1471:
neglected by historians: the reigns of Edmund, Eadred and Eadwig "are often lumped together as a sort of interim period between the much more interesting reigns of Æthelstan and Edgar". He argues that "King Edmund's legislation shows an ambition towards tighter control of the localities through increased cooperation between all levels of government, and that king and archbishop were working closely together in restructuring the
English administrative framework". Trousdale sees a transition which "was marked in part by a small yet significant shift away from a reliance on traditional West Saxon administrative structures and the power blocs that had enjoyed influence under King Æthelstan, towards increased cooperation with interests and families from Mercia and East Anglia". He also sees Edmund as moving away from Æthelstan's centralisation of power to a more collegial relationship with local secular and ecclesiastical authorities. Trousdale's picture contrasts with that of other historians such as Sarah Foot, who emphasises the achievements of Æthelstan, and George Molyneaux in his study of the formation of the late Anglo-Saxon state in the reign of Edgar.
766:, this one shows a concern with English nationalism and the West Saxon royal dynasty, and in this case displays the Christian English and Danes as united under Edmund in their victorious opposition to Norse (Norwegian) pagans. Stenton commented that the poem brings out the highly significant fact that the Danes of eastern Mercia, after fifteen years of Æthelstan's government, had come to regard themselves as the rightful subjects of the English king. Above all, it emphasises the antagonism between Danes and Norsemen, which is often ignored by modern writers, but underlies the whole history of England in this period. It is the first political poem in the English language, and its author understood political realities.
1078:
1066:
388:
1233:
789:
Eadred's reign". The
Northumbrians' repeated revolts show that they retained separatist ambitions, which they only abandoned under pressure from successive southern kings. Unlike Æthelstan, Edmund and Eadred rarely claimed jurisdiction over the whole of Britain, although each did sometimes describe himself as 'king of the English' even at times when he did not control Northumbria. In charters, Edmund sometimes even called himself by the lesser title of "king of the Anglo-Saxons" in 940 and 942, and only claimed to be king of all Britain once he had gained full control over Northumbria in 945. He never described himself as
38:
356:. Government at the local level was mainly carried on by ealdormen, and Edmund made substantial changes in personnel during his reign, with a move from Æthelstan's main reliance on West Saxons to a greater prominence of men with Mercian connections. Unlike the close relatives of previous kings, his mother and brother attested many of Edmund's charters, suggesting a high degree of family cooperation. Edmund was also an active legislator, and three of his codes survive. Provisions include ones which attempt to regulate feuds and emphasise the sanctity of the royal person.
1467:, developed unassailable positions. In the view of Cyril Hart: "For the whole of his brief reign, the young king Edmund remained strongly under the influence of his mother Eadgifu and the "Half King", who between them must have decided much of the national policy." In contrast, Williams describes Edmund as "an energetic and forceful ruler" and Stenton commented that "he proved himself to be both warlike and politically effective", while in Dumville's view, but for his early death "he might yet have been remembered as one of the more remarkable of Anglo-Saxon kings".
5926:
1303:, and Wynflæd, the mother of Edmund's first wife. Æthelstan had granted two estates to religious women, Edmund made seven such grants and Eadred four. After this the practice ceased abruptly, apart from one further donation. The significance of the donations is uncertain, but the most likely explanation is that in the mid-tenth century some religious aristocratic women were granted the estates so that they could choose how to pursue their vocation, whether by establishing a nunnery or living a religious life in their own homes.
622:(king's brother). Their attestations may have been because of the family connection, but they also may have been intended to display the throneworthiness of the king's half-brothers when it was known that he did not have long to live. This is the only charter of Æthelstan attested by Edmund, the authenticity of which has not been questioned. Æthelstan died childless on 27 October 939 and Edmund's succession to the throne was undisputed. He was the first king to succeed to the throne of all England, and was probably crowned at
1162:, the crime of attacking a homestead; the penalty is loss of all the offender's property, while the king decides whether he also loses his life. Scandinavian loan words are not found in Edmund's other codes, and this one may have been particularly aimed at his Danish subjects. In contrast to Edmund's concern about the level of violence, he congratulated his people on their success in suppressing thefts. The code encourages greater local initiative in upholding the law, while emphasising Edmund's royal dignity and authority.
1151:(compensation) to the relatives of the victim. If no wergeld is paid, the killer has to bear the feud, but attacks on him are forbidden in churches and royal manor houses. If the killer's kin abandon him and refuse to contribute to a wergeld and to protect him, then it is the king's will that they are to be exempt from the feud: any of the victim's kin taking vengeance on them shall incur the hostility of the king and his friends and shall lose all their possessions. In the view of the historian
1267:. Williams rejects the story because there is no evidence that he was influential in this period; his brother attested charters, but he did not. Edmund may have given Dunstan the abbey to keep him at a distance because he was too much of a disruptive influence at court. He was joined by Æthelwold, another future reform leader, and they spent much of the next decade studying Benedictine texts at Glastonbury, which became the first centre for disseminating monastic reform.
785:, a brother of Anlaf Guthfrithson who also accepted baptism under Edmund's sponsorship, and an otherwise unknown Sihtric. The coins of all three men were issued with the same design, which may suggest joint authority. In 944, Edmund expelled the Viking rulers of York and seized control of the city with the assistance of Archbishop Wulfstan, who had previously supported the Vikings, and an ealdorman in Mercia, probably Æthelmund, who had been appointed by Edmund in 940.
1259:. He had been a leading counsellor of Æthelstan and had helped to negotiate the return of Louis to France as king of the Franks in 936. Dunstan was to be a key figure in the reform and Archbishop of Canterbury, and according to his first biographer he was a leading figure at Edmund's court until his enemies persuaded Edmund to expel him, only for the king to have a change of heart after a narrow escape from death and give him a royal estate at
644:
1220:
what they have in common as more important, especially a heightened rhetorical tone which extends to treating murder as an affront to the royal person. The historian Alaric
Trousdale sees "explicit funding of local administrative institutions and the greater empowerment of local officials in the application of the law" as original contributions of Edmund's legislation. Edmund is listed in laws of his grandson
1103:'s name horizontally on the reverse. There were also substantial numbers of BC (Bust Crowned) types in East Anglia and the Danish shires; these had a portrait of the king, often crudely drawn, on the obverse. For a period in Æthelstan's reign many coins showed the mint town, but this had become rare by the time of Edmund's accession, except in Norwich, where it continued during the 940s for BC types.
998:, who was appointed as Archbishop of Canterbury by Edmund in 941. Æthelstan Half-King first witnessed a charter as an ealdorman in 932, and within three years of Edmund's accession he had been joined by two of his brothers as ealdormen; their territories covered more than half of England and his wife fostered the future King Edgar. The historian
578:. According to William of Malmesbury, Æthelstan showed great affection towards Edmund and Eadred: "mere infants at his father's death, he brought them up lovingly in childhood, and when they grew up gave them a share in his kingdom". Edmund may have been a member of the expedition to Scotland in 934 as, according to the
435:, who became king when Alfred died in 899. In 909, Edward sent a force of West Saxons and Mercians to attack the Northumbrian Danes, and the following year the Danes retaliated with a raid on Mercia. While they were marching back to Northumbria, they were caught by an Anglo-Saxon army and decisively defeated at the
1049:, or perhaps the bishop himself. These charters are characterised both by a high proportion of words starting with the same letter and by the use of unusual words. Ben Snook describes the charters as "impressive literary works", and like much of the writing of the period their style displays the influence of
921:. Louis was both nephew and brother-in-law of Otto, while Otto and Edmund were brothers-in-law. There were almost certainly extensive diplomatic contacts between Edmund and Continental rulers which have not been recorded, but it is known that Otto sent delegations to Edmund's court. In the early 940s, some
667:: "Here the Northumbrians belied their pledges and chose Anlaf from Ireland as their king." Anlaf was in York by the end of 939 and the following year he invaded north-east Mercia, aiming to recover the southern territories of the York kingdom which had been conquered by Edward and Æthelflæd. He marched on
1115:
Three law codes of Edmund survive, carrying on Æthelstan's tradition of legal reform. They are called I Edmund, II Edmund and III Edmund. The order in which they were issued is clear, but not the dates of issue. I Edmund is concerned with ecclesiastical matters, while the other codes deal with public
1106:
After the reign of Edward the Elder there was a slight decline in the weight of coins under Æthelstan, and the deterioration increased after around 940, continuing until Edgar's reform of the coinage in around 973. However, based on a very small sample, there is no evidence of a decline in the silver
788:
When Edmund died, his successor Eadred faced further revolts in
Northumbria, which were not finally defeated until 954. In Miller's view, Edmund's reign "shows clearly that although Æthelstan had conquered Northumbria, it was still not really part of a united England, nor would it be until the end of
1829:
The textile historian Clare
Higgins dates the silk as late eighth or early ninth century, and argues that Edmund is the most likely donor to Cuthbert's tomb. The silk could have been placed in it by Æthelstan when he visited it in 934, but unlike Edmund he is not known to have revested the body. The
1291:
silk found in
Cuthbert's tomb known as the "Nature Goddess silk". He also "granted peace and law better than any it ever had to the whole territory of St Cuthbert". Edmund's show of respect and support for the shrine reflected both the political power of the community of St Cuthbert in the north and
1028:
The period from around 925 to 975 was the golden age of Anglo-Saxon royal charters, when they were at their peak as instruments of royal government, and the scribes who drew up most of Edmund's charters constituted a royal secretariat which he inherited from his brother. From 928 until 935, charters
304:
dynasty since Alfred's reign, but he was able to recover his position following Anlaf's death in 941. In 942, Edmund took back control of the Five
Boroughs and in 944 he regained control over the whole of England when he expelled the Viking kings of York. Eadred had to deal with further revolts when
1671:
The statement that Otto sent delegations to Edmund's court is based on stories in the earliest life of
Dunstan, written around 1000 by an author who only identified himself as "B". He stated that Edmund threatened to expel Dunstan from the court, upon which Dunstan appealed to members of a visiting
1219:
Williams comments "In both the second code and the
Colyton legislation, the functions of the four pillars of medieval society, kingship, lordship, family and neighbourhood, are clearly evident." Wormald describes the codes as "an object-lesson in the variety of Anglo-Saxon legal texts", but he sees
1588:
chronology, arguing that it describes events after Anlaf
Guthfrithson's death in 941: in her view, Edmund's victory in the Five Boroughs did not recover territory lost to Anlaf Guthfrithson, but rather took full control over land which had for many years been ruled by pagan Vikings. Kevin Halloran
1009:
For the first half of 940, there were no changes in the attestations of ealdormen compared with the end of Æthelstan's reign, but later in the year the number of ealdormen was doubled from four to eight, with three of the new ealdormen covering Mercian districts. There was an increased reliance on
1449:
Like his son Edgar thirty years later, Edmund was buried at Glastonbury Abbey. The location may have reflected its spiritual prestige and royal endorsement of the monastic reform movement, but as his death was unexpected it is more likely that Dunstan was successful in claiming the body. His sons
1119:
I Edmund was promulgated at a council in London convened by Edmund and attended by archbishops Oda and Wulfstan. The code is very similar to "Constitutions" previously promulgated by Oda. Uncelibate clerics were threatened with the loss of property and forbidden burial in consecrated ground, and
1033:
in a highly elaborate style. Keynes comments: "It is only by dwelling on the glories and complexities of the diplomas drafted and written by Æthelstan A that one can appreciate the elegant simplicity of the diplomas that followed." A scribe known as Edmund C wrote an inscription in a gospel book
872:
in return for a pledge to defend it on land and on sea, a decision variously interpreted by historians. Dumville and Charles-Edwards regard it as granting Strathclyde to the Scottish king in return for an acknowledgement of Edmund's overlordship, whereas Williams thinks it probably means that he
658:
saved England from destruction as a united kingdom, and it helped to ensure that Edmund would succeed smoothly to the throne, but it did not preserve him from challenges to his rule once he became king. The chronology of the Viking challenge is disputed, but according to the most widely accepted
1657:
Welsh kings are only listed as attesting one probable charter (S 1497) of Edmund, dating to late in his reign. However, this is probably because 'mainstream' scribes did not record the attestations of Welsh kings. All charters attested by Welsh and Scottish kings between 928 and 956 were either
1348:
script in England, although Continental sources are also important. Edmund's reign also saw the development of a new style of the native square minuscule script, which was used in mid-century royal diplomas. Oda's school at Canterbury was praised by post-Conquest chroniclers, especially for the
769:
However, Williams is sceptical, arguing that the poem is not contemporary, and that it is doubtful whether contemporaries saw their situation in those terms. In the same year, Edmund granted large estates in northern Mercia to a leading nobleman, Wulfsige the Black, continuing the policy of his
1470:
The historian Ryan Lavelle comments that "a case can be made, as Alaric Trousdale has recently done , for assigning Edmund a central role to the achievements of the tenth century English state". Trousdale comments that the period between the reigns of Æthelstan and Edgar has been comparatively
1306:
In the reign of Edmund's son Edgar, Æthelwold and his circle insisted that Benedictine monasticism was the only worthwhile form of religious life, but this was not the view of earlier kings such as Edmund. He was concerned to support religion, but was not committed to a particular ideology of
1188:, that is the middling and great landholders, and that Edmund's oath united his diverse peoples by binding them all to him personally. The emphasis on lordship is further seen in provisions setting out the duties of lords to take responsibility for their followers and stand surety for them.
