Education in Mexico

1822:'s presidency, secular, public education was a priority for the government, since it was seen as a vehicle for changes in behavior that would benefit the government's commitment to progress. The number of schools expanded and the federal government expanded centralized control. Municipal governments had to yield control to state governments, and the federal bureaucracy for public schooling was established under the Ministry of Education, a cabinet-level position. More money was spent on public schools in this era, increasing faster than other public expenditures. Public schooling was part of Mexico's project of modernization, to create an educated workforce. Those overseeing schools sought to instill the virtues of punctuality, thrift, valuable work habits, abstinence from alcohol and tobacco use, and gambling, along with creating a literate population. Although these were a lofty aim, implementation was hampered by teachers who were poorly trained. Illiteracy was widespread, with the 1910 census indicating only 33% of men and 27% of women were literate. Few students went on to secondary or post-secondary education. "Porfirian schools were more important in their production of middle-class talent for the post-revolutionary educational and cultural efforts than they were in transforming popular behavior and illiteracy." However, the government's commitment to education under 1693: 1978:, who appointed Torres Bodet Minister of Education. Torres Bodet made a comprehensive assessment of Mexican education, which led to the Eleven-Year Plan for Education, attempting to make a commitment that forced the next president to continue implementation. The assessment of Mexican primary-level schools showed that 50% of Mexican children, or 3 million, had access to primary education. Of those, fewer than 25% finished fourth grade. Only about 1,000 of those primary school students would succeed in pursuing a profession. A basic finding was that only 50% of Mexicans could read or write. López Mateos sought reforms to remedy the situation, including training 27,000 more teachers and building more schools. He also created a program to provide free textbooks to students and made their use obligatory in schools. 1923:

socialist education was to create a "useful and efficient worker capable of assuming leadership of the national economy, employing methods of modern science with a profound consciousness of collective responsibility ... an indispensable precondition for the coming of a state in the hands of the working classes." The conflict was violent at the National University in Mexico City, which in 1929 had become autonomous from government control, but there was also conflict at regional universities as well, mainly student strikes. Cárdenas backed away from socialist education. Catholic student groups' mobilization against socialist education had lasting consequences, with leaders in the Catholic Student Union playing an important role in the founding of the conservative, pro-Catholic

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education' is often used to describe the educational system. Implementation of educational integration has taken many years and still continues to face obstacles. Under the current model, students with severe disabilities that would not benefit from inclusion, study the same curriculum as regular classrooms in separate schools called Centros de Atencion Multiple , or CAM. Otherwise, special needs students are placed in regular classrooms and are supported by the Unidades de Servicio y Apoyo a la Educación Regular or the Unit of Support Services for Regular Education, (USAER). This group is made up of special education teachers, speech therapists, psychologists and other professionals to help special needs students in the classroom and minimize barriers to their learning.

980: 597: 3601: 466: 1603: 1887: 5184: 1493:, friars embarked on a widespread program of evangelization of Christianity. In the colonial era, schooling of elite men of European descent was established under the auspices of the Catholic Church. Liberals' attempts to separate church and state in post-independence Mexico included removal of the Catholic Church from education. Education remains an important aspect of Mexican institutional and cultural life, and conflicts continue about how it should be conducted. The history of education in Mexico gives insight into the larger history of the nation. 1034: 1542: 565: 608:

or rural contexts, professionals had four common concerns. First, USAER professionals felt that they lacked preparation for working in the classroom. The second issue was feeling like their role had changed due to more demands being placed on them. The last two concerns were the lack of communication and collaboration between teachers and USAER professionals. Although the two work in the same classroom, they often work independently. However, this creates problems when adjusting the curriculum for special needs students.

