90:
110:. In addition, clearing of forests for cultivation was viewed favourably as it not only brought new sources of revenue but also created job opportunities for the landless and introduced forest dwellers to a more agrarian life style. Whenever land was cleared for cultivation, it was on a large scale. Knowledge of agriculture included assessing irrigation systems like tanks, reservoirs with sluices, canals and wells which were built and maintained at the expense of local villagers. The more impressive irrigation tanks such as
19:
285:. Taxes were levied on professions, marriage, goods in transit on chariots, carriages, domesticated animals. Taxes on commodities like gold, precious stones, perfumes, Sandalwood, ropes, yarn, residence, hearth, shops, cattle pans, sugarcane presses and produce like black pepper, betel leaves, ghee, paddy, spices, palm leaves, coconuts and sugar are mentioned in records. Cattle tax was called
101:
The administration sustained itself through agriculture. Land grants were made by the kings to religious beneficiaries like
Brahmins, Jains and persons rewarded for services rendered to the king. The type of land grant was generally wetland which was already under cultivation. This was popular in the
351:
Marco Polo who claims to have travelled in India at this time wrote of a monopoly in horse trade setup between the Arabs and merchants of South India. This extremely expensive commodity had to be imported because horse breeding never did well in India, perhaps due to the different climatic, soil and
122:
were created at the expense of the state. Irrespective of whether the expense and control came from local or state bodies, organising labour to till the land was taken up at the village and across village levels and the job of cultivation was largely that of the landless. The highlands
265:), sculptors, quarry workers, goldsmiths and others whose trade directly or indirectly related to construction of temples were also prosperous due to the vigorous temple building activities undertaken.
165:
sometimes had a dual role as village representatives and appointees of the state. Some judicial responsibilities were also included like raising a militia if required.
443:
Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001). A Concise
History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002), OCLC: 7796041.
209:
is well known. South India exported textiles, spices, medicinal plants, precious stones, pottery, salt made from salt pans, jewels, gold, ivory, Rhino horn,
201:
made for fallen heroes have been found. Inscriptions mention a flourishing textile industry. Trade with overseas kingdoms reached unprecedented levels.
145:. They are mentioned in inscriptions relating to land transactions, maintenance of irrigation, collection of taxes and works of village council. The
293:. Fines for violating laws were also collected. The village assembly could levy tax for a specific purpose like construction of a water tanks.
129:
regions) with its favourable climate was suitable for cattle farming, orchards and spices. Paddy and corn were staple crops in the plains (
458:
432:
Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, From
Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002),
395:
501:
173:
Import of horses on the western seaboard was a flourishing business and inscriptions speak of
Brahmin merchants who were active.
273:
Tax assessment was done by the village assembly who were responsible for collecting for the government. Land revenue was called
511:
89:
506:
496:
451:
437:
205:
records from China mention Indian merchants in ports of South China. Chinese interest in Indian astrology and
197:) in the coastal areas depict ships indicating active sea trade with shipping fleets. Piracy was common and
446:
Dr. Romila Thapar, The
Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD., 2003, Penguin, New Delhi,
491:
416:, creating employment to people of number of guilds and backgrounds, according to Dr. S.U. Kamath,
466:
403:
177:
made wealth from the unending need for horses from Indian kingdoms. Rich forest produce like
65:
between the 10th to the 14th centuries. The capital of the kingdom was initially based at
8:
447:
433:
133:). In Kannada country, key figures in rural areas were the rich land owners called
66:
47:
94:
42:
35:
485:
339:
202:
18:
258:
103:
55:
254:
230:
194:
186:
62:
58:
28:
392:
Some 1500 monuments built during these times in about 950 locations
226:
70:
214:
206:
246:
242:
218:
182:
125:
107:
24:
402:. Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu. Archived from
281:) and various cesses. Cesses were collected in proportion to
250:
238:
234:
210:
78:
222:
178:
174:
77:
was primarily based on agriculture though business within
81:
as well as foreign trade flourished to some extent.
61:kingdom that ruled most of the modern-day state of
463:Frontline, Volume 20 – Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003
400:Frontline, Volume 20 – Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003
483:
393:
217:to China. The same products reached ports like
153:) was lower in status than the wealthy lord of
185:. Merchants from this region settled down in
342:, The Penguin History of Early India, p. 378
233:and condiments reached western ports like
189:and Halebidu in addition to Jain traders.