859:
By 945, both Scotland and Strathclyde had kings who had assumed the throne since Brunanburh, and it is likely that whereas Scotland allied with England, Strathclyde held to its alliance with the Vikings. In that year Edmund ravaged Strathclyde. According to the thirteenth century chronicler
1173:
in Devon. This requires that "all shall swear in the name of the Lord, before whom that holy thing is holy, that they will be faithful to King Edmund, even as it behooves a man to be faithful to his lord, without any dispute or dissension, openly or in secret, favouring what he favours and
1013:
Eadgifu and Eadred attested many of Edmund's charters, showing a high degree of family cooperation; initially Eadgifu attested first, but from sometime in late 943 or early 944 Eadred took precedence, perhaps reflecting his growing authority. Eadgifu attested around one third, always as
1155:
the need for legislation to control the feud was partly due to the influx of Danish settlers who believed that it was more manly to pursue a vendetta than to settle a dispute by accepting compensation. Several Scandinavian loan words are first recorded in this code, such as
900:
Edmund inherited strong Continental contacts from Æthelstan's cosmopolitan court, and these were enhanced by their sisters' marriages to foreign kings and princes. Edmund carried on his brother's Continental policies and maintained his alliances, especially with his nephew
427:. In the 880s and 890s, the Anglo-Saxons ruled Wessex and western Mercia, but the rest of England was under Viking kings. Alfred constructed a network of fortresses, and these helped him to frustrate renewed Viking attacks in the 890s with the assistance of his son-in-law,
1020:(king's mother), including all grants to religious institutions and individuals. Eadred attested over half of his brother's charters. Eadgifu's and Eadred's prominence in charter attestations is unparalleled by any other West Saxon king's mother and male relative.
1124:. A clause forbidding a murderer from coming into the neighbourhood of the king, unless he had done penance for his crime, reflected an increasing emphasis on the sanctity of kingship. Edmund was one of the few Anglo-Saxon kings to promulgate laws concerned with
1274:
in Chester-le-Street church, probably on his way to Scotland in 945. He prayed at the shrine and commended himself and his army to the saint. His men gave 60 pounds to the shrine, and Edmund placed two gold bracelets on the saint's body and wrapped two costly
1343:
of the leading seventh century scholar and Bishop of Sherborne, Aldhelm. The revival continued in Edmund's reign, and Welsh book production became increasingly influential. Welsh manuscripts were studied and copied, and they influenced the early use of
1462:
comments that when substantial powers were delegated there was a danger that subjects would become over-powerful: the kings following Æthelstan came to the throne young and had short reigns, and the families of Æthelstan 'Half-King' and
1132:
In II Edmund, the king and his counsellors are stated to be "greatly distressed by the manifold illegal deeds of violence which are in our midst", and aimed to promote "peace and concord". The main focus is on regulating and controlling
781:, who was baptised in 943 with Edmund as his godfather, suggesting that he accepted West Saxon overlordship. Sihtricson issued his own coinage, but he clearly had rivals in York as coins were also issued there in two other names:
1128:
and idolatry, and the code condemns false witness and the use of magical drugs. The association between perjury and the use of drugs in magic was traditional, probably because they both involved the breaking of a religious oath.
839:
as "the firmest ally of the English "emperors of Britain" among all the kings of his day". Attestations of Welsh kings to English charters appear to have been rare compared with those in Æthelstan's reign, but in the historian
1688:, but the term is also used to refer to East Francia, which is more likely in this context. "B" also states that an apparition appeared to Dunstan on the day of Edmund's death which claimed to be from "the eastern kingdom".
1255:, reached its peak under Edgar, but Edmund's reign was important in the early stages, which were led by Oda and Ælfheah, both of whom were monks. Oda had strong connections with Continental centres of reform, especially
873:
agreed to Malcolm's overlordship of the area in return for an alliance against the Dublin Vikings, and Stenton and Miller see it as recognition by Edmund that Northumbria was the northern limit of Anglo-Saxon England.
1445:
The historians Clare Downham and Kevin Halloran dismiss John of Worcester's account and suggest that the king was the victim of a political assassination, but this view has not been accepted by other historians.
1207:
as gruesome: "we have declared with regard to slaves that, if a number of them commit theft, their leader shall be captured and slain, or hanged, and each of the others shall be scourged three times and have his
1555:
and the difficulty of distinguishing between Anlaf (or Olaf) Guthfrithson and his cousin Anlaf Sihtricson, who both ruled York in this period, makes Edmund's reign "one of the obscurest in our national annals".
486:
had flourished in England in the seventh and eighth centuries, but it severely declined in the late eighth and ninth centuries. By the time Alfred came to the throne in 871, monasteries and knowledge of
1165:
The relationship between Anglo-Saxon kings and their leading men was personal; kings were lords and protectors in return for pledges of loyalty and obedience, and this is spelled out in terms based on
1174:
discountenancing what he discountenances." The threat of divine retribution was important in a society which had limited coercive power to punish law breaking and disloyalty. The military historian
616:
has suggested that the poem was written during Edmund's reign. At a royal assembly shortly before Æthelstan's death in 939, Edmund and Eadred attested a grant to their full sister, Eadburh, both as
443:, his sister and Æthelred's widow, extended Alfred's network of fortresses and conquered Viking-ruled eastern Mercia and East Anglia. When Edward died in 924, he controlled all England south of the
1216:
as an administrative unit of local government in a provision requiring anyone who refuses to assist in the apprehension of a thief to pay 120 shillings to the king and 30 shillings to the hundred.
711:, to Guthfrithson. This was the first serious setback for the English since Edward the Elder began to roll back Viking conquests in the early tenth century, and it was described by the historian
1299:
Another sign of the religious revival was the number of aristocratic women who adopted a religious life. Several received grants from Edmund, including a nun called Ælfgyth, who was a patron of
511:
Edmund's father, Edward the Elder, had three wives, eight or nine daughters, several of whom married Continental royalty, and five sons. Æthelstan was the only known son of Edward's first wife,
375:. They were to be two of the leaders of the reform and they made the abbey the first important centre for disseminating it. Unlike the circle of his son Edgar, Edmund did not take the view that
718:
Guthfrithson died in 941, allowing Edmund to reverse his losses. In 942, he recovered the Five Boroughs, and his victory was considered so significant that it was commemorated by a poem in the
964:. As with the diplomatic delegations, this probably represents rare surviving evidence of extensive contacts between English and Continental churchmen which continued from Æthelstan's reign.
1099:. The main coin designs in Edmund's reign were H (Horizontal) types, with a cross or other decoration on the obverse surrounded by a circular inscription including the king's name, and the
1327:, who had drowned at sea in 933, but the incident shows that Edmund did not see only one monastic rule as valid. He may also have granted privileges to the unreformed (non-Benedictine)
892:. Travelling clerics played an important part in the circulation of manuscripts and ideas in this period, and Cathróe is unlikely to have been the only Celtic cleric at Edmund's court.
1857:(king's present concubine). If genuine, the charter probably dates to the end of her life as Eadred attests above Eadgifu, whereas before late 943 or early 944 Eadgifu attested first.
1107:
content under Edmund. His reign saw an increase in regional diversity of the coinage which lasted for twenty years until a return to relative unity of design early in Edgar's reign.
5989:
305:
he became king, and York was not finally conquered until 954. Æthelstan had achieved a dominant position over other British kings and Edmund maintained this, perhaps apart from
551:
gives Edmund a second full sister who married Louis, prince of Aquitaine; she was called Eadgifu, the same name as her mother. William's account is accepted by the historians
1385:
both became kings of England. Ælfgifu's father is not known, but her mother is identified by a charter of Edgar which confirms a grant by his grandmother Wynflæd of land to
1389:. Ælfgifu was also a benefactor of Shaftesbury Abbey; when she died in 944 she was buried there and venerated as a saint. Edmund had no known children by his second wife,
1041:
Most of Edmund's charters belong to the diplomatic "mainstream", including those of Edmund C, but four are part of a group, dating mainly to Eadred's reign, called the '
562:
Edmund was a young child when his half-brother Æthelstan became king in 924. He grew up at Æthelstan's court, probably with two important Continental exiles, his nephew
1195:. The local community is required to cooperate in catching thieves, dead or alive, and to assist in tracking down stolen cattle, while trading had to be witnessed by a
454:, who seized control of Northumbria in 927, thus becoming the first king of all England. He then styled himself in charters as king of the English, and soon afterwards
491:
were at a low ebb, but there was a gradual revival from Alfred's time onwards. This accelerated during Æthelstan's reign, and two leaders of the later tenth-century
5556:
Trousdale, Alaric (2013). "Being Everywhere at Once: Delegation and Royal Authority in Late Anglo-Saxon England". In Owen-Crocker, Gale; Schneider, Brian (eds.).
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Edmund attested one other charter of Æthelstan which some scholars regard as genuine, S 455, dated to between 934 and 939. (A charter's S number is its number in
937:, who kept him prisoner. Edmund and Otto both protested and demanded his immediate release, but this only took place in exchange for the surrender of the town of
1010:
the family of Æthelstan Half-King, which was enriched by grants in 942. The appointments may have been part of Edmund's measures to deal with Anlaf's incursion.
1576:
was accepted as king of York. Most historians accept Beaven's arguments, and this article follows his chronology, but several historians dispute aspects of it.
1397:
in 946. Edmund presented him with a sword lavishly decorated with gold and silver, which Ælfgar later presented to King Eadred. Æthelflæd's second husband was
419:
in 865. By 878, the Vikings had overrun East Anglia, Northumbria, and Mercia, and nearly conquered Wessex, but in that year the West Saxons fought back under
5982:
1121:
1697:
The signatories to charters from 935 to 946 are listed by Alaric Trousdale in his PhD thesis. All signatories to Anglo-Saxon charters are listed in
5153:
Naismith, Rory (2014a). "Prelude to Reform: Tenth-Century English Coinage in Perspective". In Naismith, Rory; Allen, Martin; Screen, Elina (eds.).
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Keynes, Simon (2014a) . "Appendix I: Rulers of the English, c. 450–1066". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
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1430:
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1184:) shall swear does not mean literally all, but should be understood to mean those men qualified to take oaths administered by royal reeves at
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were still young children, so he was succeeded as king by his brother Eadred, who was in turn succeeded by Edmund's elder son Eadwig in 955.
4820:
Keynes, Simon (2013). "Church Councils, Royal Assemblies and Anglo-Saxon Royal Diplomas". In Owen-Crocker, Gale; Schneider, Brian (eds.).
4495:
Granger-Taylor, Hero (1989). "The Inscription on the Nature Goddess Silk". In Bonner, Gerald; Rollason, David; Stancliffe, Clare (eds.).
844:'s view there is no reason to doubt that Edmund retained his overlordship over the Welsh kings. In a charter of 944 disposing of land in
815:, apparently took advantage of Edmund's early weakness to withhold fealty and may have supported Anlaf Guthfrithson, as according to the
1584:
as sub-king, and that he was expelled by Anlaf Guthfrithson in the spring of 940. Clare Downham rejects Woolf's thesis, but defends the
476:
and in 937 an alliance of armies of Scotland, Strathclyde and the Vikings invaded England. Æthelstan secured a decisive victory at the
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Higgins, Clare (1989). "Some New Thoughts on the Nature Goddess Silk". In Bonner, Gerald; Rollason, David; Stancliffe, Clare (eds.).
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325:. Edmund also continued his brother's friendly relations with Continental rulers, several of whom were married to his half-sisters.
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1429:
While the glorious Edmund, king of the English, was at the royal township called Pucklechurch in English, in seeking to rescue his
1292:
southern reverence for him. According to William of Malmesbury, Edmund brought the relics of important Northumbrian saints such as
612:(prince of the royal house) is given such a prominent role – and praised for his heroism alongside Æthelstan – that the historian
516:
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1441:, having completed five years and seven months of his reign. He was borne to Glastonbury, and buried by the abbot, St Dunstan.
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as "an ignominious surrender". Guthfrithson had coins struck at York with the lower Viking weight than the English standard.