735: 1803: 1468: 1056: 1955: 630: 2163: 1046: 26: 1024: 846: 1645:, wrote an account of the university. The institution initially trained in priests, lawyers, and starting in 1579, medical doctors. These were the traditional disciplines of the medieval and early modern eras. The Royal and Pontifical University was the sole institution that could confer academic degrees. With the title of royal and pontifical university, its degrees were titled the same as European degrees. The 2177: 2017: 334: 2013:(soap operas) to shape public understandings, and Mexico became a pioneer in the use of this medium for policy matters. Better health care in earlier years had resulted in a population boom as infant mortality declined and fertility increased. With Catholic Church opposition to birth control, the secular format of telenovela were a means to bring a message of the benefits of family planning to women. 1013: 2065: 1707:

some schools connected to orphanages or confraternities. Private tutors educated girls from wealthy families, but only enough so that they could oversee a household. There were few opportunities for mixed-race boys or girls. "Education was, in short, highly selective as befits a stratified society, and the possibilities of self-realization were a lottery of birth rather than talent."

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to be taught in separate schools in their own languages but taught in Spanish along with non-indigenous, mestizo students. An early program was the formation of "Missionaries of Indigenous Culture and Public Education," which had the aim of imparting a secular worldview emphasizing "community development, modernization, and incorporation into the mestizo mainstream."

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secondary students, wholly or partly in English outside an English-speaking country, or if a school in a country where English is one of the official languages, offers an English-medium curriculum other than the country's national curriculum and is international in its orientation." This definition is used by publications including

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the age of five, the census found 43.7% had not completed one year of school, 50.7% had completed six years or less of school, and only 5.6% had continued their education beyond six years of school. In 2015, 96.2% of six to fourteen year-olds attended school, up from 91.3% in 2000. The state with the highest attendance rate was

485:, and follows "secundaria" comprising grades 10–12, when the student's age is 15 to 18 years old. Students may choose between two main kinds of high school programs: The SEP incorporated, and a University Incorporated one, depending on the state. Another minority of programs are available only for private schools, such as the 2005:(1964–1970) attempted to implement educational reform as part of a wider social reform. The government sought to reach Mexicans who had not had access to education previously and the use of radio and television were seen as ways to do this. Adult education became a focus of the expansion. With the presidency of 2079:

considered the most powerful woman in Mexican politics. The lack of democracy within the teachers' union has been as a source of conflict. Also a source of conflict is union opposition to reforms that undercut union power over teaching positions. In 2012, some teachers from rural areas, specifically,

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became its head in 1921 and proceeded to enact a wide range of educational programs, including indigenous education. The so-called "Indian problem," the lack of incorporation of Mexico's indigenous population into the nation as citizens, was an issue that the SEP tackled. Indigenous children were not

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The combination of USAER professionals and regular teaching working in the same classroom has caused some issues for educational integration. Specifically, there is confusion about the roles of USAER professionals who work in regular classrooms. A study of USAER members found that regardless of urban

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economic policies to promote development, Salinas saw education as a key factor. In an accord with the SNTE, education was decentralized from its control by the Ministry of Public Education (SEP) and came under the control of the Mexican state government. Curriculum reform was also undertaken by the

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In 1968, when Mexico hosted the Olympic Games in the capital, there were widespread demonstrations against spending so much on such an event, when there were higher national priorities. University students participated in a major way in these demonstrations, with the government reacting violently in

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as head of the SEP, government policy sought to raise educational standards and invest in teacher training. Torres Bodet founded the National Institute of Teacher Training. He sought to create a curriculum that was nationalist and democratic. "Education was to be secular, free of religious doctrine,

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of 1910. As the federal government consolidated power through the formation of the National Revolutionary Party (PNR) in 1928 and its new iteration in 1936, the Mexican Revolutionary Party (PRM), teachers played an important role in the creation of national worker and national peasant organizations.

