1361:
a sergeant and two soldiers to receive an answer after a two-hour ultimatum. They were greeted with a burst of machine-gun fire which killed the sergeant and wounded the other two soldiers. According to
Ecuador, the coat of arms fell off on its own and was moved by the consul himself. Following the event, news did reach Peru on the alleged events, but Ecuadorian authorities managed to communicate with the Peruvian consul, who offered to explain the events to the Peruvian side. However, hours later the consul instead abandoned the city along with his family. The Ecuadorians also disputed the reasoning behind the provocations by the Ecuadorian side, as it was well known that Peruvian troops had organized themselves near the city, and news had reached the area of the events taking place in El Oro province.
228:
217:
3630:
1696:
1670:
1655:
1625:
1477:
1461:
1439:
1294:
1255:
162:
54:
204:
193:
182:
1645:
1612:
1426:
1284:
1275:
1242:
149:
2180:
due to a lack of administration, with both countries reporting looting by some
Ecuadorian troops fleeing north. Additionally, a resistance had been established by both Ecuadorian citizens and army members, through which acts of sabotage were carried out against the Peruvian occupying force. These acts ranged from lesser acts to armed confrontations between both parties that resulted in deaths on several occasions. These encounters were reportedly started by both sides up until the signing of the agreement that established the demilitarized zone on October 2.
1551:
767:
1518:
654:
2115:
1065:
1050:
advance and waiting for reinforcements. The fighting then spread to the entire border area along the
Zarumilla River. By 6 July, the Peruvian aviation was conducting airstrikes against the Ecuadorian border posts along the river. After the 5th, hostilities along the border continued. As a result, on the night of July 6, the senior commander of the Ecuadorian Army ordered the formation of the 5th Infantry Brigade in El Oro, under the command of Colonel Luis Rodríguez.
1957:
704:
1115:
1365:
from the 8th
Artillery Group, crossed the river on July 28 and took Macará, encountering little opposition. Later, with the support of the company commanded by Captain Fernando del Risco, the Ecuadorian Army remnants in nearby Vado Limón were also defeated. The town was subsequently occupied by Peruvian forces, looted, and vacated two days later, when the Peruvian troops returned to their emplacements.
3087:
2140:
certain efforts. A large effort from the
Northern Army Detachment during this period also went into repairing and maintaining infrastructure, such as highways and railroads, which would in turn be used to the advantage of the Peruvian Army. This effort was so intense that less than half a year later, the province had been transformed from its war-torn state.
820:. Economically, Peru claimed to be attempting to run on a balanced budget, but Peru still held a large debt in spite of its positive foreign trade. However, despite these claims, Peru also began to mobilize its troops to its border with Ecuador in order to match the Ecuadorian troops which had been deployed to the dispute zone.
2244:
situation that according to
Ecuador made it impossible to implement the Protocol until Peru agreed to negotiate a proper line in the affected area. Thus, some 78 km of the Ecuadorian-Peruvian border were left unmarked for the next fifty years, causing continuous diplomatic and military crisis between the two countries.
2243:
The placement of the border markers along the definitive border line indicated by the Rio
Protocol was not concluded when the Ecuadorians withdrew from the demarcation commissions in 1948, arguing inconsistencies between the geographical realities on the ground and the instructions of the Protocol, a
1983:
The
Peruvian troops were less than 170 km from the Guayaquil metropolitan area. If Ecuador did not accept Peru's rights over the disputed territories, the Peruvian military intended to assault and capture the first port of Ecuador. Once Guayaquil was occupied, the Peruvian forces in the occupied
1360:
had a large number of
Peruvians, who saw themselves targeted by the Ecuadorian population. On July 25, news reached Peru that the Peruvian Consulate had been stoned and the Peruvian coat of arms dragged away. The Peruvian military authorities of La Tina protested and asked for an explanation, sending
1032:
onto
Ecuadorian soil. The Peruvian policemen are then said to have fired first when a border patrol was spotted, killing one soldier. This was followed by the widespread exchange of fire between troops on the opposing banks of the Zarumilla, while two Ecuadorian officers sent to Aguas Verdes to speak
1838:
The reinforcements requested by Ortiz Garcés arrived and began to approach the Yaupi River only a week later. The unit, commanded by Corporal Salvador León Veloz and made up of eight soldiers, began to approach the Yaupi River on August 11, when they were attacked by Peruvian soldiers. After half an
2223:
government-in-exile had made the prior preparations in order to reestablish its administration of the province as soon as possible, such as the immediate reestablishment of a police force in order to establish a security body in the area, as well as the return of the refugees that had abandoned the
2179:
With a large number of people leaving, the city of Machala, which would serve as the headquarters for the Peruvian administration, was reportedly left virtually empty, as the majority of its inhabitants had left for the north. Also prior to the evacuation, a general state of disorder had taken over
812:, who stated, "In Peru we have not yet lost our heads. Our country is in a process of prosperous development and the Government heads would have to be completely mad to think of war." The social situation of Peru at that time was undergoing major changes, with the social reforms begun by president
1364:
Prior to the battle, the civilian population was evacuated, with some volunteers remaining to assist the Ecuadorian Army. Fire was exchanged beginning at 2 p.m. Peruvian Commander César Yánez, head of the 7th Cavalry Regiment, supported by a company from the 19th Infantry Battalion and a battery
1049:
patrol. These troops were then followed by some 200 Ecuadorian armed men, which attacked the police station at Aguas Verdes for 30 minutes, to which the Peruvians reacted by sending an infantry company to Aguas Verdes and driving the Ecuadorians back across the Zarumilla, holding back a potential
1027:
The first shots of the conflict were fired on July 5, 1941, with both parties disagreeing about who fired the first shot. According to Ecuadorian Colonel Luis A. Rodríguez, commander of the Ecuadorian forces defending the province of El Oro during the war, a group of Peruvian civilians, including
2139:
The Peruvian administration immediately started efforts in order to exploit the newly acquired territories in southern Ecuador. A civil administration was established in order to provide a sense of normalcy to the Ecuadorian citizens that lived under occupation, which relieved the military from
2035:
was formally established after the ceasefire of July 31, 1941, having existed since the Peruvian occupation began with the Zarumilla offensive on July 23. After the ceasefire, a civilian administration was established in the occupied province of El Oro by Peru. A month later, on October 2, the
758:
The Salomón–Lozano Treaty was unpopular in Ecuador as well, which found itself surrounded on the east by Peru, which claimed the territory as an integral part of its republic. Further adding to Ecuador's problems, the Colombian government now also recognized Peru's territorial aspirations as
1106:
According to Peruvian accounts, instead of parachuting to safety, Quiñones chose to sacrifice himself by crashing his damaged aircraft onto the Ecuadorian position, rendering the battery out of action. This version of events has been subsequently called into question by Ecuadorian military
1508:
On July 29, the Ecuadorian border outposts of Cazaderos and Progreso were attacked by Peruvian troops, but the attacks were repelled. At the nearby Ecuadorian Huasimo outpost, Peruvian and Ecuadorian troops also fought; the Ecuadorians had to retreat, leaving behind weapons and equipment.