5912:
3546:
1764:
The only other coin was the very rare halfpenny. As of 1989, none were known from Æthelstan's reign and two from Edmund's.
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a century later. Edmund's mother, Eadgifu, who had been in eclipse during her step-son's reign, was also very influential.
848:, Edmund is styled "King of the English and ruler of this British province", suggesting that the former British kingdom of
440:
412:
6767:
523:, who may have been acknowledged in Wessex as king when his father died in 924 but who died less than a month later, and
5577:
The History Of The Anglo-Saxons : Comprising The history of England From The Earliest Period To The Norman Conquest
4858:
Keynes, Simon (2014b) . "Kingston-upon-Thames". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
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Cotton Tiberius A. ii folio 15v) during Æthelstan's reign and wrote charters for Edmund and Eadred between 944 and 949.
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monasticism was the only worthwhile religious life, and he also patronised unreformed (non-Benedictine) establishments.
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Brooks, Nicholas (1992). "The Career of St Dunstan". In Ramsay, Nigel; Sparks, Margaret; Tatton-Brown, Tim (eds.).
1747:
This is an HM var (d) (Horizontal reverse with Miscellaneous decoration, variety d) penny struck by the Shrewsbury
459:
306:
1866:Ælfhere's career post-dates Edmund's reign, but his father Ealhhelm was a leading ealdorman between 940 and 951.
1324:
659:
version, Æthelstan's death encouraged the York Vikings to accept the kingship of Anlaf Guthfrithson, the King of
5023:(2006). "Old English Legal and Penitential Penalties for 'Heathenism'". In Keynes, Simon; Smyth, Alfred (eds.).
1525:
According to William of Malmesbury, Edmund was about eighteen years old when he succeeded to the throne in 939.
1464:
2657:
884:, he travelled through England on his journey from Scotland to the Continent; Edmund summoned him to court and
736:
524:
5213:
Pagan, Hugh (1995). "Mints and Moneyers in the West Midlands and at Derby in the Reign of Eadmund (939–946)".
885:
643:
455:
310:
6649:
6612:
5460:"Eadgifu (b. in or before 904, d. in or after 966), queen of the Anglo-Saxons, consort of Edward the Elder"
5413:
The Anglo-Saxon Chancery: The History, Language and Production of Anglo-Saxon Charters from Alfred to Edgar
5096:
Miller, Sean (2014b) . "Ætheling". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
4518:
3997:
3883:
1319:
in 944, monks who rejected the changes fled to England and Edmund gave them a church owned by the crown at
692:
590:), Æthelstan instructed that in the event of his death Edmund was to take his body to Cuthbert's shrine at
581:
293:
5172:
Naismith, Rory (2014b) . "Money". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
1323:. He may have had personal motives for his assistance, as the monks had given burial to his half-brother,
6374:
5077:
Miller, Sean (2014a) . "Edmund". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
4022:(1978). "England, France, Flanders and Germany: Some Comparisons and Connections". In Hill, David (ed.).
3937:
1496:
6363:
3324:
1644:
For a list of Edmund's titles in royal charters, see Trousdale's PhD thesis. Edmund also used the title
1353:, a brilliant Continental scholar and the most skilful poet in mid-tenth century England. The "Vatican"
6659:
6337:
6305:
4019:
1433:
from Leofa, a most wicked thief, lest he be killed, was himself killed by the same man on the feast of
1390:
1252:
1232:
910:
492:
360:
258:
152:
5917:
5908:
4046:
Prisca Munimenta: Studies in Archival & Administrative History Presented to Dr A. E. J. Hollaender
2573:
1918:
1648:
at the beginning of his reign, and it is disputed whether this means emperor or is a synonym for king.
500:
372:
6654:
6449:
6394:
6002:
3344:
2820:
2311:
1213:
1077:
1065:
571:
2510:
1374:
254:
147:
6762:
6455:
6444:
6150:
6006:
5998:
5655:
5592:
3858:
2251:
1811:
The hundred is mentioned earlier in a code of Æthelstan, but only as a group of men of that number.
1632:
1535:
684:
613:
594:. Edmund fought at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937, and in a poem commemorating the victory in the
552:
363:, reached its peak under Edgar, but Edmund's reign was important in its early stages. He appointed
333:
1212:
and his little finger mutilated as a token of his guilt". The code has the first reference to the
1045:
charters'. They were drafted by a very learned scholar, almost certainly someone in the circle of
559:
argues that she did not exist, and that William confused her with Ælfgifu, a daughter of Ælfflæd.
6424:
6419:
6404:
6379:
1565:
1434:
1125:
672:
6086:
2219:
1580:
suggests that Æthelstan did not resume direct rule of York after Brunanburh, instead appointing
1377:
around the time of his accession to the throne, as their second son was born in 943. Their sons
1221:
868:
blinded, perhaps to deprive their father of throneworthy heirs. Edmund then gave the kingdom to
317:
may have allied with the Vikings as he was killed by the English in 942. The British kingdom of
19:
This article is about the 10th century king of the English. For other people called Edmund, see
6603:
6488:
6434:
6409:
6384:
6369:
6241:
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3836:
1382:
836:
704:
483:
463:
408:
318:
250:
175:
6546:
2120:
979:
337:
6593:
6503:
6483:
6414:
6352:
6342:
6332:
6211:
6206:
6179:
6140:
6135:
4044:(1973). "The Anglo-Saxon Chancery: From the Diploma to the Writ". In Ranger, Felicity (ed.).
2784:
1345:
1328:
1312:
869:
596:
548:
544:
322:
6298:
6050:
4761:
Keynes, Simon (1985). "King Æthelstan's books". In Lapidge, Michael; Gneuss, Helmut (eds.).
4396:
Foot, Sarah (2008). "Where English Becomes British: Rethinking Contexts for Brunanburh". In
4161:
Downham, Clare (2003). "The Chronology of the Last Scandinavian Kings of York, AD 937–954".
520:
439:, ending the threat from the Northumbrian Vikings for a generation. In the 910s, Edward and
6747:
6571:
6518:
6508:
6498:
6471:
6389:
6312:
6246:
6201:
6191:
6185:
6174:
6168:
6118:
5262:
2040:
1774:
1551:
In 1918 Murray Beaven commented that conflicting dates in the different manuscripts of the
1293:
1143:) are required to put a stop to vendettas following murders: the killer should instead pay
782:
655:
623:
477:
436:
353:
4569:
Halloran, Kevin (2015). "A Murder at Pucklechurch: The Death of King Edmund, 26 May 946".
3494:
547:
was a nun at Winchester who was later venerated as a saint. The twelfth-century historian
8:
6752:
6598:
6551:
6493:
6429:
6226:
6216:
6196:
6162:
5967:
5949:
4540:
Halloran, Kevin (December 2013). "Anlaf Guthfrithson at York: A Non-existent Kingship?".
2932:
1802:(wise men) seems to be used here in a broader sense than its usual one of "councillors".
1339:
Latin learning revived in Æthelstan's reign, influenced by Continental models and by the
1054:
680:
226:
51:
5925:
3184:
2175:
1589:
takes Downham's thesis further, arguing that Anlaf Guthfrithson was never king of York.
1308:
987:
823:, he was killed by the English in 942. Between 942 and 950 his kingdom was conquered by
349:
6635:
6273:
6221:
6145:
5459:
5312:
4594:
4557:
4245:
4186:
4105:
1573:
1360:
1244:
1166:
995:
945:
934:
918:
902:
808:
675:, with considerable loss of life on both sides. On his way back north he was caught at
563:
424:
416:
289:
122:
5043:
4948:
1635:, but the mediation took place in 940 and Oda was not appointed archbishop until 941.
881:
818:
321:
may also have sided with the Vikings as Edmund ravaged it in 945 and then ceded it to
241:. After Edward died in 924, he was succeeded by his eldest son, Edmund's half-brother
6268:
6081:
5882:
5855:
5833:
5814:
5794:
5760:
5727:
5696:
5679:
5641:
5622:
5614:
5600:
5580:
5561:
5544:
5523:
5501:
5446:
5416:
5397:
5377:
5341:
5316:
5304:
5270:
5248:
5222:
5199:
5177:
5158:
5139:
5120:
5101:
5082:
5028:
5006:
4987:
4919:
4885:
4863:
4844:
4825:
4806:
4785:
4766:
4747:
4728:
4706:
4687:
4668:
4649:
4630:
4611:
4598:
4586:
4561:
4526:
4500:
4483:
4461:
4420:
4405:
4382:
4362:
4340:
4318:
4299:
4278:
4249:
4237:
4203:
4190:
4178:
4147:
4090:
4071:
4049:
4027:
4005:
3983:
3964:
3945:
3925:
3891:
3870:
3844:
3824:
3793:
3774:
3264:
2351:
1781:
1628:
1569:
1422:
1386:
1340:
1264:
1152:
991:
861:
660:
591:
368:
329:
300:. Edmund was initially forced to accept the reverse, the first major setback for the
285:
162:
133:
6129:
4684:
Historia de Sancto Cuthberto: A History of St Cuthbert and a Record of his Patrimony
4582:
4553:
1913:
1830:
tomb was opened again in 1104, and it is also possible that the silk was added then.
1398:
956:, perhaps at the request of Archbishop Oda when staying there on his way to or from
466:
acknowledged his overlordship. After this, he adopted more grandiose titles such as
6586:
6576:
6466:
6439:
6291:
6123:
6043:
6036:
5786:
5719:
5671:
5538:
5467:
5438:
5430:
5369:
5333:
5296:
5051:
4984:
Alfred's Wars: Sources and Interpretations of Anglo-Saxon Warfare in the Viking Age
4956:
4911:
4578:
4549:
4475:
4428:
4354:
4270:
4229:
4170:
4139:
4113:
3917:
3816:
1685:
1316:
926:
865:
778:
696:
575:
432:
420:
238:
230:
200:
5747:
5485:
5361:
5069:
4974:
4939:
4446:
4131:
3124:
2749:
2154:
949:
6581:
6326:
6156:
6108:
6098:
6092:
5806:
5515:
5389:
4899:
4877:
4514:
4041:
3820:
3504:
3477:
3439:
3382:
3378:
2779:
2775:
2556:
2169:
1840:
1785:
1539:
1418:
1414:
1204:
1192:
1035:
1003:
528:
266:
234:
210:
190:
5044:"Edward [called Edward the Elder] (870s?–924), king of the Anglo-Saxons"
2331:
2056:
1458:
Historians' views of Edmund's character and record differ widely. The historian
852:
was still not regarded as fully integrated into England, although the historian
503:, reached maturity in Æthelstan's cosmopolitan, intellectual court of the 930s.
6679:
6566:
6523:
6477:
6262:
5790:
5597:
Warriors and Churchmen in the High Middle Ages: Essays Presented to Karl Leyser
5471:
5284:
4915:
4805:. Cambridge: Dept. of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic, University of Cambridge.
4217:
4174:
4117:
1622:
1320:
1170:
999:
930:
841:
587:
539:. Edmund, who was born in 920 or 921, was Eadgifu's elder son. Her younger son
261:. His sons were young children when he was killed in a brawl with an outlaw at
5723:
5675:
5337:
5300:
5055:
4960:
4744:
Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources
4233:
1989:
1307:
religious development. In his grants, he continued Æthelstan's policies. When
1030:
671:, where he was repulsed, and then stormed the ancient Mercian royal centre of
37:
6741:
5847:
5798:
5683:
5584:
5548:
5493:
5450:
5381:
5308:
5226:
5136:
William of Malmesbury: Gesta Regum Anglorum, The History of the English Kings
5020:
4590:
4487:
4432:
4366:
4332:
4282:
4241:
4182:
3929:
3905:
3874:
3828:
3766:
2896:
2597:
1581:
1491:
1459:
1175:
712:
627:
387:
245:. Edmund was crowned after Æthelstan died childless in 939. He had two sons,
4274:
3921:
3678:
3482:
3411:
2984:
2020:
6704:
6461:
5811:
Legal Culture in the Early Medieval West: Law as Text, Image and Experience
5191:
4720:
4397:
2920:
2884:
1820:
In the later Anglo-Saxon period a pound was a unit of account of 240 pence.
1698:
1659:
1410:
1300:
1256:
1042:
914:
906:
853:
567:
376:
262:
118:
6056:
5942:
5902:
5540:
Rex Augustissimus: Reassessing the Reign of King Edmund of England, 939-46
5442:
4784:. Vol. III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 456–484.
4339:. Vol. III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 372–397.
3168:
2641:
2498:
1619:
It is not certain who acted on behalf of the English. The twelfth century
1209:
803:
Edmund inherited overlordship over the kings of Wales from Æthelstan, but
774:
to supporters in order to give them an interest in resisting the Vikings.
