2776:
31:
74:
3512:
976:
Scholars have attempted to localize individual poems by studying the geography, flora, and fauna to which they refer. This approach usually does not yield firm results. For example, there are no wolves in
Iceland, but we can be sure that Icelandic poets were familiar with the species. Similarly, the
807:
poems, passed orally from singer to singer and from poet to poet for centuries. None of the poems are attributed to a particular author, though many of them show strong individual characteristics and are likely to have been the work of individual poets. While scholars have speculated on hypothetical
1160:
3515:
891:
in other old
Germanic languages, has been shown to occur more frequently in Skaldic poems of earlier date. Applying this criterion to Eddic poetry, Bjarne Fidjestøl found large variation, indicating that some of the poems were much older than others.
968:
The problem of dating the poems is linked with the problem of determining where they were composed. Iceland was not settled until approximately 870, so anything composed before that time would necessarily have been elsewhere, most likely in
1234:
English translators are not consistent on the translations of the names of the Eddic poems or on how the Old Norse forms should be rendered in
English. Up to three translated titles are given below, taken from the translations of
2004:
Opinions differ on the best way to translate the text, on the use or rejection of archaic language, and the rendering of terms lacking a clear
English analogue. Still, Cottle's 1797 translation is now considered very inaccurate.
816:
Accurate dating of the poems has long been a source of scholarly debate. Firm conclusions are difficult to reach; lines from the Eddic poems sometimes appear in poems by known poets. For example,
1151:, but in 1971 it was returned to Iceland. Because air travel at the time was not entirely trustworthy with such precious cargo, it was transported by ship, accompanied by a naval escort.
1009:, not only through its stories, but also through the visionary force and the dramatic quality of many of the poems. It has also been an inspiration for later innovations in
928:
872:
and seems so by some internal evidence. If so, it must have been composed no earlier than about 985, since there were no
Scandinavians in Greenland until that time.
3098:
655:
679:
3189:
Das Füllwort of-um im
Altwestnordischen. Eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte der germanischen Präfixe: Ein Beitrag zur altgermanischen Metrik.
924:
3122:
3084:
950:
In some cases, old poems may have been interpolated with younger verses or merged with other poems. For example, stanzas 9–16 of
3229:
1859:, but editors and translators generally omit the Greenland reference as a probable error from confusion with the following poem.
983:
have been taken as evidence that the poet who composed it had seen a volcanic eruption in
Iceland – but this is hardly certain.
2630:, though he may well have had access to other compilations that contained the poems and there is no evidence that he used the
1060:
was written during the 13th century, but nothing was known of its whereabouts until 1643, when it came into the possession of
3551:
3344:
3264:
3172:
2594:
2542:
2504:
2468:
2430:
2378:
2340:
2304:
2266:
2230:
2192:
2155:
2117:
2064:
1984:
3259:(second ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press in association with the Medieval Academy of America. p. 68.
2881:
3239:
672:
2728:
3476:
3440:
3422:
3373:
3317:
2710:
1663:
The Second Lay of Helgi
Hundingsbane, The Second Lay of Helgi the Hunding-Slayer, A Second Poem of Helgi Hundingsbani
1236:
875:
More certain than such circumstantial evidence are linguistic dating criteria. These can be arrived at by looking at
235:
3778:
1641:
1635:
The First Lay of Helgi
Hundingsbane, The First Lay of Helgi the Hunding-Slayer, The First Poem of Helgi Hundingsbani
1096:
was discovered, it seemed that the speculation had proved correct, but modern scholarly research has shown that the
2604:† The prose translation lacks line breaks, inserted here to match those in the Norse verse given in the same work.
3115:
1591:. These are, respectively, Scandinavian, German, and Gothic in origin. As far as historicity can be ascertained,
168:
2683:
and scholar of Old Norse who was familiar with the Eddas, utilized concepts from them in his 1937 fantasy novel
1496:, actually covers two separate poems. These poems are late works and not included in most editions after 1950:
791:
are often employed, though they do not arise as frequently, nor are they as complex, as those found in typical
2923:
4095:
4080:
3852:
2661:
1760:
665:
3785:
1653:
2999:
1989:, though some short sections had been translated as early as the 1670s. Some early translators relied on a
3771:
3368:, Chicago: S.C. Griggs and company; London: Trubner & Co., Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific,
1625:
1107:, a larger-than-life 12th century Icelandic priest. Modern scholars reject that attribution, but the name
4105:
4085:
957:
3803:
3838:
3108:
2981:
1736:
17:
1863:
3544:
1148:
539:
3880:
1815:
1918:
contain poetry in the Eddic style. Their age and importance is often difficult to evaluate but the
1676:
1647:
The Lay of Helgi the Son of Hjörvard, The Lay of Helgi Hjörvardsson, The Poem of Helgi Hjörvardsson
449:
257:
188:
3873:
3284:
1796:
817:
3696:
3601:
3006:
1297:
1006:
469:
3845:
1748:
1061:
3735:
3622:
1951:
1604:
1564:
1526:
1467:
1333:
1217:
are sometimes called the "eddic appendix". Other Eddic-like poems not usually published in the
1002:
116:
103:
4090:
3162:
2853:
3859:
2643:
is a prose version of much of the
Niflung cycle of poems. Due to several missing pages (see
1772:
1475:) - This poem, sometimes presented separately, is often included as an interpolation within
587:
3537:
3029:
3011:
2900:
1018:
3919:
1882:
1538:
8:
4100:
2938:
1869:
The Greenland Ballad of Atli, The Greenlandish Lay of Atli, The Greenlandic Poem of Atli
4059:
3887:
3719:
3650:
3070:
3057:
2759:
1827:
1576:
1512:
1385:
1100:
was likely written first and that the two were, at most, connected by a common source.
