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its stability, as both monastic reform and administrative developments served to provide a more secure basis for a unified kingdom. In the view of Martin Ryan: "By the end of the reign of King Edgar, Anglo-Saxon
England possessed a sophisticated machinery of rule, capable of significant and, in medieval terms, precocious administrative feats." In Molyneaux's view, the mid-to late-tenth century was a crucial period for administrative development. However, it is uncertain how far Edgar was personally responsible: "This period, far more than the reigns of either Alfred or Æthelstan, was probably the most pivotal phase in the development of the institutional structures that were fundamental to royal rule in the eleventh century English kingdom". The fact that such a major change as his reform of the currency was not recorded until after the Conquest suggests that other important changes in his reign may have been wrongly attributed to the later time when they were first recorded.
920:
1671:
social and political disorder which might be expected to attend the unexpected removal of one who was seen as the personification of an overbearing regime." His rule appears to have depended to a great degree on his personal control, which makes it understandable that his death should have created so many problems. Williams takes a similar view, and Snook argues that the infighting after his death and the disintegration of the state under his son Æthelred shows that the factionalism of the 950s had only been temporarily suppressed by Edgar. Commenting on the flattering portrait of Edgar by monastic writers, Stafford comments: "Sparse sources make the construction of any alternative to this plaster saint of monastic hagiography difficult."
9027:
1090:
of Æthelstan's coinage. Edgar's pre-reform coin designs included
Horizontal types, which continued from Eadwig's reign. The Circumscription Cross type was introduced under Æthelstan and was rare for the next twenty years, before becoming common under Edgar. The Bust Crowned type (see image) also became much more common in Edgar's reign. Edgar's early coinage is described by Naismith as "an important step towards the fundamental change" of the reformed coinage. Æthelstan's reign and Edgar's pre-reform coinage are the only pre-reform periods when the mint place was commonly shown, and even in these periods many coins did not show the information. Thirty mint-places are named on Edgar's pre-reform coins, and another six are inferred by
1601:" in charters. Such claims, which are also found in the writings of the monastic reformers, are displayed in the titles of other tenth-century kings. They reached a peak during Edgar's reign, but in reality English power over the other nations of Britain was lower than at times earlier in the century. Scottish and Welsh kings sometimes attested Æthelstan's charters, but never those of Edgar. His coronation at Bath was only attended by English magnates, whereas at least two Welsh kings were present at that of Eadred in 946. After his reign, southern kings' hegemony over other parts of Britain weakened further, and there is no evidence of Scottish, Welsh or Cumbrian kings acknowledging English overlordship until 1031.
1075:
1103:(proportion of silver), compared both with the preceding period and with most other contemporary European coinages, with about 96% silver. The weight increased, but there were still regional variations. All mints used the same design, with the king's bust facing left on the obverse in an inner circle with his name around the outside as +EADGAR REX ANGLOR. On the reverse was a small cross in the middle, surrounded by the moneyer's name and the mint location. The design was not original: it was very similar to Æthelstan's Bust Crowned coinage, but uniformity over the whole kingdom was completely new. The reform of the coinage is not recorded in documentary sources until the thirteenth century, when
616:
Rory
Naismith attribute it to an unsuccessful attempt by Eadwig to promote a powerful new faction at the expense of the old guard. According to Dunstan's first biographer, who only named himself as "B": "King Eadwig was totally abandoned by the people north . They despised him for his imprudent discharge of the power entrusted to him. The wise and sensible he destroyed in a spirit of idle hatred, replacing them with ignoramuses like himself to whom he took a liking." This is the view of a partisan of Dunstan, who was Eadwig's enemy. "B" was probably in exile with Dunstan when the division took place. Archbishop Oda forced Eadwig to divorce his wife
1022:, hundred and wapentake, and all transactions had to be witnessed by two or three of these witnesses. Shires, hundreds and wapentakes began to play an important part in the king's control over the population around this time. IV Edgar refers "to all the nation, whether Englishmen, Danes or Britons, in every province of my dominion", recognising that Edgar's subjects were made up of three distinct political communities. He ordered that many copies of the code be sent to ealdormen Ælfhere and Æthelwine, so that they can be widely distributed and made known to rich and poor.
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proportion of charters in the early 960s were produced by him. He ceased work in 963, but some charters later in the reign were produced by scribes who adopted his style. Another group is associated with
Dunstan and called the Dunstan B charters. They were produced between 951 and 975, with a break in Eadwig's reign. The ones dating to the period when Edgar was only king of Mercia were not personally attested by him. There were also charters produced by midlands and west country agencies, and in some cases the beneficiary may have played an important role in the drafting.
678:
1238:, and Æthelwold also paid Ælfthryth 50 mancuses "in return for her help in his just mission". Æthelwold relentlessly pursued land claims through the courts on behalf of monasteries in his diocese, and Edgar frequently intervened to support him. After his death landowners brought legal actions, and sometimes used violence, to recover estates lost by the aggressive and dubious claims of monasteries. Even the greatest magnates were not immune from the reformers' demands, and Æthelwine brought a successful action to recover an estate of forty hides in
8763:
997:, the penny due to the Pope, had to take it to Rome – a penalty theoretical rather than real. III Edgar is concerned with making justice accessible, preventing unjust judgments, standardisation of weights and measures, and that "one coinage is to be current throughout all the king's dominion". Plaintiffs had to exhaust other avenues before they were allowed recourse to the king, judgements had to be just and punishments had to be appropriate. Courts were to be held regularly, and every man was to provide himself with a
1392:, after declaring that many kings honoured Edgar, go on: "Nor was there fleet so proud nor host so strong that it got itself prey in England as long as the noble king held the throne." Later chroniclers made exaggerated claims, such as John of Worcester, who wrote that Edgar had 3,600 ships, and that he used to circumnavigate the island of Britain each summer, but there is evidence for naval organisation in the reign of his son Æthelred, and Edgar probably had a substantial fleet which laid the foundation for it.
1121:
1610:
1305:. In 971, the saint's body was translated from its tomb in the grounds to one inside the minster, on the order of Edgar and with the support of Æthelwold. This was the start of a major new cult. A second translation was carried out in around 974. Swithun's relics were carried in a barefoot procession for three miles before being placed in a grand new reliquary of gold, silver and rubies which Edgar had ordered to be made. He was also the greatest benefactor of Æthelwold's Abingdon Abbey.
1403:, which is thought on stylistic grounds to have been written by Wulfstan, praises Edgar, but then goes on "Yet he did one ill-deed too greatly: he loved evil foreign customs and brought too firmly heathen manners within this land, and attracted hither foreigners and enticed harmful people to this country." This probably refers to Edgar hiring Viking mercenaries and their ships, an expedient which was employed by Alfred and probably Æthelstan before Edgar, and Æthelred after him.
31:
1521:, where six kings promised to be his allies on land and sea. Ælfric of Eynsham, writing no more than twenty-five years later, apparently about the same event, says that "all the kings who were in this island, Cumbrians and Scots, came to Edgar, once eight kings on one day, and they all submitted to Edgar's direction". In the twelfth century, John of Worcester and William of Malmesbury gave accounts of the Chester meeting. They stated that the kings rowed Edgar on the
661:, who may have been Eadwig's brother-in-law, wrote that he "held the kingdom continuously for four years". There is no evidence of rivalry between the brothers, but they did disagree over Dunstan. Edgar recalled him from his exile, and soon afterwards appointed him to the Mercian bishoprics of London and Worcester. Æthelstan Half-King retired when the division took place, perhaps because Edgar had reached an age to take over. In 958, Edgar gave an estate at
1572:, and with a crowd of ealdormen and nobles following in a similar boat, sailed from the palace to the monastery of St John the Baptist, where, when he had prayed, he returned with the same pomp to the palace. As he was entering it he is reported to have declared to his nobles at length that each of his successors would be able to boast that he was king of the English, and would enjoy the pomp of such honour with so many kings at his command.
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attestations show that the magnates did not decide which court to attend on the basis of personal loyalty: ealdormen and bishops with jurisdictions south of the Thames stayed with Eadwig, and those north of it served Edgar. Keynes comments: "One need not imagine that the unity of
England would have been regarded in the 950s as something necessarily desirable for its own sake, not least because it was of such recent creation." Almost all
1693:, is not recorded until the twelfth-century, in the chronicle of John of Worcester. Its translation as "Peaceful" is common in popular sources, but very rare in academic works on the period. The historian Sean Miller argues that as Edgar was very ready to resort to violence, the term is better translated as "peacemaker", someone who preserved peace through "strict control backed up by military force rather than serenity of character".
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inherited from Eadwig. Edgar's charters were written in competent but formulaic and derivative Latin, drawing on the prose of much earlier charters. They are more diverse in style than those of previous kings, and Snook argues that this does not indicate a decline in central control, but rather the increasing sophistication of the Anglo-Saxon bureaucracy. Although there is great variety in the charters'
534:, with himself as its abbot. Edgar was educated there by Æthelwold, who was another leader of the monastic reform movement, and who was thus able to reinforce the young prince's belief in its virtues. As Eadwig succeeded shortly after Æthelwold's appointment, it is likely that Edgar's education at Abingdon was approved by his elder brother as king, and that Æthelwold and Eadwig were on good terms.
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substantially genuine, the highest numbers being in 961 to 963 and 968. They are mainly standard grants of land to religious houses or individuals, with a few more complex ones such as the one granting privileges to the New
Minster, Winchester (see image below). Most charters are only known from later copies, but sixteen survive as single sheets which are or may be originals. Some give Edgar's
889:, as the ealdorman of the whole of Northumbria following the expulsion of the Viking king of York, Erik Bloodaxe. Osulf did not owe his power to southern English support, and when he died in the 960s Edgar again divided Northumbria and appointed Oslac as ealdorman of York (southern Northumbria), increasing his control over the area, but he was not able to choose who held power in Bamburgh.
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supporters of Edward and Æthelred, not between the supporters and opponents of monastic reform. The fact that there was no question of dividing the country between the two claimants may be a tribute to the success of Edgar's reforms aimed at unifying the country. Edward was murdered in 978 and he was succeeded by Æthelred, whose disastrous reign ended with the Danish conquest of
England.
1489:, think that he was almost certainly crowned at the start of his reign. She argues that Edgar must have been crowned early in his reign because his legitimacy as king would otherwise have been impaired, and that the 973 consecration was intended to celebrate and display his claim to imperial status as overlord of Britain." The fact that it was recorded in verse in early versions of the
967:, and the start date they were based on varied, some being from 959, 960 and 973, but most often 957. Like Æthelstan, Edgar used the title king of the English in some charters and king of Britain in other ones, and Keynes comments that "the consistent usages of Edgar's reign represent nothing less than a determined reaffirmation of the polity created by Æthelstan in the 930s".
1039:, he would be tortured at length by having his eyes put out, his hands cut off, his ears torn off, his nostrils carved open and his feet removed; and finally, with the skin and hair of his head shaved off, he would be abandoned in the open fields dead in respect of nearly all his limbs, to be devoured by wild beasts and birds and hounds of the night.
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attested charters in the reigns of her sons Edmund and Eadred, but she only attested one of Eadwig's, and she later alleged that she had been "despoiled of all her property" during his reign. On the other hand, Edgar was prominent at his brother's court between 955 and 957, attesting many of his charters, in one of which he is shown as
1047:, stated that Cnut's legislation was based on the laws of Edgar. Wormald describes the punishments as "ghastly", and Keynes observes that it is no wonder that Edgar was hailed as "the strongest of all kings", but that if we are disposed to admire the peace he brought then we should bear in mind the measures he took to enforce it.
1144:. This was an unreformed community, a house of secular clergy, and would have been an unlikely beneficiary of royal patronage later in Edgar's reign. The Benedictine reformers later presented his accession as a victory for their cause, but this donation shows that monastic status was not then crucial for him and his advisers.
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up around five per cent of all genuine Anglo-Saxon charters, and no other ruler in Europe is known to have matched that yearly total before the twelfth century. The historian Ann
Williams observes that the many charters may indicate that Eadwig had to buy support, but too little is known about the background to be certain.
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agreement to keep to Edgar's law. However, the code bears little resemblance to Edgar's legislation, and the reference to him was probably symbolic as a revered lawmaker, rather than practical as a source. Edgar's legislation continued to be held in high regard after the Norman
Conquest, and the twelfth-century historian
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Edgar's standardization of the coinage reflects his concern with uniformity, and his ability to impose the change shows the strength of his control. It was part of his determined effort towards the end of his reign to increase the secular and spiritual cohesion of his kingdom. For the first time, all
1094:
for coins which do not show the town. There was a gradual decline in the standard of coinage from the reigns of Alfred and Edward the Elder until Edgar's reform. In most of the first half of the tenth century the fineness of the coinage was maintained at a high level, with over 90% silver. A few less
962:
Charters are problematic sources because of the difficulty of distinguishing genuine ones from the many forgeries. About 160 charters of Edgar survive, including 10 dating to 957 to 959 when he was king of Mercia. Most of the
Mercian ones, and around 100 of those he issued as king of the English, are
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Kingship was peripatetic. There was no fixed capital city and the court moved from one royal estate to another, four or five times a year. According to John of Worcester, each winter and spring Edgar would travel round the kingdom to enquire whether the statutes he had promulgated were being observed
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was reared in the household of one of his father's closest allies and raised among Half-King's own brothers and sons, five of whom at one time or another were ealdormen. Since Half-King was an intimate of the reform circle, and St Dunstan in particular, Edgar came of age in an atmosphere dominated by
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comments that it "marks the high point in the history of the Anglo-Saxon state. One sign of this is, paradoxically, that we know little of secular events in Edgar's time. Violent incident was staple fare for annalists." Other historians also praise Edgar. Levi Roach sees his reign as "noteworthy for
1175:
In the early years of Edgar's reign, the third monastic leader, Æthelwold, was the only abbot who attested charters, showing his special status. He was a strong critic of secular clergy (sometimes called canons), who were able to marry, unlike monks. Following his appointment as Bishop of Winchester
1089:
There had been an increase in regional variation in coinage in the reigns of Edmund and Eadred, especially in Northumbria, which switched back and forth between English and Viking control, and the permanent restoration of control over the north after 954 allowed a gradual return to the greater unity
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and the English reached an agreement "according to Edgar's law". In a letter from Cnut to his subjects in 1019/20, he referred to a law code agreed at Oxford, which he described as Edgar's law, and urged people to keep to it. In Wormald's view, Cnut considered that his regime was based on the Oxford
829:
regards her as "one of the most important tenth-century queens" and comments that "Ælfthryth, if not Eadgifu, heralded a new dawn in the history of English queens". Both women had a dominant position over other royal women, and both were most powerful as queen mothers, in Ælfthryth's case during the
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by the king, suggesting that Dunstan was authorised to issue charters in Eadred's name when he was too ill to carry out his duties. Eadred was in his early thirties when he died on 23 November 955, and Eadwig succeeded at the age of around fifteen. He was the first king since the early ninth century
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aggressively acquired estates from lay landowners with Edgar's assistance, leading to disorder when he died and former owners sought to recover their lost property, sometimes by force. Edgar's major administrative reform was the introduction of a standardised coinage in the early 970s to replace the
1623:
Edgar was thirty-one or thirty-two years old when he died on 8 July 975. He was buried at Glastonbury Abbey, which was the burial place of his father and a monastery particularly associated with Dunstan and Benedictine reform. His burial at Glastonbury helped to make it a leading royal cult centre,
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Other historians are more ready to accept claims of English superiority. Levi Roach and Richard Huscroft think that it makes better sense to see the events at Chester as a display of Edgar's overlordship. Molyneaux agrees, arguing that the English king was able to intimidate other rulers because he
1363:
Peter Rex observes in his biography of Edgar that his reign was remarkable for the lack of opposition to his rule both from within and outside his kingdom. Although no Viking attacks on England are recorded in his reign, there were several battles fought by ealdormen and neighbouring kings. In 966,
1354:
is one of the greatest examples of English art. Several half-sisters of Edgar's father had married Continental royalty, and these connections helped Edgar to bring in foreign scholars such as Radbod and painters and goldsmiths such as Benna, who made metalwork for the king and decorated the ceiling
1321:
When Alfred came to the throne in 871, learning had declined to a low level and the knowledge of Latin was very poor. He started the revival of learning, and it was brought to its height by Edgar. Lapidge comments that his reign "marks a decisive turning-point in English literary history". No Latin
1147:
Earlier kings had supported reform, but there were only two Benedictine monasteries when Edgar came to the throne, and his support was key to the wider success of the movement. In Stenton's view, his accession to the throne of England led to few changes in secular personnel, but it caused momentous
892:
Ealdormen were important in providing stability in a period when kings died young, but the families of Æthelwine of East Anglia and Ælfhere of Mercia gained unassailable positions and their rivalries were a threat to the stability of the kingdom. Edgar was able to keep them under control, but these
795:
that monasteries were under the protection of the king and nunneries of the queen to avoid scandal as "a pointed reference to Edgar's priapic interest in nuns", which would have been seen as normal royal behaviour by most people. Williams observes that "the king's devotion to the Benedictine reform
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had no affection for English saints, and "when at Wilton one Whitsun he poured out his customary jeers at Edith herself: he would never credit the sanctity of the daughter of King Edgar, a vicious man, an especial slave to lust, and more tyrant than king". William claimed that Cnut ordered her tomb
772:
scholar, Radbod of Rheims, and the artist Benna of Trier, to educate Edith. Anglo-Saxon custom allowed for remarriage after a spouse entered a religious community, but on a strict interpretation of canon law, this was forbidden so long as the spouse lived, and so Edgar's third marriage may have had
542:
Eadwig became king on Eadred's death on 23 November 955. Historians have often been critical of Eadwig, portraying him as irresponsible or incompetent, and one piece of evidence cited for this view is the exceptional number of charters he issued in 956. His sixty-odd gifts of land in that year make
1588:
had probably been under Scottish control since the 950s, and around this time Edgar formally ceded it to them. Kenneth may have attended the meeting to secure this concession and in Williams's view it is unlikely that he saw himself as Edgar's subordinate. The historian Christopher Lewis comments:
1208:
laid down rules for English monasteries. It was written as a result of instructions sent by Edgar to a synod at Winchester to draw up a single monastic rule for all England, and it exhibits his desire for unity and uniformity. He urged his bishops, abbots and abbesses, "to be of one mind regarding
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Edgar became king of the whole of England when Eadwig died on 1 October 959, and his former tutor Æthelwold became one of the most powerful figures at court. He was probably in Edgar's personal service as an adviser from 960 until 963, when the king appointed him Bishop of Winchester. Dunstan, who
546:
When Eadwig succeeded, the court was ruled by powerful factions, and he appears to have been determined to show his independence of action from the start. In the view of the historian Ben Snook, "Eadwig, unlike his brother Edgar, was clearly his own man. Immediately on coming to power, he acted to
1480:
Edgar". Historians debate whether it was a second coronation, and if not, the reason for the delay. One theory is that he waited until he was in his thirtieth year because thirty was the minimum age for consecration as a priest, but this has been questioned because at twenty-nine he was still too
1418:
and Wulfmær, his thegn; they brought back to him even more wonderful gifts, which served to establish a treaty of steadfast peace. The king was bountiful in his generosity, as befits a king. As a result of his abundant generosity, the kings of other peoples praised him exceedingly, and because he
615:
forming the boundary. It is uncertain whether this was the result of a coup against Eadwig or a decision to divide the kingdom between the brothers. The historian Christopher Lewis sees the division as the solution to "a dangerously unstable government and a court in deep crisis"; Sean Miller and
1793:
top and bottom) and HR (with Rosettes instead of trefoils). The Circumscription Cross type has a cross in the middle on both sides of the coin, surrounded by the name of the king on the obverse and the moneyer on the reverse. The Bust Crowned type has the head of the crowned king on the obverse,
1686:
in 942, whereas three are general, all of them commemorating Edgar's reign. They are placed in the years of his accession, coronation and death, and the historian Mercedes Salvador-Bello sees them as products of monastic reformers who celebrated him as a patron of their cause and compared him to
958:
in the 1960s linked the scribe with Æthelwold's Abingdon, and perhaps with Æthelwold himself. Keynes argued in 1980 that he was probably a priest in the royal writing office, and Susan Kelly defended the older view in 2000. Edgar A started drafting when Edgar was king of Mercia and a significant
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as the "legitimate wife" of the king, and her recently born elder son Edmund attested as his "legitimate son", whereas Edward was described as "begotten by the same king", but it is uncertain whether this was on the king's instruction, which would indicate that he wished to cut Edward out of the
693:
Edgar had children by three consorts. Almost all historians accept that he married the third one, but some question whether he married the first one and others the second. Yorke sees a case for recognising three marriages, as well as temporary liaisons. The name of his first consort, who was the
1670:
Some historians are more critical. Keynes comments: "It is a sign of Edgar's 'strength' as a ruler that when he died, on 8 July 975, the "peace" of his kingdom was immediately disturbed ... In general terms, the disturbances of Edward's reign should be regarded as a manifestation of the kind of
981:
was formerly called I Edgar by historians, but it does not say who issued it, and it may date to an earlier king. II and III Edgar are the ecclesiastical and secular sections of one set of provisions, known as the Andover Code. IV Edgar is thus the second code. Edgar was more concerned with the
1640:
The succession to the throne was disputed between the supporters of his two surviving sons. Æthelred had the powerful backing of his mother and her ally, Bishop Æthelwold, but Edgar's eldest son Edward became king with the support of Dunstan and Æthelwine. The dispute was personal, between the
1308:
Reformed Benedictine monasteries were mainly confined to Wessex and some areas of Mercia, and they were greatly outnumbered by the many secular minsters, although the reformed monasteries were much wealthier. The reformers portrayed Edgar's reign as a golden age which fundamentally changed the
1229:
The reformers practised personal austerity, but their masses, liturgy and prayers became more and more lavish along Continental lines, and they worked vigorously to increase the land and wealth of the monasteries to pay for the buildings and objects required. The reformers did not only receive
1224:
cleansed holy places from all men's foulnesses, not only in the kingdom of the West Saxons but in the land of the Mercians also. Assuredly he drove out canons who abounded beyond measure in the aforesaid sins, and he established monks in the foremost places of all his dominion for the glorious
1180:
into an institution exclusively of monks. Edgar successfully sought papal authority for the forcible expulsion of the canons and sent an armed force under a royal official to help in carrying it out. In 966, he granted privileges to the new community in a magnificent charter (see image), which
1017:
for the administrative divisions known to the Anglo-Saxons as hundreds, are first mentioned in this law code. One exception to the concession that the Danelaw was to have its own customs was a provision to make the sale of stolen goods more difficult. At least twelve sworn witnesses were to be
935:
Since the 930s, charters had been produced by a royal secretariat, but this probably did not survive the division of 957 to 959 in unchanged form. When Edgar succeeded in 959 he appears to have preferred to retain the secretariat he had employed as king of Mercia rather than use the one he had
652:
who had attested Eadwig's charters before the division stayed with him. The historian Frederick Biggs argues that the division was a revival of the earlier Anglo-Saxon practice of joint kingship, against the opposition of the Church, and Bishop Æthelwold complained that Eadwig had "through the
1665:
when Edgar is compared with other outstanding members of his house – with Alfred or with Æthelstan – he falls at once into a lower class than theirs. He was never required to defend English civilization against barbarians from over sea, nor to deal with the problems raised by the existence of
1219:
Continental reformers accepted that secular clergy had their place in the church, and Dunstan and Oswald agreed. They did not expel the canons from their cathedral communities. Æthelwold was more extreme, and in a text known as "King Edgar's Establishment of Monasteries", he wrote that Edgar:
551:
argues that "whether Eadwig and Edgar were able to assert their own independence of action, or remained at the mercy of established interests at court, is unclear". Eadwig quarrelled with some of his uncle's leading counsellors, especially Dunstan, who he exiled abroad. Eadgifu had frequently
647:
correctly date it to 957. The difference in dates may be because it was agreed in Eadred's reign that the kingdom would be divided between the brothers, but he died before Edgar was old enough to act in person and had to wait until he reached the age of majority of fourteen in 957. Charter
656:
Eadwig retained some degree of seniority, as he attested charters as "King of the English", whereas Edgar was usually "King of the Mercians", and also occasionally of the Northumbrians and the British. All coins, including those issued in Mercia, were in Eadwig's name until his death, The
906:
to be deprived of their property and some of them executed, because they had robbed passing traders from York. Forfeiture of land for wrongdoing gave the king opportunities for patronage or receiving payments for remission of punishment. In one case, Edgar rescinded a forfeiture for 100
869:
became Archbishop of Canterbury at the start of Edgar's reign, was diligent in attending court, and in the historian Alan Thacker's view: "While Æthelwold's characteristic context is his monastic empire, Dunstan's is the royal court". In the early 970s the leading secular magnates were
764:. Williams regards it as uncertain whether they married, but Yorke argues that they did, pointing out that Goscelin stated that she and Edgar were "bound by indissoluble vows", and that Edith's personal seal, which still survives, describes her as the "royal sister" of Kings Edward and
1148:
changes in the church. He comments: "There is no doubt that in the re-establishment of English monasticism, which is the principal achievement of this period, the enthusiasm of King Edgar was the decisive factor." He favoured all three of the leading figures in the movement, Dunstan,
1292:
as a house for monks with the generous support of Edgar, whose gifts included a cross covered in gold and silver gilt, together with golden images and precious stones; a cloak embellished with gold; and a gospel book gilded with precious stones and enamels. He was a major patron of
1567:
went to meet him, as he had commanded, and swore that they would be loyal to, and cooperate with, him by land and sea. With them, on a certain day, he boarded a skiff; having set them to the oars, and having taken the helm himself, he skilfully steered it through the course of the
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to be broken into so that she could prove her sanctity, and when this was done she threatened to attack him, terrifying him into submission. Yorke comments that the story has been used by William "to highlight her father's reputation for immorality". Yorke sees a provision in the
1242:, complaining that Edgar had forced him and his brothers to surrender it to Æthelwold. The anti-monastic reaction following Edgar's death shows how dependent the reformers were on the king's support, but no writings survive of the reformers' opponents to show how they saw Edgar.
1505:
to mention coronations at all, suggests that there was something special about this one. The German court was the leader in elaborate ritual and display, and the information learned by Edgar's embassy to Otto I may have played a major role in planning the coronation in Bath.
378:, who may have been king only of Mercia at first, but ruled the whole of his father's realm by the next year. In 927, he conquered Northumbria, and thus became the first king of all England. He died in October 939 and was succeeded by his half-brother and Edgar's father,
575:). Ælfheah and his wife Ælfswith, who was also acknowledged by Eadwig as a relative, benefited from his generosity. Ælfhere, who was to become the pre-eminent lay magnate until his death in 983, was appointed an ealdorman in Mercia in 956. Other ealdormen appointed were
902:
and whether the poor were being unjustly treated by the powerful. The historian Richard Huscroft describes this account as "perhaps a little rose-tinted". Harrying was a standard punishment for crimes committed by communities, and in 974 Edgar ordered the people of
897:
may have been entrusted with duties which were previously carried out by ealdormen. This made his rule less uniform, with different methods of government in different areas. The gap was filled after his death by the appointment of three new southern ealdormen.
260:
for over a century when Edgar came to power, but there were none during his reign, which fell in a lull in attacks between the mid-950s and the early 980s. After his death the throne was disputed between the supporters of his two surviving sons; the elder one,
1112:
of the approximately forty mints were producing a uniform design of coin. Edgar's coinage reform is described by the historian Levi Roach as "one of the crowning achievements of late Anglo-Saxon kingship". It lasted for more than one hundred and fifty years.
1086:, but a few halfpennies were also produced and nine are known for Edgar. Edgar's coinage is divided into two phases, pre-reform which broadly carried on the diverse coinage design of his immediate predecessors, and the major reform near the end of his reign.
1332:
to display the dazzling erudition of the Benedictine movement and glorify King Edgar and the reform. Some of the works in Old English produced by Æthelwold are so lavishly and expensively produced that they cannot have been for the instruction of young
1593:
possessed far greater military strength: "If Edgar's neighbours wished to avoid their lands being ravaged, the invitation to Chester was probably not one that they could decline." Edgar claimed dominion over Britain by describing himself as ruler of "
1337:
and were probably intended for nobles and royalty. There was also a great increase in Latin literature in Edgar's reign, all of it apparently associated with Æthelwold's Winchester. Much of this literature consisted of poetry, often containing many
1230:
physical and financial support from Edgar and his officials, but also from other members of the laity. In addition, the leaders of the movement were wealthy aristocrats who used their own resources to support the movement. Æthelwold paid Edgar 200
307:) has only ten entries on his reign, and other sources dating to the late tenth and early eleventh centuries are mainly interested in the episcopal leaders of the English Benedictine Reform movement. There are further details in the works of post-
1215:
instructed that psalms be said several times a day for the king and queen in all monasteries, and required the consent of the king for the election of abbots. The document dates to around 973, perhaps after Edgar's coronation in Bath on 11 May.
1001:
to hold him to his legal duty. The preservation of order required the cooperation of the secular and religious authorities, but it is not until III Edgar that ealdormen and bishops were required to work together in the judgement of legal cases.
803:, who was the widow of Ealdorman Æthelwold. He died in 962 and she married Edgar in 964. They had two sons, Edmund, who died young, and Æthelred, whose disastrous reign earned him the epithet of "the Unready". In 966 she attested the Winchester
565:, at the expense of the old guard, such as Dunstan. Ælfhere and his brothers were acknowledged by several kings as relatives, but the nature of the relationship is unknown. They were close to Eadwig and he made the eldest brother, Ælfheah, his
814:, the first West Saxon queen to do so on a regular basis. Her consecration was a major change in status as previous West Saxon's kings' consorts had only been described as the king's wife, whereas she also had the status of being the queen.
277:. Later chroniclers presented Edgar's reign as a golden age when England was free from external attacks and internal disorder, especially compared with Æthelred's disastrous rule. Modern historians see Edgar's reign as the pinnacle of
1095:
fine coins were produced in the 950s, and the number increased significantly in Edgar's pre-reform coinage. The average weight of coins had gradually declined since the reign of Edward the Elder, and this continued into Edgar's time.
982:
administration of the law than its substance. His primary concern was to ensure that existing laws were properly enforced. Law codes were not unilateral royal pronouncements, but issued with the advice of the king's councillors.
8237:
7005:
5918:
1485:, Edgar postponed his consecration until he had outgrown the passions of his youth, and Stenton thinks that he may have waited "until he felt that he had come to full maturity of mind and conduct". Other historians, such as
893:
tensions collapsed into open hostilities after his death. Ealdormen for areas south of the Thames do not attest after 970, and this may be because Edgar chose to govern these areas through royal officials of lower status.
513:
Eadwig and Edgar are not recorded in contemporary sources until 955, when they first attested charters, suggesting that they did not regularly attend court when they were young. Shortly before his death Eadred granted the
1628:
comments that his cult had surprisingly little success in view of his role in monastic reform, "although presumably weakened by stories of his sexual adventures, notably with nuns". He is listed as a saint in some modern
773:
political repercussions. Wulfthryth and Edith were both later regarded as saints, but Wulfthryth's cult never became widely established, unlike that of Edith, who was the subject of another hagiography by Goscelin.
359:, had accepted Alfred's overlordship, and in the 880s and 890s the Anglo-Saxons ruled Wessex and western Mercia, but the rest of England remained under Viking rule. Alfred died in 899, and in the 910s his son King
1098:
Edgar's reformed coinage brought in standardised designs over the whole country. It was modelled on Æthelstan's coinage and had been partly prefigured in the previous fifteen years. It was of a high and uniform
714:
says that Edward the Martyr was of doubtful legitimacy. The chroniclers described Ordmær as an ealdorman, but no ealdorman or thegn with that name attested any surviving tenth century charter. According to the
244:, which he strongly supported, became a dominant religious and social force. It is seen by historians as a major achievement, and it was accompanied by a literary and artistic flowering, mainly associated with
237:. A detailed account of Edgar's reign is not possible, because only a few events were recorded by chroniclers and monastic writers were more interested in recording the activities of the leaders of the church.
1107:
was the only chronicler to mention it. It is not known exactly when the reform was introduced, but it was towards the end of his reign. The fineness of coins became more geographically uneven after his death.
880:
The charters of the 960s and early 970s are similar and do not suggest political change in the period, but from the late 960s northern magnates were more regularly represented. In 954, Eadred had appointed
729:(powerful man) called Ordmær and his wife Ealde exchanged land with Æthelstan Half-King, and Edgar may have met Æthelflæd when he was Æthelstan's foster son. She probably died around 960. The historian
702:, writing in the late eleventh century, she was a nun who was seduced by Edgar, but this is rejected by later chroniclers, and historians generally accept the statements of the twelfth-century writers
1033:
At the command of the glorious King Edgar, a law ... was promulgated throughout England, to serve as a deterrent against all sorts of crime ... that if any thief or robber were found anywhere in the
1005:
IV Edgar is more wordy than the Andover Code and more rhetorical than any previous one. It has attracted the most attention by historians as it recognises the separate customs of the former Viking
1313:
is sceptical: "The polemic may belie a religious culture in Edgar's reign which, when we probe beneath the surface, starts to look less exclusive and more like that of Æthelstan's and Edmund's."
1739:
Edgar is "King of the English" in two charters of 958, S 674 and S 679, but the style was probably copied from another charter without thinking that it needed to be adapted for Edgar's status.
405:
Eadred was very close to Edmund and inherited his leading counsellors, which resulted in a high degree of continuity of government when he became king. These counsellors included their mother,
311:
monastic chroniclers, but their material is often legendary and unreliable. A few events have been recorded in detail, but it is not possible to write a chronological account of Edgar's reign.
989:
describes the Andover Code as impressive and rational. II Edgar covers ecclesiastical matters, especially church dues. For the first time, a specific penalty was prescribed for non-payment of
1661:
Stenton's praise is more moderate. He describes Edgar's reign as "singularly devoid of recorded incident", which he attributes to Edgar's competence as a ruler, but he also writes that:
1450:, 11 May 973. Kings were normally formally elected by their leading men and then crowned soon after their accession, but there is no record of Edgar being crowned early in his reign. The
8666:
1043:
Edgar's known laws do not specify mutilation, although IV Edgar does refer a list of punishments which does not survive. A code of Cnut specifies similar punishments, and its author,
627:
mention the division of the kingdom, and they all state that Edgar "succeeded" to the kingship of the Mercians, as if it was a normal and expected event. Manuscripts D and F of the
760:
of Wulfhild that she resisted his determined advances as she wished to become a nun, and he agreed to marry Wulfthryth, who was also being educated at Wilton. They had a daughter,
9113:
768:, implying that they recognised her legitimacy. Wulfthryth returned to Wilton Abbey with her daughter by 964 and became a nun, allowing Edgar to remarry. He employed the renowned
591:, the eldest son of Æthelstan Half-King, as an ealdorman in East Anglia. These were sound appointments of men from established families and Edgar kept them when he came to power.
943:
The charters fall into several groups. Most belong to the "diplomatic mainstream", including those produced by the scribe known as Edgar A. Scholars disagree about his location.
509:
the ideals of monastic reform. Some of Edgar's affection for monks and his determination to revive Benedictine monasticism must have been acquired in this household of his youth.
1164:, was Eadwig's second choice, but when Edgar succeeded, he dismissed Byrhthelm on the ground that he was too gentle to maintain discipline and appointed Dunstan. Oswald became
669:, Archbishop of York, probably in support of a policy initiated by Eadwig of strengthening control over this area of Viking settlement by granting land in it to the archbishop.
8626:
8526:
7660:
8576:
8144:
8094:
6705:
6186:
6126:
5360:
603:(described by Keynes as "magisterial and massively authoritative"), comments that "it can at least be said for King Eadwig that he agreed to the promotion of good servants".
8194:
7710:
382:, who almost immediately lost control of the north to the Vikings, but recovered full control of England by 944. In May 946, he was stabbed to death trying to protect his
860:
and Edgar north of it. Historians disagree whether this was the result of a revolt by Edgar's supporters against Eadwig's incompetent rule or had been previously agreed.
486:
in Huntingdonshire in gratitude. Æthelstan was a strong supporter of the Benedictine reform movement, which became dominant during Edgar's reign, and the historian
1709:
Ealdorman was the second rank of the lay aristocracy below the king. They governed large areas as the king's local representatives and led local levies in battle.
7878:
Trousdale, Alaric (2013). "Being Everywhere at Once: Delegation and Royal Authority in Late Anglo-Saxon England". In Owen-Crocker, Gale; Schneider, Brian (eds.).
1225:
service of the Saviour Christ. In some places also he established nuns and entrusted them to his consort, Ælfthryth, that she might help them in every necessity.
1187:(vicar of Christ). One of the main justifications for the king's involvement was that the canons' sinful nature meant that their prayers for him were worthless.
1053:
held up Edgar's legislation as the precedent to be followed, and declared in a proclamation of 1020 that everyone should "steadfastly observe the law of Edgar."
808:
succession, or was ordered by Bishop Æthelwold, who was a friend and ally of Ælfthryth. She was consecrated as queen in 973 and thereafter attested charters as
7840:
Thacker, Alan (1992). "Cults at Canterbury: Relics and Reform under Dunstan and his Successors". In Ramsay, Nigel; Sparks, Margaret; Tatton-Brown, Tim (eds.).
944:
733:
argues that Edgar must have married Æthelflæd because Dunstan backed her son's succession to the throne, and he would not have supported an illegitimate son.
1152:
and Æthelwold. Oda had died in 958, and Eadwig's choice of successor as Archbishop of Canterbury, Ælfsige, froze to death in the Alps on the way to get his
9106:
1181:
referred to the cleansing of the church by the driving out of the canons and recorded the grant of the New Minster to Christ by Edgar, who is described as
7196:. Medieval European Coinage: with a Catalogue of the Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Vol. 8. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
940:(introductions), and in the sanctions against anyone defying the provisions of the charter, the political and legal protocols follow a stable tradition.
5258:
1234:
of gold and a silver cup worth five pounds to renew privileges of Winchester Old Minster, granted by Edward the Elder, in relation to a large estate at
1209:
monastic usage ... lest differing ways of observing the customs of one Rule and one country ahould bring their holy conversation into disrepute". The
1576:
Some historians see the meeting as a parley between equals. The Chester meeting may have been a conference of kings following the English attacks on
7167:
Naismith, Rory (2014b). "Prelude to Reform: Tenth-Century English Coinage in Perspective". In Naismith, Rory; Allen, Martin; Screen, Elina (eds.).
1285:, but Wormald comments that "England was the only place in post-Carolingian Europe where monastic uniformity was a matter of political principle".
1128:
of 966, the only illuminated charter and the only manuscript written entirely in gold to survive from Anglo-Saxon England. Edgar is flanked by the
1083:
9099:
7897:
Whitelock, Dorothy (1959). "The Dealings of the Kings of England with Northumbria in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries". In Clemoes, Peter (ed.).
845:
383:
367:, who was Æthelred's widow, conquered Viking-ruled eastern Mercia and East Anglia. Æthelflæd died in 918 and the Mercians installed her daughter
281:, but they disagree about his political legacy, and some see the disorders following his death as a natural reaction to his overbearing control.
