327:. However, Hewett fell afoul of some of the powerful figures of the region who disagreed with his increasingly vocal position that the archaeological resources of New Mexico Territory required preservation. He was also criticized for an "unconventional" approach to pedagogy—a euphemism for his enthusiasm for taking students into the field (at the Pajarito Plateau) at summer camps, a highly innovative practice at the time and one that reinforced the concerns that his critics had about his enthusiasm for preserving the sites there. Particularly contentious was the fact that he included women in his field camps. By early 1903 he was pressured out of the president's office. Hewett is the namesake for buildings at today's New Mexico Highlands University.
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a setting for the commemoration of the four hundredth anniversary of
Coronado's arrival in New Mexico. However, by the 1930s his basically romantic approach to field work was looking like more and more of an anachronism. His responsibilities at the University of New Mexico grew less demanding (and conspicuous) over time, although he retained directorship of the Chaco Canyon field school, a particular favorite of his, until 1937. He continued in his roles at the SAR and the Museum of New Mexico until the last year of his life, chairing the joint meeting of the managing board in August 1946.
585:—a name that would become a watchword in Native American art. Hewett set Maria and her husband Julian, at that point proficient artisans in a polychrome style of pottery common at San Ildefonso, the task of trying to reproduce the colors and textures seen in the ancestral work of Frijoles Canyon and its vicinity. Almost serendipitously, the Martinezes developed a "black-on-black" style that not only evoked the ancient work but also produced pieces attractive to the modern collector. Hewett, in conjunction with the eccentric entrepreneurs and
416:(GLO), which at this time had jurisdiction over government lands in the Southwest, a "Memorandum concerning the historic and prehistoric ruins of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah, and their preservation." This report rapidly made its way to Congress and Lacey, who was moved by Hewett's declaration in the Memorandum that "it will be a lasting reproach upon our Government if it does not use its power to restrain" the destruction of the ruins.
667:. Hewett was a logical choice to be its first director, and was installed in the position. The enabling legislation mandated that the museum be managed by the SAR, helping to solidify Hewett's grasp on both positions. Hewett staffed the museum's administrative functions with several of his friends and supporters from the Normal School days, and persuaded Alice Fletcher to take a key advisory role as well. In addition he hired two other women,
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509:. However, Hewett was not satisfied; he had his eye on other extensive and significant candidates for preservation, notably his long-time favorites on the Pajarito Plateau, that promised to be more controversial. He therefore turned his attention to the problems of getting these sites preserved, as the number of national monuments created under the Antiquities Act began to climb.
524:, by then the doyenne of American archaeology, was one of the prime backers of the School; Hewett became its first director, a position he would hold until his death in 1946. The School would provide Hewett not only with a mouthpiece, but also a base for his increasingly professional (if still controversial) research activities and students and collaborators to do the work.
608:) black-on-black pottery, some of it by descendants of Maria and Julian Martinez, features prominently to this day among the "Best of Show" award winners at the Market, as well as more pedestrian but still high-quality work that has far transcended the tourist trinkets that were being produced in the pueblos at the beginning of the 20th century.
749:, cited below, amounts to a rehashing of a lifetime of archaeology without contributing anything new, and most of it could have been written at least 20 years earlier. Its tone also strikes the modern reader as annoyingly patronizing to (yet still respectful of) the people he studied, but Hewett was, after all, a product of his times.
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These educational successes aside, Hewett's appointment at the School ruffled feathers among the old school of
American archaeology, which was largely centered on the East Coast and took a decidedly condescending stance toward the "amateur" Hewett, Alice Fletcher's backing notwithstanding. One of his
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Hewett's time at the head of the Normal School can be viewed as generally successful. The college was organized along conventional lines for normal colleges, and commenced with several areas of pedagogy directed to the production of degreed teachers, who were needed by the state-to-be. The enrollment
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Hewett continued to work as a field archaeologist practically until his death. He played a major role in securing funding for the excavation of Kuaua pueblo ruins, helping to preserve the murals with the aid of Wesley Bliss, but he drove a reconstruction of the site as if it were a set of ruins, as
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restrictions on the pot hunting having already come into being before the monument was created. It was therefore a good test case for Hewett's vision as embodied in the
Antiquities Act, and creation of the national monument caused comparatively few complaints. Another site closer to home that Hewett
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of 1906, a towering piece of
American legislation by any standards. As a result of the Antiquities Act, it was now no longer necessary for Congress to authorize permanent withdrawal of land for the purpose of preservation of cultural or other resources; a presidential proclamation would now suffice.
