6852:
6843:
6831:. Retrieved
6826:
6817:
6805:. Retrieved
6803:. World Bank
6800:
6791:
6781:13 September
6779:. Retrieved
6775:
6766:
6754:. Retrieved
6750:
6741:
6729:. Retrieved
6727:. April 2022
6724:
6715:
6703:. Retrieved
6699:
6690:
6678:. Retrieved
6674:
6665:
6653:. Retrieved
6650:ceicdata.com
6649:
6640:
6628:. Retrieved
6619:
6607:. Retrieved
6599:
6576:
6567:
6555:. Retrieved
6550:
6541:
6532:
6523:
6511:. Retrieved
6506:
6497:
6485:. Retrieved
6472:
6460:. Retrieved
6450:
6438:. Retrieved
6428:
6416:. Retrieved
6414:. World Bank
6411:
6402:
6390:. Retrieved
6380:hdr.undp.org
6379:
6355:. Retrieved
6342:
6330:. Retrieved
6326:statista.com
6325:
6316:
6304:. Retrieved
6277:. Retrieved
6273:
6241:. Retrieved
6236:
6227:
6217:29 September
6215:. Retrieved
6207:
6198:
6188:29 September
6186:. Retrieved
6178:
6169:
6098:
6094:
6082:business tax
6078:
6058:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6031:
6027:
6007:
5988:
5980:
5972:
5968:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5932:
5560:
5551:
5547:Western Cape
5544:
5529:
5510:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5468:
5459:
5455:
5440:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5408:
5399:Trade unions
5385:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5339:
5331:
5314:trade unions
5311:
5302:
5298:
5290:
5286:
5269:
5262:
5252:
5249:
5216:
5209:
5201:
5178:
5142:
5131:
5128:Johannesburg
5110:
5102:
5078:
5074:
5053:
5045:
5029:
5018:
5015:
4997:
4993:adding to it
4988:
4941:
4929:Eastern Cape
4898:
4890:
4882:
4873:
4870:
4858:
4823:
4819:
4815:farm attacks
4806:
4703:
4700:Farm workers
4669:
4586:
4582:
4562:Orange River
4558:
4515:
4440:Construction
4363:
4194:
1344:(in Percent)
1337:(in Percent)
1318:
1310:
1305:(in US$ PPP)
1285:
1256:
1248:
1241:
1229:Tito Mboweni
1225:Reserve Bank
1218:
1190:
1183:
1172:
1145:
1126:
1111:
1080:
1070:. The total
1041:
1033:middle class
1016:South Africa
1013:
1011:
999:
765:Saudi Arabia
683:Import goods
574:Export goods
517:Unemployment
455:Labour force
344:poverty line
181:, 2024 est.)
34:Johannesburg
21:South Africa
15:
12331:recognition
12284:South Sudan
12174:Ivory Coast
11848:Cape Malays
11569:Immigration
11420:Agriculture
11241:Earthquakes
11122:Cape Colony
11102:Kaditshwene
10975:JSE Limited
10754:Agriculture
10702:By province
9758:article by
9157:5 September
8957:David Lam;
8848:, BBC News.
8836:, BBC News.
8713:5 September
8560:20 November
8506:20 November
8449:24 February
7189:22 November
7125:22 November
7060:"Economies"
6884:20 February
6756:16 December
6392:17 November
6357:25 December
5372:Immigration
5318:Dani Rodrik
5060:call centre
4854:fibre crops
4842:green maize
4597:vermiculite
4401:Value added
4366:agriculture
4313:5.6497 Rand
4296:6.1188 Rand
4279:3.5486 Rand
4262:2.5419 Rand
4245:2.0052 Rand
4228:0.8267 Rand
1216:increased.
1202:labour laws
1194:Thabo Mbeki
1014:economy of
492:agriculture
335:4.9% (2024)
310:(2017 est.)
293:agriculture
55:Fiscal year
19:Economy of
12437:Categories
12386:(Portugal)
12344:Somaliland
12264:Seychelles
12229:Mozambique
12214:Mauritania
12199:Madagascar
12154:The Gambia
12089:Cape Verde
11826:Afrikaners
11814:San people
11697:Literature
11644:Xenophobia
11564:Healthcare
11544:Disability
11467:(currency)
11372:Parliament
11347:Government
11332:Corruption
11167:Border War
10987:Krugerrand
10965:Corruption
10806:Ecotourism
10353:16 October
10260:17 October
10210:17 October
10163:17 October
9741:9 December
9711:9 December
9685:9 December
9663:9 December
9637:9 December
9607:9 December
9582:9 December
9556:9 December
9534:9 December
9485:30 October
9297:14 January
8528:4 February
8392:MBendi.com
8144:28 October
8046:1 February
7069:11 October
7044:11 October
6910:29 January
6858:29 January
6833:29 January
6725:moodys.com
6352:World Bank
6212:World Bank
6162:References
5935:inequality
5417:about 1%.