3869:
1863:
In a sample of around thirty academic works on the period, none of them gave him the byname "Peaceful" in the index, and only one "Peaceable".
1342:. The three leading reformers were strongly influenced by Continental scholarship and welcomed learned foreign clerics, such as Lantfred from
253:
previous decentralised system. He also issued legislative codes which mainly concentrated on improving procedures for enforcement of the law.
9901:
1466:
say "Edmund's son, bold in battle, had spent 29 years in the world when this came about, and then in the thirtieth was consecrated king.";
6770:
Keynes, Simon (2013). "Church Councils, Royal Assemblies and Anglo-Saxon Royal Diplomas". In Owen-Crocker, Gale; Schneider, Brian (eds.).
1678:
is in prose, but three tenth-century kings are the subjects of panegyric poems. Two are about specific events, Æthelstan's victory at the
7449:
Property and Piety in Early Medieval Winchester: Documents Relating to the Topography of the Anglo-Saxon and Norman City and its Minster
4320:
8826:
830:
minority of her son Æthelred. She was later accused of being responsible for the murder of Edward the Martyr to make her own son king.
3638:
1249:
and Wulfstan, both writing in the late 990s. The reformers gave Edgar a status which was almost theocratic, and he is compared in the
1202:(Rule of Saint Benedict) from Latin into English to assist the religious instruction of the laity, and the translation survives. The
475:
8600:
8493:
7634:
6283:
Insley, Charles (2012). "Charters, Ritual and Late Tenth-Century Kingship". In Nelson, Janet; Reynolds, Susan; Johns, Susan (eds.).
1854:
comments on the poem commemorating Edgar's death that it is "of a quality to make one glad that the chroniclers mainly used prose".
8550:
8118:
8068:
6672:
6153:
6100:
5334:
5051:
1288:
Like other kings, Edgar was generous in his donations to churches. In 970 Æthelwold re-founded the community of secular priests at
8168:
7684:
4845:
445:
of the last two years of his reign were produced by an agency associated with Glastonbury Abbey, and almost all of these were not
429:
of East Anglia, who was known as the Half-King because it was believed that kings depended on his advice. Another key adviser was
5716:
Coatsworth, Elizabeth (1988). "Late Pre-Conquest Sculptures with the Crucifixion South of the Humber". In Yorke, Barbara (ed.).
1372:
conducted raids on Northumbria in the early 970s. In the late 960s, there was dissension between the princes of the north Welsh
9896:
9886:
1275:, whose kingship derived directly from God". The reform was the English branch of a European movement, and monasteries in post-
1666:
barbarian states within England itself. His part in history was to maintain the peace established in England by earlier kings.
870:
588:
9881:
8717:
8698:
8620:
8570:
8520:
8461:
8442:
8420:
8398:
8379:
8357:
8338:
8313:
8291:
8272:
8188:
8138:
8088:
8057:
8038:
7977:
7955:
7929:
7887:
7868:
7849:
7830:
7808:
7786:
7764:
7742:
7704:
7654:
7623:
7601:
7554:
7535:
7513:
7494:
7475:
7456:
7437:
7381:
7362:
7343:
7324:
7305:
7286:
7267:
7248:
7226:
7201:
7176:
7157:
7138:
7112:
7056:
7037:
6978:
6959:
6940:
6921:
6902:
6883:
6864:
6845:
6823:
6801:
6779:
6760:
6741:
6699:
6661:
6642:
6611:
6584:
6518:
6499:
6480:
6458:
6439:
6420:
6398:
6379:
6360:
6300:
6256:
6237:
6218:
6180:
6120:
6089:
6030:
6005:
5986:
5967:
5888:
5866:
5823:
5804:
5782:
5763:
5744:
5725:
5700:
5538:
5499:
5477:
5451:
5429:
5354:
5320:
1297:, a Benedictine nunnery which was founded or refounded in 967, and his son Edmund was buried there. Edgar also supported the
6389:
Karkov, Catherine (2008). "The frontispiece to the New Minster Charter and the King's Two Bodies". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).
5676:
5652:
5628:
5604:
5580:
5556:
919:
240:
Edgar mainly followed the political policies of his predecessors, but there were major changes in the religious sphere. The
8744:
364:
257:
1589:"Precisely what happened at Chester has been irretrievably obscured by the embellishments of twelfth-century historians".
1350:
states that Edgar's reign "produced some of the highest achievements in painting and sculpture ever seen in England". The
611:
In 957, the kingdom of England was divided between Eadwig, who kept Wessex, and Edgar who became king of Mercia, with the
1553:
of Gwynedd, and two who are otherwise unknown, Siferth, who may have been a Viking, and Iuchil, perhaps a version of the
474:, who died around 950, was a vowess (religious woman), who was also a benefactor of the nunnery. Edgar was brought up by
1534:
9026:
2726:
1429:
7485:
Ryan, Martin J. (2013). "Conquest, Reform and the Making of England". In Higham, Nicholas J.; Ryan, Martin J. (eds.).
8758:
8708:
Yorke, Barbara (2013). "The Burial of Kings in Anglo-Saxon England". In Owen-Crocker, Gale; Schneider, Brian (eds.).
1581:
1066:
referred to the "holy laws" of "the most glorious king Edgar", although there is no evidence that he knew the codes.
839:
9006:
1687:
Christ. After the troubles of the reigns of Edgar's sons, his rule came to be seen as a golden age, but his byname,
1351:
356:
8749:
6617:
790:
1624:
although there is no evidence that he was revered as a saint earlier than the mid-eleventh century. The historian
8301:
7126:
1364:
Thored, son of Gunnar, ravaged Westmorland, perhaps as part of English resistance to the southward expansion of
562:
8819:
7733:
Stafford, Pauline (2014). "Ealdorman". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
7504:
Salvador-Bello, Mercedes (2008). "The Edgar Panegyrics in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).
1577:
1322:
works by Oswald are known, but Æthelwold and Dunstan were outstanding scholars. Æthelwold's translation of the
8370:(1988). "Æthelwold and his Continental Counterparts: Contact, Comparison, Contrast". In Yorke, Barbara (ed.).
7466:
Rumble, Alexander (2008). "The Laity and the Monastic Reform in the Reign of Edgar". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).
450:
not to face the threat of imminent foreign invasion, and England remained free from Viking attacks until 980.
5250:
410:
1772:
Edgar's charters are listed with comments in Keynes's "A Conspectus of the Charters of King Edgar 957–975".
1637:
of 8 July. Two of his children, Edith and Edward, were widely revered as saints shortly after their deaths.
1263:
also praised Edgar; he urged obedience to monarchy, which he regarded as divinely instituted. The historian
1245:
Edgar's support for the reformers earned him extravagant praise in the works of Benedictine authors such as
1074:
620:
on the ground that they were too closely related, but Edgar was on good terms with her when he became king.
9773:
9736:
7547:
The Anglo-Saxon Chancery: The History, Language and Production of Anglo-Saxon Charters from Alfred to Edgar
5465:
1683:
817:
Unlike Edgar's earlier consorts, Ælfthryth became politically influential, and Edgar appointed her father,
3192:
800:
133:
9498:
8750:
The Laws of King Edgar, Medieval Sourcebook: The Anglo-Saxon Dooms, 560–975, Fordham University, New York
7148:
Naismith, Rory (2014a). "Money". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
5487:
1525:
as a symbol of their submission. Unlike earlier sources, they name the kings, and the historian of Wales
1157:
730:
446:
9487:
7028:
Miller, Sean (2014a). "Eadwig". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
848:
from attack by an outlaw, and because his children were infants he was succeeded by his younger brother
617:
441:. Eadred suffered from ill health, which became much worse towards the end of his reign. Most surviving
9783:
9461:
9429:
8835:
7594:
Unification and Conquest. A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries
7066:
Molyneaux, George (2011). "Why were some Tenth Century English Kings Presented as Rulers of Britain?".
7047:
Miller, Sean (2014b). "Edgar". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
6931:
Lewis, C. P. (2008). "Edgar, Chester and the Kingdom of the Mercians, 957–9". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).
1136:, and he is offering the charter to Christ, who sits enthroned above, surrounded by four winged angels.
241:
8754:
8740:
6751:
Keynes, Simon (2008b). "A Conspectus of the Charters of King Edgar 957–975". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).
1267:
observes that: "From the very beginning of his reign Edgar had been portrayed as an able and powerful
527:
394:
became king. Like Edmund, Eadred inherited the kingship of the whole of England and soon lost it when
245:
9778:
9573:
9518:
9126:
8812:
977:
682:
596:
6635:
An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England by Peter Hunter Blair with a New Introduction by Simon Keynes
658:
459:
371:
as the second Lady of the Mercians, but Edward seized her and established full control over Mercia.
234:
199:
9891:
9579:
9568:
9274:
9130:
9122:
8976:
8352:. Anglo-Saxon Charters. Vol. 16. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for the British Academy.
8217:
7987:
7943:
6453:. Anglo-Saxon Charters. Vol. 14. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for the British Academy.
5461:
1650:
1419:
displayed the rage of a savage lion against his enemies, neighbouring kings and princes feared him.
438:
398:(southern Northumbria) accepted a Viking king, but he recovered it when the York magnates expelled
290:
270:
7798:
Tenth Century Studies: Essays in Commemoration of the Millennium of the Council of Winchester and
6434:. Anglo-Saxon Charters. Vol. 7. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for the British Academy.
6415:. Anglo-Saxon Charters. Vol. 5. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for the British Academy.
3368:
561:
Some of the hostility towards Eadwig was probably due to his promotion of his friends, especially
9548:
9543:
9528:
9503:
1298:
1239:
9210:
1563:. John of Worcester gives the fullest account, stating that the kings, who he calls underkings:
1415:
949:
765:
274:
164:
9727:
9612:
9558:
9533:
9508:
9493:
9365:
9067:
7796:
Symons, Thomas (1975). "Regularis Concordia: History and Derivation". In Parsons, David (ed.).
6310:
Jayakumar, Shashi (2001). "Some Reflections on the "Foreign Policies" of Edgar the Peaceable".
5526:
5439:
3805:
1526:
1369:
1365:
1310:
336:
9670:
8926:
4544:
2292:
1619:, flanked by two figures, probably Æthelwold and Dunstan, and all three holding the manuscript
422:
9717:
9627:
9607:
9538:
9476:
9466:
9456:
9335:
9330:
9303:
9264:
9259:
9001:
8323:
Wollasch, Joachim (1999). "Monasticism: the First Wave of Reform". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.).
7899:
Anglo-Saxons: Studies in some Aspects of their History and Culture presented to Bruce Dickins
4169:
1141:
776:
685:. The stained glass is original apart from Edgar's head, which was replaced with one made by
299:
9422:
9174:
8906:
6509:
Keynes, Simon (1985). "King Æthelstan's books". In Lapidge, Michael; Gneuss, Helmut (eds.).
6287:. London, UK: University of London Press: Institute of Historical Research. pp. 75–89.
9871:
9695:
9642:
9632:
9622:
9595:
9513:
9436:
9370:
9325:
9315:
9309:
9298:
9292:
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8991:
8956:
7391:
6285:
Gender and Historiography: Studies in the Earlier Middle Ages in Honour of Pauline Stafford
3634:
1679:
1044:
749:
737:
707:
699:
677:
442:
418:
128:
123:
7948:
Councils & Synods with other Documents Relating to the English Church, Part I 871–1066
1260:
8:
9876:
9722:
9675:
9617:
9553:
9350:
9340:
9320:
9286:
9091:
8961:
8786:
7965:
5833:
Fisher, D. J. V. (1952). "The Anti-Monastic Reaction in the Reign of Edward the Martyr".
3244:
1786:
1482:
1197:
1165:
1149:
1125:
882:
804:
320:
278:
222:
46:
8762:
6209:
Hollis, Stephanie (2004). "Wilton as a Centre of Learning". In Hollis, Stephanie (ed.).
5043:
2472:
9759:
9397:
9345:
9269:
8946:
8941:
8931:
8921:
8901:
7091:
6606:. Cambridge, UK: Dept. of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic, University of Cambridge, UK.
6556:
5408:
4009:
2272:
2029:
1373:
1276:
1169:
523:
348:
328:
293:
as "an enigmatic figure" because of the very limited information available on him, and
90:
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6989:
6652:
Keynes, Simon (2003b). "Ely Abbey 672–1109". In Meadows, Peter; Ramsay, Nigel (eds.).
5210:
1653:
describes Edgar's reign as "in many respects the apogee of Old English kingship", and
9392:
9205:
8996:
8981:
8916:
8911:
8796:
8713:
8694:
8616:
8566:
8516:
8480:
8457:
8438:
8433:(1988b). "Æthelwold and the Politics of the Tenth Century". In Yorke, Barbara (ed.).
8416:
8394:
8375:
8353:
8334:
8309:
8287:
8268:
8184:
8134:
8084:
8053:
8034:
8011:
7973:
7951:
7939:
7925:
7902:
7883:
7864:
7845:
7826:
7804:
7782:
7760:
7738:
7700:
7650:
7619:
7597:
7580:
7550:
7531:
7509:
7490:
7471:
7452:
7433:
7416:
7399:
7377:
7358:
7339:
7320:
7301:
7282:
7263:
7244:
7222:
7197:
7172:
7153:
7134:
7108:
7095:
7083:
7052:
7033:
6974:
6973:. Anglo-Saxon Charters. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for the British Academy.
6955:
6936:
6917:
6898:
6879:
6860:
6841:
6819:
6797:
6775:
6756:
6737:
6695:
6657:
6638:
6607:
6580:
6560:
6548:
6514:
6495:
6476:
6454:
6435:
6416:
6394:
6375:
6356:
6339:
6319:
6296:
6271:
6252:
6233:
6214:
6176:
6116:
6085:
6068:
6048:
6026:
6001:
5982:
5963:
5946:
5902:
5884:
5862:
5842:
5819:
5800:
5778:
5759:
5740:
5721:
5534:
5514:
5495:
5473:
5447:
5425:
5412:
5400:
5350:
5316:
3587:
2583:
1851:
1542:
1538:
1329:
1104:
703:
695:
463:
434:
395:
262:
151:
143:
109:
74:
9253:
8284:
William of Malmesbury: Gesta Pontificum Anglorum, The History of the English Bishops
5816:
Liber Eliensis: A History of the Isle of Ely from the Seventh Century to the Twelfth
5754:
Crick, Julia (2008). "Edgar, Albion and Insular Dominion". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).
4825:
2829:
681:
Edgar in the second tier of the Royal Window in the mid-fifteenth century chapel of
576:
9710:
9700:
9590:
9563:
9415:
9247:
9167:
9160:
8971:
8966:
8866:
8658:
8608:
8558:
8508:
8229:
8176:
8126:
8076:
8003:
7692:
7642:
7611:
7572:
7564:
7075:
6997:
6687:
6540:
6288:
6168:
6108:
5910:
5792:
5392:
5342:
1569:
1530:
1522:
1264:
826:
686:
662:
584:
530:, the future Bishop of Winchester, who converted it into a monastic establishment,
519:
462:, and he was born in 943 or 944, the year his mother died. She was a benefactor of
360:
352:
273:. Three years later Edward was murdered and succeeded by his younger half-brother,
8681:
8641:
8591:
8541:
8252:
8209:
8159:
8109:
7725:
7675:
7020:
6720:
6201:
6141:
5933:
5692:
5383:
Barrow, Julia (2001). "Chester's Earliest Regatta? Edgar's Dee-rowing Revisited".
5375:
3993:
2603:
911:
of gold, and in another he restored several confiscated estates for 120 mancuses.
856:, then became king and in 957 the kingdom was divided, Eadwig ruling south of the
9705:
9450:
9280:
9232:
9222:
9216:
9063:
8891:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8367:
8260:
7774:
7523:
7122:
6833:
6811:
6789:
6040:
5668:
5644:
5620:
5596:
5572:
5548:
4805:
2651:
1437:
1347:
1328:
is of the highest standard, and his New Minster Charter was written in elaborate
1161:
1006:
986:
975:
Four law codes have been attributed to Edgar, but the correct number is two. The
955:
928:
894:
761:
406:
308:
179:
156:
6990:"Edward [called Edward the Elder] (870s?–924), king of the Anglo-Saxons"
5420:
Biggs, Frederick (2008). "Edgar's Path to the Throne". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).
4877:
4636:
4201:
2960:
2009:
1120:
9803:
9690:
9647:
9601:
9386:
9011:
8936:
8886:
8851:
8612:
8512:
7646:
6408:
6292:
6149:
6060:
3276:
1625:
1609:
1550:
1443:
1407:
924:
903:
718:
711:
531:
515:
8662:
8562:
8233:
8130:
8080:
8007:
7906:
7079:
7001:
6916:. Vol. III. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 186–211.
6691:
6579:. Vol. III. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 456–484.
6544:
6492:
Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources
6232:. Vol. XIV. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for the British Academy.
6172:
6112:
6052:
5346:
2683:
2328:
2256:
1442:
for the English kingdom. Edgar and Ælfryth were consecrated king and queen at
498:(prince eligible for the throne) was profoundly influenced by his upbringing:
9865:
8689:
Yorke, Barbara (2008). "The Women in Edgar's Life". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).
8484:
8430:
8408:
8180:
8015:
7968:(2009). "Problems in doing Comparative History". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.).
7861:
William of Malmesbury: Gesta Regum Anglorum, The History of the English Kings
7818:
7752:
7696:
7584:
7420:
7403:
7131:
William of Malmesbury: Gesta Regum Anglorum, The History of the English Kings
7087:
6637:(3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. xi–xxxv.
6552:
6343:
6323:
6211:
Writing the Wilton Women: Goscelin's Legend of Edith and Liber Confortatorius
6072:
5950:
5914:
5854:
5846:
5518:
5404:
5330:
5308:
4704:
2492:
1546:
1376:, and in 967, the English under Ælfhere laid waste to it; in the early 970s,
1339:
1302:
1256:
874:
592:
487:
399:
294:
7970:
Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter
7258:
Nelson, Janet L. (1999). "Rulers and Government". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.).
5396:
5226:
4724:
9828:
9585:
8951:
7236:
6528:
6468:
6275:
4604:
3889:
1937:
1486:
1343:
1294:
1091:
769:
753:
612:
548:
30:
9180:
9044:
7576:
4368:
3706:
3045:
2766:
375:
9833:
9818:
9403:
6912:
Leonardi, Claudio (1999). "Intellectual Life". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.).
5470:
Coinage in Tenth-Century England: From Edward the Elder to Edgar's Reform
4340:
4113:
3436:
2567:
2400:
1447:
1177:
1129:
964:
780:
757:
741:
479:
478:, the wife of Æthelstan Half-King, and in about 958 Edgar gave her a ten-
332:
249:
7152:(2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 329–330.
6595:
4097:
3917:
1763:
A mancus was an amount of gold in weight, coin or value worth 30 pence.
493:
9808:
9798:
9788:
9375:
9237:
8734:
7994:: the Family, Career and Connections of Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia".
5898:
5876:
5818:. Translated by Fairweather, Janet. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press.
4664:
4041:
2916:
2416:
2372:
1246:
1082:
The only coin in common use in late Anglo-Saxon England was the silver
483:
9016:
7239:(1977). "Inauguration Rituals". In Sawyer, P. H.; Wood, I. N. (eds.).
4921:
3152:
1513:
dating to the second half of the eleventh or early twelfth centuries,
1414:
Edgar sent some wonderful gifts to the emperor, through the agency of
710:, the daughter of Ordmær. Ann Williams describes her as his wife, but
471:
414:
368:
347:, but in that year the West Saxons achieved a decisive victory at the
9823:
9793:
9380:
9355:
8804:
7243:. Leeds, UK: School of History, University of Leeds. pp. 50–71.