264:
Hewett rapidly came to believe that the
Plateau's archaeological sites constituted a national resource that should be preserved, and in the 1890s he advocated creation of a "Pajarito National Park" that would protect essentially the entire Plateau. However, the time was not yet ripe for such a step.
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as it is today), took some time to form, but was ready for its first class of students in 1898. By this time Hewett had achieved a modicum of fame, at least locally, and had become friendly with some of the power brokers who were behind the creation of the Normal School. He was appointed in 1897 as
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Hewett remarried in 1911, to
Donizetta Jones Wood, who would survive him. During this period he continued to do field work, his growing reputation ensuring that he would be invited to join expeditions ranging far beyond the Southwest. He also continued his politicking; not satisfied with Bandelier
656:. Boas and several of his colleagues wanted to control the School and the education it afforded its students, and to have the "incompetent" Hewett sacked. Local pressures sufficed to keep him in the job, and eventually Boas and colleagues were placated through formation of a similar institute in
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Hewett was able to commingle public (Museum) and private (SAR) resources as he saw fit, but the arrangement was a matter of concern and in 1959 the two institutions were forced to separate. Today, the Museum of New Mexico is a subdivision of the New Mexico
Department of Cultural Affairs.
683:, but ensured that he at least had a stable power base within the institution. The museum was empowered by the legislature to acquire land containing some key archaeological sites in the state that were not yet protected by the Antiquities Act, and under Hewett, it did so.
536:, Edgar L. Hewett, D.Sc., Director of the School of American Research, would have access to, and control of, the Plateau's sites—while his rivals would not. Negotiations over a new monument were long and contentious, but finally, on February 11, 1916, President
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was controversial at the time, and has remained so for the 100 years since its passage, but Lacey's experienced hand guided the bill through
Congress, meeting the objections of its critics and propelling it toward passage and presidential signature. President
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Hewett continued to take an interest in the
Pajarito Plateau and its environs, not merely from an archaeological perspective but also from a contemporary one. Many of the Plateau's excavations contained intriguing fragments, and sometimes intact pieces, of
703:. The UNM department, where Hewett spent much of the latter part of his life, would eventually become one of the world's best known. While at UNM, Hewett founded the Museum of Anthropology of the University of New Mexico, which would later become the
532:, enthusiasm in the White House for preserving such sites was diminished. Another factor had to do with Hewett's own personality. He had many supporters, but also many critics, and some of the latter complained that his real goal was to ensure that
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mainly by collating a number of papers which he had written previously (a practice that, in the eyes of Hewett's many critics, would characterize and compromise much of his later writing as well) and having them translated into the required
527:
The process of preserving the sites of the
Pajarito Plateau proved difficult and time-consuming, partly because interactions among the affected parties were complex, and partly because when Roosevelt passed the reins of government to
216:
Hewett's 1891 marriage to Cora Whitford proved eventful for his eventual career and prominence. Cora was described in contemporary accounts as "frail"—frequently (and almost certainly in this case) a euphemism for a person suffering
620:, or SAR) lost little time in establishing itself not merely as a platform for its director, but also as a center for the development of professional archaeologists. Its first professional papers were published the year it opened.
261:. Hewett came to know Bandelier and consider him his mentor in his own studies. By 1896 Hewett himself was conducting field work on the Plateau, although he continued to defer to Bandelier's expertise on the region for many years.
576:
Shortly after the first World War, an opportunity arose to revive the high-quality work of antiquity, driven as much by Hewett's curiosity about the potters of the past as anything else. He made the acquaintance of a potter at
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As time passed, Hewett's academic credentials came to be more recognized, and he spent time and effort building academic archaeology in the western United States. He organized archaeology and anthropology departments at the
485:. Hewett knew of Montezuma Castle from his work inventorying the Southwest for the GLO and Lacey, and he knew that it was not only archaeologically significant but also imperiled by aggressive pot hunting (sometimes using
544:, naming it for Adolph Bandelier who had died recently. The monument was rather smaller than Hewett had hoped, covering only Frijoles Canyon, some comparatively empty land to the southwest, and an outlier (now
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though that law was replaced by new legislation in 2015 moving the Valles Caldera National Preserve to the National Park Service without the economic language.) These pressures, combined with opposition from
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at the one and continuing his archaeological fieldwork at the other. This was a time of personal misfortune for him, however, as Cora Hewett's illness had become terminal. While in Geneva, she had to use a
492:
Montezuma Castle was a relatively uncontroversial site, being small, remote, and not heavily (or at least profitably) exploited by either the pot hunters or agriculture in the vicinity, some temporary
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National Monument (even though it expanded beyond the land in the original proclamation), he continued to lobby for creation of a Pajarito National Park. Nothing came of this advocacy, however.