451:
242:
84:
6709:
6694:
6279:
5287:(1986). "Relic-cults as an instrument of royal policy c. 900 – c. 1050".
3888:
Coinage in Tenth-Century England: From Edward the Elder to Edgar's Reform
3662:
1561:
1260:
1185:
983:
953:
877:
832:
812:
668:
404:
345:
229:
from 27 October 939 until his death in 946. He was the elder son of King
4802:
An Atlas of Attestations in Anglo-Saxon Charters, c. 670–1066. 1, Tables
4800:
4780:
Keynes, Simon (1999). "England, c. 900–1016". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.).
2530:
1120:
there were also provisions regarding church dues and the restoration of
607:
6684:
6674:
6664:
6251:
6113:
5774:
5176:(Second ed.). Chichester: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 329–330.
5081:(Second ed.). Chichester: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 164–165.
4843:(Second ed.). Chichester: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 521–538.
4374:
4220:(1979). "The Ætheling: a Study in Anglo-Saxon Constitutional History".
1953:
1577:
1247:
inscribed "Dunstan the abbot gave orders for the writing of this book".
1196:
1134:
978:
Edmund inherited his brother's interests and leading advisers, such as
856:"suspects some 'local' interference" in the wording of Edmund's title.
828:
804:
732:
700:
556:
328:
Edmund inherited his brother's interests and leading advisers, such as
314:
66:
5662::the Family, Career and Connections of Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia".
5194:(1977). "Inauguration Rituals". In Sawyer, P. H.; Wood, I. N. (eds.).
4200:
Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014
3908:(1997). "Armes Prydein, Hywel Dda and the Reign of Edmund of Wessex".
3000:
1839:
For views for and against the authenticity of S 507 see 'Comments' in
864:, the invasion was supported by Hywel Dda, and Edmund had two sons of
6699:
6669:
6256:
6231:
5879:
The Reigns of Edmund, Eadred and Eadwig, 939-959: New Interpretations
3534:
2872:
2486:
1438:
1354:
1350:
1288:
1200:
824:
688:
676:
532:
341:
6357:
5155:
Early Medieval Monetary History: Studies in Memory of Mark Blackburn
4955:. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
3364:
2685:
2613:
2295:
679:
by an army under Edmund, but battle was averted by the mediation of
6689:
6630:
6236:
2804:
1271:
1029:
were produced by the very learned scribe designated by scholars as
849:
663:
who had led the Viking forces defeated at Brunanburh. According to
273:, who died in 955 and was followed by Edmund's sons in succession.
5003:
The King's Body: Burial and Succession in Late Anglo-Saxon England
4862:(Second ed.). Chichester: Blackwell Publishing. p. 277.
3574:
2470:
2140:
1002:
compares the brothers' power during Edmund's reign to that of the
929:
against Louis, and in 945 Harald captured Louis and handed him to
6607:
6513:
5595:(1992). "A Context for 'Brunanburh'?". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.).
5198:. Leeds: School of History, University of Leeds. pp. 50–71.
5134:
Mynors, R. A. B.; Thomson, R. M.; Winterbottom, M., eds. (1998).
5100:(Second ed.). Chichester: Blackwell Publishing. p. 15.
4949:"Dunstan [St Dunstan] (d. 988), archbishop of Canterbury"
3284:
2761:
1748:
1568:
in 943. Beaven argued that these entries refer to the actions of
1146:
1100:
1050:
1046:
961:
922:
771:
512:
496:
364:
185:
5133:
3611:, pp. 89, 100–104, 108–110, 136–140, 143, 161–162, 262–263.
3518:
3204:
2094:
2046:
1797:
1727:
1564:
accepted "Anlaf from Ireland" as king in 941 and that he seized
1157:
1144:
1138:
605:
6399:
6347:
6071:
6066:
5959:
4904:"Frithegod [Frithegode, Fredegaud] (fl. c. 950–c. 958)"
4335:(1999). "West Francia: The Kingdom". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.).
1378:
889:
540:
444:
400:
396:
301:
297:
281:
277:
270:
246:
170:
94:
20:
4106:"Oda [St Oda, Odo] (d. 958), archbishop of Canterbury"
3807:
Beaven, Murray (1918). "King Edmund I and the Danes of York".
3156:
1941:
1875:
A version of chapter V of Trousdale's thesis was published in
280:
and he became the first king of all England when he conquered
6319:
5830:
The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century
3718:
3076:
3040:
2283:
1394:
845:
708:
488:
292:
was accepted as King of York and extended Viking rule to the
5693:
Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England, c. 500–1066
3586:
3387:
3088:
2972:
2725:
2561:
1437:, teacher of the English, on Tuesday, 26 May, in the fourth
1393:, who died after 991. Her father Ælfgar became ealdorman of
1365:
was produced in England in Edmund's reign, probably in 944.
1203:. According to a provision described by the legal historian
276:Æthelstan had succeeded as the king of England south of the
6103:
4765:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–201.
4705:. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy.
4004:. London: Oxford University Press for the British Academy.
3982:. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy.
3706:
3638:
3312:
2271:
1191:
III Edmund was also concerned to prevent theft, especially
957:
938:
543:
succeeded him as king. Edmund had one or two full sisters.
536:
5997:
4048:. London: University of London Press Ltd. pp. 43–62.
4024:
Ethelred the Unready: Papers from the Millenary Conference
2434:
1851:
In a charter of uncertain authenticity Ælfgifu attests as
1662:" charters. For these charters see the 'Charters' section.
777:
Guthfrithson was succeeded as king of York by his cousin,
5117:
The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century
3788:
Ashdowne, Richard; Howlett, David; Latham, R. E. (2018).
3742:
3467:
3399:
3300:
3228:
3052:
3016:
1538:'s list of Anglo-Saxon charters, available online at the
1401:, a south-east Mercian ealdorman, and her will survives.
1095:
The only coin in common use in the tenth century was the
5754:
5640:(2nd (with revisions) ed.). London: Penguin Books.
5027:. Dublin, Ireland: Four Courts Press. pp. 127–158.
3773:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
3650:
3240:
3112:
2840:
2663:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2239:
1678:) for asylum. In most contemporary Continental sources,
798:
5832:. Vol. 1 (paperback ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
5267:
The Laws of the Kings of England from Edmund to Henry I
5174:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
5098:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
5079:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
4860:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
4841:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
3881:
3771:
Lordship and Military Obligation in Anglo-Saxon England
3694:
3216:
3144:
3100:
3064:
2942:
2926:
2902:
2890:
2862:
2673:
2629:
2504:
2422:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2357:
2076:
2010:
2008:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1778:
The Laws of the Kings of England from Edmund to Henry I
1251:
The major religious movement of the tenth century, the
359:
The major religious movement of the tenth century, the
5755:
Winterbottom, Michael; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (2012).
5558:
Kingship, Legislation and Power in Anglo-Saxon England
4822:
Kingship, Legislation and Power in Anglo-Saxon England
4513:
3861:(1971). "The Crowned Bust Coinage of Edmund 939–946".
3455:
3028:
2878:
2446:
2406:
2195:
1877:
Kingship, Legislation and Power in Anglo-Saxon England
395:
In the ninth century the four Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of
5560:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 2752–2796.
4138:
4103:
3790:
Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources H-P
3787:
3614:
3540:
3427:
3252:
2866:
2546:
2458:
2325:
2207:
2108:
638:
391:
Map of kingdoms and sub-kingdoms in the tenth century
5245:
Kingship and Consent in Anglo-Saxon England, 871–978
4421:"Æthelstan (Athelstan) (893/4–939), king of England"
3730:
3626:
2713:
2367:
2005:
1924:
1892:
895:
651:, folio 141v of British Library Cotton MS Tiberius B
5877:Blanchard, Mary; Riedel, Christopher, eds. (2024).
5619:
English Historical Documents, Volume 1, c. 500–1042
5376:. Translated by Stevenson, Joseph. London: Seeley.
5323:
4629:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 329–337.
4499:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 339–341.
3358:
2908:
2701:
1879:, edited by Gale Owen-Crocker and Brian Schneider.
1714:Eadred almost always attested Edmund's charters as
527:, who drowned in 933. In about 919, Edward married
4824:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 17–182.
4741:
4725:The Diplomas of King Æthelred the Unready 978–1016
4627:St Cuthbert, his Cult and his Community to AD 1200
4497:St Cuthbert, his Cult and his Community to AD 1200
4087:Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age
2737:
1947:
687:acting for the English. They arranged a treaty at
5500:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5025:Anglo-Saxons: Studies Presented to Cyril Roy Hart
4460:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
1965:
1773:Edmund's law codes are printed and translated in
888:, then ceremonially conducted him to his ship at
729:guardian of kinsmen, beloved instigator of deeds,
6739:
5368:
5005:. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
3977:
3963:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 1–23.
3792:. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2826:
2321:
1977:
1703:An Atlas of Attestations in Anglo-Saxon Charters
1572:in 939 and 940 and that after his death in 941,
5905:at the official website of the British monarchy
5876:
5599:. London: The Hambledon Press. pp. 21–39.
5522:(revised paperback ed.). London: Phoenix.
4062:
2603:
2524:
1409:On 26 May 946, Edmund was killed in a brawl at
1281:(lengths of Greek cloth) around it. One of the
753:for a long time until they were ransomed again,
5433:(1981). "The King's Wife in Wessex 800-1066".
4763:Learning and Literature in Anglo-Saxon England
4742:Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1983).
4494:
4104:Cubitt, Catherine; Costambeys, Marios (2004).
3334:
1331:, but the charter's authenticity is disputed.
480:, cementing his dominant position in Britain.
269:, and he was succeeded by his younger brother
5983:
5396:. Vol. 2. New Jersey: Humanities Press.
5326:"Cuthbert [St Cuthbert] (c. 635–687)"
5236:Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy
4681:
3978:Brooks, Nicholas; Kelly, Susan, eds. (2013).
3942:The Early History of the Church of Canterbury
3350:
3338:
2102:
1071:Silver penny, obverse inscribed 'EADMUND REX'
1053:, a leading scholar and early eighth century
835:, who is described by the historian of Wales
683:, on behalf of the Vikings, and probably the
1909:
1907:
1243:, last page of a set of commentaries on the
1169:for the first time in III Edmund, issued at
555:and Sean Miller, but Æthelstan's biographer
6550:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
5372:(1855). "History of the Kings of England".
3980:Charters of Christ Church Canterbury Part 1
1852:
1751:Eofermund, York Museum. The "M" stands for
1733:
1721:
1715:
1679:
1673:
1620:
1358:
1282:
1276:
1224:as one of the wise law-givers of the past.
1179:
1015:
816:
790:
617:
579:
467:
61:27 October 939 – 26 May 946
44:Genealogical Chronicle of the English Kings
6727:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
5990:
5976:
5924:
2666:, pp. lxiv, 46–47 and n. 137, 94–95;
1236:Bodleian Library MS. Hatton 30 folio 73v,
472:(king of the whole of Britain). In 934 he
36:
5635:
5613:
5555:
5536:
5269:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5261:
5247:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5171:
5152:
5114:
5000:
4727:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4525:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3944:. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
3748:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3688:
3684:
3672:
3608:
3580:
3508:
3421:
3306:
3246:
3234:
3210:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3178:
3138:
3118:
3106:
3094:
3082:
3070:
3058:
3046:
3010:
3006:
2990:
2978:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2938:
2794:
2758:, pp. 99, 106–107, 110–114, 127–130.
2755:
2731:
2492:
2361:
2265:
2189:
2165:
2150:
1904:
1368:
5709:
5690:
5654:
5457:
5429:
5374:The Historical Works of Simeon of Durham
5283:
5138:. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4946:
4898:
4662:
4568:
4539:
4331:
4312:
4289:
4256:
4216:
4146:. Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4084:
4040:
4018:
3996:
3656:
3604:
3592:
3568:
3560:
3524:
3500:
3461:
3449:
3445:
3417:
3393:
3354:
3294:
3278:
3270:
3162:
3034:
2830:
2790:
2771:
2719:
2691:
2679:
2651:
2647:
2635:
2607:
2583:
2520:
2516:
2400:
2337:
2277:
2233:
2082:
2066:
2050:
2030:
1231:
642:
506:
386:
5827:
5805:
5716:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5543:(PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh.
5514:
5492:
5464:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5330:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5324:Rollason, David; Dobson, R. B. (2004).
5157:. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 39–83.
5095:
5076:
5048:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4981:
4953:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4908:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4876:
4857:
4838:
4646:The Kingdom of Northumbria: AD 350–1100
4624:
4425:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4404:. Abingdon: Ashgate. pp. 127–144.