5410:Since 2007
5376:See also:
5165:First Rand
5025:parastatal
5000:April 2023
4966:Canal Walk
4951:See also:
4908:Volkswagen
4834:grapefruit
4758:grapefruit
4510:See also:
4499:1,973.552
4347:15.52 Rand
4330:7.462 Rand
1325:GDP growth
1263:Jacob Zuma
1251:inequality
1129:Great Trek
1092:corruption
1002:US dollars
423:110th rank
211:GDP growth
143:Population
138:Statistics
110:and others
12219:Mauritius
11838:Coloureds
11584:Languages
11549:Education
11498:Transport
11430:Companies
11382:President
11337:Elections
11286:Provinces
11246:Estuaries
11236:Districts
11207:Geography
11162:Apartheid
10970:Companies
10896:Scorecard
10347:UNU-WIDER
8993:CiteSeerX
8790:0376-835X
8623:28 August
8613:Bloomberg
8593:28 August
8040:Mining MX
7184:0362-4331
7100:5 January
6577:oec.world
6551:oec.world
6533:oec.world
6507:oec.world
6483:. StatsSA
6458:. StatsSA
6436:. StatsSA
6243:17 August
5463:scorecard
5328:Knowledge
5169:repo rate
5056:Cape Town
5019:In 1997,
4782:tangerine
4774:pineapple
4706:sugarcane
4657:fluorspar
4649:manganese
4641:zirconium
4621:fluorspar
4609:manganese
4605:zirconium
4593:palladium
4574:Barberton
4566:Kimberley
4556:in 2018.
4550:phosphate
4526:manganese
4382:secondary
1227:Governor
1179:Apartheid
1152:Kimberley
1137:Transvaal
1122:Huguenots
1088:high-tech
1037:apartheid
447:83rd rank
376:very high
320:Inflation
12410: /
12406: /
12399:(France)
12393: /
12371: /
12367: /
12319:Zimbabwe
12294:Tanzania
12144:Ethiopia
12139:Eswatini
12119:Djibouti
12084:Cameroon
12069:Botswana
11991:See also
11962:Botswana
11900:Category
11809:Khoekhoe
11687:HIV/AIDS
11609:Religion
11574:Intersex
11554:Feminism
11534:Cannabis
11483:Taxation
11387:timeline
11367:Military
11310:Politics
11296:Wildlife
11193:Military
11181:By topic
11117:Ndwandwe
11075:Timeline
11055:articles
10924:Taxation
10796:Gambling
10784:Services
10768:Industry
10628:Archived
10489:19750139
10278:Archived
10120:Archived
10015:Archived
9997:22 April
9887:Archived
9793:20 April
9787:BBC News
9230:Archived
9015:33437467
8882:cite web
8224:19 April
7932:28 April
7656:24 April
7610:cite web
7600:9 August
7521:17 April
7467:17 April
6279:29 April
6115:See also
6107:held in
5998:Taxation
5855:Coloured
5585:Coloured
5231:Vodafone
5223:Barclays
5113:May 2022
4888:higher.