1022:
855:
849:
762:
715:
459:
181:
133:
3948:
1929:
1228:
Eddica minora: Dichtungen eddischer Art aus den Fornaldarsögur und anderen Prosawerken
820:
composed in the latter half of the 10th century, and he uses a couple of lines in his
783:
3831:
3503:
3436:
3418:
3369:
3340:
3313:
3260:
3235:
3168:
3044:
2820:
2807:
1998:
1724:
1046:
1034:
514:
220:
143:
128:
57:
47:
4038:
1209:, but usually only in bits and pieces. What poems are included in an edition of the
1074:
were known in Iceland, but scholars speculated that there once was another Edda, an
787:("song form"). The language of the poems is usually clear and relatively unadorned.
4054:
3332:
3136:
3075:
3039:
2917:
2796:
2676:
2623:
1431:
1240:
1197:
1085:
1038:
1014:
725:
711:
564:
242:
148:
123:
3955:
3866:
2734:
1784:
781:("speech form") is a common variation. The rest, about a quarter, are composed in
634:
4044:
4006:
3689:
3643:
3615:
3608:
3202:
The dating of Eddic poetry: A historical survey and methodological investigation.
3141:
3034:
2866:
2702:
2693:
1915:
1455:
1373:
1321:
1309:
1222:
1124:
Bishop Brynjólfur sent the manuscript as a present to the Danish king, hence the
1030:
1025:
and strongly concentrated imagery. Poets who have acknowledged their debt to the
998:
956:, the "Dvergatal" or "Roster of Dwarfs", is considered by some scholars to be an
822:
419:
297:
158:
3999:
3483:
2740:
2732:
is a verse retelling or reconstruction of the Nibelung poems from the Edda (see
1790:
The Slaying of The Niflungs, The Fall of the Niflungs, The Death of the Niflungs
1192:
832:. It is possible that he was quoting a known poem, but it is also possible that
767:
319:
3926:
3824:
3810:
3675:
3657:
3499:
The Elder Eddas of Saemund Sigfusson; and the Younger Eddas of Snorre Sturleson
2945:
2893:
2871:
2813:
2789:
1978:
has been translated numerous times, the earliest printed edition being that by
1894:
1712:
1688:
1419:
1397:
1081:
792:
777:
772:
339:
138:
79:
3728:
3705:
1484:
439:
364:
354:
279:
4074:
4031:
3682:
3473:
The Poetic Edda: Translated from the Icelandic with an Introduction and Notes
3062:
2888:
2801:
2639:
1957:
1943:
1920:
1473:
The short Völuspá, The Short Seeress' Prophecy, Short Prophecy of the Seeress
1227:
944:
876:
629:
409:
392:
284:
3629:
2655:
is the oldest complete source for the Norse version of much of the story of
1345:
1243:, and Larrington with proper names in the normalized English forms found in
379:
3981:
3976:
3594:
3587:
3578:
2719:
2644:
2010:
1493:
1285:
1273:
1181:
1172:
1010:
979:
952:
843:
The few demonstrably historical characters mentioned in the poems, such as
828:
740:
592:
544:
3894:
3817:
1839:
1700:
1443:
1279:
Wise-woman's prophecy, The Prophecy of the Seeress, The Seeress's Prophecy
853:
of sorts. The dating of the manuscripts themselves provides a more useful
329:
3472:
3410:
3305:
2835:
2825:
1244:
970:
554:
454:
434:
334:
98:
3992:
3712:
1500:
1303:
The Ballad of Vafthrúdnir, The Lay of Vafthrúdnir, Vafthrúdnir's Sayings
1186:
1065:
973:. More recent poems, on the other hand, are likely Icelandic in origin.
596:
30:
4024:
3986:
3464:
2970:
2685:
2618:
1568:
1560:
1291:
The Ballad of the High One, The Sayings of Hár, Sayings of the High One
1201:
1070:
1050:
1042:
736:
720:
624:
369:
359:
344:
153:
3901:
864:
324:
3636:
3498:
2767:
2680:
2669:, plus four stanzas from the missing section which are quoted in the
1854:
1778:
Brynhild's Hell-Ride, Brynhild's Ride to Hel, Brynhild's Ride to Hell
1600:
1596:
1584:
1357:
869:
707:
644:
601:
559:
534:
489:
424:
309:
247:
43:
3283:
Larrington, Carolyne (2007), Clark, David; Phelpstead, Carl (eds.),
1159:
1021:-based metrical schemes that lack final rhymes, instead focusing on
225:
205:
73:
3521:
1580:
1005:. Since the early 19th century, it has had a powerful influence on
804:
549:
524:
482:
374:
349:
272:
65:
3529:
3415:
Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs
862:
Individual poems have individual clues to their age. For example,
509:
429:
404:
3052:
1364:
1104:
837:
788:
733:
529:
314:
215:
163:
2008:
A comparison of the second and third verses (lines 5–12) of the
808:
authors, firm and accepted conclusions have never been reached.
399:
193:
2656:
1682:
Of Sinfjötli's Death, Sinfjötli's Death, The Death of Sinfjötli
1592:
844:
569:
504:
304:
252:
210:
90:
in orange. Yellow and green denote related Germanic languages.
3164:
Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs
262:
4049:
2859:
1990:
1924:, in particular, contains interesting poetic interpolations.
1588:
1180:. Important manuscripts containing these other poems include
1125:
895:
Other dating criteria include the use of the negative adverb
879:
whose dates are more firmly known. For instance the particle
464:
444:
267:
198:
3204:
Edited by Odd Einar Haugen. Copenhagen: C.A. Reitals Forlag.