4353:
4315:Wessex and England from Alfred to Edgar
4197:
4160:
4110:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3668:
3644:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3330:
3318:
3222:
3174:
3134:
2994:
2962:
2667:
2623:
2619:
2579:
2552:
2480:
2452:
2440:
2412:
2345:
2341:
2317:
2305:
2289:
2261:
2257:
2229:
2225:
2181:
2130:
2114:
1995:
1959:
1404:
1373:Edmund probably married his first wife
450:Edward was succeeded by his eldest son
423:and achieved a decisive victory at the
6740:
5854:. London: Leicester University Press.
5591:
5579:(4th ed.). London: Spottiswoode.
5574:
5233:
5190:
5041:
5019:
4819:
4798:
4779:
4760:
4719:
4643:
4482:. Vol. 1. London: Henry G. Bohn.
4480:Roger of Wendover's Flowers of History
4257:Dumville, David (1983). "Brittany and
3958:
3936:
3904:
3806:
3512:
3491:, pp. xiii–xiv and n. 6, 110–111.
3290:
3274:
3022:
2834:
2810:
2798:
2767:
2743:
2695:
2587:
2567:
2540:
2476:
2464:
2213:
2185:
2134:
2070:
2026:
1971:
1935:
1898:
762:Like other tenth century poems in the
42:Edmund in the late thirteenth-century
5971:
5881:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press.
5846:
5773:
5410:
5388:
5242:
5212:
4700:
4474:
4453:
4418:
4361:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles.
3857:
3835:
3765:
3736:
3620:
3488:
3473:
3433:
3405:
3370:
3258:
3150:
3130:
2914:
2858:
2846:
2814:
2591:
2536:
2301:
2245:
2201:
2146:
2126:
2098:
2095:Mynors, Thomson and Winterbottom 1998
2062:
2047:Mynors, Thomson and Winterbottom 1998
2034:
2014:
1999:
1983:
925:sought the help of the Danish prince
799:Relations with other British kingdoms
745:and Nottingham likewise Stamford also
727:Here King Edmund, lord of the English
5913:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
5695:. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press Ltd.
4605:
4457:Æthelstan: The First King of England
4402:Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters
4395:
4381:. Vol. II. Aldershot: Ashgate.
4373:
3961:St Dunstan: His Life, Times and Cult
3632:
3528:
3374:
2707:
2428:
1672:embassy from "the eastern kingdom" (
757:protector of warriors, King Edmund.
5777:(1998). "Erik Bloodaxe Revisited".
5759:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5621:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
5119:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4070:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4026:. Oxford: B.A.R. pp. 255–270.
3890:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3843:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2867:Ashdowne, Howlett & Latham 2018
1784:. They are discussed by Robertson,
647:The name "Anlaf" as it is shown in
16:King of the English from 939 to 946
13:
5870:
4782:The New Cambridge Medieval History
4337:The New Cambridge Medieval History
4144:The Chronicle of John of Worcester
2865:, pp. 13, plate 11 coin 241;
1780:. II Edmund is also translated by
749:under Northmen, subjected by force
741:broad ocean-stream; five boroughs:
639:The loss and recovery of the north
411:came under increasing attack from
14:
6784:
5922:National Portrait Gallery, London
5896:
5638:The Beginnings of English Society
5415:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
4986:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
4317:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
3841:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society
1962:, pp. 254–255, 259, 264–269.
974:Government in Anglo-Saxon England
967:
896:Relations with Continental Europe
747:and Derby. Earlier the Danes were
415:, culminating in invasion by the
4682:Johnson South, Ted, ed. (2002).
4142:; McGurk, Patrick, eds. (1995).
1869:
1860:
1845:
1833:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1720:. Two exceptions are S 505 with
1076:
1064:
6027:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
5852:Wessex in the Early Middle Ages
5813:. London: The Hambledon Press.
4884:. London: The Hambledon Press.
4882:Anglo-Latin Literature 900–1066
4610:. London: The Hambledon Press.
4583:10.1179/0047729X15Z.00000000051
4554:10.1179/0078172X13Z.00000000042
4359:West-Country Historical Studies
3758:
3503:, pp. xxvi, 33–34, no 28;
1791:
1767:
1758:
1741:
1708:
1691:
1665:
1651:
1638:
1613:
1592:
1545:
1528:
1519:
1083:Reverse inscribed 'EOFERMUND M'
770:father of granting land in the
6024:Monarchs of England until 1603
4068:Wales and the Britons 350–1064
3863:The British Numismatic Journal
1480:
1110:
755:to the honour of Edward's son,
429:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians
257:, and none by his second wife
1:
6758:10th-century English monarchs
5757:The Early Lives of St Dunstan
4703:Charters of Shaftesbury Abbey
4290:Dumville, David, ed. (1985).
3448:, pp. 173–174, 181–184;
2957:, pp. 3, 6–15, 295–299;
2861:, pp. 141–142, 150–151;
2797:, pp. 143–145, 213–215;
2664:Winterbottom and Lapidge 2012
1885:
1453:
1270:Edmund visited the shrine of
1237:
886:Oda, Archbishop of Canterbury
751:in heathens' captive fetters,
731:conquered Mercia, bounded by
382:
71:
6773:Burials at Glastonbury Abbey
5748:UK public library membership
5636:Whitelock, Dorothy (1991) .
5486:UK public library membership
5394:Scandinavian York and Dublin
5362:UK public library membership
5070:UK public library membership
4975:UK public library membership
4940:UK public library membership
4746:. London: Penguin Classics.
4447:UK public library membership
4296:, 3, The 'Vatican' Recension
4132:UK public library membership
2943:Blunt, Stewart and Lyon 1989
2927:Blunt, Stewart and Lyon 1989
2903:Blunt, Stewart and Lyon 1989
2891:Blunt, Stewart and Lyon 1989
2863:Blunt, Stewart and Lyon 1989
2505:Blunt, Stewart and Lyon 1989
2495:, pp. 87 n. 3, 288–291.
2358:Blunt, Stewart and Lyon 1989
1602:are conventionally labelled
1494:'s early nineteenth-century
1465:Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia
1296:south to Glastonbury Abbey.
1047:Cenwald, Bishop of Worcester
990:, bishop of Winchester, and
582:Historia de Sancto Cuthberto
531:, the daughter of Sigehelm,
288:in 927, but after his death
7:
6634:British monarchs after the
5718:. Oxford University Press.
5466:. Oxford University Press.
5332:. Oxford University Press.
5234:Panton, Kenneth J. (2011).
5050:. Oxford University Press.
4910:. Oxford University Press.
4686:. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.
4427:. Oxford University Press.
4298:. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.
4112:. Oxford University Press.
2879:Grierson and Blackburn 1986
2869:, p. 2186, 'Moneta' 3f
1497:History of the Anglo-Saxons
1334:
1227:
1023:
681:Archbishop Wulfstan of York
225:(920/921 – 26 May 946) was
10:
6789:
6768:People murdered in England
5918:Portraits of King Edmund I
5828:Wormald, Patrick (2001) .
5791:10.1179/007817298790178303
5537:Trousdale, Alaric (2007).
5520:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
5458:Stafford, Pauline (2004).
5115:Molyneaux, George (2015).
5001:Marafioti, Nicole (2014).
4947:Lapidge, Michael (2004b).
4701:Kelly, Susan, ed. (1996).
4663:Huscroft, Richard (2019).
4400:; Wareham, Andrew (eds.).
4175:10.1179/007817203792207979
4089:. Edinburgh: John Donald.
3821:10.1093/ehr/XXXIII.CXXIX.1
3541:Darlington and McGurk 1995
2770:, Table XXXIa (3–5 of 6);
2326:Cubitt and Costambeys 2004
1500:. Other nicknames include
1287:was probably an excellent
1253:English Benedictine Reform
1090:
971:
493:English Benedictine Reform
361:English Benedictine Reform
233:and his third wife, Queen
18:
6722:
6645:
6629:
6625:
6562:
6545:
6541:
6018:
6014:
5956:
5947:
5939:
5934:
5676:10.1017/S0263675100003240
5660:Princeps Merciorum Gentis
5301:10.1017/S0263675100003707
4523:Medieval European Coinage
4234:10.1017/s026367510000301x
3809:English Historical Review
3333:, pp. 333, 336–337;
2260:, pp. 26–43, 49–50;
2129:, pp. 113, 170–171;
1914:Edmund I, king of England
371:, where he was joined by
237:, and a grandson of King
206:
196:
184:
161:
140:
128:
112:
104:
100:
90:
80:
65:
57:
50:
35:
30:
4313:Dumville, David (1992).
3886:; Lyon, Stewart (1989).
3583:, pp. 54–55, 67–68.
3515:, Table XXXIa (3–5 of 6)
3359:Rollason and Dobson 2004
2829:, p. 88 and n. 10;
2232:, p. 357 and n. 1;
2002:, pp. 128–134, 347.
1633:Archbishop of Canterbury
1474:
1417:. According to the post-
944:Edmund's name is in the
880:of a Gaelic monk called
685:Archbishop of Canterbury
633:
334:Archbishop of Canterbury
5712:"Edmund I (920/21–946)"
5575:Turner, Sharon (1823).
5196:Early Medieval Kingship
4667:. Abingdon: Routledge.
4665:Making England 796–1042
4648:. Stroud: Alan Sutton.
4275:10.3406/ecelt.1983.1736
4198:Downham, Clare (2007).
3922:10.3406/ecelt.1997.2119
1948:Keynes and Lapidge 1983
1919:Encyclopædia Britannica
1798:
1728:
1199:, priest, treasurer or
1167:Carolingian legislation
1158:
1145:
1139:
866:the king of Strathclyde
649:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle C
606:
568:King of the West Franks
484:Benedictine monasticism
5710:Williams, Ann (2004).
5691:Williams, Ann (1999).
5472:10.1093/ref:odnb/52307
4982:Lavelle, Ryan (2010).
4916:10.1093/ref:odnb/10190
4799:Keynes, Simon (2002).
4644:Higham, N. J. (1993).
4202:. Edinburgh: Dunedin.
4118:10.1093/ref:odnb/20541
4085:Clarkson, Tim (2014).
4064:Charles-Edwards, T. M.
3165:, pp. 94–95, 109.
2905:, pp. 10–18, 111.
2801:Table XXXIa (3–5 of 6)
2292:, pp. xxi–xxviii.
2065:, pp. 45, 50–52;
1853:
1788:and Alaric Trousdale.
1735:cliton et frater regis
1734:
1722:
1716:
1680:
1674:
1621:
1510:Edmund the Magnificent
1443:
1369:Marriages and children
1359:
1283:
1277:
1248:
1180:
1016:
837:Thomas Charles-Edwards
817:
791:
760:
743:Leicester and Lincoln,
691:which surrendered the
652:
618:
580:
468:
392:
5724:10.1093/ref:odnb/8501
5338:10.1093/ref:odnb/6976
5056:10.1093/ref:odnb/8514
5042:Miller, Sean (2004).
4961:10.1093/ref:odnb/8288
4454:Foot, Sarah (2011b).
4419:Foot, Sarah (2011a).
4002:Charters of Rochester
3687:, p. 164, n. 1;
3671:, pp. 300, 358;
3555:, p. 32, n. 51;
3213:, p. 289, n. 65.
2827:Brooks and Kelly 2013
2570:, p. 56, n. 169.
2322:Simeon of Durham 1855
2188:, p. 66, n. 99;
2168:, p. 77, n. 66;
1854:concubina regis affui
1600:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1553:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1427:
1346:Carolingian minuscule
1329:Bury St Edmunds Abbey
1313:Abbey of Saint Bertin
1235:
972:Further information:
870:Malcolm I of Scotland
792:Rex Totius Britanniae
764:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
724:
720:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
646:
597:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
549:William of Malmesbury
507:Family and early life
469:Rex Totius Britanniae
390:
323:Malcolm I of Scotland
75: 1 December 939
6604:William III & II
6169:Henry the Young King
6119:Edward the Confessor
6087:Æthelred the Unready
5243:Roach, Levi (2013).
5215:Numismatic Chronicle
4606:Hart, Cyril (1992).
4433:10.1093/ref:odnb/833
3882:Blunt, Christopher;
3607:, pp. 144–147;
3563:, pp. 120–129;
3476:, pp. 56, 104;
3373:, pp. 56, 104;
3357:, pp. 102–103;
3277:, pp. 222–223;
3177:, pp. 311–312;
3085:, pp. 363, 428.
2997:, pp. 308, 310.
2965:, pp. 308–312;
2961:, pp. 427–429;
2929:, pp. 237, 245.
2893:, pp. 122, 271.