1987:
By the end of August 1941, Peru occupied the coast: the provinces and cantons of El Oro, Puerto Bolívar and began the blockade of Guayaquil, the main commercial port and naval base of Ecuador. In the mountains, the provinces and cantons of Loja and Zamora Chinchipe were occupied.
1529:, who refused to surrender and fought to the death, along with his troops. In the place where he and his men died, the Peruvians put together a cross with a plaque that read, "Lieutenant César E. Chiriboga González and 25 soldiers, fallen on July 25, 1941, in the line of duty."
2176:. The nearby town of Tendales was one of the points where refugees travelled, either to settle in there or to leave for Guayaquil or further north. As time went on, the numbers of refugees overwhelmed the town, which was unable to provide for such a large number of people.
2148:, which had remained neutral during the conflict. Peru, on the other hand, disputed the expansionist claims, claiming that the country had no intention of acquiring new territory, intending the occupation to be temporary since the beginning. During the conflict,
1984:
part of the Ecuadorian highlands would leave from Loja, which is less than 600 km from the capital, and would occupy Quito, an operation that would take a maximum of 10 days, since the Ecuadorian armed forces had practically ceased to exist in September,.
1830:, overrun by Peruvian forces. Ortiz refused to surrender and was killed in action by the Peruvian soldiers, who buried him wrapped in the flag of the small Ecuadorian detachment in charge of guarding the Yaupi area. His remains were moved to Quito in 1943.
1783:
Despite the agreed ceasefire, there were armed clashes in the Amazon area, with the Peruvian troops of the Jungle Division launching, between August 1 and 2, 1941, an offensive against the Ecuadorian garrisons located on the Yaupi and Santiago rivers.
1110:
On July 24, a battle between Peruvian and Ecuadorian troops took place in Chacras, where the latter set up a resistance against the Peruvians. Due to constant Peruvian attacks, the defensive position eventually gave way and the post was overrun.
2143:
The Ecuadorian government also launched a diplomatic campaign, through which the Peruvian state was characterized as an expansionist state, attacking its neighbors by force and expanding its territories, also intending to strengthen its ties to
1130:
patrol boat, located at the docks of the city. The fact that the patrol boat was the target as well as the subsequent defense of it carried out by Ecuadorian troops prevented valuable explosives located nearby from being attacked and ignited.
2267:. According to the Velasco Administration, the treaty, having been signed under Peruvian military occupation of Ecuadorian soil, was illegal and contrary to Panamerican treaties that outlawed any treaty signed under the threat of force.
1980:, and the United States, informing President Arroyo del Río and the Ecuadorian military high command that Peru was less than 48 hours from Guayaquil, leaving from Machala and Puerto Bolívar, the second port of Ecuador.
856:
According to the testimony of Col. Luis Rodríguez, the Ecuadorian forces at the disposal of the Army Border Command in El Oro (Lieutenant Colonel Octavio A. Ochoa) after the incidents of 5 and 6 July were as follows:
1532:
The cross was found in the aftermath of the war, after Peruvian troops had retreated from southern Ecuador. Due to his actions, Chiriboga was posthumously promoted to captain and declared a national hero of Ecuador.
746:
between Colombia and Peru from 1932 to 1933. The conflict over Leticia, which was populated by both Peruvian and Colombian colonists, was resolved after Sanchez Cerro was assassinated and the new Peruvian president
1991:
In the jungle, the armed forces of Peru claimed Sucumbios, Napo and Pastaza in the regions that corresponded to the former Government of Quijos, which, according to the Royal Decree of July 15, 1802, passed to the
738:, the treaty was made public and caused much anger among the Peruvian population, which perceived that the treaty awarded Colombia a section of Peruvian territory. This dispute over the Amazon region controlled by
2171:
in lesser numbers. The number of refugees was reportedly so large that citizens were urged to take them in their homes, with their goods looted by Peruvian troops, and reportedly sent via plane, train or car to
788:
However, by 1938 both nations were once again holding minor border skirmishes. That same year, the entire Ecuadorian Cabinet, which was composed of high-ranking army officers who served as advisors for General
1107:
authorities, who have stated that there were no anti-aircraft guns in the area. The other planes that made up Squadron 41 continued with their mission and carried out a subsequent attack, returning to Tumbes.
1917:
On July 31, prior to the cease fire that was to be effective on that date, the Peruvians were ordered to capture the city of Puerto Bolívar, which was accomplished using paratroopers from the newly formed
1807:
the next day, the Ecuadorian Yaupi outpost and its Gazipum garrison was attacked from July 31 to August 1, 1941, by no less than 100 soldiers from the Peruvian Army, armed with eight machine guns.
2192:
between both states, which would be under the observation of military representatives of the mediator countries that also signed the agreement, and would later sign the Rio Protocol in 1942: the
2128:
blaming the retreating Ecuadorian troops with a report that claimed that locals had heard an Ecuadorian commander ordering that the area was burned to a crisp. The town was referred to as the "
816:(which, he claimed, were aimed at improving roads, sanitation, industrial development, and promoting the general welfare of Peru's indigenous population) being continued by president General
1045:
line in the extreme left of the Ecuadorian-Peruvian border, crossed into the Peruvian border post at Aguas Verdes, a town directly in front of Huaquillas, and opened fire on a Peruvian
680:
The lack of resolution of the dispute, despite several attempts by both parties, led to several conflicting treaties being signed between different parties to the conflict, including
2052:
between both states, which would be under the Ecuadoran administration, and the observation of military representatives of the mediator countries that also signed the agreement: the
1103:
fighter planes. The mission consisted of bombing the Ecuadorian post of Quebrada Seca, where they had concentrated the bulk of their anti-aircraft artillery and placed machine guns.
319:
2533:
2270:
However, this proclamation made little international impact (the treaty was still held as valid by Peru and four more countries). Peruvian analysts have speculated that President
1914:
reconnaissance and attack biplanes that were in poor condition. Peru carried out limited aerial bombing of the Ecuadorian towns of Huaquillas, Arenillas, Santa Rosa, and Machala.
387:
2219:, finally establishing most of its border with Peru. As per the agreement, on February 12, 1942, Peruvian troops vacated the Ecuadorian province of El Oro. During this time, the
1882:
while firing. Admiral Villar did the same, maneuvering in circles avoiding getting too close to the coast due to its shallow depth. After 21 minutes of fire, the incident ended.
2224:
province for the north of the country. The exiled Cantonal Council held its first plenary Session on January 18, six days after the withdrawal of Peruvian troops from Ecuador.
2698:
439:
392:
1890:
The Peruvian Air Force was more numerous and technologically more advanced than its Ecuadorian counterpart. The core of Peruvian aviation was made up of a squadron of five
382:
2437:
2188:
The Talara Agreement was signed on October 2, through which a bilateral ceasefire was agreed upon and enforced by both Ecuador and Peru. The treaty also established a
2103:
in at least two different occasions, but the squadron sent to the city limited itself to dropping propaganda leaflets, which were republished by Peruvian newspapers
576:
2156:
in the country to the point where Japanese organizations complained to the Ecuadorian government, which released an official communiqué denouncing the accusation.