4852:(10th);
4798:rapeseed
4665:ilmenite
4645:vanadium
4625:antimony
4617:ilmenite
4601:vanadium
4542:iron ore
4538:vanadium
4530:titanium
4522:chromium
4518:platinum
4491:215.668
4483:107.690
4475:271.209
4467:422.850
4459:178.591
4451:246.584
4427:296.586
4398:Industry
1148:diamonds
1146:In 1870
1139:and the
1056:services
909:Expenses
901:Revenues
555:External
504:services
498:industry
402:(2022) (
305:services
299:industry
189:GDP rank
48:(ZAR, R)
42:Currency
12395:Réunion
12391:Mayotte
12382:Madeira
12377:(Spain)
12373:Melilla
12304:Tunisia
12274:Somalia
12259:Senegal
12244:Nigeria
12234:Namibia
12224:Morocco
12189:Liberia
12184:Lesotho
12134:Eritrea
12104:Comoros
12079:Burundi
12054:Algeria
11977:Namibia
11972:Lesotho
11955:Members
11884:Outline
11865:Chinese
11860:Indians
11853:Griquas
11831:British
11804:Khoisan
11757:Ndebele
11677:Cuisine
11654:Culture
11624:Smoking
11599:Poverty
11522:Society
11488:Tourism
11425:Banking
11408:Economy
11256:Islands
11251:Forests
11224:Climate
11188:Economy
11063:History
10801:Tourism
10759:Whaling
10714:Gauteng
10576:11 June
10512:20 July
10480:2742429
10184:11 June
10049:11 June
9957:11 June
9450:7 March
9414:11 June
9362:11 June
9257:11 June
9212:11 June
9039:11 June
8937:11 June
8872:11 June
8474:23 June
8402:11 June
8311:17 July
8180:19 July
7755:StatsSA
7732:1 March
7635:11 June
7567:11 June
7541:imf.org
7461:Reuters
6807:1 April
6731:2 April
6680:8 April
6675:imf.org
6655:8 April
6630:3 April
6609:3 March
6600:CIA.gov
6557:1 April
6513:1 April
6487:1 April
6462:1 April
6440:1 April
6418:1 April
6332:7 April
6179:IMF.org
5912:Overall
5235:Vodacom
5153:Nedbank
5103:updated
5071:Tourism
5033:Vodacom
4973:Tourism
4933:Gauteng
4885:economy
4861:cereals
4840:(5th);
4838:cereals
4836:(4th);
4832:(4th);
4826:FAOSTAT
4810:aridity
4802:sorghum
4790:cabbage
4786:pumpkin
4770:avocado
4663:, 10%;
4655:, 18%;
4651:, 19%;
4647:, 23%;
4643:, 27%;
4639:, 46%;
4637:hafnium
4615:, 20%;
4611:, 21%;
4607:, 30%;
4603:, 38%;
4599:, 39%;
4595:, 39%;
4589:kyanite
4554:uranium
4443:59.943
4435:33.951
4419:97.096
4411:43.382
4378:primary
4360:Sectors
4344:510.937
4327:363.655
4310:246.956
4293:132.964
4276:151.117
4259:111.998
4141:15,556
4072:14,442
4003:13,332
3934:14,271
3865:14,178
3796:13,839
3727:13,738
3658:13,697
3589:13,595
3520:13,591
3451:13,191
3382:13,362
3313:12,885
3244:12,548
3175:12,854
3106:12,398
3037:11,610
2968:10,795
2899:10,058
1135:of the
1102:History
1074:of the
942:Moody's
723:Germany
669:Imports
628:Germany
560:Exports
550:repair.
506:: 71.9%
500:: 23.5%
421:(2022,
307:: 67.5%
301:: 29.7%
12414:
12397:
12384:
12314:Zambia
12309:Uganda
12249:Rwanda
12204:Malawi
12164:Guinea
12059:Angola
11949:(SACU)
11905:Portal
11821:Whites
11782:Tswana
11777:Tsonga
11722:Sports
11672:Cinema
11604:Racism
11559:Health
11445:Energy
11327:Courts
11291:Rivers
11053:
10615:Curlie
10507:gov.za
10487:
10477:
10071:30 May
10040:
9869:14 May
9843:14 May
9832:News24
9388:5 July
9013:
8995:
8788:
8587:(XLSX)
8250:6 June
8135:
8107:
8082:
7681:18 May
7327:9 July
7287:5 July
7262:5 July
7237:5 July
7182:
7153:
6964:
6705:20 May
6306:16 May
6105:summit
6016:and a
5867:Total
5594:Black
