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415:, which called for paternalism by the upper class towards the working class. Butler later wrote in his 1971 memoirs that the 1944 act, like those of 1870, 1902 and 1918, did not âsweep the board cleanâ but rather âestablished a financial frameworkâ within which local authorities could conduct such policies as were appropriate for their region.
390:
argues that in the end, the act was widely praised by
Conservatives because it honoured religion and social hierarchy, by Labour because it opened new opportunities for working class children, and by the general public because it ended the fees they had to pay for secondary education. State primary
355:
which was itself used to formulate the 1944 act. The purpose of the act was to address the country's educational needs amid demands for social reform that had been an issue before the Second World War began. The act incorporated proposals developed by leading specialists in the 1920s and 1930s such
418:
The name âelementary schoolâ was abolished as implying that the poorer children who tended to attend such schools would receive an inferior education. The Act ended the traditional all-age (5-14) elementary sector, enforcing the division between primary (5â11 years old) and secondary (11â15 years
520:
withdrew free school milk from children over seven in 1971, earning her the nickname "Thatcher, the Milk
Snatcher". In the April 1978 budget, the Labour Government was able to use an EEC subsidy on milk to restore free school milk to children aged between 7 and 11.
476:
nature' unless such a message was deemed to be inappropriate for a particular school or group of children. The amendment also specified that the act of worship could now take place in classes, rather than the previous system of conducting worship in assemblies.
419:
old) education that many local authorities had already introduced. It abolished fees on parents for state secondary schools. It brought a more equitable funding system to localities and to different school sectors. The act renamed the Board of
Education as the
171:
500:
The
Education Act 1944 made it a duty of local education authorities to provide school meals and milk. The authority could remit the charge for the meal in cases of hardship. The Provision of Free Milk Regulations 1946
437:
The act provided both for nursery schools and
Further Education programmes through community colleges, offering education for both children and adults, a measure that was only followed through by a few LEAs such as the
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Anglican schools were continued, but brought under increased state funding and control. Every state-funded school was required to begin the day with a nondenominational religious prayer. This clause was amended by the
1341:
1274:
156:
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379:
and were effectively absorbed into the state system in return for funding. The act also encouraged non-sectarian religious teaching in secular schools. A third of the
Anglican church schools became
151:
427:
to 16 "as soon as the
Minister is satisfied that it has become practicable", though the change was not implemented until 1973. It also brought in a new system for setting teacher salaries.
166:
176:
364:. The text of the act was drafted by Board of Education officials including Griffiths G. Williams, William Cleary, H. B. Wallis, S. H. Wood, Robert S. Wood, and Maurice Holmes.
383:
which entitled them to enhanced state subsidies whilst retaining autonomy over admissions, curriculum and teacher appointments; Roman
Catholic schools also chose this option.
1009:, not Margaret Thatcher, who abolished free milk for school children; yet it was Margaret Thatcher who took the blame for it and was nicknamed Thatcher the Milk-Snatcher.
1030:
We have also decided to take advantage of the Common Market subsidy for school milk by enabling local education authorities to provide free milk for 7-to-11-year-olds.
386:
The legislation was enacted in 1944, but its changes were designed to take effect after the war, thus allowing for additional pressure groups to have their influence.
484:(Hutting Operation for the Raising of the School-Leaving Age) a building programme to provide 'hut'-style accommodation to meet the additional educational demand.
17:
392:
161:
141:
1361:
424:
339:(commonly referred to as the "Green Book") which was compiled by Board of Education officials and distributed to selected recipients in June 1941. The
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There was a desire to keep the churches involved in education but they could not afford to modernise without government help. By negotiation with the
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505:/1293), made under section 49 of the 1944 act, provided free school milk to all children under 18 in maintained schools from August 1946.
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434:, educating and mobilising them. Another result was that the percentage of children attending higher education tripled from 1% to 3%.
344:
423:, giving it greater powers and a bigger budget. While defining the school leaving age as 15, it granted the government the power to
1058:
1366:
1376:
1228:
McCulloch, Gary. "British Labour Party education policy and comprehensive education: from
Learning to Live to Circular 10/65."
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311:. c. 31) made major changes in the provision and governance of secondary schools in England and Wales. It is also known as the
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67:
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Speech to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the 1944 Education Act, given by the chief inspector of schools, David Bell
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316:
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896:
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290:
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An Act to reform the law relating to education in
Northern Ireland and for purposes connected with the said matter.
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Ku, Hsiao-Yuh. "Fighting for social democracy: RH Tawney and educational reconstruction in the Second World War."