225:. Tuberculosis was considered incurable as antibiotics had not been discovered. As a result, Edgar Hewett was exposed to, and became fascinated by, the prehistoric ruins in Frijoles Canyon near
469:, a site of more geological and scenic interest than archaeological significance. However, the Act would soon be put, repeatedly and vigorously, to its (or at least Hewett's) intended purpose.
397:
By this time Hewett had become more adept at working the political system, and his skills were starting to show some results, frictions at the Normal School notwithstanding. He had traveled to
573:, and had little to do with the pottery of antiquity. The artifacts found during the excavations provided evidence that the Native Americans of the region could do better at making pottery.
569:, some of it of considerable beauty. Pottery of a more "modern" nature was produced at some of the pueblos of the region in the first part of the 20th century, but it was intended for the
745:, and here the results were less flattering to Hewett than many of his earlier activities. Much of his later work, or at least his publications, became somewhat repetitive. His 1943 book
390:, had visited northern New Mexico in 1902 to see the effects of pot hunting on ancient sites, and had enlisted Hewett as a guide. He was so impressed that he retained Hewett to report to
636:
were among the prominent archaeologists who spent time there, Judd and Kidder in particular contributing to the excavations of many of the same sites that had interested Hewett.
205:, as a member of the school system. He eventually became superintendent of the Florence schools. In 1894 he became a member of the faculty of the Colorado State Normal School in
604:, probably the world's leading exposition for Native American art, has an economic impact on northern New Mexico estimated at nearly $ 20,000,000 annually. San Ildefonso (and
730:, which was created as a permanent institution from the exposition's collections established by Hewett. This museum survives today as one of the institutions in San Diego's
412:
This set the stage for Hewett to deliver a truly influential report to Congress—and he delivered. On September 3, 1904, freshly back from Geneva, Hewett submitted to the
489:
to knock down walls so that rooms within could be excavated). Hewett lent his support to the creation of this national monument, which came into being in 1907.
556:. However, even the most ardent preservationists had to admit that, from the standpoint of protecting Puebloan sites, Bandelier was much better than nothing.
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Upon stepping down from his position at the Normal School, Hewett decided that he needed to improve his academic credentials in order to advance. He earned a
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relied upon it for sustenance, and perceived a threat to their economic well-being if the land was put off limits to ranching and farming. (Many years later,
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154:, were instrumental in establishing San Ildefonso as a center for Native American pottery. He helped stimulate the rebirth of pottery as a significant
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of the Plateau, which gave him a basis for putting his studies there on a more scientific footing. He also learned the value of working "the
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Hewett's interest in the Pajarito Plateau intensified during his time at the Normal School. He enlisted students at the Normal School in the
1354:
726:, responsible for assembling the central exhibit "The Story of Man through the Ages". This led in turn to his assuming directorship of the
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596:, detected in this pottery a commercial opportunity that the puebleños would go on to develop into a major and economically significant
1038:
Fowler, Don D. (2003). "E. L. Hewett, J. F. Zimmerman, and the Beginnings of Anthropology at the University of New Mexico, 1927-1946".
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among others. In 1902, he wrote a pointed complaint about the pot-hunting practices, which he believed were destroying resources at
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General Land Office Circular Relating to Historic and Prehistoric Ruins of the Southwest and Their Preservation (Washington, 1904)
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375:, was favorably received, and sufficed to earn Hewett his degree despite his inability to defend it in the customary French.
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His collaborations with other archaeologists also increased with the passage of time. By 1910 he was collaborating with the
769:, one of the units of the Museum of New Mexico that he helped create, next to those of his long-time friend and supporter
310:. The New Mexico Normal School, as it was originally called (renamed New Mexico Normal University in 1902, later becoming
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Meanwhile, the political landscape that had prevented the creation of the Pajarito National Park was starting to change.