2172:
the glorious Fate Tree that springs 'neath the Earth.
1327:
The Ballad of Skírnir, The Lay of Skírnir, Skírnir's Journey
1315:
The Ballad of Grímnir, The Lay of Grímnir, Grímnir's Sayings
919:, is seen to alliterate with words beginning in an original
2955:
2930:
2181:
there was Yawning of Deeps and nowhere grass :
1888:
Gudrún's Inciting, Gudrún's Lament, The Whetting of Gudrún.
1833:
The Lament of Oddrún, The Plaint of Oddrún, Oddrún's Lament
695:
639:
519:
499:
494:
414:
2175:'Twas the earliest of times when Ymir lived ;
1546:). (A late work not included in most editions after 1900).
1534:). (A late work not included in most editions after 1900).
1742:
Fragment of a Sigurd Lay, Fragment of a Poem about Sigurd
1603:
actually existed, taking Brynhildr to be partly based on
1461:
The Poem of Hyndla, The Lay of Hyndla, The Song of Hyndla
1403:
The Ballad of Alvís, The Lay of Alvís, All-Wise's Sayings
230:
1221:
are sometimes called Eddica minora and were compiled by
1730:
The Ballad of The Victory-Bringer, The Lay of Sigrdrífa
1339:
The Poem of Hárbard, The Lay of Hárbard, Hárbard's Song
911:
around the year 1000, but in some Eddic poems the word
3294:, Viking Society for Northern Research, pp. 21–42
34:
The title page of Olive Bray's English translation of
2215:
Sea nor cool waves nor sand there were ;
1607:, but the chronology has been reversed in the poems.
907:. In western dialects of Old Norse the former became
3479:
1923, New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation
2520:
I remember nine worlds, I remember nine giant women,
2356:
I remember nine worlds, I remember nine giant women,
2179:
nor was Earth found ever, nor Heaven on high,
2361:
Young were the years when Ymir made his settlement,
2206:
Who gave me bread in the days gone by ;
2154:
harv error: no target: CITEREFVigfússonPowell1883 (
2453:there was neither sand nor sea, nor cooling waves;
2140:there was neither sand nor sea nor the cold waves,
1766:The Short Lay of Sigurd, A Short Poem about Sigurd
724:, although both works are seminal to the study of
2531:a void of yawning chaos, grass was there nowhere
2446:nine worlds I recall, nine wood-dwelling witches,
2282:Nine worlds I can reckon, nine roots of the Tree.
2213:Of old was the age when Ymir lived ;
1575:, but they consist of three layers: the story of
868:is claimed by its title to have been composed in
706:is the modern name for an untitled collection of
4072:
3257:Old Norse-Icelandic Literature: A Critical Guide
2325:neither sands nor seas nor cooling waves,
2320:under the earth where the Ash Tree rises.
2255:but a gaping nothing, and green things nowhere.
2208:Nine worlds I knew, the nine in the tree
2170:nine worlds I remember, nine in the Tree,
1449:The Song of Ríg, The Lay of Ríg, The List of Ríg
997:is arguably the most important extant source on
3213:
2327:Earth was not yet, nor the high heavens,
2303:harv error: no target: CITEREFAudenTaylor1969 (
2166:I remember of yore were born the Jötuns,
2149:
2144:There was a Yawning Chasm , but grass nowhere,
3216:The Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Mythology
2541:harv error: no target: CITEREFLarrington2014 (
2491:no sky, earth or grass swaying atop its girth,
2377:harv error: no target: CITEREFLarrington1996 (
2246:of the glorious world-tree the ground beneath.
2177:then was sand nor sea nor cooling wave,
1225:and Wilhelm Ranisch in their 1903 book titled
1213:depends on the editor. Those not found in the
3545:
3468:Poetic Edda in Old Norse from heimskringla.no
3433:Cassell's Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend
3227:
3116:
2451:It was early in ages when Ymir made his home,
2329:but a gaping emptiness nowhere green.
2318:I know how nine roots form nine worlds
2265:harv error: no target: CITEREFHollander1962 (
2219:But a yawning gap, and grass nowhere.
1253:Cassell's Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend
840:in question, is the younger derivative work.
803:Like most early poetry, the Eddic poems were
673:
3491:, review of all English translations to 2018
3339:, vol. 2, HarperCollins, Appendix III,
2626:makes much use of the works included in the
2593:harv error: no target: CITEREFCrawford2015 (
2448:the famed tree of fate down under the earth.
2316:those who called me one of their kin;
2217:Earth had not been, nor heaven above,
2210:With mighty roots beaneath the mold.
2168:they who aforetime fostered me :
1983:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCottle1797 (
1906:
1113:is still sometimes associated with both the
3452:. 7 volumes in 8 parts. Heidelberg: Winter.
3160:
2610:
2480:in days long gone. If I look back, I recall
2467:harv error: no target: CITEREFOrchard2011 (
2298:
2229:harv error: no target: CITEREFBellows1923 (
1132:
718:. It is distinct from the closely related
3552:
3538:
3400:
3285:"Translating the Poetic Edda into English"
3282:
3214:Acker, Paul; Larrington, Carolyne (2002),
3123:
3109:
2536:
2522:the mighty Measuring-Tree below the earth.
2484:that renowned tree of fate below the Earth
2429:harv error: no target: CITEREFDronke1997 (
2372:
2358:the mighty Measuring-Tree below the earth.
2142:nor was earth to be seen nor heaven above.