1147:
1179:. "Public schools and the Fleming report of 1944: shunting the first-class carriage on to an immense siding?."
247:
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509:
617:
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Wright, Susannah. "The Faith of the Democrat: The Association for Education in Citizenship, 1934â1944." in
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supported by all major parties. The Act was repealed in steps with the last parts repealed in 1996.
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516:, withdrew free milk from secondary schools for children over eleven. His successor, Conservative
430:
One of the results of the act was to increase the openness of secondary schools to girls and the
408:
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372:
323:. Historians consider it a "triumph for progressive reform," and it became a core element of the
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1301:
584:
255:
57:
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Secularists and rationalists opposed this and other provisions. See for example Brown (n.d.)
556:
Jeffereys, Kevin (1984). "R. A. Butler, the Board of Education and the 1944 Education Act".
375:(1881-1944), and other religious leaders, a majority of the Anglican church schools became
1214:
Ku, Hsiao-Yuh. "Education for liberal democracy: Fred Clarke and the 1944 Education Act."
8:
361:
713:
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324:
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201:
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Jeffereys, Kevin. "R. A. Butler, the Board of Education and the 1944 Education Act,"
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347:; Butler succeeded him on 20 July 1941. The Green Book formed the basis of the 1943
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72:
958:
673:
Wallace, Ron G. (1981). "The Origins and Authorship of the 1944 Education Act".
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Educational reconstruction: The 1944 education act and the twenty-first century
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1006:
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Educational reconstruction: the 1944 Education Act and the twenty-first century
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Green, S. J. D. (2000). "The 1944 Education Act: A Church-State Perspective".
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as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
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Ellen Wilkinson & the 1944 Education Act â UK Parliament Living Heritage
1155:, "The Human Capital Century and American Leadership: Virtues of the Past,"
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for detailed narrative, mainly of Butler's negotiations with Church leaders
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399:âcontinued to charge fees but also admitted state pupils on scholarships.
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Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning England and Wales
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Wallace, Ron G. "The origins and authorship of the 1944 Education Act."
457:
1162:
Green, S. J. D. "The 1944 Education Act: A ChurchâState Perspective."
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An Act to reform the law relating to education in England and Wales.
1002:
453:
959:"Free nursery milk to stay, but costs set to be cut. 18 June 2012"
640:
472:, which specified that the act of worship should be of a 'broadly
1245:
Simon, Brian. "The 1944 Education Act: A Conservative Measure?,"
835:. Cassell education series (1st publ ed.). London: Cassell.
783:
Brian Simon, "The 1944 Education Act: A Conservative Measure?,"
1308:
1238:
Middleton, Nigel. "Lord Butler and the Education Act of 1944,"
196:
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Five children drink their morning milk in a classroom in 1942.
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The basis of the Education Act 1944 was a memorandum entitled
582:
481:
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The Road to 1945: British politics and the Second World War
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Education and policy in England in the twentieth century.
986:"Shirley Williams: How Margaret Thatcher changed Britain"
708:(1). The Parliamentary History Yearbook Trust: 148â164.
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Batteson, C. H. "The 1944 Education Act reconsidered."
937:"How Margaret Thatcher became known as 'Milk Snatcher'"
1285:
172:
Senior Public Elementary Schools (Liverpool) Act 1939
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Change and continuity: reflections on the Butler act
395:; even after 1944 certain older grammar schoolsâthe
914:"Borough of Ilford Health Report for the year 1956"
614:"Education After the War ('The Green Book') (1941)"
1256:10.4 (1981): 283-290. DOI:10.1080/0046760810100405
727:Gosden, Peter (1995). "Putting the Act together".
1195:Rab Butler: The Best Prime Minister We Never Had?
1101:Aldrich, Richard, Dennis Dean, and Peter Gordon.
291:Text of the Education Act (Northern Ireland) 1947
1333:
1005:for the Treasury's expenditure cuts, for it was
1263:(Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2017) pp. 177-208.
407:Butler designed the act as an expression of "
1112:51.1 (1999): 5-15. DOI:10.1080/00131919997632
531:United Kingdom home front during World War II
642:The Politics of Educational Reform 1920â1940
514:Secretary of State for Education and Science
87:
1261:Morality and Citizenship in English Schools
1142:Gosden, Peter. "Putting the Act together."