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A Unique Exhibition of Ancient American Art: The Excavation of Kuaua Pueblo and the Creation of Coronado State Monument
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territorial legislature, anticipating the day when the Territory would achieve statehood, authorized the founding of a
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The Pueblo Indian World: Studies on the Natural History of the Rio Grande Valley in Relation to Pueblo Indian Culture
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Hewett spent most of late 1904 and 1905 shuttling between Washington and New Mexico, helping Lacey with a nascent
338:" to achieve support for his goals. This was one of the traits that set him apart from his contemporaries such as
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with language that explicitly mandated promoting the economic interests of the region in terms of agriculture and
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210:
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38:
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704:
553:
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Raymond Harris Thompson, "Edgar Lee Hewett and the Political Process", on line version, National Park Service
1224:. Bernalillo, New Mexico: Friends of Coronado and Jemez Historic Sites Research Series Number 1. p. 44.
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in southwestern New Mexico, would soon follow, and by the end of 1907, Chaco Canyon itself had been made a
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gave Hewett an additional platform, by establishing the School of American Archaeology, later the
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221:—and at her doctors' advice, the Hewetts started to spend time in the warmer climate of northern
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signed the Antiquities Act into law on June 8, 1906, and Hewett's place in the history of the
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to protect one of the ruins that Hewett had made his life's passion, but rather to establish
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1117:"Preservation of American Antiquities; Progress during the Last Year; Needed Legislation"
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177:, which he had worked on, authorized the establishment by the executive branch of such
908:. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico and the School of American Research, 1945.
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The Physiography of the Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico, in Relation to Pueblo Culture
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The School of American Archaeology (later School of American Research, and now the
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in 1900 (no small journey at the time) and befriended the prominent anthropologist
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Nation marks Lacey Act centennial, 100 years of federal wildlife law enforcement.
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Alcove House, Frijoles Canyon. A similar photograph appears in Hewett's 1943 book
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The first archaeological site to be preserved under the Antiquities Act was the
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Thompson, Raymond Harris (2000). "Edgar Lee Hewett and the Political Process".
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in 1904. He spent little time in residence at the university, developing his
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was one of the students there. By 1915 he was director of exhibits for the
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had just started to describe, through both scientific papers and his novel
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Edgar Lee Hewett died on December 31, 1946. His ashes are interred at the
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was secured. Ironically, Roosevelt's first use of the Antiquities Act was
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Hewett, Edgar L. "Ancient Andean Life". Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1939
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much of the time; after their return to the United States, she entered a
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National Park Service Archeology Program article on the Antiquities Act
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222:
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Administrative history of Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument (NPS)
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Montezuma Castle NM: A Past Preserved in Stone (National Park Service)
409:. Wetherill and the Hyde Expedition were forbidden to excavate there.
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290:, prevented Pajarito National Park from being approved at that time.
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Journal of Anthropological Research article on Hewett and colleagues
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on the Plateau was not exactly widespread, but such as it was, the
229:—a site that would eventually become the centerpiece attraction of
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679:. This of course exposed him to complaints from his critics about
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In 1909 another action of the territorial legislature created the
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for a time. She died in the fall of 1905. Hewett kept on working.
135:; and as the first president of the New Mexico Normal School, now
1247:
Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums
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466:
249:
Hewett's interest in Frijoles Canyon was timely, for ethnologist
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Hewett's increasing ties to university life exposed him to the "
342:, and his skills contributed to the next phase of his career.
904:
Hewett, Edgar L., Dutton, Bertha P. and Harrington. John P.
169:, established to preserve extensive prehistoric ruins of the
103:(November 23, 1865 – December 31, 1946) was an American
817:
Hewett, Edgar L.; Henderson, Junius and Robbins, Wilfred W.
1017:
United States Public Law 106-248 (2000); text available at
481:
complex that would become the centerpiece of the eponymous
387:
123:. He is best known for his role in gaining passage of the
505:, thus preserving the most extensive site of ruins of the
1240:
Hewett and Friends: A Biography of Santa Fe's Vibrant Era
1019:
http://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/laws/106/publ248.106.txt
915:. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, 1946.
901:. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, 1944.
894:. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, 1944.
887:. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, 1943.
880:. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, 1943.
873:. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, 1943.
859:. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, 1940.
849:. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, 1937.
842:. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, 1936.