5501:Energy
5041:Cell C
5021:Telkom
4924:Toyota
4920:Nissan
4794:carrot
4766:barley
4762:banana
4750:tomato
4726:potato
4718:orange
4653:rutile
4613:rutile
4546:cobalt
4370:mining
4242:57.273
4225:80.547
4189:68.0%
4181:34.6%
4157:6,694
4149:405.7
4133:949.8
4120:69.0%
4112:34.3%
4088:6,965
4080:418.9
4064:868.6
4051:69.0%
4043:29.2%
4027:−6.3%
4019:5,661
4011:337.5
3995:794.9
3982:56.2%
3974:28.7%
3950:6,609
3942:388.4
3926:838.6
3913:51.7%
3905:27.1%
3881:6,973
3857:821.4
3844:48.6%
3836:27.5%
3812:6,678
3804:381.3
3788:790.2
3775:47.1%
3767:26.7%
3743:5,751
3735:323.5
3719:772.8
3706:45.2%
3698:25.4%
3674:6,257
3666:346.7
3650:758.9
3637:43.3%
3629:25.1%
3605:6,985
3597:381.2
3581:741.9
3568:40.4%
3560:24.7%
3536:7,458
3528:400.9
3512:730.5
3499:37.4%
3491:24.9%
3467:8,207
3459:434.4
3443:698.2
3430:34.7%
3422:24.8%
3398:8,799
3390:458.7
3374:696.5
3361:31.2%
3353:24.9%
3329:8,130
3321:417.3
3305:661.4
3292:27.0%
3284:23.7%
3268:−1.5%
3260:6,552
3252:331.2
3236:634.3
3223:24.0%
3215:22.5%
3207:11.0%
3191:6,356
3183:316.5
3167:640.1
3154:24.3%
3146:23.0%
3122:6,776
3114:332.6
3098:608.6
3085:28.0%
3077:23.6%
3053:6,276
3045:304.1
3029:562.4
3016:29.6%
3008:24.7%
2984:6,033
2976:288.7
2960:516.6
2947:30.7%
2939:25.2%
2915:5,415
2907:256.2
2891:475.8
2878:31.5%
2870:27.7%
2846:4,209
2838:197.0
2830:9,469
2822:443.2
2809:31.8%
2801:27.8%
2777:2,791
2769:129.4
2761:9,107
2753:422.2
2740:38.0%
2732:26.0%
2708:2,964
2700:135.5
2692:8,767
2684:400.9
2671:37.9%
2668:23.0%
2644:3,382
2636:151.9
2628:8,502
2620:381.7
2604:23.3%
2580:3,424
2572:151.4
2564:8,099
2556:358.2
2540:26.1%
2516:3,508
2508:152.9
2500:7,916
2492:345.0
2476:22.0%
2452:3,938
2436:7,908
2428:339.4
2412:20.3%
2388:3,870
2380:163.3
2372:7,705
2364:325.2
2348:16.5%
2324:4,145
2316:171.7
2308:7,391
2300:306.2
2284:22.9%
2260:3,786
2252:153.6
2244:7,172
2236:290.9
2220:22.2%
2196:3,716
2188:147.2
2180:6,966
2172:276.0
2156:21.2%
2148:14.0%
2140:−2.1%
2132:3,803
2116:6,890
2108:266.3
2092:20.2%
2084:15.2%
2076:−1.0%
2068:3,588
2060:135.2
2052:7,059
2044:266.1
2028:18.8%
2020:14.4%
2012:−0.3%
2004:3,426
1996:126.0
1988:7,067
1980:260.0
1964:17.8%
1956:14.6%
1940:3,004
1932:108.1
1924:6,990
1916:251.4
1900:17.2%
1892:12.8%
1876:2,955
1868:104.0
1860:6,712
1852:236.3
1836:16.6%
1828:16.5%
1812:2,801
1796:6,356
1788:219.0
1772:16.0%
1764:18.1%
1748:2,176
1732:6,207
1724:209.3
1708:15.5%
1700:16.6%
1692:−1.2%
1684:1,955
1668:6,221
1660:205.2
1644:13.7%
1636:11.3%
1620:2,634
1604:6,250
1596:201.3
1580:12.5%
1572:12.8%
1564:−1.8%
1556:3,063
1540:5,886
1532:184.9
1516:10.8%
1508:13.7%
1500:−0.4%
1492:2,806
1476:5,922
1468:181.3
1444:15.3%
1428:3,123
1412:5,745
1404:171.4
1385:14.2%
1369:3,075
1363:5,110
1360:148.6
1328:(real)
1068:assets
844:Gross
784:(2022)
776:
762:
748:
734:
720:
706:
661:(2022)
653:
639:
625:
611:
597:
509:(2014)
494:: 4.6%
414:0.462
398:0.717
378:(2021)
295:: 2.8%
100:AfCFTA
12369:Ceuta
12289:Sudan
12239:Niger
12194:Libya
12179:Kenya
12159:Ghana
12149:Gabon
12124:Egypt
12064:Benin
11891:Index
11792:Xhosa
11787:Venda
11772:Swazi
11767:Sotho
11707:Music
11702:Media
11639:Women
11539:Crime
11465:Rand
11261:Lakes
11080:Years
10958:Misc.