208:
1816:
1793:
1674:
312:
1926:. The use of said paratroopers was decisive in the capture of the city and was a surprise, since only a handful of countries had paratrooper units, such as
909:
As a result of the rising tensions on the border during 1939 and 1940, the Peruvian President Manuel Prado authorised in December 1940 the creation of the
533:
on 29 January 1942, and Peruvian forces subsequently withdrew. The enmity over the territorial dispute continued after 1942 and concluded following the
1525:
On July 25, in the Chacras sector, strong Peruvian contingents preceded by a tank surrounded a group of 25 soldiers commanded by Ecuadorian Lieutenant
373:
2122:
A fire began in Santa Rosa on 1 August 1941, which destroyed over 120 houses. Both sides blamed each other for the fire, with the Peruvian newspaper
3064:
2511:
1815:
On August 2, 1941, in Gapizum, on the banks of the Santiago River, the Ecuadorian post of ten soldiers, commanded by 20-year-old Second Lieutenant
305:
2682:
3287:
29.I.1942: "Hoy a las 2 a. m. se Firmó el Acuerdo Ecuatoriano-Peruano: Las Fuerzas Peruanas Saldrán Dentro de 15 Días de Nuestros Territorios (
1162:, during a patrol in front of the Jambelí Strait, bombed Punta Jambelí and Puerto Bolívar, in preparation for the Peruvian advance on El Oro.
661:
The territorial dispute between Ecuador and Peru dated from before Ecuador's independence, as part of a broader dispute between what was then
3410:
2641:
569:
688:, and led to war on several occasions. The first of these armed conflicts took place in 1828, when Peru fought against Gran Colombia in the
3514:
3499:
697:
605:
586:
45:
20:
3355:
Rauch, Georg von (August 2000). "Marañon 1941: une guerre entre Pérou et Equateur" [Marañon 1941: The Peruvian-Ecuadorian War].
3164:
Estudio del conflicto Perú-Ecuador (1941-1942) con base en el análisis hemerográfico del diario La Industria (enero 1941 - febrero 1942)
1087:
with the stated purpose of preventing more skirmishes along the disputed border. On that day, the 41st Peruvian Squadron took off from
2289:
of 1995 was the dispute finally settled. On 26 October 1998, representatives of Peru and Ecuador signed a definitive peace agreement (
1868:
with the mission of entering Ecuadorian waters and carrying out patrol and reconnaissance tasks in the area. The Ecuadorian gunboat
3445:
562:
2581:
1902:
in May 1939. As in the case of armored vehicles, Ecuador practically lacked combat aircraft; at the beginning of hostilities, the
2302:
550:
823:
On 11 January 1941, alleging that the Ecuadorians had been staging incursions and even occupations of the Peruvian territory of
4081:
3866:
2918:
2434:
731:. With that, Colombia effectively recognized Peruvian control of the rest of the disputed region south of the Putumayo River.
3834:
3592:
3381:
2598:
2132:
of America" by Italian writer Leonelly Castelly due to the scale of the destruction of the area being similar to that of the
1996:
and, according to the Peruvian version, Ecuador had occupied, taking advantage of the fact that Peru was facing Chile in the
3228:
2068:, which had acted both directly between both countries and in conjunction with the other mediators, and to a lesser extent,
1091:
to fulfill a mission, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Antonio Alberti and made up of Lieutenants Fernando Paraud,
4051:
3764:
3405:
2883:
1033:
with the Peruvian local commanding officer were told by Peruvian authorities to go back to their lines. According to Peru,
2080:
was brought up, with countries such as Ecuador proclaiming their allegiance to the movement, and other countries, such as
2133:
1178:, was the responsibility of the Peruvian 8th Light Division, under the command of Colonel EP César A. Salazar Cartagena.
2752:
3565:
3560:
3548:
3531:
3521:
3504:
3318:
2944:
2840:
2731:
4016:
3690:
3570:
3458:
3030:
2159:
The Cantonal Council of Machala, through which the city and El Oro province were administered, moved from Machala to
459:
3607:
2433:
Conflict Encyclopedia, General Conflict Information, Conflict name: Ecuador – Peru, In depth, viewed on 2013-07-15,
3289:
Today at 2 a.m. the Ecuadorian–Peruvian Agreement was signed: Peruvian Troops will leave our territories in 15 days
2466:
2252:, a Peruvian propaganda film filmed during the war, went unreleased until 2014 due to the Rio de Janeiro Protocol.
1839:
hour of combat, the Ecuadorians were defeated, consolidating the Peruvian domain in the Yaupi and Santiago rivers.
444:
2208:
2016:
1965:
221:
4066:
615:
89:
2983:
2804:
861:
Forces deployed along the Zarumilla river: 3 superior officers, 33 officers, and 743 men, organized as follows:
755:
which upheld the Salomón–Lozano Treaty and finally put an end to the border disputes between Colombia and Peru.
364:
3665:
3493:
3484:
2495:
2271:
2256:
2032:
503:
429:
129:
2481:
3960:
3955:
3846:
3774:
3580:
3541:
3276:
3233:
2961:
2430:
2421:
Historia Militar del Perú, Ejército del Perú - Escuela Superior de Guerra, Enero de 1980, Chorrillos - Perú.
529:
A ceasefire agreement between the two countries came into effect on 31 July 1941. Both countries signed the
4071:
3819:
3741:
3731:
3705:
3685:
3438:
1152:
93:
3162:
2009:
1964:
On August 31, 1941, and facing a delicate political and national security situation, President of Ecuador
809:
735:
712:
3880:
3829:
3756:
3751:
2913:
1092:
884:
Forces deployed in the immediate rear: 4 superior officers, 40 officers, 28 soldiers, 93 volunteers, 500
3072:
4056:
3975:
3680:
3675:
3526:
3509:
3194:
1158:
689:
610:
2615:
3781:
3700:
3655:
3118:
3103:
2290:
1972:. This military order was given due to intelligence reports coming from the intelligence services of
642:
538:
2699:"Conflicto con el Ecuador: nuestras fuerzas rechazan una nueva agresión en la frontera de Zarumilla"
2349:
2215:
on January 29, 1942, with which Ecuador officially renounced its claim to a sovereign outlet to the
2048:) was signed, through which a bilateral ceasefire was put into place. The treaty also established a
790:
4061:
3650:
3617:
1576:
1076:
915:(Northern Army Detachment). By July 1941, this unit was ready to begin active military operations.
911:
832:
415:
401:
255:
186:
3922:
3897:
3856:
3812:
3746:
3629:
3597:
3479:
3431:
2757:
2153:
1874:
was spotted in the vicinity of the Jambelí channel. The Ecuadorian ship, which was in transit to
1870:
1860:
770:
625:
620:
354:
2687:. Vol. III. Lima: Centro de Estudios Históricos Militares del Perú. 1978. pp. 773–774.