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Government supervision of historic and prehistoric ruins
161:
Hewett also had a significant role in the formation of
1260:
Summary of Hewett biography from Texas Tech collection
319:
increased rapidly and for a time exceeded that of the
791:
A General View of the Archeology of the Pueblo Region
315:
the first president of the New Mexico Normal School.
933:Fisher, Reginald (July 1947). "Edgar Lee Hewett".
548:), and omitting among others the very significant
472:
373:Les Communautés anciennes dans le desert Americain
1075:
1301:
1242:. Albuquerque: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1982.
821:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1913.
800:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1906.
793:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1905.
371:. The resulting dissertation, bearing the title
213:), where he received a master's degree in 1893.
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988:
986:
394:on the archaeological resources of the region.
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992:
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675:(1903–1994), after he had trained them at the
1365:People from San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico
1249:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2016.
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1033:
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1029:
1027:
983:
866:. Archaeological Institute of America, 1942.
814:. Archaeological Institute of America, 1909.
807:. Archaeological Institute of America, 1908.
798:Antiquities of the Jemez Plateau, New Mexico
127:, a pioneering piece of legislation for the
1188:
1066:
961:
293:
193:, on November 23, 1865. He was educated at
131:; as the founder and first director of the
1295:University of New Mexico Hewett collection
833:Ancient Life in Mexico and Central America
1350:Directors of museums in the United States
1132:
1024:
845:Bandelier, Adolf F. and Hewett, Edgar L.
16:American anthropologist and archaeologist
1219:
970:
644:, who had started the first archaeology
240:
1335:New Mexico Highlands University faculty
883:Hewett, Edgar L. and Fisher, Reginald.
1302:
1114:
1078:Ancient Life in the American Southwest
1037:
995:A Guide to Bandelier National Monument
932:
826:Ancient life in the American Southwest
805:The Groundwork Of American Archaeology
747:Ancient Life in the American Southwest
559:
499:Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument
167:Chaco Culture National Historical Park
855:Hewett, Edgar L. and Mauzy, Wayne L.
1285:School for Advanced Research history
835:. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1936.
828:. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1930.
1355:People from Warren County, Illinois
1040:Journal of Anthropological Research
514:Archaeological Institute of America
236:
94:Cora Whitford, Donizetta Jones Wood
13:
1232:
1021:(last accessed November 29, 2007).
840:The Chaco Canyon and its monuments
483:Montezuma Castle National Monument
444:This apparent short-circuiting of
345:
14:
1376:
1253:
997:. Los Alamos Historical Society.
701:University of Southern California
414:United States General Land Office
277:was established in the adjoining
1199:. University of Nebraska Press.
847:Indians Of The Rio Grande Valley
648:program in the United States at
611:
275:Valles Caldera National Preserve
257:(1890), prehistoric life on the
31:
1213:
1163:
1141:
885:Mission Monuments of New Mexico
671:(later Lambert; 1908–2006) and
520:, in Santa Fe. Hewett's friend
473:Building the national monuments
463:Devil's Tower National Monument
312:New Mexico Highlands University
211:University of Northern Colorado
137:New Mexico Highlands University
1360:People from Florence, Colorado
1093:
1084:
1011:
878:Man in the Pageant of the Ages
752:
705:Maxwell Museum of Anthropology
184:
1:
1103:press release. May 30, 2000.
919:
86:Archaeologist, anthropologist
1134:10.1525/aa.1906.8.1.02a00130
1101:US Fish and Wildlife Service
864:From Culture To Civilization
720:Panama-California Exposition
714:on work in Frijoles Canyon;
618:School for Advanced Research
39:New Mexico Normal University
7:
542:Bandelier National Monument
518:School of American Research
231:Bandelier National Monument
163:Bandelier National Monument
10:
1381:
1151:New Mexico Business Weekly
1076:Hewett, Edgar Lee (1943).
201:and thereafter settled in
1115:Hewett, Edgar L. (1906).
947:10.1017/S000273160001581X
403:Alice Cunningham Fletcher
90:
82:
74:
60:
46:
30:
23:
1320:American anthropologists
1195:Rothman, Hal K. (1992).
1052:10.1086/jar.59.3.3631478
973:Journal of the Southwest
776:
763:New Mexico Museum of Art
697:University of New Mexico
677:University of New Mexico
497:had studied, at today's
321:University of New Mexico
294:New Mexico Normal School
1345:Taos Society of Artists
1325:American archaeologists
1220:Stephens, Gail (2021).
1121:American Anthropologist
993:Hoard, Dorothy (1983).
