125:
waterfalls are evergreen thickets similar in character to tropical rainforest, relics of a wetter past. In dambos (grasslands found in most of the country) and other marshes, soil water is available throughout the dry season, but they may be rather acidic. Elsewhere, plants and animals are adapted to the long dry season. For plants this includes the deciduous habit (losing leaves to conserve water), very deep root systems, water-storing roots and tubers, waxy leaf cuticles, and drought-resistant seeds. Succulent plants are also widespread, especially in rocky areas. For animals, adaptations to drought are seen in migration and breeding patterns, as well as the ability, found in rodents and reptiles especially, to obtain water requirements from food without the need to drink. Hibernation through the dry season is practiced by some amphibians and invertebrates. The latter may also survive the dry season through drought-resistant forms.
134:
minimums for June in the cool dry season are in the range 6–12 °C, mean maximums for
October, the hot dry season are 28–35 °C. Frost only occurs on a few days in winter on the highest exposed hills, or more widely in the lower humidity areas of the southern half of the country. Plants susceptible to frost do not grow in the southern half of the country. Otherwise temperature by itself is not a great determinant of plant and animal distribution. Temperatures are higher at lower elevations, such as the Luapula-Mweru and Mweru-Wantipa/Tanganyika valleys in the north, and highest in the lower Luangwa and Zambezi valleys in the south, typically experiencing 40 °C in October. One way in which temperature affects the distribution of large mammals is through the distribution of the
186:" and caused by villagers burning off crop residue or hunting, as well as by lightning strikes. The vegetation is adapted to it, particularly the grasses, and at that time of the year deciduous trees have lost most of their leaves and so usually do not suffer extensive damage. Prevailing winds are not usually very strong and a lack of a great deal of dry fuel on the ground (since most areas are burnt annually it does not build up) means that the fires are not as devastating as in countries such as Australia and the south-western USA.
195:
685:
in this biome and its sole ecoregion. Plants, animals and people have evolved to this cycle which in Zambia has been fairly reliable, and it brings a number of ecological advantages which promote biodiversity. The role of termites in building mounds which remain above most of the flood is important as this provides habitats for plants less tolerant of getting waterlogged, as well as safe breeding sites for birds and some animals.
334:, grassy wetlands forming the headwaters and margins of rivers which may make up to 30% of the ecoregion and which increase biodiversity of the ecoregion. The ecoregion has suffered extensive deforestation, especially in the highly urbanised Copperbelt Province due to charcoal production and clearing for farming, the centre of Central Province (for farming and ranching), and around Kasama and Mansa (charcoal production and
651:). It comprises an almost impenetrable bush consisting of about a hundred plant species woven together so densely that it is virtually impossible to walk through. Around 70% of the Zambian thicket has been lost to land clearing and at the present rate the rest will vanish within 20 years. It is found:
824:
The great freshwater lakes of
Tanganyika, Mweru, Bangweulu and Kariba (an artificial reservoir), together with the smaller lakes such as Mweru Wantipa and Itezhi-Tezhi reservoir, and numerous lagoons and swamps cover about 5% of Zambia. Together with their associated rivers, the WWF categorises these
789:
This biome covers an area of only about 100 km on the northern border with Malawi, being an extension of a much larger area in Malawi and
Tanzania, and so is frequently not counted as present in Zambia. It lies on plateau above 2000 m elevation, with grassland and shrubland dominating. In Zambia
427:
Covering about 15% of the country in the south, and drier than the
Central Zambezian ecoregion, trees in this ecoregion are more scattered and generally smaller, and the relative proportion of woody shrubs is greater. Dambos are fewer. Much of the ecoregion in Southern Province (sometimes referred to
684:
This biome is represented by one ecoregion. As a country with very distinct rainy and dry seasons, with a high rainfall in the former, and having a fairly flat topography, Zambian rivers and low-lying areas are prone to flooding, and there are extensive permanent swamps. Around 10% of the country is
307:
tree species dominate, which are deciduous, losing leaves in the dry season and producing a flush of new leaves, often reddish, just before the onset of the rains. In higher rainfall areas of Zambia the proportion and size of trees are at the higher extreme for this biome, with a canopy covering up
699:
The 8 sites listed below form a broad chain running from south-west to north-east. The chain extends into
Namibia and Botswana at one end (Caprivi wetlands and Okavango Swamp) and to Tanzania and Kenya at the other. This chain is exploited by birds in their migration and in former times, animals
115:
is over the country. The highest rainfall is in the north (about 1200 mm –- all figures are annual amounts), especially the north-west (1400 mm), decreasing towards the south (around 700 mm); the driest areas are in the
Luangwa and middle Zambezi valleys (500 mm). None of the
124:
The dry season lasts 6–8 months, divided into the cool dry season or winter from April or May to August, followed by the hot dry season, September to
November. Most rivers, lakes and swamps are permanent, except in the hotter, drier south. Along the banks of permanent rivers and in the spray of
133:
The elevation of the great central
African plateau on which Zambia is located, typically between 1000 and 1300 metres, modifies temperatures, which are lower than for coastal areas at the same latitude, and pleasant for much of the year. On the plateau (covering about 80% of the country) mean
302:
Most of Zambia (around 80%) is in this extensive biome. Six ecoregions are represented of which the first four listed below are woodland savannas, consisting of a grass cover 1–2 m high, and hardwood deciduous trees and/or hardwood shrubs, which range in ground coverage from 'scattered' to
160:
Black soils of floodplains are fertile, grasses grow on them as soon as the annual flood recedes and provide a rich resource for herbivores. If the annual flood is disrupted by dams, woody shrubs of lower nutritional value tend to replace grasses and so reduce the number of herbivores and
110:
Rainfall amount is the most important determinant of the type and distribution of ecoregions. Zambia experiences good rainfall, with extremes of 500 to 1400 mm (most areas fall into the range 700 to ) in a distinct rainy season of four to six months centred on
January, when the moist
308:
to 40% of the ground and trees often exceeding 10 m in height. However, except in the case of the last ecoregion listed, even where the canopy is extensive, at ground level the woodland is relatively open, affording quite easy passage by animals and people.
169:
In areas where soils are waterlogged for all or part of the year, or are very infertile, sandy or acidic, they take over from climate as the predominant factor in determining the distribution of plants and animals. Such communities are said to be
492:
is also a legume and grows in hotter locations than the miombo species, and so Mopane woodlands, covering about 15% of the country, replace southern miombo woodlands at lower elevations in valleys in the south of the country, principally:
164:
Kalahari Sands in the south-west of the country are infertile and do not retain moisture, so are dominated mostly by deep-rooted trees with little growth in the understorey. Grasslands both flooded and non-flooded also occur there
207:
Rough estimates of the percentage of the country covered as given below are for the original or natural state of the area before urbanisation and agriculture has modified it. The numbers relate to the location labels on the map.
330:), a member of the legume family. This ecoregion predominates in the wettest part of the country, across the northern part of both 'lobes' of the country . On the flat central African plateau the woodland is interspersed with
252:
family. The lack of water and thickness of the forest has kept the human population low, and despite some poaching and the absence of protection, the forest is still fairly rich in wildlife. The main patches are in:
51:(or ecozone). Three terrestrial biomes are well represented in the country (with an additional one extending a few kilometres over the border). The distribution of the biomes and ecoregions is governed mainly by the
597:
These are the most extensive non-floodplain grasslands in Zambia, covering about 5% of the country in the west, and support large herds of wildebeest which migrate between western Zambia and Angola. They are found:
157:
Grey dambo soils contain more nutrients but are waterlogged in the rainy season and often very acidic, restricting the plants which can grow there to sedges and wiry grasses tolerant of marshy conditions.
154:
red sandveld soils cover most of the country, and are generally not very fertile due to weathering and leaching; the top soil is sandy and is more fertile where the top soil has a higher clay content.
244:
forest of medium height on sandy soils with little to no surface water, in several patches which make up the largest evergreen forest in Africa outside of the equatorial zone. The dominant genus,
804:
This ecoregion is made up of grassland and shrubland, with a great variety of orchids and wildflowers on exposed hills, with forest in narrow valleys and small depressions. It occurs only on:
571:, Zambian teak. It is well adapted to hot dry areas on sandy soils, and forms extensive forests which have been over-exploited by commercial timber production over the past 75 years, in:
428:
as the
Southern Plateau) and the south-east of Eastern Province (sometimes referred to as the Eastern Plateau) has been cleared for farming and ranching. The main sites are:
297:
1268:
1038:
455:
1023:
1183:
1043:
962:
217:
799:
412:
in Central and Southern Provinces, except the north-west corner (Busanga Swamps and plain) in North-Western Province.(also the western part)
913:
932:
Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment).2007.
382:
1304:
1299:
1058:
67:
The main aspects of the physical environment which determine the biomes and ecoregions of Zambia are: climate, specifically
1098:
235:
1208:
1198:
1003:
955:
317:
1213:
1103:
784:
138:, which, within its range is found in hotter valleys rather than the higher, cooler plateau. Species susceptible to
1273:
1193:
1158:
1143:
1083:
894:
836:
containing the Chambeshi River, Lake Bangweulu and its swamps, Luapula River, Lake Mweru and the Kalungwishi River.
679:
222:
In Zambia this biome is represented by only one ecoregion in a few patches, covering around 5% of the land area.