1821:
1798:
1679:
894:
At Santa Rosa: 2 superior officers, 1 Officer, 18 soldiers, plus the 93 volunteers, and the 500
3670:
2237:
1891:
1096:
1075:
The Peruvian offensive against Ecuador began on July 23, being carried out by the newly formed
600:
519:
491:
border war fought between 5–31 July 1941. It was the first of three military conflicts between
3256:
2784:
2163:, along with several refugees from El Oro in general. Some refugees travelled north as far as
4076:
3990:
3474:
3310:
3124:
2936:
Las Operaciones Navales durante el Conflicto con el Ecuador de 1941: apuntes para su historia
2580:(2014). "10: EL CONFLICTO CON COLOMBIA Y LA CAMPAÑA DEL NORORIENTE DE 1932 A ABRIL DE 1933".
2248:
2084:
criticizing it, arguing that it only served to increase American influence in the continent.
743:
410:
3411:
Article in Spanish on Peruvian Paratroopers in 1941 War between Peru and Ecuador with photos
2001:
805:, there were public demonstrations of people chanting "Down With Peru! Long Live Ecuador!".
760:
748:
3907:
3861:
3769:
3736:
3695:
3638:
2435:
http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=126®ionSelect=5-Southern_Americas#
1907:
1903:
1150:
of the Jambelí Strait to search for the presence of artillery. The following day, cruisers
53:
2152:
was accused of supplying Peru with weapons on more than one occasion, which increased the
716:
554:
359:
8:
3970:
3917:
3824:
3719:
3612:
3171:
3022:
2560:
2535:
EL TRATADO SALOMÓN LOZANO Y LA PÉRDIDA DEL TRIÁNGULO DE SUCUMBIOS UNA LECCIÓN GEOPOLÍTICA
1993:
1919:
1059:
752:
345:
4009:
3985:
3945:
3932:
3851:
3807:
3795:
3660:
3466:
2703:
2590:
2189:
2124:
2088:
2049:
1997:
1937:
1923:
1142:
1136:
1046:
808:
Peru's response to the events taking place in Ecuador was provided by foreign minister
719:. The treaty, which was kept secret, set the boundary between Peru and Colombia as the
715:
in March 1922 by the governments of Colombia and Peru, which at that time was ruled by
670:
2457:
1932:
3940:
3912:
3841:
3536:
3387:
3377:
3360:
3343:
3314:
3213:
3026:
2940:
2618:[Conclusions of the Final Report of the American Advisor George M. McBride].
2594:
2491:
1968:
decided to retain a considerable part of the Ecuadorian Army to protect the capital,
1526:
1171:
1123:
934:(Commander in Chief: Gen. Eloy G. Ureta; Chief of Staff: Lieut. Col. Miguel Monteza)
813:
739:
724:
653:
3258:
La migración forzada de orenses ante el conflicto bélico peruano-ecuatoriano de 1941
2960:
2096:
1879:
1550:
4025:
3980:
3965:
3892:
3338:
Cortet, Pierre (October 2000). "Courrier des Lecteurs" [Readers' Letters].
2736:
2620:
2487:
2087:
By the time the ceasefire had been accepted, the cities bombarded by Peru included
2041:
1685:
1482:
1466:
1069:
836:
518:, it is unrelated to that conflict, as neither country was supported by either the
449:
3263:
The forced migration of orenses in the face of the Peruvian-Ecuadorian war of 1941
2023:, Ecuador promptly requested a ceasefire, which went into effect on 31 July 1941.
3950:
3304:
3016:
2934:
2846:
2788:
2441:
2403:
2278:
in order to gather political support with a nationalistic and populist rhetoric.
2164:
2149:
2145:
2077:
1852:
1701:
1660:
1517:
1175:
1084:
1034:
1029:
817:
798:
507:
454:
81:
3208:
2939:(in Spanish). Lima: Dirección de Intereses Marítimos e Información. p. 44.
1898:, which were a version of the North American P-64 and had been delivered by the
1014:
at the beginning of offensive operations have been put at 11,500 to 13,000 men.
766:
4030:
3575:
2842:
EL EJÉRCITO ECUATORIANO EN LA CAMPAÑA INTERNACIONAL DE 1941 Y EN LA POST GUERRA
1945:
720:
3391:
4045:
3489:
3364:
3347:
3091:
2988:
2644:
2577:
2355:
2193:
2053:
1899:
1855:. The results favored Peru, such as in the successful blockade of Guayaquil.
1848:
1397:
1080:
665:
and Peru. It revolved around whether Ecuador's territory extended beyond the
662:
511:
488:
197:
85:
3417:
2871:(in Spanish). Vol. XI: De Sánchez Cerro a Prado. Piura: Caja Municipal.
2719:
Las Guerras del Perú. Campaña del Ecuador: Grandeza y Miseria de la Victoria
2616:"Conclusiones del Informe Final del Asesor Norteamericano George M. McBride"
3585:
2684:
Colección Documental del Conflicto y Campaña Militar con el Ecuador en 1941
2307:
2282:
2260:
2216:
2212:
2173:
2114:
2081:
2065:
1927:
1088:
1064:
944:
828:
728:
674:
630:
530:
515:
109:
24:
1878:, turned 180° as soon as it recognized the Peruvian ship, fleeing towards
711:
The dispute was again brought into the spotlight after the signing of the
297:
3902:
3281:
3097:
2233:
2015:
Faced with the threat to the Ecuadorian state, with Ecuadorian President
1956:
1147:
703:
523:
2672:, 2nd Edition, pp. 167–168. Quito, Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 1955.
1114:
734:
Following the coup d'état against Leguía by troops under the command of
723:, with the exception of a small strip of land controlled by the city of
3602:
2969:
2459:
Territorial Disputes and Their Resolution: The Case of Ecuador and Peru
2313:
2286:
1911:
1038:
635:
534:
115:
28:
3306:
Contemporary Peruvian Cinema: History, Identity and Violence on Screen
1041:, a town on the bank of the Zarumilla river, which then served as the
781:
possession by each country. The resulting border is known as the 1936
2993:
2201:
2160:
2100:
2061:
1941:
1875:
824:
2541:(in Spanish). Escuela Superior de Guerra del Ejército. pp. 4–9.
1357:
1210:
692:. After the dissolution of Gran Colombia, the conflict resumed with
3423:
2005:
1865:
1126:
of the port city. On the next day, aircraft returned to attack the
681:
3018:
Airborne Landing to Air Assault: A History of Military Parachuting
843:), a military unit in charge of the Northern Operational Theatre.
70:
5 July 1941 – 31 July 1941 (combat) (3 weeks and 5 days)
3454:
3090:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3048:
2092:
1630:
1444:
1260:
693:
492:
227:
216:
167:
777:
An agreement was signed in 1936 which recognized territories in
3209:"Historia - Cuerpo de Bomberos Municipal del Cantón Santa Rosa"
2197:
2129:
2073:
2057:
1973:
685:
657:
Map of the dispute between Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
2168:
2069:
2020:
1977:
1969:
1118:
Reconnaissance photo of Puerto Bolívar prior to its invasion.
802:
666:
3376:. Vol. 1. Solihull, West Midlands: Helion and Company.