6792:(1988). "Æthelwold as Scholar and Teacher". In Yorke, Barbara (ed.).
6331:
4680:
4620:
4444:
2180:
1789:
in two lines. Commen horizontal types in Edgar's reign were HT (with
1654:
1634:
1594:
1554:
1289:
1268:
1191:
1010:
653:
ignorance of childhood dispersed his kingdom and divided its unity".
580:
572:
426:
9481:
7169:
Early Medieval Monetary History: Studies in Memory of Mark Blackburn
6045:
Select English Historical Documents of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
4865:
4588:
4241:
4153:
3766:
2849:
2635:
1078:
Coin of Edgar, pre-reform, Bust Crowned, moneyer Levinc, East Anglia
9813:
9754:
9360:
9185:
9082:
King of Mercia during the temporary separation of Mercia and Wessex
8861:
7737:(2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 156–157.
7489:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 284–334.
7051:(2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 163–164.
7032:(2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 155–156.
6047:(in Latin and English). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
4769:
3112:
2794:
2164:
2148:
1812:
Regularis Concordia Anglicae Nationis Monachorum Sanctimonialiumque
1630:
1377:
1270:
1133:
1100:
1026:
994:
886:
796:
movement should not be taken as evidence of high personal morals".
745:
379:
230:
189:
8286:(in Latin and English). Vol. 1. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
7133:(in Latin and English). Vol. I. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
6952:
The King's Body: Burial and Succession in Late Anglo-Saxon England
5799:(in Latin and English). Vol. 2. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
4961:
4069:
3730:
3718:
3292:
3220:
2619:
2551:
9731:
9637:
8986:
6351:
John, Eric (1982). "The Age of Edgar". In Campbell, James (ed.).
2944:
2344:
1790:
1782:
1585:
1518:
1235:
1153:
1014:
825:. She is described by Williams as "a force to be reckoned with";
752:, the daughter of a nobleman called Wulfhelm who had sent her to
698:, was not recorded until after the Norman Conquest. According to
666:
430:
266:
226:
174:
5102:
5009:
4356:
3069:
2671:
1475:
503:
491:
9523:
9471:
9195:
9190:
9076:
8856:
8779:
8333:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 163–185.
8265:
Anglo-Saxon Art from the Seventh Century to the Norman Conquest
6513:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–201.
5697:
The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters
5673:
The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters
5649:
The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters
5625:
The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters
5601:
The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters
5577:
The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters
5553:
The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters
5513:(in Latin and English). London, UK: Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd.
3264:
3128:
2865:
2815:
2813:
2073:
2045:
1838:
1598:
1334:
1231:
1063:
998:
908:
857:
853:
849:
818:
649:
466:, an establishment for nuns, and was buried and venerated as a
391:
387:
344:
340:
324:
64:
7262:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–129.
6101:"Æthelwine [Ethelwine, Æthelwine Dei Amicus] (d. 992)"
5998:
The Intellectual Foundations of the English Benedictine Reform
5739:. Toronto, Canada: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.
5198:
5150:
3886:, London, British Library, Cotton Vespasian A, viii, fol. 2v..
2444:
2428:
1828:
For Edgar's coronation, see the 'Events in 973' section below.
1817:
The Monastic Agreement of Monks and Nuns of the English Nation
9443:
8896:
8391:
The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century
8308:(in Latin and English). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
3821:
2460:
1058:
1009:, which was to have "such good laws as they best decide on".
990:
937:
822:
467:
5021:
3933:
3833:
3085:
2810:
2750:
2136:
537:
9227:
7821:(1988). "Æthelwold and Abingdon". In Yorke, Barbara (ed.).
7415:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6857:
Byrhtferth of Ramsey: The Lives of St Oswald and St Ecgwine
5775:
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, A Collaborative Edition, 6, MS D
4937:
4337:, pp. 140–141, 354–355 (Book II, 50 and Book III, 50).
3795:
3793:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3603:
3548:
3536:
3500:
3400:
3140:
2932:
1050:
1019:
852:, who ruled until his death in 955. Edgar's older brother,
783:
9121:
7260:
The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III c. 900–1024
6230:
Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources: Reg-Sal
5162:
4747:
4745:
4743:
3981:
3344:
3180:
1997:
7121:
7105:
The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century
5090:
4949:
4859:
4652:
4496:
4484:
4472:
4396:
4384:
4085:
4057:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3488:
3452:
3356:
3332:
3320:
2889:
2782:
2744:
1481:
young. According to Nicholas, a twelfth-century prior of
1406:
In 972/973, Edgar sent an embassy to the German emperor,
587:, who became ealdorman of Essex in 956. Eadwig appointed
7859:
Thomson, Rodney M.; Winterbottom, Michael, eds. (1999).
5737:
Monk-Bishops and the English Benedictine Reform Movement
5315:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
5078:
4781:
4692:
4576:
3857:
3790:
3778:
3742:
3694:
3677:
3665:
3653:
3388:
3208:
3168:
3102:
3100:
3035:
3033:
3031:
2980:
2906:
2904:
2539:
2517:
2515:
2220:
927:
in 961, written by the scribe known as Edgar A. London,
873:(Æthelwold's brother and successor), Ælfhere of Mercia,
458:
Edgar was the younger son of Edmund and his first wife,
331:
in 865. By 878, the Vikings had overrun the kingdoms of
8712:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 237–257.
8693:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 143–157.
7882:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 275–296.
7844:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 221–245.
7735:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
7508:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 252–272.
7470:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 242–251.
7396:
The Laws of the Kings of England from Edmund to Henry I
7150:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
7049:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
7030:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
6935:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 104–123.
6393:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 224–241.
6154:"Edward [St Edward; called Edward the Martyr] (
5758:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 158–170.
5720:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 161–193.
5424:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 124–139.
5313:
Lordship and Military Obligation in Anglo-Saxon England
5285:
5186:
5066:
4897:
4740:
4298:
4296:
4257:
3957:
3754:
3615:
3524:
3464:
3424:
2992:
2704:
2702:
2089:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1809:
is given in the title of Thomas Symons's 1953 edition:
374:
Edward died in 924 and was succeeded by his eldest son
229:
on his brother's death. He was the younger son of King
225:
from 959 until his death in 975. He became king of all
8710:
Kingship, Legislation and Power in Anglo-Saxon England
7880:
Kingship, Legislation and Power in Anglo-Saxon England
7298:
Kingship, Legislation and Power in Anglo-Saxon England
6796:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 89–117.
6774:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 17–182.
6772:
Kingship, Legislation and Power in Anglo-Saxon England
5979:
Forging the Kingdom: Power in English Society 973–1189
4997:
4973:
4757:
4532:
4520:
4508:
4460:
4432:
4420:
4308:
4229:
4189:
4141:
3969:
3945:
3560:
3512:
3476:
3308:
3016:
2360:
2316:
2208:
2061:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1529:
gives their probable identities: Kenneth of Scotland,
8471:
Yorke, Barbara (2003). "The Legitimacy of St Edith".
8437:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 65–88.
8415:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 10–12.
8374:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 13–42.
7825:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 43–64.
7759:(3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
7295:
6859:(in Latin and English). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
6755:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 60–80.
5273:
5174:
4985:
4909:
4793:
4564:
4408:
4281:
4269:
4217:
4129:
4029:
3412:
3198:
3097:
3028:
3004:
2901:
2714:
2512:
2244:
2196:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2101:
1029:, writing at about the time that Edgar died, stated:
7938:
7355:
Kingship and Consent in Anglo-Saxon England, 871–978
6736:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 3–58.
6656:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 3–58.
5903:"Æthelstan (Athelstan) (893/4–939), king of England"
5138:
5126:
4293:
4003:
3905:
3845:
3232:
3057:
2877:
2699:
2527:
2388:
2232:
1985:
1973:
8300:
7858:
7781:(revised paperback ed.). London, UK: Phoenix.
7296:Owen-Crocker, Gale; Schneider, Brian, eds. (2013).
5960:
Legends, Traditions and History in Medieval England
5114:
4775:
2689:
2422:
1925:
1888:
1876:
1190:Edgar and Ælfthryth granted Æthelwold an estate at
885:, the ruler of the north Northumbrian territory of
386:from attack by a convicted outlaw, and as his sons
8411:(1988a). "Introduction". In Yorke, Barbara (ed.).
6597:An Atlas of Attestations in Anglo-Saxon Charters,
6473:The Diplomas of King Æthelred the Unready 978–1016
2113:
8651:"Æthelwold (St Æthelwold, Ethelwold) (904x9–984)"
8551:"Edith [St Edith, Eadgyth] (961x4–984x7)"
8025:Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England,
7376:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
1949:
9863:
6954:. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
6213:. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 307–338.
5791:
5460:
5236:
4871:
4855:
4646:
3772:
3724:
3712:
3134:
2776:
2740:
2609:
1358:
1140:As king of Mercia in 958, Edgar granted land to
8737:at the official website of the British monarchy
8601:"Wulfhild [St Wulfhild] (d. after 996)"
8325:The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III
7901:. London, UK: Bowes and Bowes. pp. 70–88.
6878:(2nd ed.). Stroud, UK: The History Press.
5525:
4851:
4610:
3637:. Portable Antiquities Scheme. British Museum.
1961:
1558:
1517:, says that Edgar then sailed with his navy to
844:Edmund was killed in 946 trying to protect his
7567:(1981). "The King's Wife in Wessex 800–1066".
7503:
7468:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations
6933:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations
6753:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations
6734:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations
6511:Learning and Literature in Anglo-Saxon England
6490:Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1983).
6391:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations
5422:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations
5216:
9107:
8820:
8050:Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King
7972:. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 5–28.
7863:. Vol. II. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
7618:(paperback ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
7398:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
7357:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
7338:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
7221:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6489:
6475:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6338:. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press.
6067:. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press.
6000:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
5981:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
5861:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
5494:. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press.
5492:The Early History of the Church of Canterbury
1943:
606:
327:raids, culminating in invasion by the Viking
8281:
8222:"Edgar (called Edgar Pacificus) (943/4–975)"
7068:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
5038:
5036:
2871:
297:describes his personality as "elusive". The
9674:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
7171:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 39–83.
6017:The Northern Danelaw: Its Social Structure
5813:
4334:
4211:
3814:, pp. 260, 728–729 (coins 1764–1770);
1810:
1804:
1749:
1688:
1614:
1435:
1323:
1280:
1250:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1182:
1034:
809:
788:
724:
716:
566:
553:
9851:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
9114:
9100:
8827:
8813:
8761:
8456:. London, UK: Leicester University Press.
8435:Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence
8413:Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence
8372:Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence
7823:Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence
7803:. London, UK: Phillimore. pp. 37–59.
7528:Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000
6794:Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence
6372:The Ruler Portraits of Anglo-Saxon England
6265:
6025:. London, UK: Leicester University Press.
5945:. Vol. 1. London, UK: Henry G. Bohn.
5718:Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence
5715:
5691:
4346:
2677:
2286:
29:
8166:
8116:
8066:
7913:
7896:
7877:
7682:
7632:
7410:
7390:
7319:. Stroud, UK: Tempus Publishing Limited.
7276:
7166:
7147:
7102:
7065:
6949:
6309:
5667:
5643:
5619:
5595:
5571:
5547:
5220:
5204:
5156:
5033:
5015:
4967:
4943:
4839:
4831:
4815:
4734:
4698:
4674:
4658:
4630:
4582:
4558:
4183:
4179:
4123:
4091:
4023:
3899:
3883:
3863:
3839:
3827:
3597:
3581:
3506:
3494:
3458:
3446:
3382:
3378:
3202:
3201:, pp. vi, 89 (figure 1.8), 175–176;
3186:
3174:
3091:
3051:
2970:
2954:
2910:
2843:
2665:
2561:
2478:
2338:
2310:
2278:
2262:
2051:
2015:
1991:
1979:
1384:boasted of the strength of Edgar's navy.
1346:, to their households. The art historian
748:, Edgar wished to marry her cousin Saint
740:. According to the late eleventh century
538:Edgar in Eadwig's early reign, 955 to 957
38:Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England
8322:
8216:
8047:
8033:. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd.
8022:
7986:
7916:English Historical Documents, Volume 1,
7732:
7610:
7591:
7563:
7430:Saints and Relics in Anglo-Saxon England
7427:
7210:
7185:
6911:
6246:
5957:
5883:. Vol. II. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
5508:
5335:"Byrhtnoth [Brihtnoth] (d. 991)"
5232:
5192:
5108:
5027:
4931:
4903:
4891:
4835:
4811:
4710:
4670:
4642:
4626:
4614:
4598:
4594:
4454:
4374:
4263:
4159:
3923:
3811:
3799:
3784:
3760:
3748:
3736:
3700:
3688:
3671:
3659:
3394:
3146:
2974:
2966:
2950:
2938:
2756:
2736:
2720:
2645:
2629:
2625:
2613:
2498:
2454:
2410:
2334:
2322:
2298:
2214:
2079:
2023:
2003:
1919:
1608:
1454:implies that it was a first coronation.
1172:in 971 without relinquishing Worcester.
1119:
1073:
918:
676:
672:
8655:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
8605:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
8555:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
8505:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
8388:
8366:
8347:
8226:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
8173:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
8123:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
8073:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
7964:
7950:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
7924:(2nd ed.). London, UK: Routledge.
7839:
7817:
7773:
7751:
7689:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
7639:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
7336:The Royal Saints of Anglo-Saxon England
7333:
7107:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
7046:
7027:
6994:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6971:Charters of the New Minster, Winchester
6873:
6854:
6840:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
6832:
6810:
6788:
6750:
6727:
6684:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6651:
6633:Keynes, Simon (2003a). "Introduction".
6632:
6227:
6165:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6105:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5995:
5907:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5853:
5533:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
5472:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
5446:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
5339:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5291:
5096:
5072:
4860:Mynors, Thomson & Winterbottom 1998
4763:
4751:
4686:
4514:
4502:
4490:
4466:
4450:
4438:
4414:
4390:
4378:
4362:
4326:
4314:
4251:
4051:
4047:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3621:
3609:
3593:
3554:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3470:
3430:
3406:
3374:
3362:
3338:
3326:
3314:
3302:
3270:
3158:
3122:
3118:
3106:
3022:
2745:Mynors, Thomson & Winterbottom 1998
2661:
2657:
2641:
2597:
2577:
2533:
2466:
2406:
2382:
2378:
2366:
2350:
2306:
2250:
2202:
2158:
2154:
2142:
2107:
2067:
2019:
1380:was twice attacked by the Vikings. The
1176:in 963, Æthelwold converted the city's
756:to be educated. Goscelin stated in his
706:and William of Malmesbury that she was
9864:
8834:
8648:
8598:
8548:
8491:
8429:
8407:
8393:. Vol. 1. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
8259:
7795:
7465:
7446:
7257:
7235:
7008:from the original on 25 September 2019
6987:
6968:
6892:
6769:
6670:
6593:
6567:
6527:
6508:
6467:
6388:
6369:
6282:
6208:
6039:
6014:
5943:Roger of Wendover's Flowers of History
5832:
5772:
5734:
5679:from the original on 29 September 2022
5486:
5382:
5168:
5084:
5003:
4979:
4887:
4819:
4787:
4718:
4554:
4550:
4538:
4526:
4426:
4330:
4287:
4275:
4247:
4235:
4223:
4207:
4195:
4175:
4147:
4135:
4107:
4103:
4079:
4075:
4063:
4035:
4019:
4015:
3999:
3879:
3875:
3569:
3482:
3442:
3350:
3298:
3282:
3250:
3238:
3214:
3039:
3010:
2998:
2926:
2839:
2835:
2823:
2819:
2804:
2800:
2788:
2589:
2573:
2557:
2521:
2506:
2502:
2486:
2450:
2438:
2434:
2302:
2282:
2266:
2186:
2170:
2130:
2055:
2039:
2035:
1955:
1604:
1434:Naismith describes the year 973 as an
35:Edgar in the early fourteenth-century
9095:
8808:
8707:
8688:
8579:from the original on 2 September 2022
8470:
8451:
8197:from the original on 16 November 2022
8147:from the original on 8 September 2021
8097:from the original on 25 November 2021
7663:from the original on 16 November 2022
7549:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press.
7544:
7522:
7371:
7352:
7300:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press.
6930:
6448:
6429:
6407:
6374:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press.
6189:from the original on 10 November 2021
6129:from the original on 23 February 2022
6065:The Early Charters of Eastern England
5976:
5940:
5753:
5699:. London, UK: King's College London.
5675:. London, UK: King's College London.
5651:. London, UK: King's College London.
5627:. London, UK: King's College London.
5603:. London, UK: King's College London.
5583:from the original on 16 November 2022
5579:. London, UK: King's College London.
5559:from the original on 16 November 2022
5555:. London, UK: King's College London.
5438:
5419:
5363:from the original on 18 November 2022
5329:
5307:
5279:
5248:
5180:
5132:
5120:
4991:
4955:
4927:
4915:
4883:
4799:
4714:
4478:
4402:
4163:
4119:
3987:
3927:
3911:
3895:
3851:
3815:
3418:
3286:
3258:
3254:
3226:
3162:
3075:
3063:
2986:
2922:
2895:
2883:
2859:
2855:
2732:
2708:
2593:
2545:
2482:
2394:
2354:
2238:
2226:
2190:
2083:
1931:
1882:
1841:who became ealdorman of York by 979.
1025:The late tenth-century hagiographer,
639:), date the division to 955, whereas
8745:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
8629:from the original on 13 October 2022
8240:from the original on 22 January 2020
8052:. London, UK: Hambledon and London.
7842:St Dunstan: His Life, Times and Cult
7484:
7279:The English Church and the Continent
6531:(1994). "The 'Dunstan B' Charters".
6350:
6330:
6148:
6098:
6079:
6059:
5897:
5875:
5261:from the original on 8 February 2023
5144:
4730:
4350:
4302:
4214:, pp. 103–104 (Book II, 7)
3079:
2772:
2760:
2693:
2174:
2095:
1967:
1682:in 937 and Edmund's recovery of the
1423:
390:and Edgar were infants, their uncle
289:Edgar is described by the historian
9902:English Christian religious leaders
8282:Winterbottom, Michael, ed. (2007).
7432:. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell Ltd.
7314:
6895:Cnut: England's Viking King 1016–35
6818:. London, UK: The Hambledon Press.
6268:Medieval Glass at All Souls College
6084:. London, UK: The Hambledon Press.
5962:. London, UK: The Hambledon Press.
5859:Kings and Lords in Conquest England
5703:from the original on 3 January 2023
5631:from the original on 3 January 2023
5249:Brain, Jessica (2 September 2022).
4570:
3641:from the original on 3 January 2023
1316:
1194:on condition that he translate the
871:Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia
221: – 8 July 975) was
16:King of the English from 959 to 975
13:
9025:
8691:Edgar King of the English, 595-975
7506:Edgar King of the English, 595–975
7317:Edgar, King of the English 959–975
6914:The New Cambridge Medieval History
6577:The New Cambridge Medieval History
5797:The Chronicle of John of Worcester
5756:Edgar King of the English, 595–975
4004:Whitelock, Brett & Brooke 1981
1754:, see the 'Religion' section below
1309:English church, but the historian
833:
736:Edgar's second consort was called
323:came under increasing attack from
14:
9913:
8759:National Portrait Gallery, London
8728:
8304:; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (2011).
8267:. London, UK: Thames and Hudson.