2116:harv error: no target: CITEREFThorpe1866 (
2063:harv error: no target: CITEREFFinnur1932 (
1409:
1176:are also included in many editions of the
732:exist: especially notable is the medieval
680:
666:
46:and a number of its inhabitants (1908) by
3382:
3331:
3167:. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–.
3154:
2527:there was no sand nor sea nor cool waves;
2503:harv error: no target: CITEREFDodds2014 (
2363:there was no sand nor sea nor cool waves;
2339:harv error: no target: CITEREFTerry1990 (
2323:Nothing was there when time began,
2291:Nowhere was there earth nor heaven above.
2260:
2253:neither earth was there nor upper heaven,
2204:I remember yet the giants of yore,
1694:Grípir's Prophecy, The Prophecy of Grípir
1490:The Ballad of Svipdag, The Lay of Svipdag
3363:
2588:
2493:only the cavern of chaos's gaping gulf.
2191:harv error: no target: CITEREFBray1908 (
1610:
1492:) – This title, originally suggested by
1158:
1103:Brynjólfur attributed the manuscript to
29:
3430:
3304:
3255:Harris, Joseph (2005). "Eddic Poetry".
2525:Early in time Ymir made his settlement,
2489:No land, sand or sea folding on itself,
2462:
2455:no earth to be found, nor heaven above:
2367:chaos yawned, grass was there nowhere.
2284:The wonderful Ash, way under the ground
2224:
1965:
1900:The Ballad of Hamdir, The Lay of Hamdir
1718:The Ballad of Fáfnir, The Lay of Fáfnir
1518:Ballad of Fjölsvid, The Lay of Fjölsvid
1196:. Many of the poems are also quoted in
14:
4073:
3409:
3278:
3276:
3254:
3191:Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
2457:a gulf beguiling, nor grass anywhere.
2424:
2352:I, born of giants, remember very early
2314:I remember giants of ages past,
2293:But a grinning gap and grass nowhere.
2278:I tell of Giants from times forgotten.
2111:
2058:
1979:
1532:Odins's Raven Song, Odin's Raven Chant
1263:
3533:
3391:
3312:, Houghton Mifflin, Ch. 3 pp. 70–71,
3099:WikiProject Norse history and culture
2498:
2442:I recall those giants, born early on,
2334:
2289:Was no sand or sea, no surging waves.
2251:was nor sea nor land nor salty waves,
1706:The Ballad of Regin, The Lay of Regin
1258:
1147:. For centuries it was stored in the
656:WikiProject Norse history and culture
2529:earth was nowhere nor the sky above,
2516:I remember giants born early in time
2365:earth was nowhere nor the sky above,
2186:
2133:I remember nine Worlds, nine Sibyls,
1939:The Battle of the Goths and the Huns
1170:Poems similar to those found in the
3559:
3417:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
3401:Magnússson, Ásgeir Blöndal (1989),
3366:Norse Mythology: Myths of the Eddas
3273:
2689:, and in other works. For example:
2244:Nine worlds I know, the nine abodes
2135:a glorious Judge beneath the earth.
2129:I remember the Giants born of yore,
1437:The Mill's Song, The Song of Grotti
24:
3356:
2478:I remember being reared by Jotuns,
2138:In the beginning, when naught was,
1555:After the mythological poems, the
25:
4117:
3457:
3450:Kommentar zu den Liedern der Edda
3234:. Coach House Books. p. 12.
2487:Ymir struck camp when time began.
1571:are to be seen as a whole in the
1563:about mortal heroes, examples of
3510:
2774:
2417:a gulf was there of gaping voids
2280:Those who fed me in former days:
2249:In earliest times did Ymir live:
2242:which long ago did give me life.
1847:). The full manuscript title is
1163:The cover of Lee M. Hollander's
72:
2482:nine worlds, nine wood-witches,
2240:I call to mind the kin of etins
1506:Gróa's Spell, The Spell of Gróa
1068:. At the time, versions of the
986:
923:. This was observed already by
3325:
3298:
3248:
3221:
3207:
3194:
3181:
2400:glorious tree of good measure,
1550:
1379:The Lay of Thrym, Thrym's Poem
1351:The Lay of Hymir, Hymir's Poem
750:
13:
1:
3383:Björnsson, Árni, ed. (1975),
3335:(2007), "Return to Bag-End",
3147:
2569:It was at the very beginning,
925:Olaf ‘White Skald’ Thordarson
798:
27:Collection of Old Norse poems
3507:(plain text, HTML and other)
3448:von See, Klaus (1997–2019).
3364:Anderson, Rasmus B. (1876),
2566:from which Yggdrasil sprang.
2407:when Ymir made his dwelling:
977:apocalyptic descriptions of
7:
3520:public domain audiobook at
3392:Briem, Ólafur, ed. (1985),
2750:
2729:Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún
2518:those nurtured me long ago;
2444:who long ago brought me up;
2354:those who nurtured me then;
2150:Vigfússon & Powell 1883
1937:, also known in English as
1154:
1149:Royal Library in Copenhagen
963:
899:'not', and alliteration of
744:, which contains 31 poems.
10:
4122:
3786:Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
2982:First Grammatical Treatise
2738:), composed in the Eddaic
2573:there was no sand, no sea,
2409:There was not sand nor sea
2092:There was in times of old,
1654:Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
929:Third Grammatical Treatise
728:. Several versions of the
693:
4016:
3969:
3940:
3911:
3795:
3779:Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
3772:Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
3763:
3756:
3749:
3667:
3577:
3570:
3337:The History of The Hobbit
3200:Fidjestøl, Bjarne. 1999.