3191:
Estudio de la cuestión de límites entre el Perú y el Ecuador
1368:
797:), resigned from government in order to take command of the
3265:] (in Spanish). Cuenca: Universidad Católica de Cuenca.
1960:
Peruvian ships during the blockade of the Ecuadorian coast.
1617:
1431:
1247:
891:
At Arenillas: 2 superior officers, 3 Officers, 14 soldiers.
584:
496:
203:
192:
181:
154:
2557:
Perú y Ecuador — Apuntes Para la Historia de una Frontera
2064:. Other countries involved in the mediation included the
888:(a paramilitary Government force), organized as follows:
759:
legitimate, and had nominally granted to Peru an area in
700:
taking place between Ecuador and Peru from 1857 to 1860.
2963:
Parte oficial peruano sobre el combate naval de Jambelí
2532:
Yepes del Castillo, Gral. Brig. EP (r) Juan E. (2021).
2333:
In 1945, both countries formally joined the Allied side
1718:
2351:
Compendio de la Historia General del Ejército del Perú
3120:
Fuerzas Armadas del Perú durante el conflicto de 1941
2583:
Historia de la República del Perú [1822-1933]
2281:
In 1981, both countries again clashed briefly in the
1225:
Peruvian forces take Macará, then withdraw on 30 July
793:(who had taken charge of government after a military
707:
Peruvian protesters opposing the transfer of Leticia.
3374:
Air Wars Between Ecuador and Peru: The July 1941 War
3095:
1944:
in 1944. The paratroopers were dropped from Italian
998:
33rd Infantry Battalion (2 Light Infantry companies)
727:
that would connect Colombia to the main flow of the
132:; Ecuador loses almost half of its claimed territory
3214:Cuerpo de Bomberos Municipal del Cantón Santa Rosa
2531:
2004:had been nominally transferred to Peru in 1922 by
2589:(in Spanish). Vol. 16 (1st ed.). Lima:
870:: 2 superior officers, 22 Officers, 490 soldiers.
114:The border conflict with Ecuador continues until
4043:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3229:"La Benemérita cumple 162 años de cantonización"
2479:
879:: 1 superior officer, 11 Officers, 253 soldiers.
3254:
3116:
2932:
2783:
2771:
2356:Biblioteca General y Aula Virtual del Ejército
3439:
3241:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2572:
2570:
2401:
2012:, but the act was not recognized by Ecuador.
1804:
1170:The La Tina–Macará Front, extending from the
696:, with skirmishes taking place often and the
570:
313:
3357:Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire
3340:Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire
3160:
3062:
2838:
2554:
2405:El Conflicto Militar del Perú con el Ecuador
2232:Eventually, Peru cut off relations with the
1146:carried out a reconnaissance mission at the
2417:
2415:
2207:The government of Ecuador, then led by Dr.
1810:
1536:
327:
3446:
3432:
2853:
2847:Centro de Estudios Históricos del Ejército
2567:
2550:
2548:
2236:after a couple of months, and joined the
1827:
1549:
1122:On July 23, Peruvian aircraft carried out
577:
563:
320:
306:
3156:
3154:
3014:
1376:Battle of Cazaderos, Progreso and Huasimo
1369:Battle of Cazaderos, Progreso and Huasimo
606:First Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1857-1860)
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
2805:"Jose Quiñones - Peruvian Kamikaze Hero"
2721:, p. 79. Lima, Ed. Torres Aguirre, 1944.
2412:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2342:
2183:
2113:
1955:
1951:
1787:
1516:
1113:
1063:
940:6th Artillery Group (8 105 mm guns)
765:
702:
677:) river, including the Amazonian basin.
652:
420:
3500:Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute
3371:
3161:Ríos Huayama, Cristhian Fabián (2021).
2989:Escuela Superior de Guerra del Ejército
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2881:
2834:
2753:"Peru Planes Bomb Ecuador Towns, Claim"
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2576:
2545:
2527:
2525:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2303:Ecuadorian-Peruvian territorial dispute
1936:, making Peru the first country in the
1851:had an advantage over the ill-equipped
1702:
1661:
1165:
1083:with the purpose of pushing north into
601:Gran Colombian-Peruvian War (1828–1829)
588:Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute
551:Ecuadorian-Peruvian territorial dispute
4044:
3337:
3302:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3106:. Reform, Chaos, and Debacle, 1925-44.
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2777:
2019:keeping a sizable part of the Army in
1833:
1053:
58:Collage of the Peruvian-Ecuadorian War
3427:
3354:
3131:
3117:Taype Castillo, Jaime Miguel (2019).
2750:
1826:, was again attacked and, unlike the
621:Second Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1941)
558:
514:. Although the war took place during
301:
3453:
3255:Castellano Gil, José Manuel (2020).
2911:
2894:
2790:Nuevo Compendio de Historia del Perú
2732:"Peru's Planes Bomb Ecuadorean Town"
2628:
2522:
2446:
2362:
1940:to deploy paratroopers, followed by
1512:
636:Third Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (1995)
3613:2010 coup d'état attempt and crisis
3515:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860)
3178:
3079:
2811:
2613:
1858:On July 25, the Peruvian destroyer
1181:
763:which had been claimed by Ecuador.
21:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860)
16:1941 South American border conflict
13:
3096:Dennis M. Handicraft, ed. (1989).
2480:Sandoval Aguirre, Oswaldo (1999).
1022:
1010:Figures for total strength of the
958:1st, 5th, 19th Infantry Battalions
846:
14:
4093:
3835:1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis
3399:
3046:"Asalto aéreo a Puerto Bolívar".
2563:. pp. 252–255, 315, 334–335.
1842:
3628:
3085:
2867:Moya Espinoza, Reynaldo (2003).
2467:United States Institute of Peace
2099:. Peruvian aircraft had reached
1694:
1668:
1653:
1643:
1623:
1610:
1527:César Edmundo Chiriboga González
1475:
1459:
1437:
1424:
1356:According to Peruvian accounts,
1292:
1282:
1273:
1253:
1240:
1134:On July 28, Peruvian submarines
1095:and Manuel Rivera, aboard their
1004:Army Jungle Division (Northeast)
226:
215:
202:
191:
180:
160:
147:
52:
19:For the 1857–1860 conflict, see
3331:
3296:
3269:
3221:
3201:
3110:
3056:
3052:. No. 1375. 1 August 1995.
3039:
3008:
2976:
2953:
2926:
2875:
2797:
2793:. Editorial Lumen. p. 349.
2765:
2744:
2724:
2711:
2691:
2675:
2670:La Agresión Peruana Documentada
2662:
2650:
2607:
2285:. Only in the aftermath of the
1885:
1792:According to Second Lieutenant
1398:Cazaderos, Progreso and Huasimo
995:(Lieut. Col. Victor Rodríguez)
831:, ordered the formation of the
537:of 1995 and the signing of the
2884:"Chiriboga Cap. César Edmundo"
2504:
2473:
2424:
2402:Monteza Tafur, Miguel (1979).