2604:Charles-Edwards 2013
2590:, pp. 219–221;
2525:Charles-Edwards 2013
2523:, pp. 149–150;
2519:, pp. 179–180;
2415:, p. 110 (
2264:, pp. 108–111;
2133:, pp. 106–110;
2101:, pp. 43, 210;
1998:, pp. 157–159;
1681:'orientale...regnum'
1502:Edmund the Deed-Doer
1405:Death and succession
1222:Æthelred the Unready
624:Kingston-upon-Thames
478:Battle of Brunanburh
437:Battle of Tettenhall
431:, and his elder son
354:Bishop of Winchester
332:, whom he appointed
253:, by his first wife
6552:Union of the Crowns
5950:King of the English
5664:Anglo-Saxon England
5498:Anglo-Saxon England
5443:10.1093/past/91.1.3
5411:Snook, Ben (2015).
5289:Anglo-Saxon England
4222:Anglo-Saxon England
3727:, pp. 266–267.
3647:, pp. 356–357.
3595:, pp. 121–123.
3424:, pp. 346–347.
3408:, pp. 348–349.
3396:, pp. 177–178.
3335:Granger-Taylor 1989
3321:, pp. 336–337.
3097:, pp. 286–287.
3049:, p. 428 n. 4.
3025:, pp. 137–139.
2981:, pp. 3, 6–15.
2969:, pp. 275–296.
2945:, pp. 268–270.
2849:, pp. 131–143.
2734:, pp. 292–295.
2654:, pp. 178–179.
2594:, pp. 252–253.
2507:, pp. 268–269.
2443:, pp. 358–359.
2431:, pp. 130–131.
2280:, pp. 180–185.
2248:, pp. 189–193.
2236:, pp. 120–121.
1598:Manuscripts of the
1514:Edmundus Magnificus
1178:argues that "all" (
1137:. The authorities (
1055:bishop of Sherborne
980:Æthelstan Half-King
515:. His second wife,
338:Æthelstan Half-King
227:King of the English
121:, Gloucestershire,
52:King of the English
6636:Acts of Union 1707
6599:James II & VII
6292:Kenneth I MacAlpin
6077:Edgar the Peaceful
5615:Whitelock, Dorothy
5238:. Scarecrow Press.
4294:Historia Brittonum
4259:Armes Prydein Vawr
3998:Campbell, Alistair
3859:Blunt, Christopher
3351:Johnson South 2002
3339:Johnson South 2002
3153:, pp. 84, 87.
3133:, pp. 81–87;
2813:, pp. 52–57;
2304:, pp. 90–91;
2103:Johnson South 2002
1658:"Æthelstan A" or "
1570:Anlaf Guthfrithson
1361:Historia Brittonum
1349:presence there of
1249:
996:bishop of Ramsbury
946:confraternity book
935:Duke of the Franks
919:Holy Roman Emperor
653:
630:, 1 December 939.
425:Battle of Edington
417:Great Heathen Army
393:
290:Anlaf Guthfrithson
6735:
6734:
6718:
6717:
6621:
6620:
6537:
6536:
6532:
6531:
6082:Edward the Martyr
5966:
5965:
5957:Succeeded by
5888:978-1-78327-764-3
5861:978-0-7185-1856-1
5839:978-0-6311-3496-1
5820:978-1-8528-5175-0
5766:978-0-1996-0504-0
5746:(subscription or
5733:978-0-1986-1412-8
5702:978-0-3122-2090-7
5647:978-0-1401-3764-4
5628:978-0-4151-4366-0
5606:978-1-8528-5063-0
5567:978-1-8438-3877-7
5529:978-1-8421-2003-3
5507:978-0-1928-0139-5
5484:(subscription or
5431:Stafford, Pauline
5422:978-1-7832-7006-4
5403:978-0-3910-1049-9
5360:(subscription or
5347:978-0-1986-1412-8
5276:978-0-5211-5319-5
5254:978-1-1070-3653-6
5205:978-0-9062-0000-1
5183:978-0-4706-5632-7
5164:978-0-3675-9999-7
5145:978-0-1982-0678-1
5126:978-0-1987-1791-1
5107:978-0-4706-5632-7
5088:978-0-4706-5632-7
5068:(subscription or
5034:978-1-8518-2932-3
5012:978-1-4426-4758-9
4993:978-1-8438-3739-8
4973:(subscription or
4938:(subscription or
4925:978-0-1986-1412-8
4891:978-1-8528-5012-8
4869:978-0-4706-5632-7
4850:978-0-4706-5632-7
4831:978-1-8438-3877-7
4812:978-0-9532-6976-1
4791:978-0-5213-6447-8
4772:978-0-5212-5902-6
4753:978-0-1404-4409-4
4734:978-0-5210-2308-5
4712:978-0-1972-6151-4
4693:978-0-8599-1627-1
4674:978-1-1381-8246-2
4655:978-0-8629-9730-4
4636:978-0-8511-5510-4
4617:978-1-8528-5044-9
4532:978-0-5210-3177-6
4506:978-0-8511-5510-4
4467:978-0-3001-2535-1
4445:(subscription or
4411:978-0-7546-5120-8
4388:978-0-7546-0044-2
4346:978-0-5213-6447-8
4324:978-0-8511-5308-7
4305:978-0-8599-1203-7
4209:978-1-9067-1606-6
4153:978-0-1982-2261-3
4140:Darlington, R. R.
4130:(subscription or
4096:978-1-9065-6678-4
4077:978-0-1982-1731-2
4055:978-0-3401-7398-5
4033:978-0-8605-4043-4
4011:978-0-1972-5936-8
3989:978-0-1972-6535-2
3970:978-0-8511-5301-8
3951:978-0-7185-1182-1
3897:978-0-1972-6060-9
3850:978-0-1992-1117-3
3799:978-0-1972-6631-1
3780:978-0-5200-5794-4
3715:, pp. 20–21.
2993:, pp. 3, 7;
2837:, pp. 25–26.
2268:, pp. 90–98.
2204:, pp. 24–25.
2137:, pp. 31–34.
2105:, pp. 64–67.
2037:, pp. 50–52.
1782:Dorothy Whitelock
1775:Agnes Robertson's
1732:) and S 511 with
1627:says that it was
1540:Electronic Sawyer
1423:John of Worcester
1387:Shaftesbury Abbey
1341:hermeneutic style
1153:Dorothy Whitelock
876:According to the
862:Roger of Wendover
592:Chester-le-Street
458:and the kings of
216:
215:
134:Glastonbury Abbey
6780:
6627:
6626:
6587:Richard Cromwell
6577:The Protectorate
6567:James I & VI
6543:
6542:
6124:Harold Godwinson
6044:Edward the Elder
6037:Alfred the Great
6021:
6020:
6016:
6015:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5969:
5968:
5940:Preceded by
5932:
5931:
5928:
5892:
5865:
5843:
5824:
5807:Wormald, Patrick
5802:
5779:Northern History
5770:
5751:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5706:
5687:
5651:
5632:
5610:
5588:
5571:
5552:
5533:
5516:Swanton, Michael
5511:
5489:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5454:
5435:Past and Present
5426:
5407:
5390:Smyth, Alfred P.
5385:
5370:Simeon of Durham
5365:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5320:
5280:
5263:Robertson, Agnes
5258:
5239:
5230:
5209:
5187:
5168:
5149:
5130:
5111:
5092:
5073:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5038:
5016:
4997:
4978:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4943:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4900:Lapidge, Michael
4895:
4878:Lapidge, Michael
4873:
4854:
4835:
4816:
4795:
4776:
4757:
4738:
4716:
4697:
4678:
4659:
4640:
4621:
4602:
4565:
4542:Northern History
4536:
4515:Grierson, Philip
4510:
4491:
4471:
4450:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4415:
4392:
4370:
4355:Finberg, Herbert
4350:
4328:
4309:
4286:
4263:Études Celtiques
4253:
4213:
4194:
4163:Northern History
4157:
4135:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4100:
4081:
4059:
4042:Chaplais, Pierre
4037:
4015:
3993:
3974:
3955:
3938:Brooks, Nicholas
3933:
3901:
3878:
3854:
3832:
3803:
3784:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3682:
3676:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3522:
3516:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3368:
3362:
3348:
3342:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3288:
3282:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3188:
3182:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3061:, pp. 8–11.
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3004:
2998:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2952:
2946:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2824:
2818:
2808:
2802:
2788:
2782:
2774:, pp. 7–8;
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2661:
2655:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2617:
2611:
2601:
2595:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2550:
2544:
2534:
2528:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2365:
2355:
2349:
2335:
2329:
2315:
2309:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2179:
2173:
2163:
2157:
2144:
2138:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2060:
2054:
2044:
2038:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2003:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1922:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1706:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1669:
1663:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1636:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1596:
1590:
1574:Anlaf Sihtricson
1560:states that the
1549:
1543:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1488:Edmund the Elder
1484:
1364:
1317:Benedictine rule
1315:by imposing the
1309:Gérard of Brogne
1286:
1280:
1263:, including its
1242:
1239:
1183:
1161:
1150:
1142:
1080:
1068:
1019:
988:Ælfheah the Bald
822:
795:on his coinage.
794:
779:Anlaf Sihtricson
739:and Humber river
621:
611:
585:
576:Duke of Brittany
519:, had two sons:
474:invaded Scotland
471:
421:Alfred the Great
350:Ælfheah the Bald
239:Alfred the Great
231:Edward the Elder
201:Edward the Elder
76:
73:
40:
28:
27:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6763:House of Wessex
6738:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6714:
6641:
6617:
6582:Oliver Cromwell
6558:
6533:
6528:
6375:Constantine III
6284:
6109:Harold Harefoot
6099:Edmund Ironside
6010:
6005: and
5996:
5962:
5953:
5945:
5899:
5889:
5873:
5871:Further reading
5868:
5862:
5840:
5821:
5767:
5745:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5703:
5648:
5629:
5617:, ed. (1979) .
5607:
5568:
5530:
5518:, ed. (2000) .
5508:
5483:
5476:
5474:
5423:
5404:
5359:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5285:Rollason, David
5277:
5265:, ed. (1925) .
5255:
5206:
5184:
5165:
5146:
5127:
5108:
5089:
5067:
5060:
5058:
5035:
5013:
4994:
4972:
4965:
4963:
4937:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4892:
4870:
4851:
4832:
4813:
4792:
4773:
4754:
4735:
4713:
4694:
4675:
4656:
4637:
4618:
4571:Midland History
4533:
4519:Blackburn, Mark
4507:
4468:
4444:
4437:
4435:
4412:
4389:
4347:
4325:
4306:
4218:Dumville, David
4210:
4154:
4129:
4122:
4120:
4097:
4078:
4056:
4034:
4020:Campbell, James
4012:
3990:
3971:
3952:
3910:Études Celtique
3898:
3851:
3800:
3781:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3683:
3679:
3667:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3603:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3567:, p. 165;
3559:, p. 113;
3551:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3523:
3519:
3511:, p. 144;
3499:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3420:, p. 176;
3416:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3377:, p. 172;
3369:
3365:
3349:
3345:
3337:, p. 341;
3329:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3289:
3285:
3269:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3197:, p. 289;
3193:, p. 144;
3189:
3185:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3149:
3145:
3129:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3005:
3001:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2953:
2949:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2825:
2821:
2809:
2805:
2789:
2785:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2694:, p. 178;
2690:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2662:
2658:
2650:, p. 258;
2646:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2622:, p. 164;
2618:
2614:
2606:, p. 526;
2602:
2598:
2586:, p. 109;
2582:, p. 359;
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2551:
2547:
2535:
2531:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2479:, p. 473;
2475:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2368:
2360:, p. 241;
2356:
2352:
2344:, p. 357;
2336:
2332:
2324:, p. 482;
2316:
2312:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2228:, p. 164;
2224:
2220:
2216:, pp. 1–7.
2212:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2184:, p. 277;
2180:
2176:
2164:
2160:
2145:
2141:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2097:, p. 229;
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2061:
2057:
2049:, p. 229;
2045:
2041:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2006:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1925:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1792:
1786:Patrick Wormald
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1746:
1742:
1713:
1709:
1696:
1692:
1675:regnum orientis
1670:
1666:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1618:
1614:
1597:
1593:
1550:
1546:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1506:Edmund the Just
1485:
1481:
1477:
1456:
1415:Gloucestershire
1407:
1371:
1337:
1240:
1230:
1205:Patrick Wormald
1193:cattle rustling
1122:church property
1113:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1026:
982:, ealdorman of
976:
970:
960:to collect his
898:
819:Annales Cambriæ
801:
759:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
735:
730:
728:
641:
636:
509:
385:
267:Gloucestershire
180:
157:
136:
117:
74:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6786:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6729:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6574:
6569:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6539:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6478:Edward Balliol
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6338:Constantine II
6335:
6330:
6323:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6295:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6266:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6165:
6160:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6130:Edgar Ætheling
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6019:
6012:
6011:
5995:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5972:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5955:
5946:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5935:Regnal titles
5930:
5929:
5915:
5906:
5898:
5897:External links
5895:
5894:
5893:
5887:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5860:
5848:Yorke, Barbara
5844:
5838:
5825:
5819:
5803:
5785:(1): 189–193.