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The federal government took over schools run by Mexican states and enrollments for rural primary schools increased significantly. Public schools became a means for the government to directly influence the countryside ideologically through education of the next generations. Public school teachers saw

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Most of the Mexican population was illiterate and entirely unschooled, and there was no priority for the education of girls. A few girls in cities attended schools run by cloistered nuns. Some entered convent schools at around age eight, "to remain cloistered for the rest of their lives." There were

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Finally, training for new teachers doesn't provide them enough experience with special needs students, making the shift to educational integration difficult. A study of 286 pre-service teachers found that a third of didn't have any experience working with special needs students. Additionally, 44% of

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Women entered the teaching profession, which was considered a proper one for women who worked outside the home. Although the schools were aimed at creating an educated populace envisioned by Porfirian elites, quite a number of school teachers were active in opposing the Díaz regime and participated

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shows these two types of schools. Aztec religion was highly complex and priests held a higher status, so that the creation of schools to train them in ritual and other aspects of religion was important. Overseeing an expansionist empire, Aztec rulers needed trained warriors, so that the creation of

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As of January 2015, the International Schools Consultancy (ISC) listed Mexico as having 151 international schools. ISC defines an 'international school' in the following terms "ISC includes an international school if the school delivers a curriculum to any combination of pre-school, primary or

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School attendance has increased over the years. In 1950, Mexico had only three million students enrolled in education. In 2011, there were 32 million enrolled students. The 1960 national census illustrates the historically poor performance of the Mexican educational system. As to all Mexicans over

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emerged as an ideology in the post-independence period, with a major tenet being public secular education. Conflict in the realm of education has been an ongoing issue in Mexican history since the Catholic Church sought to retain its role in this sphere, while liberals have sought to undermine the

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established schools for indigenous in the immediate post-conquest years and produced pictorial texts to teach Catholic doctrine. All the mendicant orders in Mexico, the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians, built churches in large indigenous communities as places of worship and to teach the

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In recent years, the progression through Mexican education has come under much criticism. While over 90% of children in Mexico attend primary school, only 62% attend secondary school. Only 45% finish secondary school. After secondary school, only a quarter pass on to higher education. A commonly

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in 1970. It funds fellowships for graduate students to study abroad to increase their specialized knowledge. Despite sustained government efforts over several presidential administrations, Mexican education had not significantly affected low education levels and high levels of illiteracy in the

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enrollment in Mexico is indigenous. In response to this inequality, the General Coordination for Intercultural and Bilingual Education at the Ministry of Education established Intercultural Universities with the active participation of indigenous organizations and academic institutions in each

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When the Mexican government implemented its policy of socialist education, it directly targeted religious-affiliated, private schooling. Students in these schools were barred from receiving valid educational certification, which effectively prevented many from entering professions. The aim of

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Religious orders, particularly the Franciscans, taught indigenous scribes in central Mexico to be literate in their own languages, allowing the creation of documents at the local level for colonial officials and communities to enable crown administration as well as production of last will and

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In 1993, educational integration was formally implemented nationwide through the reform article 41 of the General Education Law. This law mandates the integration of students with special needs into regular classrooms. Although formally, the term 'educational integration' is used, 'inclusive

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Accessibility is another challenge for educational integration. Schools are required to have accessible buildings and classrooms, provide technical support and appropriate materials for special needs students, but a case study found that the school was not equipped for students with sensory

1989:(SNTE), (National Union of Education Workers) was formed as a section within the umbrella organization of the Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), the labor sector of the dominant party. In the late 1930s, teachers had begun to form unions that were eventually brought into the SNTE. 1945:

as his successor, he chose a moderate, particularly on church-state issues where education was contentious. In office, Avila Camacho ended socialist education. Initially, the Ministry of Education continued various policies from the Cárdenas era, but with Avila Camacho's appointment of

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In central Mexico, the history of education stretches back to the Prehispanic era, with the education of Nahuas in schools for elites and commoners. A formal system of writing was created in various parts of central and southern Mexico, with trained experts in its practice. After the

656:, to the central and state governments. Education in Mexico had been controlled by the teachers union and its leaders for many years. Shortly thereafter Gordillo was arrested on racketeering charges. As of 2016 the government continued to struggle with the union and its offshoot, 620:

found that overall most teachers have positive perceptions of inclusive education. However, teachers with more hours of training, more teaching experience, and better knowledge of policies had higher levels of confidence in working with students with disabilities.