2327:
2255:In 1960, Ecuadorian President
2033:Peruvian occupation of Ecuador
477:Second Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
130:Peruvian occupation of Ecuador
39:Second Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
1:
4082:Territorial evolution of Peru
3581:Supreme Council of Government
3067:[Skydiving in Peru].
2933:Rodríguez Asti, John (2008).
2839:Macías Núñez, Edison (2012).
2431:Uppsala Conflict Data Program
2320:
2209:Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río
2026:
2017:Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río
1966:Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río
1659:Alberto Vinueza Mazón (
937:5th and 7th Cavalry Regiments
698:first Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
544:
46:Ecuadorian–Peruvian Conflicts
27:. For the 1995 conflict, see
23:. For the 1981 conflict, see
3065:"El Paracaidismo en el Perú"
3015:Theotokis, Nikolaos (2020).
2751:Perez, Lucre (7 July 1941).
2555:Denegri Luna, Félix (1996).
2227:
1910:Sparrow aircraft, and three
1037:troops from the garrison of
981:8th Artillery Group (8 guns)
961:1st Artillery Group (8 guns)
7:
3867:Water supply and sanitation
3063:Thorndike Elmore, Alberto.
2642:Ecuador-Peru: Second Chaco?
2296:
1700:Salvador León Veloz (
973:8th Light infantry Division
953:1st Light Infantry Division
742:would eventually lead to a
541:agreement in October 1998.
10:
4098:
3527:Liberal Revolution of 1895
2483:Congreso y gestión externa
2118:Santa Rosa during the fire
2000:of 1879. The territory of
1057:
851:
827:, the Peruvian president,
771:Ecuadorian–Peruvian border
548:
18:
4003:
3931:
3888:
3879:
3803:
3794:
3727:
3718:
3646:
3637:
3626:
3465:
3420:, (from Mercator's World)
3359:(in French) (89): 51–59.
3104:Federal Research Division
2968:(in Spanish) – via
2456:Simmons, Beth A. (1999).
2440:27 September 2013 at the
2408:. Editorial Universo S.A.
2291:Brasilia Presidential Act
1766:
1740:
1710:
1636:
1603:
1593:Peru controls both rivers
1559:
1555:Location of the offensive
1548:
1543:
1497:
1492:
1450:
1417:
1380:
1375:
1339:
1326:
1302:
1266:
1233:
1193:
1188:
943:Army Tank Detachment (12
736:Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
643:Brasilia Presidential Act
596:
539:Brasilia Presidential Act
499:during the 20th century.
339:
281:
236:
173:
140:
62:
51:
43:
38:
3618:2024 Ecuadorian conflict
3406:Text of the Rio Protocol
3099:Ecuador: A Country Study
2984:"Campaña Militar del 41"
2888:Enciclopedia del Ecuador
2668:Col. Luis A. Rodríguez,
2656:Col. Luis A. Rodríguez,
2561:Bolsa de Valores de Lima
1811:Battle of Santiago River
1544:Yaupi–Santiago Offensive
1537:Yaupi–Santiago Offensive
1077:Northern Army Detachment
1068:Peruvian bombardment of
967:1st Antiaircraft Section
919:Peruvian order of battle
833:Northern Army Detachment
631:Paquisha incident (1981)
510:and parts of the Andean
402:Yaupi-Santiago offensive
90:Santiago Zamora Province
80:Ecuadorian provinces of
4052:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
3598:War on drugs in Ecuador
3554:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
3480:Real Audiencia of Quito
3372:Tincopa, Amaru (2019).
3197:. 1961. pp. 71–72.
3195:Ministry of War of Peru
2869:Breve Historia de Piura
2758:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
2717:Luis Humberto Delgado,
2213:Rio de Janeiro Protocol
2154:anti-japanese sentiment
1028:policemen, crossed the
978:20th Infantry Battalion
904:
626:Border incident of 1978
616:Torres Causana incident
506:the western Ecuadorian
479:, known locally as the
331:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
110:Rio de Janeiro Protocol
4067:Wars involving Ecuador
3571:Military Junta of 1963
3303:Barrow, Sarah (2018).
2512:"The Leticia Conflict"
2119:
2045:
1961:
1637:Commanders and leaders
1567:31 July–11 August 1941
1522:
1521:Chiriboga, circa 1941.
1451:Commanders and leaders
1267:Commanders and leaders
1119:
1072:
1017:
1012:Agrupamiento del Norte
945:Czechoslovak LTP tanks
925:Agrupamiento del Norte
912:Agrupamiento del Norte
841:Agrupamiento del Norte
840:
810:Carlos Concha Cárdenas
791:Alberto Enríquez Gallo
774:
708:
690:Gran Colombia–Peru War
669:mountain range to the
658:
484:
374:Southeastern offensive
256:Agrupamiento del Norte
209:Marciano Munoz Ramirez
174:Commanders and leaders
3475:Pre-Columbian Ecuador
3342:(in French) (91): 4.
3311:Bloomsbury Publishing
3277:"29 de enero de 1942"
3170:(in Spanish). Piura:
3069:Arriba Siempre Arriba
2845:(in Spanish). Quito:
2249:Alerta en la frontera
2184:End of the occupation
2117:
2010:Salomón–Lozano Treaty
1959:
1952:Blockade of Guayaquil
1908:Curtiss-Wright CW-19R
1788:Battle of Yaupi River
1767:Casualties and losses
1577:Yaupi–Santiago rivers
1520:
1465:Eliecer Nájera
1340:Casualties and losses
1117:
1067:
975:(Col. César Salazar)
769:
713:Salomón–Lozano Treaty
706:
656:
502:During the war, Peru
282:Casualties and losses
222:Carlos Alberto Arroyo
94:Napo Pastaza Province
3193:(in Spanish). Peru:
3125:Pensamiento Conjunto
3025:. pp. 137–138.
2912:Nomberto, Víctor R.
2882:Avilés Pino, Efrén.
2785:Tamayo Herrera, José
2559:(in Spanish). Lima:
1904:Ecuadorian Air Force
1166:La Tina–Macará Front
1097:North American NA-50
1079:, headed by General
1006:(Gen. Antonio Silva)
984:8th Engineer Company
964:1st Engineer Company
955:(Col. Luis Vinatea)
4072:Wars involving Peru
3542:1922 general strike
3485:War of Independence
3174:. pp. 118–119.
3172:University of Piura
3023:Pen and Sword Books
2737:Meriden Record (AP)
2614:McBride, George M.
2008:as a result of the
1994:Viceroyalty of Peru
1948:bomber-transports.
1920:Paratrooper Company
1894:fighters, known as
1834:Battle of August 11
1502:1 Civil Guard group
1172:Quebrada de Pilares
1060:Battle of Zarumilla
1054:Zarumilla Offensive
346:Zarumilla offensive
3956:Indigenous peoples
3847:Telecommunications
3757:National Congress
3237:. 15 October 2021.