582:
teak forests), and the sandy plains west and south west of the Barotse floodplain, interspersed with grasslands.
1248:
1223:
1073:
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1048:
1018:
1013:
998:
481:
378:
264:
112:
1294:
1233:
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1008:
983:
948:
1238:
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1133:
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988:
694:
592:
562:
1218:
1168:
1123:
1108:
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993:
715:
643:
This endangered ecoregion is found in only one small area (less than 1%) of northern Zambia, named after
523:
285:
1228:
1138:
1028:
742:
and floodplains of the Kafue and its tributaries in Central Province and south west Copperbelt Province
625:
605:
Patches in the extreme west of North Western Province, north-west of the Kabompo and Lungwebungu Rivers
815:, 80 km, and two smaller patches to the north including the Mafinga Hills, on the Malawi border.
611:
436:
422:
347:
1128:
465:
401:
392:
281:
260:
33:
647:, and it found is in only location anywhere else, an equally small area of central Tanzania (
488:
1148:
667:
644:
52:
37:
8:
935:
Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.
884:
812:
638:
409:
369:
48:
29:
889:
707:
659:
615:
45:
291:
879:
100:
182:
Bush fires range across most of the country in the later dry season, escaping from "
724:
360:
41:
1033:
761:
711:
663:
445:
322:
The most extensive ecoregion covering about 50% of the country, characterised by
139:
174:, and are found on grey dambo soils, black floodplain soils and Kalahari sands.
940:
648:
567:
This ecoregion, covering about 5% of Zambia in the south-west, is dominated by
914:
National Geographic/World Wildlife Fund: "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World.
194:
1288:
867:
856:
739:
509:
351:
272:
268:
198:
The terrestrial ecoregions of Zambia, superimposed on a map of the provinces.
505:
861:
833:
533:
76:
771:
578:
southern part of Western Province and south-west of Southern Province (
211:
135:
72:
468:
except the bottom of the Luangwa Valley and a patch of plateau around
754:
Busanga Swamps and plain, Kafue National Park, North Western Province
336:
241:
183:
80:
579:
292:
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome
88:
68:
512:, southern part of Lusaka Province and Lower Zambezi National Park
501:
469:
171:
56:
793:
542:
in a strip running south of the Kafue Flats in Southern Province
518:
along the bottom of the Lunsemfwa and Luangwa valleys including
40:
classification for rivers, lakes and wetlands. Zambia is in the
323:
304:
249:
28:
of Zambia are described, listed and mapped here, following the
519:
448:
except areas close to the Zambezi, Lunsemfwa and Kafue rivers
331:
298:
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
748:
Lake Mweru Wantipa/Mweru Marsh floodplain, Northern Province
548:
in a strip running from the Kafue Flats to the Caprivi Strip
84:
778:
929:
673:
700:also migrated along the chain. The main sites are:
225:
372:
except for flooded grassland areas in the south-west.
311:
439:(the largest commercial farming area of the country)
212:
Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests biome
119:
790:a sole ecoregion within the biome is represented.
846:Zambezi Basin made up of (not shown on the map):
475:
1286:
970:
688:
586:
552:
727:and floodplain, Northern and Luapula Provinces
218:Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
150:The broad types of soil found in Zambia are:
956:
800:Southern Rift montane forest-grassland mosaic
794:Southern Rift montane forest-grassland mosaic
416:
128:
930:World Wildlife Fund: Encyclopedia of Earth.
733:Kafue Flats, Central and Southern Provinces
963:
949:
819:
193:
779:Montane grasslands and shrublands biome
628:in Western and North-Western provinces.
62:
1287:
632:
614:in Western Province north-west of the
944:
674:Flooded grasslands and savannas biome
189:
350:except flooded grassland areas and
236:Zambezian Cryptosepalum dry forests
201:Numbers refer to points in the text
13:
318:Central Zambezian miombo woodlands
312:Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands
14:
1316:
825:freshwater ecoregions in Zambia:
785:Montane grasslands and shrublands
458:in Central and Northern Provinces
120:Dry season and drought resistance
1269:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1039:Democratic Republic of the Congo
895:List of national parks of Zambia
532:in a strip running north of the
680:Flooded grasslands and savannas
267:, stretching south-west to the
142:are not found in such valleys.
1305:Lists of ecoregions by country
1300:Zambia geography-related lists
907:
482:Zambezian and mopane woodlands
476:Zambezian and Mopane woodlands
363:except flooded grassland areas
113:Intertropical Convergence Zone
1:
900:
764:floodplain, Northern Province
177:
32:'s classification scheme for
971:List of ecoregions in Africa
695:Zambezian flooded grasslands
689:Zambezian flooded grasslands
593:Western Zambezian grasslands
587:Western Zambezian grasslands
563:Zambezian Baikiaea woodlands
524:South Luangwa National Parks
7:
916:Retrieved 11 November 2007.