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reaffirmed the Liberals principle of separation of church and state, which in the educational sphere meant supplanting the Catholic Church by the Mexican state. Primary education in Mexico was henceforth to be secular, free of fees and tuition, and obligatory.

2052:) in 1980 and then established an independent institute for adult education (Instituto Nacional de Educación para Adultos INEA). With the collapse of the Mexican economy during the oil crisis of 1982, educational reform awaited economic recovery. In 1992, 1740:

in charge of running the government, the vice president created in 1833 a public education system. This preceded the establishment of a Ministry of Public Education. This reform was short-lived, but with the Liberal Reform in the mid-nineteenth century, a

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testaments, petitions to the crown, bills of sale, censuses and other types of legal record to be produced at the local level. The large number of indigenous language documents found in the archives in Mexico and elsewhere have enabled scholars of the

1794:), founded in 1868 in Mexico City, which Barreda directed. Education at the Preparatoria was uniform for all students and "designed to fill what José Díaz Covarrubias identified as the traditional void between primary and professional training." 1667:

In general, educational institutions were urban-based, with the capital Mexico City having the largest concentration. However, there were seminaries to train priests in provincial cities, such as the Colegio de San Nicolás, founded by Bishop

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catechism, so that large outdoor atriums functioned as classrooms. Elite indigenous lads were tapped for training as catechists and helpers to the priests, whose small numbers could in no way minister to large numbers of ordinary indigenous.

2092:, the ability to sell or will their jobs, and the teaching of either English or computer skills. Gordillo, head of the SNTE since 1989, was arrested in 2013 as she got off her private airplane in Toluca airport, and charged with corruption. 1894:'s former rectory, now home to the university's Museum of Art. The university entity underwent a number of reorganizations, but the modern university as it exists today was established in 1925. Some universities in Mexico, such as the 5305: 225:, the second oldest university in the Americas, was founded by royal decree in 1551. Education in Mexico was, until the early twentieth century, largely confined to males from urban and wealthy segments and under the auspices of the 503:

traditionally consists of three years of education, divided into six semesters, with the first semesters having a common curriculum, and the latter ones allowing some degree of specialization, either in physical sciences (physics,

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to analyze life of Mexico's colonial-era indigenous from indigenous perspectives. However, despite the large volume of documentation in indigenous languages, there is no evidence of that even elite indigenous women were literate.

2104:(93%). In the same year, 63% of three to five year-olds attended preschool or kindergarten, up from 52.3% in 2010. Also in 2015, 44% of 15 to 24 year-olds attended secondary or tertiary school, an increase from 32.8% in 2000. 641:

cited reason for this is the lack of infrastructure throughout the rural schools. Moreover, the government has been criticized for investing too little in students, relative to budget. In its 2012 report on education, the

318:). Accreditation of private schools is accomplished by mandatory approval and registration with this institution. Religious instruction is prohibited in public schools; however, religious associations are free to maintain 5285: 1903:

themselves "as part of a mystical crusade for the nation, modernity, and social justice," but SEP personnel often held campesinos and rural culture in contempt. In the 1930s, during the early presidency of

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SEP, which included the creation of new textbooks. Protests resulted in the government's withdrawing the textbooks. A third component of the accord was the creation of a system of merit pay for teachers.

2404: 236:. Control of education was a source of an ongoing conflict between the Mexican state and the Catholic Church, which since the colonial era had exclusive charge of education. The mid-nineteenth-century 325:

In the same fashion as other education systems, education has identifiable stages: primary school, junior high school (or secondary school), high school, higher education, and postgraduate education.