2659:. Only 22 stanzas of the
2603:
2413:Earth was not to be found
2405:It was early in the ages
1642:Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
1626:Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
1017:, with its use of terse,
540:Medieval Scandinavian law
3853:Sigurðarkviða hin skamma
3310:The Road to Middle-earth
2611:Allusions and quotations
2287:When Ymir lived long ago
2131:who bred me up long ago.
2069:(unchanged orthography)
1849:Atlakviða hin grœnlenzka
1802:The Second Lay of Gudrún
1761:Sigurðarkviða hin skamma
450:Early Germanic calendars
258:Hel (mythological being)
2560:I remember nine worlds,
2396:Nine worlds I remember,
2299:Auden & Taylor 1969
2098:nor gelid waves ;
2087:the great central tree,
2083:I nine worlds remember,
2045:né svalar unnir ;
1864:Atlamál hin groenlenzku
1821:The Third Lay of Gudrún
1806:Guðrúnarkviða hin forna
1754:The First Lay of Gudrún
1684:) (A short prose text.)
1367:of Loki, Loki's Quarrel
1007:Scandinavian literature
1003:Germanic heroic legends
865:Atlamál hin groenlenzku
826:that are also found in
811:
470:Death in Norse paganism
236:Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar
3431:Orchard, Andy (1997),
3228:Dodds, Jeramy (2014).
2104:'twas a chaotic chasm,
1952:The Waking of Angantýr
1659:Völsungakviða in forna
1605:Brunhilda of Austrasia
1565:Germanic heroic legend
1363:Loki's Wrangling, The
1251:and in Andy Orchard's
1167:
1121:using it as a source.
1080:, which contained the
943:; 'the ancient use of
50:
3839:Brot af Sigurðarkviðu
3396:, Reykjavík: Skálholt
2556:in those ancient days
2552:I remember the giants
2075:The Jötuns I remember
1809:The Old Lay of Gudrún
1737:Brot af Sigurðarkviðu
1162:
818:Eyvindr skáldaspillir
33:
4096:Icelandic literature
4081:Old Norse literature
3488:www.mimisbrunnr.info
3161:John Lindow (2002).
2616:As noted above, the
2415:nor above it heaven:
2049:né upphiminn ;
1966:English translations
1876:The Jörmunrekkr Lays
1117:and versions of the
1062:Brynjólfur Sveinsson
1023:alliterative devices
927:, the author of the
3804:Frá dauða Sinfjötla
3435:, London: Cassell,
3403:Íslensk orðsifjabók
3000:Proto-Indo-European
2634:or even knew of it.
2571:it was Ymir's time,
2419:and grass nowhere,
2398:nine wood-ogresses,
2390:born early in time,
2106:and grass nowhere,
2079:those who me of old
1993:translation of the
1677:Frá dauða Sinfjötla
1583:, and the story of
1579:, the story of the
1544:The Poem of Gullkár
1105:Sæmundr the Learned
883:, corresponding to
393:Rituals and worship
42:depicting the tree
4106:Nibelung tradition
4086:Germanic mythology
4060:Icelandic language
3860:Helreið Brynhildar
3697:Völuspá hin skamma
3571:Mythological poems
3484:"Eddic to English"
3387:, Reykjavík. Iðunn
3333:Ratecliff, John D.
3292:Old Norse Made New
3187:Kuhn, Hans. 1929.
3045:Greenlandic Norse
2924:alliterative verse
2583:just Ginnungagap.
2100:earth existed not,
2089:beneath the earth.
2043:vasa sandr né sær,
2028:fœdda hǫfðu ;
1941:), extracted from
1773:Helreið Brynhildar
1577:Helgi Hundingsbani
1259:Mythological poems
1168:
1013:, particularly in
931:, who termed this
856:terminus ante quem
850:terminus post quem
836:, or at least the
763:alliterative verse
716:alliterative verse
460:Seeress (Germanic)
182:Old Norse religion
134:Pre-Roman Iron Age
51:
4068:
4067:
3965:
3964:
3936:
3935:
3881:Guðrúnarkviða III
3745:
3744:
3736:Hrafnagaldr Óðins
3504:Project Gutenberg
3379:, Reprinted 2003
3346:978-0-00-725066-0
3266:978-0-8020-3823-4
3174:978-0-19-983969-8
3133:
3132:
2808:Greenlandic Norse
2709:The names of his
2608:
2607:
2575:no cooling waves,
2554:born so long ago;
2402:under the ground.
2388:I remember giants
2102:nor heaven above,
2096:nor sand nor sea,
2094:where Ymir dwelt,
2051:gap vas ginnunga,
2041:þars Ymir byggði,
1955:, extracted from
1816:Guðrúnarkviða III
1670:The Niflung Cycle
1527:Hrafnagaldr Óðins
1468:Völuspá in skamma
1391:The Lay of Völund
1064:, then Bishop of
1047:Jorge Luis Borges
1035:August Strindberg
690:
689:
515:Germanic kingship
221:Wayland the Smith
144:Germanic Iron Age
129:Nordic Bronze Age
48:W. G. Collingwood
16:(Redirected from
4113:
4055:Old Norse poetry
3941:Non-Codex Regius
3912:Jörmunrekkr Lays
3874:Guðrúnarkviða II
3761:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3668:Non-Codex Regius
3575:
3574:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3490:
3445:
3427:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3378:
3350:
3349:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3205:
3198:
3192:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3158:
3137:Old Norse poetry
3125:
3118:
3111:
3087:Old Norse origin
3085:English words of
3066:
3048:
2927:
2778:
2777:
2755:
2754:
2713:derive from the
2696:derive from the
2677:J. R. R. Tolkien
2624:Snorri Sturluson
2598:
2562:nine giantesses,
2546:
2508:
2472:
2434:
2411:nor chill waves.