8119:"Eadred [Edred] (d. 955)"
7713:from the original on 7 March 2022
6897:. Stroud, UK: The History Press.
6876:Aethelred II: King of the English
6620:from the original on 29 July 2022
6432:Charters of Abingdon Abbey Part 1
5921:from the original on 14 June 2019
5655:from the original on 31 July 2022
5444:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society
5054:from the original on 30 July 2021
3199:Owen-Crocker & Schneider 2013
3054:, pp. 122–123, 177–179, 199.
863:
840:Government in Anglo-Saxon England
265:, was chosen with the support of
8669:from the original on 12 May 2024
8529:from the original on 3 July 2022
8494:"Wulfthryth (St Wulfthryth) (d.
7914:Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. (1979).
6568:Keynes, Simon (1999). "England,
6494:. London, UK: Penguin Classics.
5814:Fairweather, Janet, ed. (2005).
5795:; McGurk, Patrick, eds. (1995).
5607:from the original on 12 May 2024
5509:Campbell, Alistair, ed. (1962).
5242:
3627:
1857:
1844:
1831:
1822:
1797:
1775:
1766:
1395:A poem in the northern versions
1279:Europe universally followed the
9151:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
8454:Wessex in the Early Middle Ages
7451:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
7281:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
6816:Anglo-Latin Literature 900–1066
6708:from the original on 7 May 2021
6270:. London, UK: Faber and Faber.
5777:. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer.
4776:Thomson & Winterbottom 1999
2690:Thomson & Winterbottom 1999
2423:Winterbottom & Lapidge 2011
1946:, pp. 9, 12–13, 23, 37–38.
1781:Horizontal coin types have the
1757:
1742:
1733:
1712:
1703:
1501:), whereas it was rare for the
1430:King Edgar's council at Chester
365:Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians
246:Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester
9148:Monarchs of England until 1603
7411:Robertson, Agnes, ed. (1956).
6855:Lapidge, Michael, ed. (2009).
6728:Keynes, Simon (2008a). "Edgar
6451:Charters of Peterborough Abbey
5531:Wales and the Britons 350–1064
3773:Blunt, Stewart & Lyon 1989
3725:Blunt, Stewart & Lyon 1989
3713:Blunt, Stewart & Lyon 1989
2610:Blunt, Stewart & Lyon 1989
1352:Benedictional of St. Æthelwold
1259:. The contemporary theologian
1142:St Werburgh's Minster, Chester
1126:Winchester New Minster Charter
357:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians
1:
9897:10th-century Christian saints
9887:10th-century English monarchs
8495:
8326:
8306:The Early Lives of St Dunstan
8026:
7917:
7596:. London, UK: Edward Arnold.
7530:. London, UK: Edward Arnold.
7214:
7189:
6674:
6598:
6575:". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.).
6569:
6413:Charters of Shaftesbury Abbey
6355:. London, UK: Penguin Books.
6155:
6018:
4689:, pp. 102–103 and n. 39.
3229:, pp. 160, 168, 187–188.
1870:
1644:
1359:Warfare and foreign relations
993:, and anyone who did not pay
453:
411:Oda, Archbishop of Canterbury
314:
215:
9882:Burials at Glastonbury Abbey
8682:UK public library membership
8642:UK public library membership
8592:UK public library membership
8542:UK public library membership
8348:Woodman, David, ed. (2012).
8253:UK public library membership
8210:UK public library membership
8160:UK public library membership
8110:UK public library membership
7726:UK public library membership
7676:UK public library membership
7277:Ortenberg, Veronica (2002).
7021:UK public library membership
6732:". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).
6721:UK public library membership
6202:UK public library membership
6142:UK public library membership
5934:UK public library membership
5835:Cambridge Historical Journal
5376:UK public library membership
5300:
5237:Darlington & McGurk 1995
4872:Darlington & McGurk 1995
4856:Darlington & McGurk 1995
4647:Darlington & McGurk 1995
3135:Darlington & McGurk 1995
2777:Darlington & McGurk 1995
2741:Darlington & McGurk 1995
1785:'s name horizontally on the
1722:are conventionally labelled
1684:Five Boroughs of the Danelaw
1269:
563:Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia
7:
9758:British monarchs after the
8657:. Oxford University Press.
8607:. Oxford University Press.
8557:. Oxford University Press.
8507:. Oxford University Press.
8350:Charters of Northern Houses
8228:. Oxford University Press.
8175:. Oxford University Press.
8125:. Oxford University Press.
8075:. Oxford University Press.
7691:. Oxford University Press.
7683:Stafford, Pauline (2004b).
7641:. Oxford University Press.
7633:Stafford, Pauline (2004a).
6996:. Oxford University Press.
6686:. Oxford University Press.
6251:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
6167:. Oxford University Press.
6107:. Oxford University Press.
5909:. Oxford University Press.
5773:Cubbin, G. P., ed. (1996).
5735:Cooper, Tracy-Anne (2015).
5511:The Chronicle of Æthelweard
5341:. Oxford University Press.
4182:, pp. 92–95, 339–342;
1410:. According to Byrhtferth:
1115:
1045:Archbishop Wulfstan of York
1013:, the name in the northern
914:
10:
9918:
7779:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
7616:Queen Emma and Queen Edith
7592:Stafford, Pauline (1989).
7447:Rumble, Alexander (2002).
7103:Molyneaux, George (2015).
6969:Miller, Sean, ed. (2001).
6950:Marafioti, Nicole (2014).
6654:A History of Ely Cathedral
6449:Kelly, Susan, ed. (2009).
6430:Kelly, Susan, ed. (2000).
6370:Karkov, Catherine (2004).
6293:10.14296/117.9771909646469
6266:Hutchinson, F. E. (1949).
6247:Huscroft, Richard (2019).
5996:Gretsch, Mechtild (1999).
5958:Gransden, Antonia (1992).
5941:Giles, J. A., ed. (1849).
5044:"Saint Edgar the Peaceful"
4553:, pp. 32, 311 n. 21;
1509:A northern version of the
1427:
1069:
923:Charter of King Edgar for
837:
799:Edgar's third consort was
694:mother of his eldest son,
607:King of Mercia, 957 to 959
579:in Mercia in late 955 and
284:
256:England had suffered from
242:English Benedictine Reform
56:1 October 959 – 8 July 975
9846:
9769:
9753:
9749:
9686:
9669:
9665:
9142:
9138:
9058:
9037:
9023:
8842:
8793:
8784:
8776:
8771:
8389:Wormald, Patrick (1999).
8008:10.1017/S0263675100003240
7992:Princeps Merciorum Gentis
7685:"Ælfthryth (d. 999x1001)"
7080:10.1017/S0080440111000041
6545:10.1017/S026367510000452X
3898:, pp. 104–105, 122;
3739:, pp. 189, 207, 210.
3715:, pp. 157, 171, 195.
3285:, pp. 182, 190–191;
2337:, p. 148 and n. 29;
1944:Keynes & Lapidge 1983
683:All Souls College, Oxford
597:Oxford History of England
583:, the future hero of the
547:put a stop to all this."
482:(400-hectare ) estate at
195:
185:
173:
142:
116:
104:
96:
84:
80:
70:
60:
52:
45:
28:
23:
9072:Also King of East Anglia
8649:Yorke, Barbara (2004d).
8599:Yorke, Barbara (2004c).
8549:Yorke, Barbara (2004b).
8492:Yorke, Barbara (2004a).
7428:Rollason, David (1989).
7213:Early Medieval Britain,
6673:"Eadwig [Edwy] (
5468:; Lyon, Stewart (1989).
4970:, pp. 200, 212–213.
4365:, pp. 108–109, 119.
3600:, p. 251 and n. 14.
3273:, pp. 14–16, 19–20.
1696:
1370:King Kenneth of Scotland
1301:, which had the body of
1057:states that in 1018 the
931:, Cotton Augustus ii. 39
877:and Byrhtnoth of Essex.
657:contemporary chronicler
439:Archbishop of Canterbury
271:Archbishop of Canterbury
8473:Haskins Society Journal
8452:Yorke, Barbara (1995).
8167:Williams, Ann (2004c).
8117:Williams, Ann (2004b).
8069:"Edmund I (920/21–946)"
8067:Williams, Ann (2004a).
7334:Ridyard, Susan (1988).
7241:Early Medieval Kingship
7211:Naismith, Rory (2021).
7186:Naismith, Rory (2017).
6312:Haskins Society Journal
6249:Making England 796–1042
6228:Howlett, David (2011).
5793:Darlington, Reginald R.
5527:Charles-Edwards, Thomas
5397:10.1111/1468-0254.00080
5111:, pp. 11, 149–150.
2042:, table XXXIa (6 of 6).
1559:
1476:
1299:Old Minster, Winchester
595:, in his volume in the
504:
492:
343:, and nearly conquered
100:8 July 975 (aged 31/32)
9031:
8613:10.1093/ref:odnb/49417
8513:10.1093/ref:odnb/49423
8048:Williams, Ann (2003).
8023:Williams, Ann (1999).
7647:10.1093/ref:odnb/52307
7125:; Thomson, Rodney M.;
6893:Lawson, M. K. (2011).
6874:Lavelle, Ryan (2008).
6838:The Cult of St Swithun
6671:Keynes, Simon (2004).
6594:Keynes, Simon (2002).
5977:Green, Judith (2017).
3257:, pp. cxv–cxxxi;
2680:, pp. 37, 49, 53.
2469:, pp. xxi–xxviii.
1811:
1805:
1750:
1689:
1620:
1615:
1527:Thomas Charles-Edwards
1436:
1324:
1281:
1251:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1183:
1137:
1079:
1035:
1027:Lantfred of Winchester
970:
932:
810:
789:
725:
717:
690:
665:in Nottinghamshire to
567:
554:
319:In the ninth century,
200:Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
9029:
8663:10.1093/ref:odnb/8920
8563:10.1093/ref:odnb/8482
8302:Winterbottom, Michael
8234:10.1093/ref:odnb/8463
8131:10.1093/ref:odnb/8510
8081:10.1093/ref:odnb/8501
7487:The Anglo-Saxon World
7127:Winterbottom, Michael
7002:10.1093/ref:odnb/8514
6988:Miller, Sean (2011).
6692:10.1093/ref:odnb/8572
6173:10.1093/ref:odnb/8515
6113:10.1093/ref:odnb/8919
6015:Hadley, Dawn (2000).
5385:Early Medieval Europe
5347:10.1093/ref:odnb/3429
5018:, p. 190 n. 112.
3377:, pp. 313, 378;
2592:, p. 69 n. 135;
2145:, pp. 43, 51–52.
1837:He may have been the
1803:The full name of the
1794:often crudely drawn.
1720:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1676:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1612:
1491:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1474:describe him as "the
1452:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1382:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1123:
1077:
922:
838:Further information:
777:William of Malmesbury
680:
673:Consorts and children
629:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
625:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
623:Four versions of the
300:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
9728:William III & II
9293:Henry the Young King
9243:Edward the Confessor
9211:Æthelred the Unready
9030:Offa (757–796)
8501:), abbess of Wilton"
8181:10.1093/ref:odnb/182
7697:10.1093/ref:odnb/194
7413:Anglo-Saxon Charters
7374:Æthelred the Unready
7372:Roach, Levi (2016).
7353:Roach, Levi (2013).
7188:Britain and Ireland
6099:Hart, Cyril (2005).
6080:Hart, Cyril (1992).
5915:10.1093/ref:odnb/833
5251:"Edgar the Peaceful"
5219:, pp. 252–254;
5159:, pp. 182, 193.
4858:, pp. 423–425;
4854:, pp. 543–544;
4852:Charles-Edwards 2013
4733:, pp. 278–279;
4611:Charles-Edwards 2013
4210:, pp. 263–264;
4022:, pp. 234–235;
3990:, pp. 342, 351.
3942:, pp. 365, 367.
3926:, pp. 173–174;
3878:, pp. 95, 105;
3596:, pp. 129–130;
3445:, pp. 480–481;
3381:, pp. 431–437;
3161:, pp. 562–563;
3078:, pp. 149–150;
2925:, pp. 147–149;
2898:, pp. 148, 157.
2838:, pp. 32, 311;
2692:, pp. 139–140;
2612:, pp. 278–280;
2576:, pp. 478–479;
2485:, pp. 129–131;
2481:, pp. 224–225;
2425:, pp. xiii, 75.
2409:, pp. 155–156;
2381:, pp. 364–365;
2189:, pp. 476–477;
2038:, pp. 185–186;
1680:Battle of Brunanburh
1124:Frontispiece of the
985:The legal historian
700:Osbern of Canterbury
490:comments that Edgar
435:Abbot of Glastonbury
419:Bishop of Winchester
275:Æthelred the Unready
165:Æthelred the Unready
9676:Union of the Crowns
8787:King of the English
7996:Anglo-Saxon England
7944:Brooke, Christopher
7800:Regularis Concordia
7757:Anglo-Saxon England
7577:10.1093/past/91.1.3
7545:Snook, Ben (2015).
7315:Rex, Peter (2007).
7123:Mynors, Roger A. B.
6533:Anglo-Saxon England
5223:, pp. 225–228.
5217:Salvador-Bello 2008
5207:, p. 228 n. 2.
5171:, pp. 482–483.
5050:. 14 January 2022.
5048:CatholicSaints.Info
5030:, pp. 140–141.
4958:, pp. 161–165.
4874:, pp. 423–425.
4862:, pp. 239–241.
4737:, pp. 227–228.
4649:, pp. 425–427.
4481:, pp. 166–167.
4405:, pp. 351–352.
4381:, pp. 492–497.
4353:, pp. 151–152.
4126:, pp. 921–922.
4018:, pp. 95–111;
4006:, pp. 109–113.
3830:, pp. 116–117.
3775:, pp. 236–237.
3612:, pp. 131–132.
3557:, pp. 126–127.
3545:, pp. 125–126.
3409:, pp. 316–317.
3353:, pp. 175–179.
3289:, pp. 161–162.
3261:, pp. 169–170.
3149:, pp. 161–162.
3094:, pp. 181–182.
2989:, pp. 146–147.
2941:, pp. 164–165.
2874:, pp. 299–301.
2862:, pp. 108–109.
2807:, pp. 318–319.
2791:, pp. 249–250.
2548:, pp. 124–125.
2229:, pp. 154–155.
2177:, pp. 159–160.
2098:, pp. 231–232.
2006:, pp. 156–157.
1806:Regularis Concordia
1751:Regularis Concordia
1718:Manuscripts of the
1616:Regularis Concordia
1605:Death and aftermath
1325:Regula S. Benedicti
1282:Regula S. Benedicti
1252:Regularis Concordia
1212:Regularis Concordia
1205:Regularis Concordia
1198:Regula S. Benedicti
1166:bishop of Worcester
805:New Minster Charter
791:Regularis Concordia
601:Anglo-Saxon England
321:Anglo-Saxon England
279:Anglo-Saxon culture
233:and his first wife
223:King of the English
47:King of the English
9760:Acts of Union 1707
9723:James II & VII
9416:Kenneth I MacAlpin
9201:Edgar the Peaceful
9032:
8836:Monarchs of Mercia
8755:Portraits of Edgar
8169:"Ælfhere (d. 983)"
7940:Whitelock, Dorothy
5462:Blunt, Christopher
4930:, pp. 52–53;
4890:, pp. 81–93;
4557:, pp. 86–87;
4329:, pp. 17–23;
4106:, pp. 40–42;
3842:, pp. 80, 82.
3635:"Record SF-2E735D"
3253:, pp. 70–79;
3217:, pp. 69, 76.
2644:, pp. 29–30;
2353:, pp. 30–31;
2285:, pp. 66–68;
2281:, pp. 70–71;
2269:, 13, table XXXIb.
1674:Almost all of the
1621:
1374:Kingdom of Gwynedd
1355:of Wilton church.
1170:archbishop of York
1138:
1080:
1018:appointed in each
933:
821:, as ealdorman of
691:
470:there. Her mother
349:Battle of Edington
329:Great Heathen Army
9859:
9858:
9842:
9841:
9745:
9744:
9661:
9660:
9656:
9655:
9206:Edward the Martyr
9089:
9088:
8843:Kingdom of Mercia
8803:
8802:
8797:Edward the Martyr
8794:Succeeded by
8719:978-1-84383-877-7
8700:978-1-84383-928-6
8680:(subscription or
8640:(subscription or
8622:978-0-19-861412-8
8590:(subscription or
8572:978-0-19-861412-8
8540:(subscription or
8522:978-0-19-861412-8
8463:978-0-7185-1856-1
8444:978-0-85115-705-4
8422:978-0-85115-705-4
8400:978-0-631-13496-1
8381:978-0-85115-705-4
8359:978-0-19-726529-1
8340:978-0-521-36447-8
8315:978-0-19-960504-0
8293:978-0-19-820770-2
8274:978-0-500-23392-4
8251:(subscription or
8208:(subscription or
8190:978-0-19-861412-8
8158:(subscription or
8140:978-0-19-861412-8
8108:(subscription or
8090:978-0-19-861412-8
8059:978-1-85285-382-2
8040:978-0-312-22090-7
7979:978-2-503-52359-0
7957:978-0-19-822394-8
7942:; Brett, Martin;
7931:978-0-415-14366-0
7889:978-1-84383-877-7
7870:978-0-19-820682-8
7851:978-0-85115-301-8
7832:978-0-85115-705-4
7810:978-0-85033-179-0
7788:978-1-84212-003-3
7766:978-0-19-280139-5
7744:978-0-470-65632-7
7724:(subscription or
7706:978-0-19-861412-8
7674:(subscription or
7656:978-0-19-861412-8
7625:978-0-631-16679-5
7612:Stafford, Pauline
7603:978-0-7131-6532-6
7565:Stafford, Pauline
7556:978-1-78327-006-4
7537:978-0-7131-6305-6
7515:978-1-84383-928-6
7496:978-0-300-12534-4
7477:978-1-84383-399-4
7458:978-0-19-813413-8
7439:978-0-631-16506-4
7383:978-0-300-22972-1
7364:978-1-107-03653-6
7345:978-0-521-30772-7
7326:978-0-7524-4124-5
7307:978-1-84383-877-7
7288:978-0-19-820159-5
7269:978-0-521-36447-8
7250:978-0-906200-00-1
7228:978-1-108-44025-7
7203:978-0-521-26016-9
7178:978-0-367-59999-7
7159:978-0-470-65632-7
7140:978-0-19-820678-1
7114:978-0-19-871791-1
7058:978-0-470-65632-7
7039:978-0-470-65632-7
7019:(subscription or
6980:978-0-19-726223-8
6961:978-1-4426-4758-9
6942:978-1-84383-399-4
6923:978-0-521-36447-8
6904:978-0-7524-6069-7
6885:978-0-7524-4678-3
6866:978-0-19-955078-4
6847:978-0-19-813183-0
6825:978-1-85285-012-8
6803:978-0-85115-705-4
6781:978-1-84383-877-7
6762:978-1-84383-399-4
6743:978-1-84383-399-4
6719:(subscription or
6701:978-0-19-861412-8
6663:978-0-85115-945-4
6644:978-0-521-83085-0
6613:978-0-9532697-6-1
6586:978-0-521-36447-8
6520:978-0-521-25902-6
6501:978-0-14-044409-4
6482:978-0-521-02308-5
6460:978-0-19-726299-3
6441:978-0-19-726217-7
6422:978-0-19-726151-4
6400:978-1-84383-399-4
6381:978-1-84383-059-7
6362:978-0-14-014395-9
6302:978-1-905165-79-7
6258:978-1-138-18246-2
6239:978-0-19-726508-6
6220:978-2-503-51436-9
6200:(subscription or
6182:978-0-19-861412-8
6140:(subscription or
6122:978-0-19-861412-8
6091:978-1-85285-044-9
6032:978-0-7185-0014-6
6007:978-0-521-03052-6
5988:978-0-521-15829-9
5969:978-1-85285-016-6
5932:(subscription or
5890:978-0-7546-0044-2
5868:978-0-521-52694-4
5825:978-1-84383-015-3
5806:978-0-19-822261-3
5784:978-0-85991-467-3
5765:978-1-84383-928-6
5746:978-0-88844-193-5
5727:978-0-85115-705-4
5540:978-0-19-821731-2
5501:978-0-7185-1182-1
5479:978-0-19-726060-9
5453:978-0-19-921117-3
5431:978-1-84383-399-4
5374:(subscription or
5356:978-0-19-861412-8
5322:978-0-520-05794-4
5099:, pp. 52–53.