10791:Banks
10437:(PDF)
10430:(PDF)
10402:(PDF)
10329:(PDF)
10322:(PDF)
10153:(PDF)
10104:(PDF)
10097:(PDF)
9991:(PDF)
9980:(PDF)
9511:(PDF)
9504:(PDF)
9444:(PDF)
9437:(PDF)
9206:(PDF)
9199:(PDF)
9151:(PDF)
9144:(PDF)
9103:(PDF)
9096:(PDF)
9011:S2CID
8683:6 May
8673:Fin24
8654:(PDF)
8647:(PDF)
8554:(PDF)
8547:(PDF)
8500:(PDF)
8493:(PDF)
8468:(PDF)
8346:(PDF)
8339:(PDF)
8283:(PDF)
8276:(PDF)
8218:(PDF)
8211:(PDF)
8175:(PDF)
8008:(PDF)
8001:(PDF)
7966:(PDF)
7959:(PDF)
7908:(PDF)
7891:(PDF)
7874:(PDF)
7857:(PDF)
7840:(PDF)
7823:(PDF)
7806:(PDF)
7789:(PDF)
7772:(PDF)
7751:(PDF)
7707:(PDF)
7700:(PDF)
7443:(PDF)
7436:(PDF)
7377:(PDF)
7370:(PDF)
7353:(PDF)
7346:(PDF)
7147:(PDF)
6553:. OEC
6509:. OEC
6481:(PDF)
6239:. WPR
6109:Sanya
6101:BRICS
5927:0.59
5907:0.56
5892:Urban
5887:0.51
5872:Rural
5864:Black
5860:Asian
5850:White
5832:13.0
5815:15.9
5798:13.5
5781:10.9
5590:Asian
5580:White
5535:Water
5516:Eskom
4850:sisal
4804:etc.
4778:peach
4754:lemon
4746:onion
4742:apple
4730:wheat
4714:grape
4710:maize
4353:5744
4336:7274
4319:5267
4302:2986
4285:3684
4268:3039
4251:1736
4234:2764
4173:6.7%
4165:2.1%
4125:2022
4104:4.6%
4096:4.9%
4056:2021
4035:3.3%
3987:2020
3966:4.1%
3958:0.3%
3918:2019
3897:4.6%
3889:1.5%
3849:2018
3828:5.3%
3820:1.2%
3780:2017
3759:6.3%
3751:0.7%
3711:2016
3690:4.6%
3682:1.3%
3642:2015
3621:6.1%
3613:1.4%
3573:2014
3552:5.7%
3544:2.5%
3504:2013
3483:5.6%
3475:2.4%
3435:2012
3414:5.0%
3406:3.2%
3366:2011
3345:4.2%
3337:3.0%
3297:2010
3276:7.2%
3228:2009
3199:3.2%
3159:2008
3138:7.1%
3130:5.4%
3090:2007
3069:4.7%
3061:5.6%
3021:2006
3000:3.4%
2992:5.3%
2952:2005
2931:1.4%
2923:4.6%
2883:2004
2862:5.9%
2854:2.9%
2814:2003
2793:9.0%
2785:3.7%
2745:2002
2724:5.7%
2716:2.7%
2676:2001
2660:5.3%
2652:4.2%
2612:2000
2596:5.1%
2588:2.4%
2548:1999
2532:7.0%
2524:0.5%
2484:1998
2468:8.6%
2460:2.6%
2420:1997
2404:7.3%
2396:4.3%
2356:1996
2340:8.8%
2332:3.1%
2292:1995
2276:8.8%
2268:3.2%
2228:1994
2212:9.7%
2204:1.2%
2164:1993
2100:1992
2036:1991
1972:1990
1948:2.4%
1908:1989
1884:4.2%
1844:1988
1820:2.1%
1804:96.5
1780:1987
1756:0.0%
1740:73.4
1716:1986
1676:64.5
1652:1985
1628:5.1%
1612:84.8
1588:1984
1548:96.2
1524:1983
1484:85.9
1460:1982
1452:9.8%
1436:5.4%
1420:93.2
1396:1981
1388:9.2%
1377:6.6%
1366:89.4
1357:1980
1292:Year
1114:Dutch
1050:of US
1019:is a
954:Fitch
796:stock
781:3.86%
767:3.99%
753:5.42%
739:7.38%
737:India
711:20.1%
709:China
658:6.02%
656:Japan
644:6.22%
642:India
630:6.77%
616:13.1%
602:15.9%
600:China
404:110th
374:61.8
92:BRICS
12299:Togo
12209:Mali
12099:Chad
11797:Zulu
11762:Pedi
11681:wine
11589:LGBT
10747:Coal
10578:2015
10514:2019
10485:PMID
10355:2020
10262:2011
10212:2011
10186:2015
10165:2011
10073:2010
10051:2015
10038:ISBN
9999:2012
9959:2015
9871:2009
9845:2009
9795:2008
9762:and
9743:2017
9713:2017
9687:2017
9665:2017
9639:2017