2382:
2344:
2308:
2270:
2234:
2196:
2159:
2121:
2068:
2053:ęn gras hvęrgi.
2017:
2016:
2014:is given below:
1988:
1797:Guðrúnarkviða II
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1039:J. R. R. Tolkien
1015:Nordic languages
761:are composed in
726:Old Norse poetry
682:
675:
668:
243:Dwarf (folklore)
169:Christianization
149:Migration Period
124:Nordic Stone Age
76:
53:
52:
21:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4045:Norse mythology
4012:
4007:Codex Wormianus
3961:
3932:
3907:
3846:Guðrúnarkviða I
3791:
3741:
3663:
3566:
3558:
3527:
3511:
3496:
3482:
3460:
3455:
3443:
3425:
3376:
3359:
3357:Further reading
3354:
3353:
3347:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3303:
3299:
3287:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3231:The Poetic Edda
3226:
3222:
3212:
3208:
3199:
3195:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3142:Norse mythology
3129:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3080:
3064:
3046:
3025:
3017:
3016:
2995:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2953:
2952:
2928:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2906:
2905:
2878:
2877:
2867:Younger Futhark
2849:
2841:
2840:
2832:
2831:
2811:
2806:
2786:
2775:
2753:
2694:Misty Mountains
2665:survive in the
2613:
2592:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2558:they raised me.
2557:
2555:
2553:
2540:
2537:Larrington 2014
2533:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2488:
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2485:
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2479:
2466:
2459:
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2443:
2428:
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2418:
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2414:
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2408:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2376:
2373:Larrington 1996
2369:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2359:
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2331:
2328:
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2257:
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2250:
2248:
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2214:
2212:
2211:
2209:
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2167:
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2139:
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2130:
2115:
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2062:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2036:fyr mold neðan.
2035:
2033:
2031:
2030:níu mank hęima,
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
1982:
1968:
1916:legendary sagas
1914:Several of the
1912:
1845:The Lay of Atli
1749:Guðrúnarkviða I
1616:
1559:continues with
1553:
1415:
1269:
1261:
1249:Norse Mythology
1223:Andreas Heusler
1157:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1031:Vilhelm Ekelund
999:Norse mythology
991:
966:
941:vindandin forna
915:, younger form
814:
801:
753:
747:
712:narrative poems
698:
686:
650:
649:
615:
607:
606:
595:
583:
575:
574:
485:
475:
474:
420:Walpurgis Night
395:
385:
384:
300:
290:
289:
184:
174:
173:
119:
91:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4119:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4050:Skaldic poetry
4047:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
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3751:
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3740:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3716:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3686:
3679:
3676:Baldrs draumar
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3583:
3581:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3557:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3517:The Elder Edda
3508:
3494:
3492:
3480:
3469:
3459:
3458:External links
3456:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3441:
3428:
3423:
3407:
3398:
3389:
3380:
3374:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3324:
3318:
3297:
3272:
3265:
3247:
3241:978-1770563858
3240:
3220:
3206:
3193:
3180:
3173:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
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3105:
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3091:
3090:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
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3055:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3007:Proto-Germanic
3003:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
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2903:
2897:
2896:
2891:
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2882:Latin alphabet
2876:
2875:
2869:
2862:
2860:Runic alphabet
2858:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2816:
2814:Old East Norse
2812:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2790:Old West Norse
2788:
2787:
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2779:
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2386:
2384:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2312:
2310:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2261:Hollander 1962
2238:
2236:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2164:
2162:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2073:
2071:
2047:jǫrð fansk æva
2026:þás forðum mik
2020:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1948:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1891:
1878:
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1721:
1709:
1697:
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1672:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1650:
1638:
1621:
1620:
1619:The Helgi Lays
1615:
1609:
1587:, king of the
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1509:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1425:Baldr's Dreams
1420:Baldrs draumar
1414:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1156:
1153:
1088:quotes in his
990:
985:
965:
962:
813:
810:
800:
797:
793:skaldic poetry
765:. Most are in
752:
749:
688:
687:
685:
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677:
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662:
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652:
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648:
647:
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637:
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616:
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612:
609:
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605:
604:
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590:
588:Æsir–Vanir War
584:
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396:
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377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
340:Hel (location)
337:
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327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
301:
296:
295:
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196:
185:
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146:
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139:Roman Iron Age
136:
131:
126:
120:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
93:
92:
80:Norse language
77:
69:
68:
62:
61:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4118:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
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4076:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4032:Eddica minora
4029:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3957:
3956:Hervararkviða
3953:
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3943:
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3929:
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3924:
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3914:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3888:Oddrúnargrátr
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3867:Dráp Niflunga
3864:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3836:
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3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:Niflung Cycle
3794:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3720:Fjölsvinnsmál
3717:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3703:
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3678:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3651:Völundarkviða
3648:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3602:Vafþrúðnismál
3599:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3555:
3550:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:H. A. Bellows
3475:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3442:0-304-36385-5
3438:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3424:0-19-515382-0
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3375:1-4102-0528-2
3371:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3321:
3319:0-618-25760-8
3315:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3277:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3197:
3190:
3184:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2939:of Icelanders
2935:
2934:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2802:Old Norwegian
2800:
2798:
2797:Old Icelandic
2794:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2735:Völsunga saga
2731:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2671:Völsunga saga
2668:
2664:
2663:
2662:Sigurðarkviða
2658:
2654:
2653:Völsunga saga
2650:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2640:Völsunga saga
2636:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2589:Crawford 2015
2584:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2394:had reared me
2385:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2034:mjǫtvið mæran
2019:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1960:
1959:
1958:Hervarar saga
1954:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:Hervarar saga
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1921:Hervarar saga
1917:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1828:Oddrúnargrátr
1825:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1785:Dráp Niflunga
1782:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:Völsungakviða
1628:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1513:Fjölsvinnsmál
1510:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1386:Völundarkviða
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1298:Vafþrúðnismál
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1131:
1130:Codex Regius,
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1110:Sæmundar Edda
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
984:
982:
981:
974:
972:
961:
959:
958:interpolation
955:
954:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:Skaldic poems
873:
871:
867:
866:
860:
858:
857:
852:
851:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
830:
825:
824:
819:
809:
806:
796:
794:
790:
786:
785:
780:
779:
774:
770:
769:
764:
760:
759:
748:
745:
743:
742:
738:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:
697:
692:
683:
678:
676:
671:
669:
664:
663:
661:
660:
657:
654:
653:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
635:Völsung Cycle
633:
631:
630:Tyrfing Cycle
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
611:
610:
603:
600:
598:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
579:
578:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
484:
479:
478:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
410:Norse funeral
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
394:
389:
388:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
299:
294:
293:
286:
285:Ask and Embla
283:
281:
278:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
178:
177:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
118:
113:
112:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
94:
89:
88:Eastern Norse
85:
84:Western Norse
81:
75:
71:
70:
67:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
4091:Eddic poetry
4037:
4030:
4023:
4005:
4000:Flateyjarbók
3998:
3991:
3982:AM 748 I 4to
3977:Codex Regius
3954:
3947:
3925:
3920:Guðrúnarhvöt
3918:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3832:Sigrdrífumál
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3757:Codex Regius
3734:
3727:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3623:Hárbarðsljóð
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:Codex Regius
3562:
3561:
3526:
3516:
3497:
3487:
3471:
3463:
3449:
3432:
3414:
3411:Lindow, John
3402:
3393:
3384:
3365:
3336:
3327:
3309:
3306:Shippey, Tom
3300:
3291:
3256:
3250:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3209:
3201:
3196:
3188:
3183:
3163:
3156:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2944:
2937:
2741:fornyrðislag
2739:
2733:
2727:
2718:
2714:
2701:
2697:
2684:
2670:
2667:Codex Regius
2666:
2660:
2652:
2649:Codex Regius
2648:
2645:Great Lacuna
2638:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2586:
2564:and the seed
2551:
2534:
2515:
2496:
2477:
2463:Orchard 2011
2460:
2441:
2422:
2392:who long ago
2387:
2370:
2351:
2332:
2313:
2296:
2277:
2258:
2239:
2225:Bellows 1923
2222:
2203:
2184:
2165:
2147:
2128:
2109:
2081:have reared.
2074:
2056:
2024:ár of borna,
2022:Ek man jǫtna
2021:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:, including
1994:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1956:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1909:Codex Regius
1908:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1883:Guðrúnarhvöt
1881:
1868:
1862:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1725:Sigrdrífumál
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1613:Codex Regius
1612:
1572:
1557:Codex Regius
1556:
1554:
1543:
1539:Gullkársljóð
1537:
1531:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1489:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:Codex Regius
1411:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1334:Hárbarðsljóð
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:Codex Regius
1265:
1252:
1248:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1215:Codex Regius
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1193:Flateyjarbók
1191:
1185:
1182:AM 748 I 4to
1177:
1173:Codex Regius
1171:
1169:
1164:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1115:Codex Regius
1114:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1094:Codex Regius
1093:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1058:Codex Regius
1057:
1055:
1027:Codex Regius
1026:
1011:poetic meter
995:Codex Regius
994:
992:
988:Codex regius
987:
978:
975:
967:
951:
949:
940:
936:
932:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
894:
888:
884:
880:
874:
863:
861:
854:
848:
847:, provide a
842:
833:
827:
821:
815:
802:
782:
776:
771:("old story
768:fornyrðislag
766:
757:
756:
754:
746:
741:Codex Regius
739:
729:
719:
702:
701:
699:
691:
619:
593:Fimbulwinter
545:Nithing pole
87:
83:
39:
36:Codex Regius
35:
3970:Manuscripts
3750:Heroic Lays
3729:Gróttasöngr
3706:Svipdagsmál
3563:Poetic Edda
3405:, Reykjavík
3385:Snorra-Edda
3030:Dalecarlian
3024:Descendants
3012:Proto-Norse
2964:Poetic Edda
2854:Orthography
2836:Old Gutnish
2826:Old Swedish
2681:philologist
2632:Poetic Edda
2628:Poetic Edda
2425:Dronke 1997
2112:Thorpe 1866
2085:nine trees,
2077:early born,
2059:Finnur 1932
2039:Ár vas alda
1980:Cottle 1797
1976:Poetic Edda
1935:Lay of Hlöd
1907:Not in the
1857:Lay of Atli
1851:, that is,
1597:Jörmunrekkr
1585:Jörmunrekkr
1569:heroic lays
1561:heroic lays
1551:Heroic lays
1485:Svipdagsmál
1477:Hyndluljóð.