5087:, pp. 82–85.
4946:, pp. 70–71.
4790:, pp. 66–70.
4677:, pp. 26–27.
4573:, pp. 43–44.
4505:, pp. 36–39.
4493:, pp. 35–36.
4393:, pp. 52–53.
4110:, p. 48 n.3.
4066:, p. 1 n. 3.
4054:, pp. 34–35.
3727:, pp. 10–19.
3509:, pp. 48–49.
3385:, pp. 16–39.
3365:, pp. 25–26.
3341:, pp. 64–80.
3329:, pp. 60–63.
3189:, pp. 72–73.
3001:, pp. 3, 10.
2929:, pp. 93–94.
2872:Winterbottom 2007
2580:, pp. 64–65.
1852:Dorothy Whitelock
1543:King of the Isles
1424:The events of 973
1330:hermeneutic Latin
1261:Ælfric of Eynsham
1105:Roger of Wendover
978:Hundred Ordinance
954:in the 1930s and
945:Richard Drögereit
704:John of Worcester
696:Edward the Martyr
464:Shaftesbury Abbey
263:Edward the Martyr
205:
204:
152:Edward the Martyr
110:Glastonbury Abbey
75:Edward the Martyr
9909:
9751:
9750:
9711:Richard Cromwell
9701:The Protectorate
9691:James I & VI
9667:
9666:
9248:Harold Godwinson
9168:Edward the Elder
9161:Alfred the Great
9145:
9144:
9140:
9139:
9116:
9109:
9102:
9093:
9092:
9007:Æthelred II
9002:Ceolwulf II
8829:
8822:
8815:
8806:
8805:
8777:Preceded by
8769:
8768:
8765:
8723:
8704:
8685:
8678:
8676:
8674:
8645:
8638:
8636:
8634:
8595:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8545:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8500:
8497:
8488:
8467:
8448:
8426:
8404:
8385:
8368:Wormald, Patrick
8363:
8344:
8331:
8328:
8319:
8297:
8278:
8256:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8213:
8206:
8204:
8202:
8163:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8113:
8106:
8104:
8102:
8063:
8044:
8031:
8028:
8019:
7983:
7961:
7935:
7922:
7919:
7910:
7893:
7874:
7855:
7836:
7814:
7792:
7775:Swanton, Michael
7770:
7748:
7729:
7722:
7720:
7718:
7679:
7672:
7670:
7668:
7629:
7607:
7588:
7569:Past and Present
7560:
7541:
7524:Smyth, Alfred P.
7519:
7500:
7481:
7462:
7443:
7424:
7407:
7392:Robertson, Agnes
7387:
7368:
7349:
7330:
7311:
7292:
7273:
7254:
7232:
7219:
7216:
7207:
7194:
7191:
7182:
7163:
7144:
7118:
7099:
7062:
7043:
7024:
7017:
7015:
7013:
6984:
6965:
6946:
6927:
6908:
6889:
6870:
6851:
6834:Lapidge, Michael
6829:
6812:Lapidge, Michael
6807:
6790:Lapidge, Michael
6785:
6766:
6747:
6724:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6679:
6676:
6667:
6648:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6603:
6600:
6590:
6574:
6571:
6564:
6524:
6505:
6486:
6464:
6445:
6426:
6404:
6385:
6366:
6353:The Anglo-Saxons
6347:
6336:Orbis Britanniae
6327:
6306:
6279:
6262:
6243:
6224:
6205:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6160:
6157:
6145:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6095:
6076:
6056:
6041:Harmer, Florence
6036:
6023:
6020:
6011:
5992:
5973:
5954:
5937:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5894:
5872:
5850:
5829:
5810:
5788:
5769:
5750:
5731:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5693:"Charter S 1211"
5688:
5686:
5684:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5544:
5522:
5505:
5488:Brooks, Nicholas
5483:
5457:
5435:
5416:
5379:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5326:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5246:
5240:
5230:
5224:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5040:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4977:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4849:
4843:
4829:
4823:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4738:
4728:
4722:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4640:
4634:
4624:
4618:
4608:
4602:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4344:
4338:
4335:Fairweather 2005
4324:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4212:Fairweather 2005
4205:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4173:
4167:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4117:
4111:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4013:
4007:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3893:
3887:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3296:
3290:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2964:
2958:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2853:
2847:
2833:
2827:
2817:
2808:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2770:
2764:
2754:
2748:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2697:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2655:
2649:
2639:
2633:
2623:
2617:
2607:
2601:
2587:
2581:
2571:
2565:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2510:
2496:
2490:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2448:
2442:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2348:
2342:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2309:, p. 2730;
2296:
2290:
2276:
2270:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2184:
2178:
2168:
2162:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2049:
2043:
2033:
2027:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1886:
1880:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1848:
1842:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1692:
1618:
1562:
1537:of Strathclyde,
1479:
1441:
1327:
1317:Learning and art
1284:
1274:
1265:Catherine Karkov
1254:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1186:
1184:vicarius christi
1168:in 962 and then
1038:
953:
827:Pauline Stafford
813:
794:
728:
722:
687:Clayton and Bell
585:Battle of Maldon
570:
557:
507:
497:
361:Edward the Elder
353:Alfred the Great
258:Viking invasions
220:
217:
40:
33:
21:
20:
9917:
9916:
9912:
9911:
9910:
9908:
9907:
9906:
9892:House of Wessex
9862:
9861:
9860:
9855:
9838:
9765:
9741:
9706:Oliver Cromwell
9682:
9657:
9652:
9499:Constantine III
9408:
9233:Harold Harefoot
9223:Edmund Ironside
9134:
9129: and
9120:
9090:
9085:
9054:
9033:
9021:
8957:Ceolwulf I
8907:Æthelred I
8844:
8838:
8833:
8799:
8790:
8782:
8731:
8726:
8720:
8701:
8679:
8672:
8670:
8639:
8632:
8630:
8623:
8589:
8582:
8580:
8573:
8539:
8532:
8530:
8523:
8498:
8464:
8445:
8423:
8401:
8382:
8360:
8341:
8330: 900-1024
8329:
8316:
8294:
8275:
8250:
8243:
8241:
8207:
8200:
8198:
8191:
8157:
8150:
8148:
8141:
8107:
8100:
8098:
8091:
8060:
8041:
8030: 500–1066
8029:
7980:
7958:
7946:, eds. (1981).
7932:
7921: 500–1042
7920:
7890:
7871:
7852:
7833:
7811:
7789:
7777:, ed. (2000) .
7767:
7745:
7723:
7716:
7714:
7707:
7673:
7666:
7664:
7657:
7626:
7604:
7557:
7538:
7516:
7497:
7478:
7459:
7440:
7384:
7365:
7346:
7327:
7308:
7289:
7270:
7251:
7229:
7218: 500–1000
7217:
7204:
7193: 400–1066
7192:
7179:
7160:
7141:
7129:, eds. (1998).
7115:
7059:
7040:
7018:
7011:
7009:
6981:
6962:
6943:
6924:
6905:
6886:
6867:
6848:
6826:
6804:
6782:
6763:
6744:
6730:rex admirabilis
6718:
6711:
6709:
6702:
6677:
6664:
6645:
6623:
6621:
6614:
6602: 670–1066
6601:
6587:
6573: 900–1016
6572:
6521:
6502:
6483:
6461:
6442:
6423:
6401:
6382:
6363:
6303:
6259:
6240:
6221:
6199:
6192:
6190:
6183:
6158:
6139:
6132:
6130:
6123:
6092:
6033:
6022: 800–1100
6021:
6008:
5989:
5970:
5931:
5924:
5922:
5891:
5869:
5826:
5807:
5785:
5766:
5747:
5728:
5706:
5704:
5682:
5680:
5669:"Charter S 806"
5658:
5656:
5645:"Charter S 745"
5634:
5632:
5621:"Charter S 690"
5610:
5608:
5597:"Charter S 679"
5586:
5584:
5573:"Charter S 667"
5562:
5560:
5549:"Charter S 633"
5541:
5502:
5480:
5454:
5432:
5373:
5366:
5364:
5357:
5323:
5303:
5298:
5290:
5286:
5278:
5274:
5264:
5262:
5247:
5243:
5231:
5227:
5215:
5211:
5203:
5199:
5191:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5167:
5163:
5155:
5151:
5143:
5139:
5131:
5127:
5119:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5095:
5091:
5083:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5042:
5041:
5034:
5026:
5022:
5014:
5010:
5002:
4998:
4990:
4986:
4978:
4974:
4966:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4942:
4938:
4926:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4902:
4898:
4886:, p. 228;
4882:
4878:
4870:
4866:
4850:
4846:
4834:, p. 927;
4830:
4826:
4818:, p. 228;
4810:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4774:
4770:
4762:
4758:
4750:
4741:
4729:
4725:
4717:, p. 147;
4709:
4705:
4697:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4669:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4641:
4637:
4625:
4621:
4613:, p. 539;
4609:
4605:
4597:, p. 126;
4593:
4589:
4581:
4577:
4569:
4565:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4449:
4445:
4437:
4433:
4425:
4421:
4413:
4409:
4401:
4397:
4389:
4385:
4377:, p. 183;
4373:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4349:, p. 167;
4347:Coatsworth 1988
4345:
4341:
4333:, p. 115;
4325:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4274:
4270:
4262:
4258:
4254:, pp. 3–4.
4250:, p. 479;
4246:
4242:
4234:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4206:
4202:
4198:, pp. 5–6.
4194:
4190:
4174:
4170:
4162:, p. 313;
4158:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4122:, p. 352;
4118:
4114:
4102:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4078:, p. 481;
4074:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4050:, p. 101;
4046:
4042:
4034:
4030:
4014:
4010:
3998:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3922:
3918:
3910:
3906:
3894:
3890:
3882:, p. 224;
3874:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3838:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3810:
3806:
3798:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3592:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3568:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3297:
3293:
3281:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3121:, p. 539;
3117:
3113:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3038:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2965:
2961:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2858:, p. 150;
2854:
2850:
2834:
2830:
2818:
2811:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2775:, p. 586;
2771:
2767:
2755:
2751:
2743:, p. 417;
2735:, p. 144;
2731:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2700:
2688:
2684:
2678:Hutchinson 1949
2676:
2672:
2664:, p. 436;
2660:, p. 115;
2656:
2652:
2640:
2636:
2624:
2620:
2608:
2604:
2596:, p. 240;
2588:
2584:
2572:
2568:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2513:
2497:
2493:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2449:
2445:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2349:
2345:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2297:
2293:
2277:
2273:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2185:
2181:
2169:
2165:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2050:
2046:
2034:
2030:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1802:
1798:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1647:
1633:sources with a
1607:
1549:and his nephew
1438:annus mirabilis
1432:
1426:
1361:
1319:
1162:Bishop of Wells
1156:from the Pope.
1118:
1072:
1007:Kingdom of York
987:Patrick Wormald
973:
956:Pierre Chaplais
947:
929:British Library
917:
866:
842:
836:
834:King of England
779:wrote that the
731:Nicholas Brooks
708:Æthelflæd Eneda
675:
609:
540:
518:(non-monastic)
456:
317:
287:
218:
169:
157:Edith of Wilton
138:
112:
89:
41:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9915:
9905:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9874:
9857:
9856:
9854:
9853:
9847:
9844:
9843:
9840:
9839:
9837:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9770:
9767:
9766:
9764:
9763:
9747:
9746:
9743:
9742:
9740:
9739:
9734:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9714:
9713:
9708:
9698:
9693:
9687:
9684:
9683:
9681:
9680:
9663:
9662:
9659:
9658:
9654:
9653:
9651:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9602:Edward Balliol
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9462:Constantine II
9459:
9454:
9447:
9440:
9433:
9426:
9419:
9411:
9409:
9407:
9406:
9401:
9390:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9289:
9284:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9254:Edgar Ætheling
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9171:
9164:
9156:
9153:
9152:
9149:
9143:
9136:
9135:
9119:
9118:
9111:
9104:
9096:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9083:
9080:
9073:
9070:
9059:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9052:
9047:
9041:
9039:
9038:Later monarchs
9035:
9034:
9024:
9022:
9020:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8848:
8846:
8840:
8839:
8832:
8831:
8824:
8817:
8809:
8801:
8800:
8795:
8792:
8783:
8778:
8774:
8773:
8772:Regnal titles
8767:
8766:
8752:
8747:
8738:
8730:
8729:External links
8727:
8725:
8724:
8718:
8705:
8699:
8686:
8646:
8621:
8596:
8571:
8546:
8521:
8489:
8468:
8462:
8449:
8443:
8431:Yorke, Barbara
8427:
8421:
8409:Yorke, Barbara
8405:
8399:
8386:
8380:
8364:
8358:
8345:
8339:
8320:
8314:
8298:
8292:
8279:
8273:
8257:
8214:
8189:
8164:
8139:
8114:
8089:
8064:
8058:
8045:
8039:
8020:
7984:
7978:
7966:Wickham, Chris
7962:
7956:
7936:
7930:
7911:
7894:
7888:
7875:
7869:
7856:
7850:
7837:
7831:
7815:
7809:
7793:
7787:
7771:
7765:
7753:Stenton, Frank
7749:
7743:
7730:
7705:
7680:
7655:
7630:
7624:
7608:
7602:
7589:
7561:
7555:
7542:
7536:
7520:
7514:
7501:
7495:
7482:
7476:
7463:
7457:
7444:
7438:
7425:
7408:
7394:, ed. (1925).
7388:
7382:
7369:
7363:
7350:
7344:
7331:
7325:
7312:
7306:
7293:
7287:
7274:
7268:
7255:
7249:
7233:
7227:
7208:
7202:
7183:
7177:
7164:
7158:
7145:
7139:
7119:
7113:
7100:
7063:
7057:
7044:
7038:
7025:
6985:
6979:
6966:
6960:
6947:
6941:
6928:
6922:
6909:
6903:
6890:
6884:
6871:
6865:
6852:
6846:
6830:
6824:
6808:
6802:
6786:
6780:
6767:
6761:
6748:
6742:
6725:
6700:
6678: 940–959
6668:
6662:
6649:
6643:
6630:
6612:
6591:
6585:
6565:
6525:
6519:
6506:
6500:
6487:
6481:
6465:
6459:
6446:
6440:
6427:
6421:
6411:, ed. (1996).
6405:
6399:
6386:
6380:
6367:
6361:
6348:
6328:
6307:
6301:
6280:
6263:
6257:
6244:
6238:
6225:
6219:
6206:
6181:
6159: 962–978
6146:
6121:
6096:
6090:
6077:
6057:
6043:, ed. (1914).
6037:
6031:
6012:
6006:
5993:
5987:
5974:
5968:
5955:
5938:
5895:
5889:
5873:
5867:
5855:Fleming, Robin
5851:
5841:(3): 254–270.
5830:
5824:
5811:
5805:
5789:
5783:
5770:
5764:
5751:
5745:
5732:
5726:
5713:
5689:
5665:
5641:
5617:
5593:
5569:
5545:
5539:
5523:
5506:
5500:
5484:
5478:
5458:
5452:
5436:
5430:
5417:
5380:
5355:
5331:Abels, Richard
5327:
5321:
5309:Abels, Richard
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5294:, p. 163.
5284:
5282:, p. 308.
5272:
5241:
5239:, p. 417.
5225:
5221:Whitelock 1979
5209:
5205:Whitelock 1979
5197:
5185:
5183:, p. 159.
5173:
5161:
5157:Molyneaux 2015
5149:
5147:, p. 311.
5137:
5125:
5113:
5101:
5089:
5077:
5075:, p. 154.
5065:
5032:
5020:
5016:Marafioti 2014
5008:
5006:, p. 106.
4996:
4994:, p. 255.
4984:
4982:, p. 239.
4972:
4968:Molyneaux 2015
4960:
4948:
4944:Molyneaux 2011
4936:
4934:, p. 134.
4920:
4918:, p. 121.
4908:
4896:
4876:
4864:
4844:
4840:Molyneaux 2011
4832:Whitelock 1979
4824:
4816:Whitelock 1979
4804:
4802:, p. 204.
4792:
4780:
4778:, p. 141.
4768:
4756:
4754:, p. 368.
4739:
4735:Whitelock 1979
4723:
4703:
4699:Naismith 2014b
4691:
4679:
4675:Jayakumar 2001
4663:
4661:, p. 225.
4659:Whitelock 1979
4651:
4635:
4633:, p. 228.
4631:Whitelock 1979
4619:
4603:
4587:
4583:Whitelock 1959
4575:
4563:
4559:Ortenberg 2002
4543:
4541:, p. 154.
4531:
4529:, p. 153.
4519:
4507:
4495:
4483:
4471:
4459:
4457:, p. 191.
4453:, p. 31;
4443:
4431:
4429:, p. 147.
4419:
4407:
4395:
4383:
4367:
4355:
4339:
4319:
4307:
4305:, p. 160.
4292:
4280:
4268:
4256:
4240:
4238:, p. 479.
4228:
4216:
4200:
4188:
4180:Robertson 1956
4178:, p. 81;
4168:
4166:, p. 350.
4152:
4150:, p. 242.
4140:
4128:
4124:Whitelock 1979
4112:
4096:
4094:, p. 174.
4092:Molyneaux 2015
4084:
4068:
4056:
4040:
4028:
4008:
3992:
3980:
3968:
3966:, p. 367.
3956:
3944:
3932:
3930:, p. 346.
3916:
3904:
3888:
3868:
3864:Naismith 2014b
3856:
3844:
3840:Naismith 2014b
3832:
3828:Molyneaux 2015
3820:
3818:, p. 264.
3804:
3802:, p. 252.
3789:
3787:, p. 181.
3777:
3765:
3753:
3751:, p. 195.
3741:
3729:
3717:
3705:
3703:, p. 180.
3693:
3691:, p. 260.
3676:
3674:, p. 182.
3664:
3662:, p. 386.
3652:
3626:
3624:, p. 135.
3614:
3602:
3598:Whitelock 1979
3586:
3584:, p. 221.
3582:Molyneaux 2015
3574:
3572:, p. 481.
3559:
3547:
3535:
3533:, p. 317.
3523:
3511:
3507:Molyneaux 2015
3499:
3497:, p. 122.
3495:Molyneaux 2015
3487:
3485:, p. 105.
3475:
3473:, p. 318.
3463:
3461:, p. 295.
3459:Trousdale 2013
3451:
3447:Robertson 1925
3435:
3433:, p. 315.
3423:
3421:, p. 442.
3411:
3399:
3397:, p. 154.
3387:
3383:Robertson 1925
3379:Whitelock 1979
3367:
3355:
3343:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3301:, p. 97;
3291:
3275:
3263:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3191:
3187:Molyneaux 2015
3179:
3177:, p. 330.
3175:Naismith 2014a
3167:
3165:, p. 263.
3151:
3139:
3137:, p. 427.