2259:declared that the
2257:José María Velasco
2190:demilitarized zone
2120:
2050:demilitarized zone
1998:War of the Pacific
1962:
1938:Western Hemisphere
1924:Peruvian Air Force
1589:Peruvian victory:
1523:
1481:Carlos Orbe
1288:Fernando del Risco
1120:
1073:
932:Group Headquarters
775:
749:Óscar R. Benavides
709:
659:
611:Angoteros incident
508:province of El Oro
4057:Conflicts in 1941
4039:
4038:
3999:
3998:
3875:
3874:
3820:Coffee production
3790:
3789:
3765:Political parties
3752:National Assembly
3742:Foreign relations
3714:
3713:
3537:Concha Revolution
3383:978-1-911628-67-5
3075:on 1 August 2008.
2600:978-612-306-369-6
2046:Acuerdo de Talara
1817:Hugo Ortiz Garcés
1794:Hugo Ortiz Garcés
1781:
1780:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1675:Hugo Ortiz Garcés
1649:Pedro Rivadeneyra
1599:
1598:
1513:Battle of July 25
1506:
1505:
1413:
1412:
1354:
1353:
1229:
1228:
1223:Peruvian victory
1153:Coronel Bolognesi
1124:strategic bombing
923:Order of Battle,
814:Augusto B. Leguia
753:1934 Rio Protocol
717:Augusto B. Leguía
650:
649:
472:
471:
467:
466:
460:Gulf of Guayaquil
393:Huachi and Sihuin
296:
295:
260:
136:
135:
105:Peruvian victory
4089:
4019:
4012:
3886:
3885:
3830:Economic history
3801:
3800:
3760:
3725:
3724:
3644:
3643:
3632:
3608:2000 coup d'état
3510:March Revolution
3448:
3441:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3395:
3368:
3351:
3325:
3324:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3252:
3239:
3238:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3187:
3176:
3175:
3169:
3158:
3129:
3128:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3071:. Archived from
3060:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2996:on 19 March 2022
2992:. Archived from
2980:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2914:"Guerra de 1941"
2909:
2892:
2891:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2864:
2851:
2850:
2849:. pp. 110–.
2836:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2728:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2679:
2673:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2639:
2626:
2625:
2621:Congress of Peru
2611:
2605:
2604:
2588:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2488:Congress of Peru
2477:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2453:
2444:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2360:
2359:
2346:
2334:
2331:
1861:Almirante Villar
1825:
1802:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1720:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1541:
1540:
1487:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1409:Peruvian victory
1382:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1195:
1194:
1189:Battle of Macará
1186:
1185:
1182:Battle of Macará
1093:José A. Quiñones
990:Army Detachment
801:. Meanwhile, in
591:
589:
579:
572:
565:
556:
555:
512:province of Loja
342:
341:
334:
332:
322:
315:
308:
299:
298:
252:
231:
230:
220:
219:
207:
206:
196:
195:
185:
184:
166:
164:
163:
153:
151:
150:
64:
63:
56:
36:
35:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4062:1941 in Ecuador
4042:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4022:
4015:
4008:
3995:
3976:Public holidays
3927:
3871:
3786:
3758:
3710:
3633:
3624:
3461:
3452:
3418:War of the Maps
3402:
3384:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3313:. p. 192.
3301:
3297:
3285:. 3 July 2016.
3275:
3274:
3270:
3253:
3242:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3189:
3188:
3179:
3167:
3159:
3132:
3115:
3111:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3061:
3057:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3013:
3009:
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2707:. 23 July 2021.
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2442:Wayback Machine
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2078:Pan-Americanism
2076:. The topic of
2029:
1954:
1933:Fallschirmjäger
1888:
1853:Ecuadorian Navy
1845:
1836:
1819:
1813:
1805:would be killed
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1241:
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1214:
1201:25–28 July 1941
1184:
1174:to La Tina and
1168:
1159:Almirante Guise
1143:BAP Casma (R-2)
1137:BAP Islay (R-1)
1128:Aviso Atahualpa
1085:El Oro Province
1062:
1056:
1035:Ecuadorian Army
1030:Zarumilla River
1025:
1023:July 5 incident
1020:
907:
854:
849:
847:Forces involved
818:Oscar Benavides
799:Ecuadorian Army
651:
646:
640:
592:
587:
585:
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473:
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383:González Suárez
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3971:Notable people
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3782:Vice President
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3691:National parks
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3576:El Carnavalazo
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3416:Eric J. Lyman
3414:
3408:
3401:
3400:External links
3398:
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3333:
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3320:978-1838608200
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3123:(in Spanish).
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2946:978-9972764172
2945:
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2740:. 6 July 1941.
2723:
2710:
2690:
2674:
2661:
2649:
2647:, 20 June 1938
2627:
2606:
2599:
2593:. p. 13.
2578:Basadre, Jorge
2566:
2544:
2521:
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2486:(in Spanish).
2472:
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2311:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2276:nullity thesis
2229:
2226:
2185:
2182:
2097:Puerto Bolívar
2028:
2025:
1953:
1950:
1946:Caproni Ca.111
1887:
1884:
1880:Puerto Bolívar
1871:Abdón Calderón
1864:set sail from
1844:
1843:Naval Campaign
1841:
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1711:Units involved
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1493:Units involved
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1303:Units involved
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721:Putumayo River
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489:South American
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365:Puerto Bolívar
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3092:public domain
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2054:United States
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2038:Talara Accord
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2018:
2013:
2011:
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1958:
1949:
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1906:had only six
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1900:United States
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1081:Eloy G. Ureta
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875:"Montecristi"
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678:
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672:
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664:
663:Gran Colombia
655:
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485:Guerra del 41
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198:Eloy G. Ureta
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37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4077:1941 in Peru
3923:Social class
3898:Demographics
3857:Trade unions
3813:Central Bank
3732:Constitution
3593:1990–present
3586:Paquisha War
3553:
3373:
3356:
3339:
3332:Bibliography
3305:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3271:
3262:
3257:
3232:
3223:
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3203:
3190:
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3112:
3098:
3081:
3073:the original
3068:
3058:
3047:
3041:
3017:
3010:
3000:23 September
2998:. Retrieved
2994:the original
2987:
2978:
2962:
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2887:
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2515:
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2475:
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2404:
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2344:
2329:
2308:Paquisha War
2283:Paquisha War
2280:
2275:
2269:
2264:
2261:Rio Protocol
2254:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2231:
2220:
2217:Amazon River
2206:
2187:
2178:
2158:
2142:
2138:
2123:
2121:
2108:
2105:La Industria
2104:
2086:
2082:Vichy France
2037:
2030:
2014:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1963:
1931:
1916:
1895:
1889:
1886:Air Campaign
1869:
1859:
1857:
1846:
1837:
1828:previous day
1814:
1791:
1782:
1733:
1726:
1717:
1687:
1604:Belligerents
1588:
1531:
1524:
1507:
1498:
1484:
1468:
1418:Belligerents
1388:29 July 1941
1363:
1355:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1234:Belligerents
1222:
1169:
1157:
1151:
1141:
1135:
1133:
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1100:
1074:
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931:
927:, July 1941
924:
922:
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908:
895:
885:
874:
873:
865:
864:
855:
829:Manuel Prado
822:
807:
794:
787:
782:
778:
776:
757:
733:
729:Amazon River
710:
679:
660:
641:
531:Rio Protocol
528:
516:World War II
501:
480:
476:
474:
329:
292:1,000 killed
272:
263:
254:
242:
187:Manuel Prado
141:Belligerents
104:
44:Part of the
33:
25:Paquisha War
3671:Environment
3666:Earthquakes
3282:El Universo
2774:, 1955: 173
2704:El Comercio
2591:El Comercio
2234:Axis Powers
2125:El Comercio
1930:with their
1820: [
1797: [
1777:12 captured
1761:(11 August)
1746:100–300 men
1736:" Battalion
1678: [
1279:César Yánez
1047:Civil Guard
992:"Chinchipe"
896:carabineros
886:carabineros
795:coup d'état
430:Post-August
289:200 wounded
264:In Amazonia
243:5 July 1941
124:Territorial
4046:Categories
3991:Television
3961:Newspapers
3603:Cenepa War
3392:1079333059
2970:Wikisource
2497:9972772063
2321:References
2314:Cenepa War
2287:Cenepa war
2089:Santa Rosa
2027:Occupation
1912:IMAM Ro.37
1756:(August 1)
1723:" garrison
1350:9+ missing
1322:Detachment
1311:Detachment
1043:status quo
1039:Huaquillas
783:status quo
545:Background
535:Cenepa War
483:(Spanish:
481:War of '41
445:Rocafuerte
388:Corrientes
287:110 killed
253:(from the
29:Cenepa War
3908:Education
3862:Transport
3770:President
3737:Elections
3706:Volcanoes
3696:Provinces
3686:Mountains
3639:Geography
3566:1960–1990
3561:1944–1960
3549:1925–1944
3532:1895–1925
3522:1860–1895
3505:1830–1860
3365:1243-8650
3348:1243-8650
2919:Blog PUCP
2772:Rodríguez
2274:used the
2228:Aftermath
2202:Argentina
2161:Guayaquil
2109:El Tiempo
2101:Guayaquil
2062:Argentina
2002:Sucumbíos
1942:Argentina
1876:Guayaquil
1751:(July 31)
1749:5–12 men
1729:" outpost
1579:, Ecuador
1400:, Ecuador
1213:, Ecuador
1176:Chinchipe
1070:Arenillas
877:Battalion
868:Battalion
866:"Cayambe"
825:Zarumilla
761:Sucumbíos
744:short war
487:), was a
450:Porotillo
4026:Category
3918:Religion
3825:Currency
3759:(former)
3747:Military
3720:Politics
3459:articles
2787:(1985).
2658:op. cit.
2438:Archived
2297:See also
2006:Colombia
1866:Zorritos
1741:Strength
1572:Location
1499:Huasimo:
1393:Location
1348:18+ dead
1327:Strength
1316:garrison
1206:Location
779:de facto
682:Colombia
504:occupied
455:Panupali
273:In Quito
251:24 guns
249:11 tanks
237:Strength
76:Location
4010:Outline
3986:Smoking
3946:Cuisine
3933:Culture
3881:Society
3852:Tourism
3808:Banking
3796:Economy
3681:Mammals
3676:Islands
3661:Climate
3467:History
3455:Ecuador
3049:Caretas
2516:Photius
2358:. 2015.
2272:Velasco
2093:Machala
2066:Vatican
2042:Spanish
1928:Germany
1922:of the
1896:Toritos
1775:10 dead
1772:Unknown
1754:11 men
1734:Ecuador
1727:Cahuide
1688:†
1631:Ecuador
1485:†
1469:†
1445:Ecuador
1332:450 men
1314:La Tina
1261:Ecuador
1101:Toritos
852:Ecuador
837:Spanish
773:in 1936
740:Leticia
725:Leticia
694:Ecuador
671:Marañon
522:or the
493:Ecuador
432:battles
416:Gazipum
411:Huasaga
360:Jambelí
168:Ecuador
126:changes
4031:Portal
3941:Cinema
3913:Health
3903:People
3842:Mining
3701:Rivers
3656:Cities
3457:
3390:
3380:
3363:
3346:
3317:
3094:.
3029:
2965:
2943:
2597:
2494:
2316:– 1995
2310:– 1981
2238:Allies
2221:orense
2198:Brazil
2174:Tumbes
2165:Cuenca
2136:town.
2130:Lidice
2074:Mexico
2058:Brazil
1974:Brazil
1803:, who
1759:8 men
1721:Castro
1684:
1628:
1615:
1585:Result
1442:
1429:
1406:Result
1358:Macará
1335:60 men
1320:Macará
1309:Macará
1258:
1245:
1219:Result
1211:Macará
1089:Tumbes
686:Brazil
675:Amazon
520:Allies
440:Tarqui
277:12,000
270:8 guns
247:9,000+
165:
152:
101:Result
82:El Oro
4017:Index
3981:Sport
3966:Music
3893:Crime
3651:Birds
3261:[
3168:(PDF)
2587:(PDF)
2539:(PDF)
2463:(PDF)
2169:Quito
2150:Japan
2146:Spain
2134:Czech
2070:Chile
2021:Quito
1978:Chile
1970:Quito
1892:NA-50
1824:]
1801:]
1719:Stte.
1682:]
1148:mouth
803:Quito
667:Andes
421:Yaupi
268:5,300
3951:Flag
3775:List
3388:OCLC
3378:ISBN
3361:ISSN
3344:ISSN
3315:ISBN
3027:ISBN
3002:2022
2941:ISBN
2595:ISBN
2492:ISBN
2265:void
2263:was
2200:and
2107:and
2095:and
2072:and
2060:and
2031:The
1847:The
1618:Peru
1564:Date
1432:Peru
1385:Date
1248:Peru
1198:Date
1156:and
1140:and
905:Peru
684:and
524:Axis
497:Peru
495:and
475:The
155:Peru
116:1995
92:and
86:Loja
67:Date
2293:).
2167:or
1703:POW
1662:POW
1099:or
1018:War
4048::
3413:()
3386:.
3309:.
3291:)"
3279:.
3243:^
3231:.
3211:.
3180:^
3133:^
3102:.
3021:.
2986:.
2916:.
2896:^
2886:.
2855:^
2813:^
2755:.
2734:.
2701:.
2630:^
2569:^
2547:^
2524:^
2514:.
2490:.
2465:.
2448:^
2414:^
2364:^
2354:.
2240:.
2204:.
2196:,
2111:.
2091:,
2056:,
2044::
1976:,
1822:es
1799:es
1680:es
1345:3+
839::
526:.
88:,
84:,
3496:)
3492:(
3447:e
3440:t
3433:v
3394:.
3367:.
3350:.
3323:.
3217:.
3127:.
3035:.
3004:.
2972:.
2949:.
2922:.
2890:.
2807:.
2761:.
2624:.
2603:.
2518:.
2500:.
2469:.
2040:(
1732:"
1725:"
1716:"
1706:)
1665:)
947:)
898:.
835:(
673:(
578:e
571:t
564:v
321:e
314:t
307:v
275::
266::
259:)
245::
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
