169:. In this system, when work ceased to exist in a land, the labourers were free to find employment elsewhere, but were bound to come back whenever required by the landlord. This had a mutual benefit in that it ensured regular employment to the landless and prevented their starvation. Landlords, however, were not required to increase labour rates during times when labour was in demand. Instead, they judiciously gave loans and presents to the labourer during times of need such as marriages and other family ceremonies. These loans bound the labourer to the estate who was not charged with interest on the loan. Instead, the labourer was required to pay back the principal amount only if he wished to free himself permanently from his bond to the landlord and seek employment elsewhere.
236:
had an adverse impact. Only the agricultural and rural masses with their need for coarse cloth sustained the low quality home industry. Also, the
British economic policies created a class structure consisting of a newly found middle class. This class consisted of four occupational groups; the trading and merchant class consisting of agents, brokers, shopkeepers; the landlords created under the Zamindar system and Janmi system of land tenure; the money lenders; and the white collared lawyers, teachers, civil servants, doctors, journalists and bankers. However, due to a more flexible caste hierarchy, this middle class consisted of a more heterogeneous mix of people from different castes.
94:) great and small who tilled the land by employing a number of landless labourers. Payments for services were in kind, usually grain, and even minor cultivators were willing to hire themselves out as labourers if the need arose. It was due to the availability of these landless labourers that kings and landlords were able to execute major projects such as palaces, temples, mosques, anicuts (chack dam) and tanks. Because land was abundant and the population relatively sparse, no rent was charged on land ownership. Instead, landowners paid tax for cultivation, normally amounting up to one half of all produce that was harvested.
103:
261:
import of a chemical substitute of saltpetre (potassium nitrate) affected the Uppar community, the traditional makers of saltpetre for use in gunpowder. The import of kerosene affected the Ganiga community who supplied oils. Foreign enamel and crockery industries affected the native pottery business and the mill made blankets replaced the country made
69:
The economy of the
Kingdom was based on agriculture, due to the majority of its people being villagers. Ownership of land was considered a prestige and people from all trades aimed to own a piece of land, whether they were directly involved in cultivation or not. The agrarian population consisted of
260:
in India, especially in the textile sector. For example, Bangalore was known to have had a flourishing textile industry prior to 1800 and the gunny bag weaving business had been a monopoly of the Goniga people, a state of events that changed significantly when the
British began ruling the area. The
235:
being more than a match for the traditional hand woven industry, especially spinning and weaving. Only weavers who produced the very finest cloth not manufacturable by machines survived the changing economy. Even here, the change in the dressing habits of the people, who adapted to
English clothes,
207:
This system changed under the
British, when tax payments were in cash, and were used for the maintenance of the army, police and other civil and public establishments. A portion of the tax was transferred to England and called "Indian tribute". Unhappy with the loss of their traditional revenue
154:, as well as the extraction of incense oil from sandalwood and the mining of silver, gold and precious stones. Sandalwood was exported to China and the Persian gulf countries and sericulture was developed in twenty one centres within the kingdom.
149:
industry. State factories were established in
Kanakapura and Taramandelpeth for producing cannons and gunpowder respectively. The state monopolised the production of essentials such as sugar, salt, iron, pepper, cardamom, betel nut, tobacco and
239:
The 19th century brought about the so-called "backward classes movement", a direct result of the hegemony in employment (in educational and government sectors) by the wealthy few and the loss of jobs across southern India due to the
277:
in Mysore in 1917. The goal of these organizations was to help those within the community to cope better with a new economic situation. Community based youth hostels sprang up to help students seeking education and shelter.
117:, who ruled Mysore from 1782 to 1799 is credited with founding the state trading depots in various locations of his kingdom. In addition, he founded depots in foreign locations such as
219:
land reforms came into play. Reade, Munro, Graham and
Thackeray were some administrators who improved the economic conditions of the masses. However, the home spun
61:
era of the mid-late 18th century. They embarked on an ambitious program of economic development, aiming to increase the wealth and revenue of Mysore.