857:Landmarks of New Mexico
728:San Diego Museum of Man
712:Smithsonian Institution
640:most vocal critics was
191:Warren County, Illinois
142:Hewett's dealings with
68:Albuquerque, New Mexico
54:Warren County, Illinois
1340:Pre-Columbian scholars
1080:. Tudor Publishing Co.
602:Santa Fe Indian Market
246:
1330:American ethnologists
1238:Chauvenet, Beatrice.
812:The Pajaritan Culture
455:conservation movement
308:Las Vegas, New Mexico
244:
173:whom he studied. The
129:conservation movement
119:and the southwestern
1197:On Rims & Ridges
665:Museum of New Mexico
579:San Ildefonso Pueblo
550:Puye Cliff Dwellings
446:separation of powers
434:Santa Fe, New Mexico
360:University of Geneva
158:form in the region.
152:San Ildefonso Pueblo
133:Museum of New Mexico
111:whose focus was the
650:Columbia University
600:in the region. The
590:Vera von Blumenthal
560:Native American art
540:proclaimed the new
530:William Howard Taft
439:The result was the
189:Hewett was born in
1153:, 24 January 2002"
935:American Antiquity
871:Campfire and Trail
554:Santa Clara Pueblo
451:Theodore Roosevelt
288:Santa Clara Pueblo
255:The Delight Makers
247:
203:Florence, Colorado
179:national monuments
911:Hewett, Edgar L.
899:Man and The State
897:Hewett, Edgar L.
890:Hewett, Edgar L.
876:Hewett, Edgar L.
869:Hewett, Edgar L.
862:Hewett, Edgar L.
838:Hewett, Edgar L.
831:Hewett, Edgar L.
824:Hewett, Edgar L.
810:Hewett, Edgar L.
803:Hewett, Edgar L.
796:Hewett, Edgar L.
789:Hewett, Edgar L.
782:Hewett, Edgar L.
739:publish or perish
669:Marjorie Ferguson
503:national monument
340:Richard Wetherill
336:smoke-filled room
207:Greeley, Colorado
98:
97:
64:December 31, 1946
50:November 23, 1865
1372:
1245:Redman, Samuel.
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598:cottage industry
399:Washington, D.C.
259:Pajarito Plateau
251:Adolph Bandelier
237:Pajarito Plateau
146:, the matriarch
101:Edgar Lee Hewett
37:As president of
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441:Antiquities Act
421:Act of Congress
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346:Antiquities Act
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279:Jemez Mountains
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125:Antiquities Act
115:communities of
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1178:. Retrieved
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407:Chaco Canyon
396:
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364:dissertation
356:anthropology
349:
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298:In 1893 the
297:
263:
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248:
219:tuberculosis
215:
188:
160:
141:
100:
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18:
1315:1946 deaths
1310:1865 births
753:Later years
732:Balboa Park
658:Mexico City
634:Earl Morris
606:Santa Clara
594:Rose Dougan
384:congressman
325:Albuquerque
267:agriculture
209:(today the
185:Early years
1304:Categories
1175:El Palacio
920:References
734:district.
642:Franz Boas
430:sanatorium
426:wheelchair
300:New Mexico
223:New Mexico
117:New Mexico
1060:163669721
955:164720220
724:San Diego
716:Neil Judd
622:Neil Judd
358:from the
352:doctorate
332:surveying
91:Spouse(s)
75:Education
767:Santa Fe
743:academia
681:cronyism
654:New York
546:Tsankawi
494:de facto
487:dynamite
392:Congress
283:forestry
271:ranchers
227:Santa Fe
199:Missouri
156:folk art
786:. 1904.
567:pottery
479:Arizona
467:Wyoming
41:in 1898
1203:
1180:May 3,
1058:
1001:
953:
632:, and
581:named
369:French
148:potter
1056:S2CID
951:S2CID
777:Works
552:near
386:from
78:D.Sc.
1201:ISBN
1182:2021
999:ISBN
699:and
592:and
388:Iowa
382:, a
165:and
107:and
61:Died
47:Born
1129:doi
1048:doi
943:doi
765:in
722:in
652:in
646:PhD
465:in
459:not
432:in
354:in
323:in
306:at
197:in
150:of
1306::
1173:.
1123:.
1119:.
1068:^
1054:.
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1026:^
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534:he
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1131::
1125:8
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1050::
1007:.
957:.
945::
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