3127:
3111:
3096:
3092:Molyneaux 2015
3084:
3068:
3066:, p. 131.
3056:
3052:Molyneaux 2015
3044:
3042:, p. 480.
3027:
3025:, p. 244.
3015:
3013:, p. 247.
3003:
2991:
2979:
2977:, p. 164.
2971:Stafford 2004b
2959:
2955:Stafford 2004b
2943:
2931:
2915:
2911:Stafford 2004b
2900:
2888:
2886:, p. 146.
2876:
2864:
2848:
2844:Ortenberg 2002
2842:, p. 86;
2828:
2809:
2793:
2781:
2779:, p. 417.
2765:
2749:
2747:, p. 261.
2725:
2713:
2711:, p. 144.
2698:
2682:
2670:
2650:
2634:
2618:
2616:, p. 207.
2602:
2600:, p. 113.
2582:
2566:
2564:, p. 920.
2562:Whitelock 1979
2550:
2538:
2526:
2524:, p. 478.
2511:
2509:, p. 478.
2505:, p. 78;
2491:
2479:Whitelock 1979
2471:
2459:
2443:
2427:
2415:
2413:, p. 234.
2399:
2397:, p. 106.
2387:
2371:
2369:, p. xxi.
2359:
2343:
2339:Williams 2004c
2327:
2315:
2305:, p. 78;
2301:, p. 48;
2291:
2287:Charter S 1211
2279:Molyneaux 2015
2271:
2263:Stafford 2004a
2255:
2243:
2241:, p. 155.
2231:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2193:, p. 106.
2179:
2173:, p. 80;
2163:
2161:, p. 239.
2157:, p. 98;
2147:
2135:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2072:
2070:, p. 364.
2060:
2052:Williams 2004b
2044:
2028:
2022:, p. 85;
2016:Williams 2004b
2008:
1996:
1992:Williams 2004b
1984:
1980:Williams 2004a
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1934:, p. 143.
1924:
1887:
1885:, p. 582.
1874:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1850:The historian
1843:
1830:
1821:
1796:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1741:
1732:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1668:
1667:
1649:The historian
1646:
1643:
1626:David Rollason
1606:
1603:
1574:
1573:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1408:Otto the Great
1360:
1357:
1318:
1315:
1227:
1226:
1117:
1114:
1071:
1068:
1041:
1040:
972:
969:
925:Abingdon Abbey
916:
913:
865:
864:Administration
862:
835:
832:
719:Liber Eliensis
689:in the 1870s.
674:
671:
608:
605:
577:Æthelstan Rota
539:
536:
532:Abingdon Abbey
511:
510:
455:
452:
316:
313:
286:
283:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
171:
170:
168:
167:
162:
159:
154:
148:
146:
140:
139:
137:
136:
131:
126:
120:
118:
114:
113:
108:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
86:
82:
81:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
43:
42:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9914:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9869:
9867:
9852:
9849:
9848:
9845:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9771:
9768:
9762:
9761:
9756:
9755:
9752:
9748:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9703:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9688:
9685:
9679:
9677:
9672:
9671:
9668:
9664:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9603:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9581:
9577:
9575:
9574:Alexander III
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9489:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9452:
9448:
9446:
9445:
9441:
9439:
9438:
9434:
9432:
9431:
9430:Constantine I
9427:
9425:
9424:
9420:
9418:
9417:
9413:
9412:
9410:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9399:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9388:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9311:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9294:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9282:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9255:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9218:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9176:
9172:
9170:
9169:
9165:
9163:
9162:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9154:
9150:
9147:
9146:
9141:
9137:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9117:
9112:
9110:
9105:
9103:
9098:
9097:
9094:
9081:
9078:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9065:
9062:Also King of
9061:
9060:
9057:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9042:
9040:
9036:
9028:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8845:527–918
8841:
8837:
8830:
8825:
8823:
8818:
8816:
8811:
8810:
8807:
8798:
8789:
8788:
8781:
8775:
8770:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8742:
8739:
8736:
8733:
8732:
8721:
8715:
8711:
8706:
8702:
8696:
8692:
8687:
8683:
8668:
8664:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8647:
8643:
8628:
8624:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8597:
8593:
8578:
8574:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8547:
8543:
8528:
8524:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8469:
8465:
8459:
8455:
8450:
8446:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8428:
8424:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8396:
8392:
8387:
8383:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8355:
8351:
8346:
8342:
8336:
8332:
8321:
8317:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8289:
8285:
8280:
8276:
8270:
8266:
8262:
8261:Wilson, David
8258:
8254:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8218:Williams, Ann
8215:
8211:
8196:
8192:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8165:
8161:
8146:
8142:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8115:
8111:
8096:
8092:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8065:
8061:
8055:
8051:
8046:
8042:
8036:
8032:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7988:Williams, Ann
7985:
7981:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7927:
7923:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7900:
7895:
7891:
7885:
7881:
7876:
7872:
7866:
7862:
7857:
7853:
7847:
7843:
7838:
7834:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7819:Thacker, Alan
7816:
7812:
7806:
7802:
7799:
7794:
7790:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7740:
7736:
7731:
7727:
7712:
7708:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7681:
7677:
7662:
7658:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7631:
7627:
7621:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7599:
7595:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7552:
7548:
7543:
7539:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7511:
7507:
7502:
7498:
7492:
7488:
7483:
7479:
7473:
7469:
7464:
7460:
7454:
7450:
7445:
7441:
7435:
7431:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7379:
7375:
7370:
7366:
7360:
7356:
7351:
7347:
7341:
7337:
7332:
7328:
7322:
7318:
7313:
7309:
7303:
7299:
7294:
7290:
7284:
7280:
7275:
7271:
7265:
7261:
7256:
7252:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7237:Nelson, Janet
7234:
7230:
7224:
7220:
7209:
7205:
7199:
7195:
7184:
7180:
7174:
7170:
7165:
7161:
7155:
7151:
7146:
7142:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7110:
7106:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7064:
7060:
7054:
7050:
7045:
7041:
7035:
7031:
7026:
7022:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6986:
6982:
6976:
6972:
6967:
6963:
6957:
6953:
6948:
6944:
6938:
6934:
6929:
6925:
6919:
6915:
6910:
6906:
6900:
6896:
6891:
6887:
6881:
6877:
6872:
6868:
6862:
6858:
6853:
6849:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6777:
6773:
6768:
6764:
6758:
6754:
6749:
6745:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6726:
6722:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6669:
6665:
6659:
6655:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6636:
6631:
6619:
6615:
6609:
6605:
6604:
6592:
6588:
6582:
6578:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6529:Keynes, Simon
6526:
6522:
6516:
6512:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6493:
6488:
6484:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6469:Keynes, Simon
6466:
6462:
6456:
6452:
6447:
6443:
6437:
6433:
6428:
6424:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6396:
6392:
6387:
6383:
6377:
6373:
6368:
6364:
6358:
6354:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6308:
6304:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6250:
6245:
6241:
6235:
6231:
6226:
6222:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6203:
6188:
6184:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6128:
6124:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6097:
6093:
6087:
6083:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6028:
6024:
6013:
6009:
6003:
5999:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5980:
5975:
5971:
5965:
5961:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5939:
5935:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5831:
5827:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5780:
5776:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5742:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5423:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5381:
5377:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5293:
5288:
5281:
5276:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5234:
5233:Williams 2014
5229:
5222:
5218:
5213:
5206:
5201:
5195:, p. 50.
5194:
5193:Stafford 1989
5189:
5182:
5177:
5170:
5165:
5158:
5153:
5146:
5141:
5135:, p. 10.
5134:
5129:
5122:
5117:
5110:
5109:Williams 2003
5105:
5098:
5093:
5086:
5081:
5074:
5069:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5029:
5028:Rollason 1989
5024:
5017:
5012:
5005:
5000:
4993:
4988:
4981:
4976:
4969:
4964:
4957:
4952:
4945:
4940:
4933:
4932:Huscroft 2019
4929:
4924:
4917:
4912:
4906:, p. 88.
4905:
4904:Williams 1999
4900:
4893:
4892:Williams 2014
4889:
4885:
4880:
4873:
4868:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4842:, p. 67.
4841:
4837:
4836:Williams 2014
4833:
4828:
4822:, p. xi.
4821:
4817:
4813:
4812:Williams 2014
4808:
4801:
4796:
4789:
4784:
4777:
4772:
4766:, p. 48.
4765:
4760:
4753:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4721:, p. 66.
4720:
4716:
4712:
4711:Williams 2014
4707:
4701:, p. 39.
4700:
4695:
4688:
4683:
4676:
4672:
4671:Williams 2014
4667:
4660:
4655:
4648:
4644:
4643:Williams 2014
4639:
4632:
4628:
4627:Williams 2014
4623:
4616:
4615:Williams 2014
4612:
4607:
4600:
4599:Williams 2014
4596:
4595:Huscroft 2019
4591:
4585:, p. 79.
4584:
4579:
4572:
4567:
4561:, p. 57.
4560:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4540:
4535:
4528:
4523:
4517:, p. 32.
4516:
4511:
4504:
4499:
4492:
4487:
4480:
4475:
4469:, p. 35.
4468:
4463:
4456:
4455:Leonardi 1999
4452:
4447:
4441:, p. 31.
4440:
4435:
4428:
4423:
4416:
4411:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4387:
4380:
4376:
4375:Rollason 1989
4371:
4364:
4359:
4352:
4348:
4343:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4317:, p. 32.
4316:
4311:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4290:, p. 86.
4289:
4284:
4278:, p. 96.
4277:
4272:
4266:, p. 36.
4265:
4264:Gransden 1992
4260:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4226:, p. 84.
4225:
4220:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4197:
4192:
4185:
4184:Charter S 806
4181:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4161:
4160:Naismith 2021
4156:
4149:
4144:
4138:, p. 64.
4137:
4132:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4093:
4088:
4082:, p. 62.
4081:
4077:
4072:
4065:
4060:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4038:, p. 85.
4037:
4032:
4025:
4024:Charter S 745
4021:
4017:
4012:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3989:
3984:
3978:, p. 29.
3977:
3972:
3965:
3960:
3954:, p. 42.
3953:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3929:
3925:
3924:Wollasch 1999
3920:
3914:, p. 35.
3913:
3908:
3901:
3900:Charter S 667
3897:
3892:
3885:
3884:Charter S 745
3881:
3877:
3872:
3866:, p. 40.
3865:
3860:
3854:, p. 28.
3853:
3848:
3841:
3836:
3829:
3824:
3817:
3813:
3812:Naismith 2017
3808:
3801:
3800:Naismith 2017
3796:
3794:
3786:
3785:Naismith 2017
3781:
3774:
3769:
3763:, p. 15.
3762:
3761:Naismith 2017
3757:
3750:
3749:Naismith 2017
3745:
3738:
3737:Naismith 2017
3733:
3726:
3721:
3714:
3709:
3702:
3701:Naismith 2017
3697:
3690:
3689:Naismith 2017
3685:
3683:
3681:
3673:
3672:Naismith 2017
3668:
3661:
3660:Naismith 2021
3656:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3583:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3556:
3551:
3544:
3539:
3532:
3527:
3521:, p. 25.
3520:
3515:
3508:
3503:
3496:
3491:
3484:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3449:, p. 27.
3448:
3444:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3420:
3415:
3408:
3403:
3396:
3395:Huscroft 2019
3391:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3364:
3359:
3352:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3323:
3317:, p. 12.
3316:
3311:
3305:, p. 22.
3304:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3241:, p. 97.
3240:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3203:Charter S 690
3200:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3147:Huscroft 2019
3143:
3136:
3131:
3125:, p. 10.
3124:
3120:
3115:
3109:, p. 53.
3108:
3103:
3101:
3093:
3088:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3065:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3024:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2995:
2988:
2983:
2976:
2975:Stafford 2001
2972:
2968:
2967:Williams 2014
2963:
2956:
2952:
2951:Williams 2014
2947:
2940:
2939:Stafford 2001
2935:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2846:, p. 57.
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2757:Williams 2014
2753:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2737:Williams 2014
2734:
2729:
2722:
2721:Williams 2003
2717:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2666:Charter S 679
2663:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2646:Williams 2014
2643:
2638:
2632:, p. 55.
2631:
2630:Campbell 1962
2627:
2626:Williams 2014
2622:
2615:
2614:Naismith 2017
2611:
2606:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2499:Williams 2014
2495:
2489:, p. 78.
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2455:Williams 2014
2452:
2447:
2441:, p. 78.
2440:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2412:
2411:Naismith 2021
2408:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2385:, p. 30.
2384:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2336:
2335:Williams 1982
2331:
2325:, p. 92.
2324:
2323:Williams 1999
2319:
2312:
2311:Charter S 633
2308:
2304:
2300:
2299:Stafford 1989
2295:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2253:, p. 30.
2252:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2217:, p. 87.
2216:
2215:Williams 1999
2211:
2205:, p. 19.
2204:
2199:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2110:, p. 31.
2109:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2086:, p. 56.
2085:
2081:
2080:Williams 2014
2076:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2026:, p. 25.
2025:
2024:Stafford 1981
2021:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2004:Stafford 2014
2000:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1920:Williams 2014
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1752:
1745:
1736:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1617:
1613:Edgar in the
1611:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1303:Saint Swithun
1300:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:Good Shepherd
1253:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
983:
980:
979:
968:
966:
960:
957:
951:
946:
941:
939:
930:
926:
921:
912:
910:
905:
899:
896:
890:
888:
884:
878:
876:
875:Oslac of York
872:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
841:
831:
828:
824:
820:
815:
812:
806:
802:
797:
793:
792:
785:
782:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
727:
721:
720:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
688:
684:
679:
670:
668:
664:
660:
654:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
614:
604:
602:
598:
594:
593:Frank Stenton
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
564:
559:
558:(underking).
556:
550:
544:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
506:
501:
500:
499:
496:
495:
489:
488:Robin Fleming
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
451:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
400:Erik Bloodaxe
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
363:and daughter
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
312:
310:
306:
302:
301:
296:
295:Barbara Yorke
292:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
254:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
213:
209:
201:
198:
194:
191:
188:
184:
181:
178:
176:
172:
166:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
147:
145:
141:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
87:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
9850:
9829:Elizabeth II
9757:
9673:
9600:
9578:
9569:Alexander II
9486:
9449:
9442:
9435:
9428:
9421:
9414:
9396:
9385:
9308:
9291:
9279:
9252:
9215:
9200:
9173:
9166:
9159:
9079:overlordship
9075:Recognising
9049:
8785:
8709:
8690:
8671:. Retrieved
8654:
8631:. Retrieved
8604:
8581:. Retrieved
8554:
8531:. Retrieved
8504:
8476:
8472:
8453:
8434:
8412:
8390:
8371:
8349:
8324:
8305:
8283:
8264:
8242:. Retrieved
8225:
8199:. Retrieved
8172:
8149:. Retrieved
8122:
8099:. Retrieved
8072:
8049:
8024:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7969:
7947:
7915:
7898:
7879:
7860:
7841:
7822:
7801:
7797:
7778:
7756:
7734:
7715:. Retrieved
7688:
7665:. Retrieved
7638:
7615:
7593:
7571:(91): 3–27.
7568:
7546:
7527:
7505:
7486:
7467:
7448:
7429:
7412:
7395:
7373:
7354:
7335:
7316:
7297:
7278:
7259:
7240:
7212:
7187:
7168:
7149:
7130:
7104:
7071:
7067:
7048:
7029:
7010:. Retrieved
6993:
6970:
6951:
6932:
6913:
6894:
6875:
6856:
6837:
6815:
6793:
6771:
6752:
6733:
6729:
6710:. Retrieved
6683:
6653:
6634:
6622:. Retrieved
6596:
6576:
6536:
6532:
6510:
6491:
6472:
6450:
6431:
6412:
6409:Kelly, Susan
6390:
6371:
6352:
6335:
6315:
6311:
6284:
6267:
6248:
6229:
6210:
6191:. Retrieved
6164:
6131:. Retrieved
6104:
6081:
6064:
6044:
6016:
5997:
5978:
5959:
5942:
5923:. Retrieved
5906:
5881:Veiled Women
5880:
5858:
5838:
5834:
5815:
5796:
5774:
5755:
5736:
5717:
5705:. Retrieved
5696:
5681:. Retrieved
5672:
5657:. Retrieved
5648:
5633:. Retrieved
5624:
5609:. Retrieved
5600:
5585:. Retrieved
5576:
5561:. Retrieved
5552:
5530:
5510:
5491:
5469:
5466:Stewart, Ian
5443:
5421:
5391:(1): 81–93.
5388:
5384:
5365:. Retrieved
5338:
5312:
5292:Miller 2014b
5287:
5275:
5263:. Retrieved
5254:
5244:
5228:
5212:
5200:
5188:
5176:
5164:
5152:
5140:
5128:
5123:, p. 1.
5116:
5104:
5097:Keynes 2008a
5092:
5080:
5073:Ridyard 1988
5068:
5056:. Retrieved
5047:
5023:
5011:
4999:
4987:
4975:
4963:
4951:
4939:
4923:
4911:
4899:
4879:
4867:
4847:
4827:
4807:
4795:
4783:
4771:
4764:Keynes 2008a
4759:
4752:Stenton 1971
4726:
4706:
4694:
4687:Lapidge 2009
4682:
4666:
4654:
4638:
4622:
4606:
4590:
4578:
4566:
4546:
4534:
4522:
4515:Lapidge 1993
4510:
4503:Lapidge 1993
4498:
4491:Lapidge 1993
4486:
4474:
4467:Lapidge 1993
4462:
4451:Lapidge 1993
4446:
4439:Lapidge 1993
4434:
4422:
4417:, p. 5.
4415:Lapidge 1993
4410:
4398:
4391:Thacker 1988
4386:
4379:Lapidge 2003
4370:
4363:Ridyard 1988
4358:
4342:
4327:Keynes 2003b
4322:
4315:Wormald 1988
4310:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4252:Keynes 2008a
4243:
4231:
4219:
4203:
4191:
4171:
4155:
4143:
4131:
4115:
4099:
4087:
4071:
4059:
4052:Lapidge 1993
4048:Lapidge 1988
4043:
4031:
4011:
3995:
3983:
3976:Keynes 2008a
3971:
3964:Stenton 1971
3959:
3952:Keynes 2008a
3947:
3940:Stenton 1971
3935:
3919:
3907:
3891:
3871:
3859:
3847:
3835:
3823:
3807:
3780:
3768:
3756:
3744:
3732:
3720:
3708:
3696:
3667:
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3629:
3622:Wormald 1999
3617:
3610:Wormald 1999
3605:
3594:Wormald 1999
3589:
3577:
3555:Wormald 1999
3550:
3543:Wormald 1999
3538:
3531:Wormald 1999
3526:
3519:Keynes 2008a
3514:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3471:Wormald 1999
3466:
3454:
3438:
3431:Wormald 1999
3426:
3414:
3407:Wormald 1999
3402:
3390:
3375:Wormald 1999
3370:
3363:Keynes 2008a
3358:
3346:
3339:Keynes 2008b
3334:
3327:Keynes 2008b
3322:
3315:Keynes 2008a
3310:
3303:Keynes 2008a
3294:
3278:
3271:Keynes 2008a
3266:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3159:Stenton 1971
3154:
3142:
3130:
3123:Keynes 2008a
3119:Stenton 1971
3114:
3107:Keynes 2008a
3087:
3071:
3059:
3047:
3023:Thacker 1992
3018:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2962:
2946:
2934:
2918:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2851:
2831:
2796:
2784:
2768:
2752:
2728:
2723:, p. 3.