5771:
5765:
5752:
5732:
5707:
5701:
5688:
5652:
5646:
5633:
5627:
5611:
5605:
5589:
5572:
5566:
5553:
5534:
5528:
5512:
5506:
5494:Stenton, Frank
5490:
5455:
5427:
5421:
5408:
5402:
5386:
5366:
5346:
5321:
5281:
5275:
5259:
5253:
5240:
5231:
5210:
5204:
5188:
5182:
5169:
5163:
5150:
5144:
5131:
5125:
5112:
5106:
5093:
5087:
5074:
5039:
5033:
5021:Meaney, Audrey
5017:
5011:
4998:
4992:
4979:
4944:
4924:
4896:
4890:
4874:
4868:
4855:
4849:
4836:
4830:
4817:
4811:
4796:
4790:
4777:
4771:
4758:
4752:
4739:
4733:
4717:
4711:
4698:
4692:
4679:
4673:
4660:
4654:
4641:
4635:
4622:
4616:
4603:
4577:(1): 120–129.
4566:
4548:(2): 180–185.
4537:
4531:
4511:
4505:
4492:
4478:, ed. (1849).
4472:
4466:
4451:
4416:
4410:
4393:
4387:
4371:
4351:
4345:
4333:Dunbabin, Jean
4329:
4323:
4310:
4304:
4287:
4254:
4214:
4208:
4195:
4158:
4152:
4136:
4101:
4095:
4082:
4076:
4060:
4054:
4038:
4032:
4016:
4010:
4000:, ed. (1973).
3994:
3988:
3975:
3969:
3956:
3950:
3934:
3906:Breeze, Andrew
3902:
3896:
3879:
3855:
3849:
3833:
3804:
3798:
3785:
3779:
3767:Abels, Richard
3762:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:, p. 231.
3749:Molyneaux 2015
3741:
3729:
3725:Trousdale 2007
3717:
3713:Trousdale 2007
3705:
3701:Trousdale 2007
3693:
3689:Trousdale 2013
3685:Trousdale 2007
3677:
3673:Trousdale 2007
3661:
3659:, p. 184.
3649:
3637:
3635:, p. 580.
3625:
3623:, p. 580.
3613:
3609:Trousdale 2007
3597:
3585:
3581:Marafioti 2014
3573:
3571:, p. 121.
3545:
3543:, p. 399.
3533:
3531:, p. 591.
3517:
3509:Trousdale 2007
3493:
3481:
3466:
3454:
3438:
3436:, p. 349.
3426:
3422:Whitelock 1979
3410:
3398:
3386:
3363:
3343:
3323:
3311:
3309:, p. 330.
3307:Naismith 2014b
3299:
3293:, p. 11;
3283:
3281:, p. 175.
3263:
3261:, p. 347.
3251:
3247:Whitelock 1979
3239:
3237:, p. 294.
3235:Trousdale 2013
3227:
3225:, p. 312.
3215:
3211:Trousdale 2013
3203:
3199:Robertson 1925
3195:Trousdale 2013
3191:Molyneaux 2015
3183:
3179:Robertson 1925
3167:
3155:
3143:
3139:Robertson 1925
3137:, p. 12;
3123:
3121:, p. 288.
3119:Trousdale 2013
3111:
3107:Robertson 1925
3099:
3095:Trousdale 2013
3087:
3083:Whitelock 1979
3075:
3071:Whitelock 1991
3063:
3059:Robertson 1925
3051:
3047:Whitelock 1979
3039:
3027:
3015:
3013:, p. 363.
3011:Whitelock 1979
3007:Robertson 1925
2999:
2991:Robertson 1925
2983:
2979:Robertson 1925
2971:
2967:Trousdale 2013
2959:Whitelock 1979
2955:Robertson 1925
2947:
2941:, p. 51;
2939:Naismith 2014a
2931:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2881:, p. 270.
2871:
2851:
2839:
2833:, p. 46;
2819:
2817:, p. 191.
2803:
2795:Trousdale 2007
2793:, p. 25;
2783:
2760:
2756:Trousdale 2007
2748:
2736:
2732:Trousdale 2007
2724:
2712:
2710:, p. 579.
2700:
2698:, p. 201.
2684:
2682:, p. 385.
2672:
2670:, p. 282.
2656:
2640:
2638:, p. 180.
2628:
2626:, p. 359.
2612:
2610:, p. 179.
2596:
2572:
2560:
2555:, p. 60;
2545:
2543:, Table XXXVI.
2539:, p. 39;
2529:
2527:, p. 508.
2509:
2497:
2493:Trousdale 2007
2485:
2469:
2467:, p. 193.
2457:
2455:, p. 164.
2445:
2433:
2421:
2405:
2366:
2362:Naismith 2014a
2350:
2348:, p. 536.
2330:
2320:, p. 38;
2310:
2308:, p. 111.
2294:
2282:
2270:
2266:Trousdale 2007
2250:
2238:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2190:Trousdale 2007
2174:
2166:Trousdale 2007
2158:
2153:, p. 77;
2151:Trousdale 2007
2149:, p. 40;
2139:
2119:
2107:
2087:
2085:, p. 179.
2075:
2055:
2039:
2019:
2017:, p. 350.
2004:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1938:, p. 145.
1923:
1903:
1901:, p. 223.
1890:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1868:
1859:
1844:
1832:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1790:
1766:
1757:
1740:
1707:
1690:
1664:
1650:
1637:
1623:Historia Regum
1612:
1591:
1544:
1527:
1518:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1455:
1452:
1406:
1403:
1399:Æthelstan Rota
1370:
1367:
1336:
1333:
1241: 940–947
1229:
1226:
1112:
1109:
1092:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1025:
1022:
969:
968:Administration
966:
931:Hugh the Great
897:
894:
842:David Dumville
827:, the king of
800:
797:
725:
640:
637:
635:
632:
588:Saint Cuthbert
508:
505:
384:
381:
296:of north-east
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
188:
182:
181:
179:
178:
173:
167:
165:
159:
158:
156:
155:
150:
144:
142:
138:
137:
132:
130:
126:
125:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
69:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
48:
47:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6785:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6631:
6628:
6624:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6555:
6553:
6548:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6453:
6451:
6450:Alexander III
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6306:Constantine I
6303:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6013:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5993:
5988:
5986:
5981:
5979:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5961:
5952:
5951:
5944:
5938:
5933:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5890:
5884:
5880:
5875:
5874:
5863:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5835:
5831:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5735:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5656:Williams, Ann
5653:
5649:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5593:Walker, Simon
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5414:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5349:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5211:
5207:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5192:Nelson, Janet
5189:
5185:
5179:
5175:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4985:
4980:
4976:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4927:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4721:Keynes, Simon
4718:
4714:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4452:
4448:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4398:Barrow, Julia
4394:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3750:
3745:
3739:, p. 10.
3738:
3733:
3726:
3721:
3714:
3709:
3702:
3697:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3657:Dumville 1992
3653:
3646:
3641:
3634:
3629:
3622:
3617:
3610:
3606:
3605:Williams 1982
3601:
3594:
3593:Huscroft 2019
3589:
3582:
3577:
3570:
3569:Huscroft 2019
3566:
3562:
3561:Halloran 2015
3558:
3554:
3549:
3542:
3537:
3530:
3526:
3525:Williams 2004
3521:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3501:Campbell 1973
3497:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3463:
3462:Dumville 1985
3458:
3451:
3450:Lapidge 2004a
3447:
3446:Dumville 1992
3442:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3419:
3418:Dumville 1992
3414:
3407:
3402:
3395:
3394:Dumville 1992
3390:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3360:
3356:
3355:Rollason 1986
3353:, p. 3;
3352:
3347:
3341:, p. 67.
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3296:
3295:Lapidge 2004b
3292:
3287:
3280:
3279:Dumville 1992
3276:
3272:
3271:Williams 2004
3267:
3260:
3255:
3249:, p. 43.
3248:
3243:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3207:
3201:, p. 13.
3200:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3181:, p. 15.
3180:
3176:
3171:
3164:
3163:Williams 1999
3159:
3152:
3147:
3141:, p. 13.
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3109:, p. 11.
3108:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3073:, p. 44.
3072:
3067:
3060:
3055:
3048:
3043:
3037:, p. 94.
3036:
3035:Williams 1999
3031:
3024:
3019:
3012:
3009:, p. 7;
3008:
3003:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2980:
2975:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2917:, p. 17.
2916:
2911:
2904:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2875:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2831:Chaplais 1973
2828:
2823:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:Stafford 1981
2787:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2772:Dumville 1979
2769:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2720:Stafford 2004
2716:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2693:
2692:Dumville 1992
2688:
2681:
2680:Dunbabin 1999
2676:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2652:Dumville 1992
2649:
2648:Campbell 1978
2644:
2637:
2636:Dumville 1992
2632:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2608:Dumville 1992
2605:
2600:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2584:Clarkson 2014
2581:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2522:
2521:Dumville 1983
2518:
2517:Dumville 1992
2513:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2483:, p. 29.
2482:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2437:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2401:Williams 2004
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2364:, p. 55.
2363:
2359:
2354:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:Williams 2004
2334:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2278:Halloran 2013
2274:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2234:Huscroft 2019
2231:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2192:, p. 87.
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2117:, p. 15.
2116:
2111:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2083:Dumville 1992
2079:
2072:
2068:
2067:Williams 2004
2064:
2059:
2052:
2051:Williams 2004
2048:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2031:Stafford 2004
2028:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1878:
1872:
1863:
1855:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1761:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1582:Erik Bloodaxe
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:Northumbrians
1559:
1554:
1548:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1522:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1492:Sharon Turner
1489:
1486:He is called
1483:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1460:Barbara Yorke
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:reformed the
1310:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1284:pallia graeca
1279:
1278:pallia graeca
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:scalp removed
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1176:Richard Abels
1172:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1079:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1021:
1018:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
975:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:Pfäfers Abbey
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:King Louis IV
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
871:
867:
863:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
820:
814:
810:
806:
796:
793:
786:
784:
780:
775:
773:
767:
765:
758:
738:
734:
723:
721:
716:
714:
713:Frank Stenton
710:
706:
702:
699:, Leicester,
698:
694:
693:Five Boroughs
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
650:
645:
631:
629:
628:Advent Sunday
626:, perhaps on
625:
620:
615:
610:
609:
603:
599:
598:
593:
589:
584:
583:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
481:
479:
475:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
389:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
299:
295:
294:Five Boroughs
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
212:
209:
205:
202:
199:
195:
192:
189:
187:
183:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
166:
164:
160:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
6726:
6705:Elizabeth II
6633:
6549:
6476:
6454:
6445:Alexander II
6362:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6272:
6261:
6184:
6167:
6155:
6128:
6091:
6061:
6049:
6042:
6035:
5948:
5878:
5851:
5829:
5810:
5782:
5778:
5756:
5737:. Retrieved
5715:
5692:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5637:
5618:
5596:
5576:
5557:
5539:
5519:
5497:
5475:. Retrieved
5463:
5437:(91): 3–27.
5434:
5412:
5393:
5373:
5351:. Retrieved
5329:
5292:
5288:
5266:
5244:
5235:
5218:
5214:
5195:
5173:
5154:
5135:
5116:
5097:
5078:
5059:. Retrieved
5047:
5024:
5002:
4983:
4964:. Retrieved
4952:
4929:. Retrieved
4907:
4881:
4859:
4840:
4821:
4801:
4781:
4762:
4743:
4724:
4702:
4683:
4664:
4645:
4626:
4607:
4574:
4570:
4545:
4541:
4522:
4496:
4479:
4476:Giles, J. A.
4455:
4436:. Retrieved
4424:
4401:
4379:Veiled Women
4378:
4358:
4336:
4314:
4295:
4291:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4225:
4221:
4199:
4169:(1): 25–51.
4166:
4162:
4143:
4121:. Retrieved
4109:
4086:
4067:
4045:
4023:
4001:
3979:
3960:
3941:
3913:
3909:
3887:
3884:Stewart, Ian
3866:
3862:
3840:
3815:(129): 1–9.
3812:
3808:
3789:
3770:
3759:Bibliography
3744:
3732:
3720:
3708:
3703:, p. 1.