1557:. The first efforts of schooling in Mexico were friars' evangelization of indigenous populations. "Educating the native population was a crucial justification of the colonizing enterprise, and that 1724:

Church's role. Since the 1940s, Catholic universities have re-emerged. Unionized school teachers have become a powerful force in the late twentieth and early twenty-first-century Mexican politics.

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Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys. "Professional Development and Incentives for Teacher Performance in Schools in Mexico." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3236. Washington, DC: World Bank 2004.

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is most commonly used for institutions that offer a three-year education program that "prepares" the student with general knowledge to continue studying at a university. In contrast, the term

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the teachers reported having no formal training in working with this population. A qualitative study on pre-service teachers assessed their attitude towards special needs students and their

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implemented a massive expansion of access to public, secular education and expanded access to secular schooling in rural areas. This work was built on and expanded in the administration of

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Forlin, C., García-Cedillo, I., Romero‐Contreras, S., Fletcher, T., & Rodríguez-Hernández, H.J., (2010) Inclusion in Mexico: ensuring supportive attitudes by newly graduated teachers.

295:(SNTE), founded in the late 1940s, has had significant political power. The Mexican federal government has undertaken measures to reform education, which have been opposed by the SNTE. 2114:

In February 2019, the SEP commemorated the establishment of the program for free textbooks with a publication noting the inclusion of art by Mexicans in successive textbook editions.

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in the country. While an estimated 10% of the population of Mexico is indigenous, it is the least represented in higher education. According to estimates, only between 1% and 3% of

419:, comprising grades 7–9 when the student's age is 12 to 15 years old. It is part of the basic compulsory education system, following primary school and coming before "high school" ( 287:

mandated socialist education in Mexico and there was considerable push back from the Catholic Church. Socialist education was repealed during the 1940s, with the administration of

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Flores Barrera, V.J., & García Cedillo, I. (2016) Apoyos que reciben estudiantes de secundaria con discapacidad en escuelas regulares: ¿Corresponden a lo que dicen las leyes?

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High school campus of the National College of Professional Technical Education, Conalep Ing. Bernardo Quintana Arrioja in the State of Mexico, named after civil Mexican engineer,

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Rincón-Gallardo, Santiago. "Large scale pedagogical transformation as widespread cultural change in Mexican public schools." Journal of Educational Change 17.4 (2016): 411–436.

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Tatto, María Teresa. "Improving teacher education in rural Mexico: The challenges and tensions of constructivist reform." Teaching and teacher education 15.1 (1999): 15–35.

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which carries a completely different system. Nevertheless, in order to be taught, it must include at least one national subject. In addition, there are programs such as

1907:(1934–40) there was a push for "socialist education" at all levels. The policy made public schools sources of anti-religious ideology fueling resistance by Catholics. 4023:"Program Document for a Proposed Loan in the Amount of US$ 300,751,879.70 to the United Mexican States for a Second Upper Secondary Education Development Policy Loan" 2824: 1974:, which saw increased urbanization and industrialization. The idea that education was a determinant of economic development took hold and the government of President 5260: 2686:"Mexico Detains Leader of Dissident Teachers Group in Oaxaca State Rubén Núñez arrested on charges of using illegally obtained funds, Attorney General's Office says" 2574:

Romero-Contreras, S., Garcia-Cedillo, I., Forli, C., & Lomelí-Hernández, K.A., (2013) Preparing teachers for inclusion in Mexico: How effective is this process?

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Depending on the school, bilingual education may be offered from the beginning, where half the day instruction is in Spanish, and the rest is in another language.

1874:(1910–1920), the government made a major commitment to public education under its control. Centralization of education was via the federal Ministry of Education ( 657: 1577:, as well as Spanish and Latin. The Franciscans also founded the school of San José de los Naturales in Mexico City, which taught trades and crafts to boys. The 2107:

In 2004, the literacy rate was at 97% for youth under the age of 14 and 91% for people over 15, placing Mexico at the 24th place in the world rank according to

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Cook, Maria. Organizing Dissent: Unions, the State, and the Democratic Teachers' Movement in Mexico. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press 1996.