873:
832:Bangweulu-Mweru, the upper
105:
10:
1321:
797:
782:
692:
677:
636:
626:Sioma Ngwezi National Park
590:
560:
479:
420:
315:
295:
233:
215:
98:
94:
1257:
976:
853:Upper Zambezi Floodplains
612:Liuwa Plain National Park
423:Southern miombo woodlands
417:Southern Miombo woodlands
129:Temperature and elevation
1024:Central African Republic
770:Luapula Swamps south of
435:the Southern Plateau in
284:between the Kabompo and
261:West Lunga National Park
145:
379:North-Western Province
265:North-Western Province
204:
79:, which is related to
71:amount, length of the
34:terrestrial ecoregions
1184:São Tomé and Príncipe
1044:Republic of the Congo
820:Freshwater ecoregions
811:Nyika Plateau in the
718:, in Western Province
489:Colophospermum mopane
340:farming). It covers:
197:
184:chitemene cultivation
1295:Ecoregions of Zambia
850:Zambezian Headwaters
668:Nsumbu National Park
508:valleys east of the
391:the eastern part of
63:Physical environment
53:physical environment
38:freshwater ecoregion
1259:States with limited
885:Geography of Zambia
866:Middle Zambezi and
813:Nyika National Park
639:Itigi-Sumbu thicket
633:Itigi-Sumbu thicket
536:in Central Province
526:closer to the river
456:Muchinga escarpment
410:Kafue National Park
370:Copperbelt Province
248:, is a tree in the
49:biogeographic realm
30:World Wildlife Fund
925:General references
890:Wildlife of Zambia
774:, Luapula Province
708:Barotse floodplain
660:Lake Mweru Wantipa
616:Barotse Floodplain
569:Baikiaea plurijuga
400:northern parts of
205:
190:Terrestrial biomes
1282:
1281:
1059:Equatorial Guinea
880:Climate of Zambia
437:Southern Province
385:area and far west
348:Northern Province
116:country is arid.
101:Climate of Zambia
1312:
977:Sovereign states
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958:
951:
942:
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725:Bangweulu Swamps
486:The Mopane tree
466:Eastern Province
402:Central Province
393:Western Province
361:Luapula Province
328:Brachystegia sp.
282:Western Province
42:Zambezian region
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712:Luanginga River
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618:(Zambezi River)
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36:, and the WWF
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1099:Guinea-Bissau
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740:Lukanga Swamp
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1209:South Africa
1199:Sierra Leone
1004:Burkina Faso
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303:'abundant'.
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278:
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1261:recognition
1214:South Sudan
1104:Ivory Coast
862:Kafue River
834:Congo Basin
716:Luena Flats
534:Kafue Flats
381:except the
275:confluence.
230:dry forests
77:temperature
1289:Categories
1274:Somaliland
1194:Seychelles
1159:Mozambique
1144:Mauritania
1129:Madagascar
1084:The Gambia
1019:Cape Verde
901:References
772:Lake Mweru
553:Zambezian
500:along the
305:Leguminous
226:Zambezian
178:Bush fires
136:tsetse fly
73:dry season
22:ecoregions
1149:Mauritius
557:woodlands
337:chitemene
242:evergreen
89:bushfires
81:elevation
1249:Zimbabwe
1224:Tanzania
1074:Ethiopia
1069:Eswatini
1049:Djibouti
1014:Cameroon
999:Botswana
874:See also
658:between
580:Mulobezi
555:Baikiaea
464:most of
106:Rainfall
69:rainfall
1234:Tunisia
1204:Somalia
1189:Senegal
1174:Nigeria
1164:Namibia
1154:Morocco
1119:Liberia
1114:Lesotho
1064:Eritrea
1034:Comoros
1009:Burundi
984:Algeria
502:Zambezi
470:Petauke
383:Busanga
326:trees (
172:edaphic
95:Climate
57:climate
44:of the
26:ecology
24:in the
1244:Zambia
1239:Uganda
1179:Rwanda
1134:Malawi
1094:Guinea
989:Angola
760:Upper
506:Kariba
354:slopes
332:dambos
324:Miombo
250:legume
83:; and
75:, and
18:biomes
1219:Sudan
1169:Niger
1124:Libya
1109:Kenya
1089:Ghana
1079:Gabon
1054:Egypt
994:Benin
649:Itigi
645:Sumbu
520:North
146:Soils
85:soils
1229:Togo
1139:Mali
1029:Chad
840:34 —
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964:e
957:t
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271:–
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