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and tanks helped alleviate problems in some areas of the peninsula, though there were variations in living conditions in different regions.
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dynasty ruled the
Southern Karnataka region until Indian independence in 1947, when the kingdom was merged with the
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system and the problems they faced, peasants rose in rebellion in many parts of south India. The construction of
265:. This economic fallout led to the formation of community based social welfare organizations such as the
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256:. The economic revolution in England and the tariff policies of the British caused massive
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191:. Later it was hit by a global depression, and competition from imported silk and
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A concise history of
Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present
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Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global
Economic Divergence, 1600–1850
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196:
126:
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A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar
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industry suffered during British rule, due to the manufacturing mills of
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A bond existed between the landlords and his labourers who were called
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26:ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ, ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ) (1399 - 1947 CE) was a kingdom in
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founded in 1399 by Yaduraya in the region of the modern city of
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History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part III
195:. In the second half of the 20th century, it revived and the
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technology used for sugar production, while technology from
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Chopra, Ravindran, Subrahmanian, P.N., T.K., N. (2003) .
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Musical Composers during Wodeyar Dynasty (1638-1947 A.D.)
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technology was used for the first time in carpentry and
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585:. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press.
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in England. This movement was heralded first by the
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became the top multivoltine silk producer in India.
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187:industry was first initiated during the reign of
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49:The peak of Mysore's economic power was under
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572:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
399:Global Silk Industry: A Complete Source Book
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615:Historical economies of Karnataka
552:. New Delhi: Chand publications.
306:Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011),
635:19th century in economic history
630:18th century in economic history
625:17th century in economic history
620:16th century in economic history
581:Sastri, Nilakanta K.A. (2002) .
539:Pranesh, Meera Rajaram (2003) .
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267:Lingayat Vidyavardhakara Sangha
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98:Under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan
514:Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) .
402:. APH Publishing. p. 17.
383:Chopra et al. (2003), p129-130
356:M.H.Gopal in Kamath 2001, p235
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640:Economic history of Karnataka
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273:in Bangalore in 1906 and the
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447:Chopra et al. (2003), p130
438:Chopra et al. (2003), p129
429:Chopra et al. (2003), p124
314:Cambridge University Press
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645:Economic history of India
288:Economic history of India
501:Kamath (2001), pp288-289
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269:in Dharwad in 1883, the
137:. Also, Tipu's rule saw
374:Kamath (2001), p236-237
365:Kamath (2001), p235-236
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543:. Bangalore: Vee Emm.
242:Industrial Revolution
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492:Kamath (2001), p287
483:Kamath (2001), p285
456:Kamath (2001), p286
335:Sastri (1955), p297
275:Praja Mitra Mandali
258:deindustrialization
145:helped improve the
396:R.k.datta (2007).
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610:Kingdom of Mysore
323:978-1-139-49889-0
271:Vokkaligara Sanga
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106:Portrait of
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189:Tipu Sultan
185:Mysore silk
179:Mysore silk
147:sericulture
115:Tipu Sultan
108:Tipu Sultan
70:landlords (
55:Tipu Sultan
38:state. The
604:Categories
508:References
415:22 January
250:Vokkaligas
225:Manchester
217:Cornwallis
152:sandalwood
568:cite book
246:Lingayats
229:Liverpool
51:Hyder Ali
36:Karnataka
34:, in the
524:80905179
282:See also
252:and the
233:Scotland
90:heggadde
82:zamindar
532:7796041
254:Kurubas
221:textile
210:anicuts
139:Chinese
119:Karachi
74:gavunda
40:Wodeyar
24:Kannada
589:
556:
530:
522:
406:
320:
263:kambli
166:padial
160:panial
143:Bengal
135:smithy
131:French
127:Muscat
123:Jeddah
110:, 1792
59:Mughal
32:Mysore
294:Notes
193:rayon
587:ISBN
574:link
554:ISBN
528:OCLC
520:LCCN
417:2013
404:ISBN
318:ISBN
231:and
183:The
125:and
53:and
16:The
163:or
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