1432:Gróttasöngr
1410:Not in the
1245:John Lindow
1219:Poetic Edda
1211:Poetic Edda
1178:Poetic Edda
1165:Poetic Edda
1119:Poetic Edda
1084:poems that
971:Scandinavia
758:Eddic poems
751:Composition
730:Poetic Edda
703:Poetic Edda
620:Poetic Edda
555:Norse clans
455:Runic magic
440:Vé (shrine)
435:Heathen hof
365:Urðarbrunnr
355:Mímisbrunnr
335:Ginnungagap
280:Jörmungandr
159:Norse–Gaels
99:Scandinavia
86:in red and
82:in CE 900:
40:Poetic Edda
4101:Epic poems
4075:Categories
4025:Prose Edda
3987:AM 738 4to
3949:Hlöðskviða
3764:Helgi Lays
3690:Hyndluljóð
3644:Þrymskviða
3630:Hymiskviða
3616:Skírnismál
3609:Grímnismál
3148:References
2971:Prose Edda
2913:Literature
2901:Morphology
2821:Old Danish
2703:Skírnismál
2698:úrig fiöll
2686:The Hobbit
2619:Prose Edda
2499:Dodds 2014
2335:Terry 1990
2032:níu ívíði,
1930:Hlöðskviða
1456:Hyndluljóð
1374:Þrymskviða
1346:Hymiskviða
1322:Skírnismál
1310:Grímnismál
1142:Royal Book
1098:Prose Edda
1090:Prose Edda
1077:Elder Edda
1071:Prose Edda
1051:Karin Boye
1043:Ezra Pound
823:Hákonarmál
799:Authorship
784:ljóðaháttr
775:"), while
737:manuscript
721:Prose Edda
710:anonymous
694:See also:
645:Runestones
625:Prose Edda
380:Jötunheimr
370:Yggdrasill
360:Hvergelmir
345:Muspelheim
154:Viking Age
78:Extent of
18:Eddic poem
4039:Sólarljóð
3927:Hamðismál
3895:Atlakviða
3825:Fáfnismál
3818:Reginsmál
3811:Grípisspá
3658:Alvíssmál
3637:Lokasenna
3465:Eddukvæði
3394:Eddukvæði
3071:Norwegian
3065:(extinct)
3058:Icelandic
3047:(extinct)
2994:Ancestors
2946:Legendary
2894:Phonology
2768:Old Norse
2715:Dvergatal
2647:) in the
2581:no grass,
2577:no earth,
2187:Bray 1908
1895:Hamðismál
1855:Greenland
1840:Atlakviða
1713:Fáfnismál
1701:Reginsmál
1689:Grípisspá
1601:Brynhildr
1581:Nibelungs
1398:Alvíssmál
1358:Lokasenna
1241:Hollander
870:Greenland
778:málaháttr
734:Icelandic
708:Old Norse
602:Wild Hunt
560:Old Norse
535:Mead hall
490:Berserker
425:Midsummer
330:Fólkvangr
310:Vanaheimr
298:Cosmology
248:Einherjar
44:Yggdrasil
38:entitled
4017:See also
3993:Hauksbók
3713:Grógaldr
3683:Rígsþula
3522:LibriVox
3413:(2001),
3308:(2003),
2872:Medieval
2785:Dialects
2760:a series
2758:Part of
2751:See also
1501:Grógaldr
1444:Rígsþula
1187:Hauksbók
1155:Contents
1066:Skálholt
1029:include
964:Location
805:minstrel
789:Kennings
597:Ragnarök
525:Holmgang
375:Valhalla
350:Niflheim
273:Valkyrie
66:Norsemen
58:a series
56:Part of
3902:Atlamál
3595:Hávamál
3588:Völuspá
3076:Swedish
3053:Gutnish
3040:Faroese
2889:Grammar
2720:Vǫluspá
2717:in the
2711:Dwarves
2700:in the
2579:no sky,
2011:Vǫluspá
1611:In the
1365:Flyting
1286:Hávamál
1274:Völuspá
1264:In the
1237:Bellows
1136:
1092:. When
980:Völuspá
953:Völuspá
935:before
838:strophe
834:Hávamál
829:Hávamál
614:Sources
530:Leidang
483:Society
325:Bifröst
320:Vígríðr
315:Midgard
216:Sigmund
164:Normans
117:History
104:History
3439:
3421:
3372:
3343:
3316:
3263:
3238:
3171:
3035:Danish
2918:Poetry
2744:metre.
2657:Sigurð
2651:, the
1999:Cottle
1599:, and
1593:Attila
1567:. The
1198:Snorri
1190:, and
1086:Snorri
1049:, and
1019:stress
913:vreiðr
845:Attila
582:Events
570:Thrall
505:Erilaz
305:Asgard
253:Fenrir
226:Vættir
211:Sigurd
206:Jötunn
60:on the
3288:(PDF)
3063:Norn
2931:Sagas
1991:Latin
1972:Elder
1589:Goths
1494:Bugge
1203:Prose
1128:name
1126:Latin
1082:pagan
917:reiðr
903:with
773:metre
565:Thing
510:Félag
465:Galdr
445:Gothi
430:Hörgr
405:Seiðr
268:Norns
199:Vanir
3560:The
3437:ISBN
3419:ISBN
3370:ISBN
3341:ISBN
3314:ISBN
3261:ISBN
3236:ISBN
3169:ISBN
2956:Edda
2726:His
2692:The
2679:, a
2637:The
2595:help
2543:help
2505:help
2469:help
2431:help
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2341:help
2305:help
2267:help
2231:help
2193:help
2156:help
2118:help
2065:help
1995:Edda
1985:help
1970:The
1853:The
1573:Edda
1206:Edda
1133:lit.
1056:The
1001:and
993:The
945:vend
939:the
897:eigi
812:Date
755:The
700:The
696:Edda
640:Saga
520:Hird
500:Ergi
495:Earl
415:Yule
400:Blót
194:Æsir
189:Gods
3502:at
2848:Use
2622:of
1974:or
1804:or
1657:or
1629:or
1247:'s
1200:'s
947:'.
901:vr-
889:ge-
887:or
885:ga-
714:in
550:Nīþ
263:Dís
231:Elf
4077::
3486:,
3290:,
3275:^
2762:on
2160:†
2001:.
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