2716:
2685:
2673:
2662:Stenton 1971
2658:Woodman 2012
2653:
2642:Lavelle 2008
2637:
2621:
2605:
2598:Woodman 2012
2585:
2578:Keynes 2008b
2569:
2553:
2541:
2536:, p. 8.
2534:Keynes 2008a
2529:
2494:
2474:
2467:Swanton 2000
2462:
2446:
2430:
2418:
2407:Miller 2014a
2402:
2390:
2383:Keynes 2008a
2379:Stenton 1971
2374:
2367:Keynes 2003a
2362:
2351:Keynes 2008a
2346:
2330:
2318:
2307:Howlett 2011
2294:
2274:
2258:
2251:Keynes 2008a
2246:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2203:Wickham 2009
2198:
2182:
2166:
2159:Gretsch 1999
2155:Lapidge 1988
2150:
2143:Thacker 1988
2138:
2108:Fleming 1991
2103:
2091:
2075:
2068:Stenton 1971
2063:
2047:
2031:
2020:Lapidge 2009
2011:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1878:
1859:
1846:
1833:
1824:
1816:
1799:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1744:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1705:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1651:Judith Green
1648:
1639:
1622:
1591:
1584:on England.
1575:
1533:and his son
1514:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:Janet Nelson
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1433:
1416:Abbot Æscwig
1405:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1362:
1348:David Wilson
1344:Fleury Abbey
1320:
1307:
1295:Romsey Abbey
1287:
1244:
1228:
1218:
1189:
1174:
1146:
1139:
1110:
1097:
1092:numismatists
1088:
1081:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1024:
1004:
984:
976:
974:
961:
942:
934:
900:
891:
879:
867:
843:
816:
798:
775:
770:Lotharingian
754:Wilton Abbey
735:
692:
655:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
622:
613:River Thames
610:
600:
560:
549:Simon Keynes
545:
541:
512:
457:
404:
373:
318:
304:
298:
291:Ann Williams
288:
255:
239:
211:
207:
206:
37:
18:
9872:940s births
9834:Charles III
9819:Edward VIII
9549:Alexander I
9529:Malcolm III
9504:Kenneth III
9404:Elizabeth I
9366:Richard III
9068:East Anglia
8499: 1000
8244:22 November
8002:: 143–172.
6712:7 September
6539:: 165–193.
6193:23 December
6150:Hart, Cyril
6082:The Danelaw
6061:Hart, Cyril
5899:Foot, Sarah
5877:Foot, Sarah
5440:Blair, John
5255:Historic UK
5169:Keynes 1999
5085:Yorke 1988b
5004:Nelson 1999
4980:Karkov 2008
4888:Barrow 2001
4820:Cubbin 1996
4788:Nelson 1977
4719:Nelson 1977
4555:Insley 2012
4551:Hollis 2004
4539:Wilson 1984
4527:Wilson 1984
4427:Keynes 1985
4331:Lawson 2011
4288:Karkov 2004
4276:Nelson 1999
4248:Keynes 1999
4236:Keynes 1999
4224:Karkov 2004
4208:Fisher 1952
4196:Yorke 1988a
4176:Yorke 1988b
4148:Rumble 2008
4136:Cooper 2015
4108:Cooper 2015
4104:Symons 1975
4080:Cooper 2015
4076:Keynes 1999
4064:Cooper 2015
4036:Karkov 2004
4020:Karkov 2008
4016:Miller 2001
4000:Yorke 2004d
3880:Karkov 2008
3876:Miller 2001
3570:Keynes 1999
3483:Hadley 2000
3443:Keynes 1999
3351:Keynes 2013
3299:Keynes 2013
3283:Keynes 1994
3251:Keynes 1980
3239:Keynes 2013
3215:Keynes 1980
3040:Keynes 1999
3011:Brooks 1984
2999:Yorke 1988a
2927:Rumble 2002
2840:Insley 2012
2836:Hollis 2004
2824:Yorke 2004b
2820:Yorke 2004a
2805:Hollis 2004
2801:Yorke 2004c
2789:Brooks 1984
2590:Keynes 1980
2574:Keynes 1999
2558:Keynes 2004
2522:Keynes 1999
2507:Keynes 1999
2503:Yorke 1988b
2487:Yorke 1988b
2451:Keynes 2004
2439:Yorke 1988b
2435:Keynes 2004
2303:Yorke 1988b
2283:Harmer 1914
2267:Keynes 2002
2187:Keynes 1999
2171:Yorke 1988b
2131:Keynes 2004
2056:Keynes 2004
2040:Keynes 2002
2036:Keynes 1994
1956:Miller 2011
1448:Whit Sunday
1366:Strathclyde
1277:Carolingian
1178:New Minster
1130:Virgin Mary
965:regnal year
948: [
781:Danish king
758:hagiography
742:Benedictine
437:and future
351:under King
337:East Anglia
333:Northumbria
250:Monasteries
61:Predecessor
9877:975 deaths
9866:Categories
9809:Edward VII
9799:William IV
9789:George III
9718:Charles II
9613:Robert III
9559:Malcolm IV
9534:Donald III
9509:Malcolm II
9494:Kenneth II
9376:Henry VIII
9336:Richard II
9331:Edward III
9265:William II
9238:Harthacnut
9077:West Saxon
8992:Beorhtwulf
8673:20 January
8633:20 January
8583:20 January
8533:20 January
8479:: 97–113.
8201:20 January
8151:20 January
7907:1062985443
7717:20 January
7667:20 January
7012:20 January
6624:20 January
6332:John, Eric
6133:20 January
6053:1161790266
5925:20 January
5707:20 January
5683:20 January
5659:20 January
5635:20 January
5611:20 January
5587:20 January
5563:20 January
5367:20 January
5280:Abels 1988
5265:20 January
5181:Snook 2015
5133:Roach 2013
5121:Green 2017
4992:Yorke 2013
4956:Crick 2008
4928:Roach 2013
4916:Lewis 2008
4884:Smyth 1984
4800:Roach 2013
4715:Yorke 2008
4479:Snook 2015
4403:Blair 2005
4164:Blair 2005
4120:Blair 2005
3988:Blair 2005
3928:Blair 2005
3912:Roach 2016
3896:Lewis 2008
3852:Roach 2016
3816:Giles 1849
3645:20 January
3419:Blair 2005
3287:Snook 2015
3259:Snook 2015
3255:Kelly 2000
3227:Snook 2015
3163:Giles 1849
3076:Yorke 2008
3064:Yorke 1995
2987:Yorke 2008
2923:Yorke 2008
2896:Yorke 2008
2884:Yorke 2008
2860:Yorke 2003
2856:Yorke 2008
2733:Yorke 2008
2709:Yorke 2008
2594:Kelly 2009
2546:Biggs 2008
2483:Biggs 2008
2395:Lewis 2008
2355:Abels 2004
2239:Snook 2015
2227:Snook 2015
2191:Lewis 2008
2084:Kelly 1996
1932:Yorke 2008
1883:Blair 2005
1871:References
1645:Assessment
1428:See also:
1311:John Blair
1247:Byrhtferth
1011:Wapentakes
738:Wulfthryth
726:vir potens
712:Cyril Hart
659:Æthelweard
502:Thus, the
484:Old Weston
454:Early life
355:. By 883,
315:Background
219: 944
129:Wulfthryth
9824:George VI
9794:George IV
9784:George II
9696:Charles I
9678:from 1603
9628:James III
9608:Robert II
9564:William I
9539:Duncan II
9467:Malcolm I
9457:Donald II
9381:Edward VI
9371:Henry VII
9356:Edward IV
9326:Edward II
9316:Henry III
9299:Richard I
9260:William I
9181:Æthelstan
9045:Æthelstan
9012:Æthelflæd
8962:Beornwulf
8927:Æthelbald
8684:required)
8644:required)
8594:required)
8544:required)
8485:0963-4959
8255:required)
8212:required)
8162:required)
8112:required)
8101:28 August
8016:0263-6751
7990:(1982). "
7728:required)
7678:required)
7635:"Eadgifu"
7585:0031-2746
7421:504288415
7404:271025606
7096:162293967
7088:0080-4401
7074:: 59–91.
7023:required)
6723:required)
6561:161883384
6553:0263-6751
6344:867807941
6324:0963-4959
6318:: 17–37.
6204:required)
6144:required)
6073:645356664
5951:633664910
5936:required)
5847:0018-246X
5519:245905467
5413:161328357
5405:0963-9462
5378:required)
5145:Ryan 2013
4731:John 1966
4351:Foot 2000
4303:John 1982
3080:Hart 2005
2773:Hart 1992
2761:Hart 2007
2694:Hart 2007
2175:John 1966
2096:Hart 1966
1968:Foot 2011
1690:Pacificus
1655:Eric John
1635:feast day
1595:Britannia
1570:River Dee
1555:Old Welsh
1523:River Dee
1511:Chronicle
1503:Chronicle
1483:Worcester
1290:Ely Abbey
1192:Sudbourne
1158:Byrhthelm
846:seneschal
801:Ælfthryth
589:Æthelwold
581:Byrhtnoth
573:seneschal
528:Æthelwold
427:ealdorman
423:Æthelstan
384:seneschal
376:Æthelstan
134:Ælfthryth
124:Æthelflæd
71:Successor
9814:George V
9804:Victoria
9779:George I
9648:James VI
9633:James IV
9623:James II
9596:David II
9591:Robert I
9580:Margaret
9514:Duncan I
9423:Donald I
9361:Edward V
9351:Henry VI
9341:Henry IV
9321:Edward I
9287:Henry II
9186:Edmund I
9175:Ælfweard
9133:monarchs
9127:Scottish
8977:Ecgberht
8952:Cynehelm
8947:Coenwulf
8942:Ecgfrith
8932:Beornred
8922:Ceolwald
8902:Wulfhere
8862:Cynewald
8791:959–975
8741:Edgar 11
8667:Archived
8627:Archived
8577:Archived
8527:Archived
8263:(1984).
8238:Archived
8220:(2014).
8195:Archived
8145:Archived
8095:Archived
7755:(1971).
7711:Archived
7661:Archived
7614:(2001).
7526:(1984).
7006:Archived
6836:(2003).
6814:(1993).
6706:Archived
6618:Archived
6471:(1980).
6334:(1966).
6187:Archived
6152:(2007).
6127:Archived
6063:(1966).
5919:Archived
5901:(2011).
5879:(2000).
5857:(1991).
5701:Archived
5677:Archived
5653:Archived
5629:Archived
5605:Archived
5581:Archived
5557:Archived
5529:(2013).
5490:(1984).
5442:(2005).
5361:Archived
5333:(2004).
5311:(1988).
5259:Archived
5052:Archived
4571:Rex 2007
3639:Archived
1791:Trefoils
1748:For the
1631:Catholic
1582:Scottish
1477:ætheling
1378:Anglesey
1340:grecisms
1271:basileus
1240:Hatfield
1232:mancuses
1134:St Peter
1116:Religion
1101:fineness
995:Romescot
915:Charters
909:mancuses
887:Bamburgh
766:Æthelred
750:Wulfhild
746:Goscelin
568:discifer
524:Abingdon
505:ætheling
494:ætheling
447:attested
443:charters
402:in 954.
309:Conquest
231:Edmund I
190:Edmund I
9732:Mary II
9638:James V
9618:James I
9554:David I
9519:Macbeth
9451:Eochaid
9346:Henry V
9281:Matilda
9275:Stephen
9270:Henry I
9131:British
9125:,
9123:English
9017:Ælfwynn
8997:Burgred
8987:Wigstan
8982:Wigmund
8917:Ceolred
8912:Coenred
8757:at the
6276:1269744
5301:Sources
5058:30 July
1787:reverse
1783:moneyer
1597:" and "
1586:Lothian
1560:Iudhail
1535:Malcolm
1519:Chester
1335:oblates
1255:to the
1236:Taunton
1154:pallium
1070:Coinage
1015:Danelaw
744:writer
667:Oscytel
618:Ælfgifu
555:regulus
520:minster
516:secular
476:Ælfwynn
472:Wynflæd
460:Ælfgifu
431:Dunstan
415:Ælfsige
407:Eadgifu
369:Ælfwynn
285:Sources
267:Dunstan
235:Ælfgifu
227:England
117:Spouses
91:England
88:943/944
9643:Mary I
9524:Lulach
9488:Amlaíb
9482:Cuilén
9472:Indulf
9398:Philip
9393:Mary I
9196:Eadwig
9191:Eadred
9050:Eadgar
8972:Wiglaf
8967:Ludeca
8867:Creoda
8857:Cnebba
8780:Eadwig
8716:
8697:
8619:
8569:
8519:
8483:
8460:
8441:
8419:
8397:
8378:
8356:
8337:
8312:
8290:
8271:
8187:
8137:
8087:
8056:
8037:
8014:
7976:
7954:
7928:
7905:
7886:
7867:
7848:
7829:
7807:
7785:
7763:
7741:
7703:
7653:
7622:
7600:
7583:
7553:
7534:
7512:
7493:
7474:
7455:
7436:
7419:
7402:
7380:
7361:
7342:
7323:
7304:
7285:
7266:
7247:
7225:
7200:
7175:
7156:
7137:
7111:
7094:
7086:
7055:
7036:
6977:
6958:
6939:
6920:
6901:
6882:
6863:
6844:
6822:
6800:
6778:
6759:
6740:
6698:
6660:
6641:
6610:
6583:
6559:
6551:
6517:
6498:
6479:
6457:
6438:
6419:
6397:
6378:
6359:
6342:
6322:
6299:
6274:
6255:
6236:
6217:
6179:
6119:
6088:
6071:
6051:
6029:
6004:
5985:
5966:
5949:
5887:
5865:
5845:
5822:
5803:
5781:
5762:
5743:
5724:
5537:
5517:
5498:
5476:
5450:
5428:
5411:
5403:
5353:
5319:
1839:Thored
1599:Albion
1539:Maccus
1531:Dufnal
1368:, and
1150:Oswald
1064:Eadmer
1036:patria
999:surety
991:tithes
938:proems
904:Thanet
895:Reeves
858:Thames
854:Eadwig
850:Eadred
819:Ordgar
811:regina
663:Sutton
650:thegns
421:; and
392:Eadred
388:Eadwig
380:Edmund
345:Wessex
341:Mercia
339:, and
325:Viking
269:, the
212:Eadgar
196:Mother
186:Father
180:Wessex
161:Edmund
105:Burial
65:Eadwig
9544:Edgar
9444:Giric
9310:Louis
9217:Sweyn
8897:Oswiu
8892:Peada
8882:Penda
8877:Cearl
8872:Pybba
8735:Edgar
7092:S2CID
6557:S2CID
5409:S2CID
1724:ASC A
1697:Notes
1578:Wales
1557:name
1551:Hywel
1547:Iacob
1515:ASC D
1495:ASC A
1472:ASC E
1468:ASC D
1464:ASC C
1460:ASC B
1456:ASC A
1397:ASC D
1386:ASC D
1084:penny
1059:Danes
1055:ASC D
952:]
883:Osulf
823:Devon
762:Edith
645:ASC C
641:ASC B
637:ASC F
633:ASC D
468:saint
208:Edgar
175:House
144:Issue
53:Reign
24:Edgar
9774:Anne
9737:Anne
9730:and
9586:John
9395:and
9387:Jane
9304:John
9228:Cnut
9066:and
9064:Kent
8937:Offa
8887:Eowa
8852:Icel
8714:ISBN
8695:ISBN
8675:2023
8635:2023
8617:ISBN
8585:2023
8567:ISBN
8535:2023
8517:ISBN
8481:ISSN
8458:ISBN
8439:ISBN
8417:ISBN
8395:ISBN
8376:ISBN
8354:ISBN
8335:ISBN
8310:ISBN
8288:ISBN
8269:ISBN
8246:2006
8203:2023
8185:ISBN
8153:2023
8135:ISBN
8103:2021
8085:ISBN
8054:ISBN
8035:ISBN
8012:ISSN
7974:ISBN
7952:ISBN
7926:ISBN
7903:OCLC
7884:ISBN
7865:ISBN
7846:ISBN
7827:ISBN
7805:ISBN
7783:ISBN
7761:ISBN
7739:ISBN
7719:2023
7701:ISBN
7669:2023
7651:ISBN
7620:ISBN
7598:ISBN
7581:ISSN
7551:ISBN
7532:ISBN
7510:ISBN
7491:ISBN
7472:ISBN
7453:ISBN
7434:ISBN
7417:OCLC
7400:OCLC
7378:ISBN
7359:ISBN
7340:ISBN
7321:ISBN
7302:ISBN
7283:ISBN
7264:ISBN
7245:ISBN
7223:ISBN
7198:ISBN
7173:ISBN
7154:ISBN
7135:ISBN
7109:ISBN
7084:ISSN
7053:ISBN
7034:ISBN
7014:2023
6975:ISBN
6956:ISBN
6937:ISBN
6918:ISBN
6899:ISBN
6880:ISBN
6861:ISBN
6842:ISBN
6820:ISBN
6798:ISBN
6776:ISBN
6757:ISBN
6738:ISBN
6714:2021
6696:ISBN
6658:ISBN
6639:ISBN
6626:2023
6608:ISBN
6581:ISBN
6549:ISSN
6515:ISBN
6496:ISBN
6477:ISBN
6455:ISBN
6436:ISBN
6417:ISBN
6395:ISBN
6376:ISBN
6357:ISBN
6340:OCLC
6320:ISSN
6297:ISBN
6272:OCLC
6253:ISBN
6234:ISBN
6215:ISBN
6195:2020
6177:ISBN
6135:2023
6117:ISBN
6086:ISBN
6069:OCLC
6049:OCLC
6027:ISBN
6002:ISBN
5983:ISBN
5964:ISBN
5947:OCLC
5927:2023
5885:ISBN
5863:ISBN
5843:ISSN
5820:ISBN
5801:ISBN
5779:ISBN
5760:ISBN
5741:ISBN
5722:ISBN
5709:2023
5685:2023
5661:2023
5637:2023
5613:2023
5589:2023
5565:2023
5535:ISBN
5515:OCLC
5496:ISBN
5474:ISBN
5448:ISBN
5426:ISBN
5401:ISSN
5369:2023
5351:ISBN
5317:ISBN
5267:2023
5060:2021
3647:2023
1580:and
1497:and
1470:and
1462:and
1444:Bath
1399:and
1388:and
1132:and
1051:Cnut
1020:burh
784:Cnut
723:, a
643:and
635:and
480:hide
396:York
210:(or
97:Died
85:Born
9477:Dub
9437:Áed
8743:at
8659:doi
8609:doi
8559:doi
8509:doi
8230:doi
8177:doi
8127:doi
8077:doi
8004:doi
7693:doi
7643:doi
7573:doi
7076:doi
6998:doi
6688:doi
6541:doi
6289:doi
6169:doi
6109:doi
5911:doi
5393:doi
5343:doi
1726:to
1446:on
971:Law
526:to
522:at
305:ASC
9868::
8665:.
8653:.
8625:.
8615:.
8603:.
8575:.
8565:.
8553:.
8525:.
8515:.
8503:.
8496:c.
8477:11
8475:.
8327:c.
8236:.
8224:.
8193:.
8183:.
8171:.
8143:.
8133:.
8121:.
8093:.
8083:.
8071:.
8027:c.
8010:.
8000:10
7998:.
7918:c.
7709:.
7699:.
7687:.
7659:.
7649:.
7637:.
7579:.
7215:c.
7190:c.
7090:.
7082:.
7072:21
7070:.
7004:.
6992:.
6704:.
6694:.
6682:.
6680:)"
6675:c.
6616:.
6599:c.
6570:c.
6555:.
6547:.
6537:23
6535:.
6316:10
6314:.
6295:.
6185:.
6175:.
6163:.
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