181:was exported through ports of present-day
321:
319:
317:
88:
17:
364:
362:
484:
314:
168:
374:
345:
359:
332:
386:
13:
381:The Penguin History of Early India
369:The Penguin History of Early India
354:The Penguin History of Early India
302:
277:and included original assessment (
14:
523:
502:Historical economies of Karnataka
459:"Hoysala Heritage, Prof. Settar"
257:were in active trade across the
418:A Concise History of Karnataka
327:A Concise History of Karnataka
309:A Concise History of Karnataka
84:
1:
426:
268:
102:fertile river valleys of the
7:
512:Economies by former country
383:, p. 383, Dr. Romila Thapar
371:, p. 382, Dr. Romila Thapar
356:, p. 383, Dr. Romila Thapar
69:, and later transferred to
10:
528:
237:which was the entrypot to
75:Economy of Hoysala kingdom
33:
507:Medieval economic history
497:Economic history of India
311:, p. 132, Dr. S.U. Kamath
51:
296:
289:and loom tax was called
98:
31:
394:Professor S. Settar.
92:
21:
352:pastoral conditions,
169:Imports and Exports
396:"Hoysala Heritage"
99:
32:
325:Dr. S.U. Kamath,
120:Ballalarayasagara
22:Hoysala country,
519:
478:
476:
474:
465:. Archived from
421:
415:
413:
411:
390:
384:
378:
372:
366:
357:
349:
343:
336:
330:
323:
312:
306:
93:Country side in
54:) was a notable
53:
52:ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ
527:
526:
522:
521:
520:
518:
517:
516:
492:Hoysala Kingdom
482:
481:
472:
470:
457:
429:
424:
409:
407:
391:
387:
379:
375:
367:
360:
350:
346:
337:
333:
324:
315:
307:
303:
299:
271:
225:. In addition,
171:
95:Doddagaddavalli
87:
43:Hoysala Kingdom
38:
36:Hoysala Kingdom
12:
11:
5:
525:
515:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
480:
479:
469:on 1 July 2006
455:
444:
441:
428:
425:
423:
422:
406:on 1 July 2006
385:
373:
358:
344:
331:
313:
300:
298:
295:
270:
267:
261:. Architects (
170:
167:
159:prabhu gavunda
86:
83:
34:Main article:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
524:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
487:
468:
464:
460:
456:
453:
452:0-14-302989-4
449:
445:
442:
439:
438:0-19-560686-8
435:
431:
430:
419:
405:
401:
397:
389:
382:
377:
370:
365:
363:
355:
348:
341:
340:Romila Thapar
335:
328:
322:
320:
318:
310:
305:
301:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:praja gavunda
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
96:
91:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
49:
45:
44:
37:
30:
27:
26:
20:
16:
471:. Retrieved
467:the original
462:
417:
408:. Retrieved
404:the original
399:
388:
380:
376:
368:
353:
347:
334:
326:
308:
304:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
272:
263:Vishwakarmas
262:
229:, perfumes,
203:Sung dynasty
198:
190:
172:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
124:
119:
116:Shantisagara
115:
112:Vishnusagara
111:
100:
74:
56:South Indian
41:
39:
23:
15:
473:17 November
410:17 November
259:Arabian Sea
149:of people (
104:Tungabhadra
85:Agriculture
486:Categories
427:References
269:Tax system
255:Alexandria
231:Sandalwood
195:hero stone
97:near Belur
291:maggadere
227:aloe wood
187:Arasikere
63:Karnataka
59:Kannadiga
29:Karnataka
420:, p. 132
329:, p. 132
287:balavana
275:Siddhaya
163:gavundas
155:gavundas
71:Halebidu
215:camphor
207:Alchemy
199:Virgals
161:). The
147:gavunda
143:heggade
135:gavunda
131:Bailnad
48:Kannada
450:
436:
247:Persia
243:Arabia
219:Dhofar
191:Virgal
183:Kerala
126:malnad
108:Kaveri
25:malnad
297:Notes
251:Cairo
239:Egypt
235:Siraf
211:ebony
175:Arabs
139:gauda
79:India
67:Belur
475:2006
448:ISBN
434:ISBN
412:2006
338:Dr.
283:Kula
279:Kula
253:and
245:and
223:Aden
213:and
179:Teak
141:and
106:and
40:The
137:or
488::
461:.
398:.
361:^
316:^
249:.
241:,
221:,
118:,
114:,
73:.
50::
477:.
454:.
440:.
414:.
193:(
157:(
123:(
46:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