1362:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament
536:Political career of Rab Butler (1941â1951)
1190:(2013) ch 10. (originally published 1987)
1137:The Education System in England and Wales
1087:Learn how and when to remove this message
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157:Education (Necessity of Schools) Act 1933
147:Education (Institution Children) Act 1923
1347:August 1944 events in the United Kingdom
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1171:The TUC and Education Reform, 1926-1970
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343:at that time was Butler's predecessor,
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1382:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1944
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1240:British Journal of Educational Studies
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911:
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735:(3). Taylor and Francis Ltd: 195â207.
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681:(4). Taylor and Francis Ltd: 283â290.
616:. Education in England. Archived from
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583:Peter Gordon and Denis Lawton (2004).
152:Education (Local Authorities) Act 1931
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891:. Taylor & Francis. p. 185.
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230:Education Act (Northern Ireland) 1947
216:Text of statute as originally enacted
18:Education Act (Northern Ireland) 1947
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833:The making of the 1944 education act
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341:President of the Board of Education
317:President of the Board of Education
24:
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984:Williams, Shirley (8 April 2013).
887:Hendrick, Harry (4 October 2003).
817:
714:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2000.tb00450.x
570:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1984.tb01429.x
391:education had been free since the
167:Education (Deaf Children) Act 1937
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1352:Food policy in the United Kingdom
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411:" in the tradition attributed to
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1028:. UK Parliament. 11 April 1978.
935:Smith, Rebecca (8 August 2010).
889:Child Welfare: England 1872-1989
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1157:The Journal of Economic History
1139:, London: Longman, 1990, 17â24.
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248:Parliament of Northern Ireland
177:Education (Emergency) Act 1939
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1377:United Kingdom Education Acts
1071:and help improve the section.
589:. Routledge. pp. 74â76.
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1372:Secondary education in Wales
1188:RAB: The Life of R.A. Butler
1159:, 2001, Volume 61, Number 2.
773:. Penguin. pp. 237â238.
397:direct grant grammar schools
7:
1135:Dunford, John, Paul Sharp,
1120:. London: Hamish Hamilton.
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10:
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645:. Lawrence & Wishart.
353:Educational Reconstruction
223:United Kingdom legislation
29:United Kingdom legislation
1204:(1984) 69#227 pp 415â431.
868:. Nationalarchives.gov.uk
480:The act was supported by
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50:United Kingdom Parliament
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831:Barber, Michael (1994).
758:. Routledge. pp. ?.
754:McCulloch, Gary (2013).
741:10.1080/0046760950240301
687:10.1080/0046760810100405
369:Archbishop of Canterbury
96:Territorial extent
1118:The Art of the Possible
409:One Nation Conservatism
337:Education After the War
1242:(1972) 20#2 pp 178â191
1232:45#2 (2016): 225-245.
1146:24#3 (1995): 195-207.
769:Addison, Paul (1975).
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1247:History of Education.
1218:42#5 (2013): 578-597.
1211:52#3 (2016): 266-285.
1209:Paedagogica Historica
1183:41#2 (2012): 235-255.
1166:19#1 (2000): 148-164.
1164:Parliamentary History
785:History of Education.
702:Parliamentary History
639:Simon, Brian (1974).
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488:School meals and milk
421:Ministry of Education
1254:History of Education
1249:(1986) 15#1 pp 31â43
1230:History of Education
1216:History of Education
1181:History of Education
1144:History of Education
1116:Butler, Rab (1971).
1022:"Public Expenditure"
787:(1986) 15#1 pp 31â43
729:History of Education
675:History of Education
377:voluntary controlled
1132:, his autobiography
912:Gordon, I. (1957).
464:community schools.
362:William Henry Hadow
34:
1225:(Routledge, 2013).
1173:(Routledge, 2013).
1110:Educational Review
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450:Community Colleges
393:Education Act 1891
345:Herwald Ramsbotham
325:post-war consensus
305:Education Act 1944
295:legislation.gov.uk
202:Education Act 1996
162:Education Act 1936
142:Education Act 1921
33:Education Act 1944
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1221:McCulloch, Gary.
1186:Howard, Anthony.
1177:Hillman, Nicholas
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842:978-0-304-32661-7
805:Butler 1971, p123
796:Butler 1971, p123
518:Margaret Thatcher
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281:Royal assent
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349:White Paper
197:Repealed by
1336:Categories
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543:References
458:Derbyshire
331:Background
315:after the
313:Butler Act
256:Long title
186:Amended by
58:Long title
1314:Education
474:Christian
1326:Politics
1003:fall guy
963:BBC News
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920:14 April
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1288:Portals
1202:History
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