9609:2017
9584:2017
9558:2017
9536:2017
9487:2011
9452:2012
9416:2015
9390:2014
9364:2015
9299:2014
9259:2015
9214:2015
9159:2011
9041:2015
8939:2015
8895:help
8874:2015
8786:ISSN
8715:2017
8685:2017
8625:2020
8595:2020
8562:2013
8530:2018
8508:2013
8476:2008
8451:2023
8404:2015
8313:2006
8252:2008
8226:2015
8182:2024
8146:2006
8133:ISBN
8105:ISBN
8080:ISBN
8048:2013
7934:2021
7734:2012
7683:2018
7658:2018
7637:2015
7616:link
7602:2014
7569:2015
7548:2018
7523:2017
7469:2017
7329:2009
7289:2014
7264:2014
7239:2014
7191:2022
7180:ISSN
7151:ISBN
7127:2022
7102:2017
7071:2016
7046:2016
6962:ISBN
6912:2024
6886:2020
6860:2024
6835:2024
6809:2024
6783:2024
6758:2021
6733:2022
6707:2022
6682:2024
6657:2024
6632:2024
6611:2019
6559:2024
6515:2024
6489:2024
6464:2024
6442:2024
6420:2024
6394:2022
6359:2019
6334:2024
6308:2018
6281:2024
6245:2024
6219:2019
6190:2019
6074:SEDS
5973:The
5924:0.51
5921:0.43
5918:0.47
5915:0.36
5904:0.53
5901:0.43
5898:0.45
5895:0.36
5884:0.43
5878:0.38
5875:0.37
5829:60.0
5826:22.0
5820:2008
5812:41.0
5809:23.0
5803:2000
5795:48.4
5792:20.0
5786:1995
5778:42.0
5775:19.3
5769:1993
5764:8.5
5761:30.2
5758:20.9
5752:1987
5747:8.5
5744:25.5
5741:19.1
5735:1980
5730:8.6
5727:25.4
5724:19.4
5718:1975
5713:6.8
5710:20.2
5707:17.3
5701:1970
5696:8.1
5693:17.1
5690:15.9
5684:1960
5679:8.6
5676:21.9
5673:16.9
5667:1956
5662:8.9
5659:23.0
5656:16.3
5650:1946
5645:7.6
5642:23.1
5639:15.6
5633:1936
5628:7.9
5625:19.4
5622:20.0
5616:1924
5611:9.1
5608:22.1
5605:22.0
5599:1917
5576:Year
5451:OECD
5380:and
5205:corn
5163:and
5157:ABSA
5143:The
5062:and
4955:and
4931:and
4922:and
4904:Ford
4891:The
4865:wool
4722:pear
4572:and
4534:gold
4380:and
4372:and
4350:22.8
4341:2015
4333:24.9
4324:2010
4316:26.7
4307:2005
4299:25.6
4290:2000
4282:16.7
4273:1995
4265:16.0
4256:1990
4248:15.5
4239:1985
4222:1980
4205:Year
3873:404
2607:n/a
2543:n/a
2479:n/a
2444:169
2415:n/a
2351:n/a
2287:n/a
2223:n/a
2159:n/a
2124:147
2095:n/a
2031:n/a
1967:n/a
1903:n/a
1839:n/a
1775:n/a
1711:n/a
1647:n/a
1583:n/a
1519:n/a
1455:n/a
1391:n/a
1309:GDP
1081:The
1012:The
725:8.7%
419:IHDI
400:high
108:SACU
104:G-20
11667:Art
11357:Law
10613:at
10475:PMC
10467:doi
10377:doi
9946:doi
9766:in
9731:ONE
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8778:doi
6933:CNN
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5823:100
5806:100
5789:100
5772:100
5755:100
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5721:100
5704:100
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5653:100
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4231:9.2
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1096:G20
1048:GDP
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794:FDI
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416:low
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