3696:
3680:
3669:Lavelle 2010
3664:
3652:
3645:Stenton 1971
3640:
3628:
3616:
3600:
3588:
3576:
3565:Miller 2014a
3557:Downham 2007
3553:Downham 2003
3548:
3536:
3520:
3496:
3484:
3469:
3464:, p. 4.
3457:
3441:
3429:
3413:
3401:
3389:
3366:
3346:
3331:Higgins 1989
3326:
3319:Higgins 1989
3314:
3302:
3286:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3223:Wormald 2001
3218:
3206:
3186:
3175:Wormald 2001
3170:
3158:
3146:
3135:Wormald 1999
3126:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3066:
3054:
3042:
3030:
3018:
3002:
2995:Wormald 2001
2986:
2974:
2963:Wormald 2001
2950:
2934:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2854:
2842:
2822:
2806:
2786:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2687:
2675:
2668:Lapidge 1993
2659:
2643:
2631:
2624:Stenton 1971
2620:Miller 2014a
2615:
2599:
2580:Stenton 1971
2575:
2563:
2553:Finberg 1969
2548:
2532:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2481:Downham 2003
2472:
2460:
2453:Miller 2014a
2448:
2441:Stenton 1971
2436:
2424:
2416:
2413:Swanton 2000
2408:
2353:
2346:Keynes 2014a
2342:Stenton 1971
2333:
2318:Downham 2003
2313:
2306:Swanton 2000
2297:
2290:Swanton 2000
2285:
2273:
2262:Downham 2007
2258:Downham 2003
2253:
2241:
2230:Stenton 1971
2226:Miller 2014a
2221:
2209:
2197:
2182:Keynes 2014b
2177:
2161:
2142:
2131:Swanton 2000
2122:
2115:Miller 2014b
2110:
2090:
2078:
2058:
2042:
2022:
1996:Stenton 1971
1991:
1979:
1967:
1960:Stenton 1971
1955:
1950:, p. 9.
1943:
1917:
1894:
1876:
1871:
1862:
1847:
1835:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1793:
1777:
1769:
1760:
1752:
1743:
1717:frater regis
1710:
1702:
1699:Simon Keynes
1693:
1667:
1660:alliterative
1653:
1645:
1640:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1585:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1536:Peter Sawyer
1530:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1482:
1469:
1457:
1448:
1444:
1435:St Augustine
1428:
1421:chronicler,
1411:Pucklechurch
1408:
1372:
1338:
1305:
1301:Wilton Abbey
1298:
1269:
1257:Fleury Abbey
1250:
1218:
1190:
1186:shire courts
1164:
1131:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1094:
1043:alliterative
1040:
1027:
1012:
1008:
977:
943:
923:Norman lords
915:East Francia
907:West Francia
899:
875:
858:
854:Simon Keynes
802:
787:
776:
768:
763:
761:
737:Whitwell Gap
726:
719:
717:
664:
654:
648:
619:regis frater
614:Simon Walker
601:
595:
586:(History of
561:
553:Ann Williams
510:
482:
449:
394:
358:
327:
309:. The north
275:
263:Pucklechurch
222:
218:
217:
119:Pucklechurch
43:
25:
6748:920s births
6710:Charles III
6695:Edward VIII
6425:Alexander I
6405:Malcolm III
6380:Kenneth III
6280:Elizabeth I
6242:Richard III
5775:Woolf, Alex
5670:: 143–172.
5221:: 139–161.
4608:The Danelaw
4375:Foot, Sarah
4269:: 145–159.
3916:: 209–222.
3837:Blair, John
3513:Keynes 2002
3291:Brooks 1992
3275:Brooks 1984
3023:Meaney 2006
2835:Keynes 1980
2811:Keynes 2013
2799:Keynes 2002
2768:Keynes 2002
2744:Keynes 2002
2696:Keynes 1985
2588:Breeze 1997
2568:Keynes 2013
2541:Keynes 2002
2477:Keynes 1999
2465:Higham 1993
2214:Beaven 1918
2186:Nelson 1977
2135:Walker 1992
2071:Miller 2004
2027:Miller 2004
1972:Miller 2004
1936:Panton 2011
1899:Turner 1823
1726:(Latin for
1684:designates
1272:St Cuthbert
1261:Glastonbury
1135:blood feuds
1111:Legislation
1031:Æthelstan A
1017:regis mater
984:East Anglia
954:Switzerland
917:and future
878:hagiography
833:south Wales
813:north Wales
669:Northampton
464:Strathclyde
456:Welsh kings
409:East Anglia
405:Northumbria
377:Benedictine
369:Glastonbury
346:East Anglia
319:Strathclyde
81:Predecessor
6753:946 deaths
6742:Categories
6685:Edward VII
6675:William IV
6665:George III
6594:Charles II
6489:Robert III
6435:Malcolm IV
6410:Donald III
6385:Malcolm II
6370:Kenneth II
6252:Henry VIII
6212:Richard II
6207:Edward III
6141:William II
6114:Harthacnut
5295:: 91–103.
3737:Foot 2011b
3621:Yorke 1995
3489:Kelly 1996
3474:Kelly 1996
3434:Blair 2005
3406:Blair 2005
3371:Kelly 1996
3259:Blair 2005
3151:Abels 1988
3131:Abels 1988
2915:Blunt 1971
2859:Pagan 1995
2847:Snook 2015
2815:Snook 2015
2592:Giles 1849
2537:Roach 2013
2302:Smyth 1979
2246:Woolf 1998
2202:Foot 2011b
2147:Roach 2013
2127:Foot 2011b
2099:Foot 2011b
2063:Foot 2011b
2035:Foot 2011b
2015:Blair 2005
2000:Blair 2005
1984:Foot 2011a
1886:References
1755:(moneyer).
1578:Alex Woolf
1454:Assessment
1245:Apocalypse
1201:port reeve
1197:high reeve
1000:Cyril Hart
913:, King of
829:Deheubarth
807:, king of
805:Idwal Foel
701:Nottingham
656:Brunanburh
604:), Edmund
557:Sarah Foot
383:Background
315:Idwal Foel
302:West Saxon
116:26 May 946
67:Coronation
6700:George VI
6670:George IV
6660:George II
6572:Charles I
6554:from 1603
6504:James III
6484:Robert II
6440:William I
6415:Duncan II
6343:Malcolm I
6333:Donald II
6257:Edward VI
6247:Henry VII
6232:Edward IV
6202:Edward II
6192:Henry III
6175:Richard I
6136:William I
6057:Æthelstan
5943:Æthelstan
5909:Edmund 14
5799:1745-8706
5750:required)
5739:28 August
5684:0263-6751
5658:(1982). "
5585:833789657
5549:646764020
5496:(1971) .
5488:required)
5477:28 August
5451:0031-2746
5382:504356061
5364:required)
5317:153445838
5309:0263-6751
5227:0078-2696
5072:required)
5061:28 August
4977:required)
4942:required)
4902:(2004a).
4599:159505197
4591:1756-381X
4562:154514458
4488:633664910
4449:required)
4438:28 August
4367:641531585
4283:0373-1928
4250:159954001
4242:0263-6751
4191:161092701
4183:1745-8706
4134:required)
3930:0373-1928
3875:0143-8956
3869:: 17–21.
3829:0013-8266
3633:Hart 1992
3529:Hart 1992
3375:Foot 2000
2708:Hart 1992
2429:Foot 2008
1686:Byzantium
1439:indiction
1391:Æthelflæd
1355:recension
1351:Frithegod
1289:Byzantine
941:to Hugh.
825:Hywel Dda
689:Leicester
677:Leicester
574:, future
566:, future
533:ealdorman
501:Æthelwold
452:Æthelstan
441:Æthelflæd
373:Æthelwold
367:abbot of
342:ealdorman
259:Æthelflæd
243:Æthelstan
223:Eadmund I
153:Æthelflæd
91:Successor
85:Æthelstan
6690:George V
6680:Victoria
6655:George I
6524:James VI
6509:James IV
6499:James II
6472:David II
6467:Robert I
6456:Margaret
6390:Duncan I
6299:Donald I
6237:Edward V
6227:Henry VI
6217:Henry IV
6197:Edward I
6163:Henry II
6062:Edmund I
6051:Ælfweard
6009:monarchs
6003:Scottish
5954:939–946
5903:Edmund I
5850:(1995).
5809:(1999).
5392:(1979).
4880:(1993).
4723:(1980).
4521:(1986).
4377:(2000).
4357:(1969).
4228:: 1–33.
4066:(2013).
3940:(1984).
3839:(2005).
3769:(1988).
1729:ætheling
1646:baselios
1566:Tamworth
1419:Conquest
1335:Learning
1228:Religion
1024:Charters
850:Dumnonia
733:The Dore
705:Stamford
673:Tamworth
608:ætheling
521:Ælfweard
460:Scotland
336:in 941,
307:Scotland
219:Edmund I
31:Edmund I
6608:Mary II
6514:James V
6494:James I
6430:David I
6395:Macbeth
6327:Eochaid
6222:Henry V
6157:Matilda
6151:Stephen
6146:Henry I
6007:British
6001:,
5999:English
5920:at the
4931:8 April
4123:18 June
1916:at the
1749:moneyer
1512:(Latin
1431:steward
1375:Ælfgifu
1357:of the
1214:hundred
1171:Colyton
1159:hamsocn
1147:wergeld
1126:sorcery
1116:order.
1101:moneyer
1091:Coinage
1051:Aldhelm
1004:Godwins
962:pallium
882:Cathróe
809:Gwynedd
783:Ragnall
772:Danelaw
697:Lincoln
545:Eadburh
529:Eadgifu
517:Ælfflæd
513:Ecgwynn
497:Dunstan
413:Vikings
365:Dunstan
284:-ruled
255:Ælfgifu
235:Eadgifu
211:Eadgifu
148:Ælfgifu
141:Spouses
123:England
108:920/921
6519:Mary I
6400:Lulach
6364:Amlaíb
6358:Cuilén
6348:Indulf
6274:Philip
6269:Mary I
6072:Eadwig
6067:Eadred
5960:Eadred
5885:
5858:
5836:
5817:
5797:
5763:
5730:
5699:
5682:
5644:
5625:
5603:
5583:
5564:
5547:
5526:
5504:
5449:
5419:
5400:
5380:
5344:
5315:
5307:
5273:
5251:
5225:
5202:
5180:
5161:
5142:
5123:
5104:
5085:
5031:
5009:
4990:
4966:16 May
4922:
4888:
4866:
4847:
4828:
4809:
4788:
4769:
4750:
4731:
4709:
4690:
4671:
4652:
4633:
4614:
4597:
4589:
4560:
4529:
4503:
4486:
4464:
4408:
4385:
4365:
4343:
4321:
4302:
4281:
4248:
4240:
4206:
4189:
4181:
4150:
4093:
4074:
4052:
4030:
4008:
3986:
3967:
3948:
3928:
3894:
3873:
3847:
3827:
3796:
3777:
1753:Moneta
1723:cliton
1379:Eadwig
927:Harald
911:Otto I
890:Lympne
661:Dublin
570:, and
541:Eadred
445:Humber
433:Edward
401:Mercia
397:Wessex
348:, and
298:Mercia
282:Viking
278:Humber
271:Eadred
247:Eadwig
207:Mother
197:Father
191:Wessex
171:Eadwig
129:Burial
95:Eadred
21:Edmund
6420:Edgar
6320:Giric
6186:Louis
6093:Sweyn
5353:6 May
5313:S2CID
4595:S2CID
4558:S2CID
4246:S2CID
4187:S2CID
3505:S 514
3478:S 744
3379:S 493
2780:S 511
2776:S 505
2557:S 498
2417:ASC A
2170:S 455
2155:S 446
1841:S 507
1799:Witan
1604:ASC A
1586:ASC D
1558:ASC D
1475:Notes
1395:Essex
1383:Edgar
1325:Edwin
1294:Aidan
1265:abbey
1181:omnes
1140:witan
1097:penny
846:Devon
709:Derby
665:ASC D
634:Reign
572:Alain
564:Louis
525:Edwin
489:Latin
313:king
311:Welsh
251:Edgar
186:House
176:Edgar
163:Issue
58:Reign
6650:Anne
6613:Anne
6606:and
6462:John
6271:and
6263:Jane
6180:John
6104:Cnut
5883:ISBN
5856:ISBN
5834:ISBN
5815:ISBN
5795:ISSN
5761:ISBN
5741:2021
5728:ISBN
5697:ISBN
5680:ISSN
5642:ISBN
5623:ISBN
5601:ISBN
5581:OCLC
5562:ISBN
5545:OCLC
5524:ISBN
5502:ISBN
5479:2021
5447:ISSN
5417:ISBN
5398:ISBN
5378:OCLC
5355:2021
5342:ISBN
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