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the dominant philosophical school in the late nineteenth century. The Juárez government created a system of secondary education, and a key institution was the

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Ornelas, Carlos. "The Politics of Privatisation, Decentralisation and Education Reform in Mexico." International Review of Education 50 (3–4), 2004: 397–418

3478: 2205: 2068: 1986: 1573:, which was deemed a failure in its goal of training priests, but did create a small cohort of indigenous men who were literate in their native language of 649: 292: 2038: 2021: 553: 470: 398:, comprising grades 1–6, when the students are 6 to 12 years old. It starts the basic compulsory education system. These are the first years of schooling. 2029: 4228: 1546: 1664:, a cloistered nun and intellectual, famous in her lifetime as the "Tenth Muse." Sor Juana was barred from attending the university due to her gender. 4783: 1936: 1692: 2532:

Fletcher, T., Dejud, C., Klingler, C., & Lopez-Marisca, I. (2003) The changing paradigm of special education in Mexico: Voices from the field.

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of October 1968. In June 1971, there was further student activism in Mexico City that resulted in more violent government repression, known as the

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Brescia, Michael M. (July 2004). "Liturgical Expressions of Episcopal Power: Juan de Palafox y Mendoza and Tridentine Reform in Colonial Mexico".

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A program of education reform was enacted in February 2013 which provided for a shift in control of the education system from the teachers union

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as the highest ranked private school in Mexico and 158th worldwide in 2019. Private business schools also stand out in international rankings.

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Hecock, R. Douglas. "Democratization, education reform, and the Mexican Teachers' Union." Latin American Research Review 49.1 (2014): 62–82.

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Hecock, R. Douglas. "Democratization, education reform, and the Mexican Teachers' Union." Latin American Research Review 49.1 (2014): 62–82.

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Spanish as the standard. However, there are courses available in English. Other minority languages are available in their local communities.

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Gabriela Soto Laveaga, "'Let's become fewer': Soap operas, contraception, and nationalizing the Mexican family in an overpopulated world."

2111:. In 2018, Mexico's literacy rate was 94.86%, up from 82.99% in 1980, with the literacy rates of males and females being relatively equal. 1827: 1807: 738: 612:

disabilities. The school lacked accessible furniture, handicapped restrooms or proper modification for students with sensory disabilities.

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McGinn, Noel, and Susan Street. "Has Mexican Education Generated Human or Political Capital?." Comparative Education 20.3 (1984): 323–338.

2487: 4650: 2056:, who became president in the disputed 1988 elections, instituted changes in the organization of Mexico's educational system. Adopting 5310: 4746: 3912:

Meneses Morales, Ernesto. La Universidad Iberoamericana en el Contexto de la Educación Superior Contemporanea. Mexico City: UIA 1979.

1618: 314:). Education standards are set by this Ministry at all levels except in "autonomous" universities chartered by the government (e.g., 222: 4993: 4978: 3348:

Grindle, Merilee S. Despite the Odds: The Contentious Politics of Education Reform. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2004.

2118: 1716: 40: 33: 2799: 5225: 4092: 2200: 1038: 2516: 4905: 4660: 4529: 3677: 3456: 3430: 2616:"Low-Performing Students: Why They Fall Behind and How to Help Them Succeed Country note Mexico" Retrieved June 16, 2016, from 859:

New regulations since 2005 divide postgraduate studies at Mexican universities and research centers into two main categories:

775:) of his or her profession, it is common to use different titles for common professions such as Engineering and Architecture. 4793: 2762: 2351: 675: 2749: 1049: 1027: 4193: 4158: 3837:"Flunking the test: Failing schools pose a big challenge to President Enrique Peña Nieto's vision for modernising Mexico." 2230: 1490: 959: 5068: 4622: 4507: 1570: 3519: 426:

At this level, more specialized subjects may be taught such as Physics, Chemistry, and World History. There is also the

5138: 4524: 4433: 4141: 5240: 4355: 4243: 4183: 3649: 1982: 1657: 2592: 2041:, with its main objective being oriented to the training of technical professionals, graduates of secondary school. 2034: 1569:

In 1536, the Franciscans and the Spanish crown established a school to train an indigenous Catholic priesthood, the

1016: 5158: 5003: 4931: 4350: 4325: 4105: 753: 2001:. Recognizing that failures in the educational system was a cause of the 1968 student activism, the government of 979: 5230: 4848: 4443: 4382: 3482: 1831: 1037:

Metro Area of Monterrey: "Alere flammam veritatis" Monument (Feed the flame of truth), in the main campus of the

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Street, Susan. "El SNTE y la política educativa, 1970–1990." Revista Mexicana de Sociología 54 (2)1992: 45–72.

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Chowning, Margaret. "Culture Wars in the Trenches? Public Schools and Catholic Education in Mexico, 1867–1897".

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Disposiciones para la Operación de Estudios de Posgrado en el Sistema Nacional de Educación Superior Tecnológica

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Rama, A. (2011, April 13). "Factbox: Facts about Mexico's education system." Retrieved November 17, 2014, from

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The government sought to strengthen higher education particularly in the sciences and technology, establishing

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arrived in Mexico in 1571 and rapidly founded schools and colegios, and sought to confer degrees; however, the

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Vaughan, Mary Kay. "Primary Education and Literacy in Nineteenth-Century Mexico: Research Trends, 1968–1988".

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served as rector there until he was relieved of his position. One of his students was insurgent leader Father

596: 4655: 4560: 4315: 4163: 1767: 1590: 1737: 5375: 4971: 4863: 4761: 4665: 4645: 4465: 4448: 4345: 4058:– Contains indicators and information about Mexico and how it compares to other OECD and non-OECD countries 2122: 1961: 963: 4570: 4470: 4397: 4131: 4085: 3569: 1787: 674:

There are both public and private institutions of higher education. Higher education usually follows the

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Sherman, William H. (2010). "Palafoxiana, Biblioteca". In Suarez, Michael F.; Woudhuysen, H. R. (eds.).

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started in Europe in 1999, allowing Mexican students to study abroad and pursue a master's degree after

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Victoria Andrade de Herrara, "Education in Mexico: Historical and Contemporary Educational Systems" in

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countries, the majority of Mexico's public universities do not accredit part-time enrollment programs.

1778:, who chaired Juárez's commission on education in 1867. Barreda was a follower of French intellectual 4778: 4497: 4480: 4402: 4335: 2617: 2053: 1895: 1891: 1677: 634: 576:

in colonial Mexico, and is sometimes considered the first in the Americas. In 2005, it was listed on

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Lorey, David E. "Education and the challenges of Mexican development." Challenge 38.2 (1995): 51–55.

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Lorey, David E. "Education and the challenges of Mexican development." Challenge 38.2 (1995): 51–55.

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for teacher training was established. The Liberals push for public education awaited the end of the

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The Mexican state has been directly involved in education since the nineteenth century, promoting

47: 5265: 5255: 5053: 4964: 4751: 4612: 4340: 4148: 4055: 3504: 2335: 2147: 1998: 1681: 1578: 465: 337:

Outside of the Secretariat of Public Education (SEP) Headquarters building located in Mexico City

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The Myth of the Mexican Revolution: Hero Cults and the Institutionalization of the Mexican State

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The law foresees a centralised process for hiring, evaluating, promoting and retaining teachers.

1059: 288: 5250: 5173: 5118: 5088: 5008: 4816: 4721: 4627: 4617: 4475: 4455: 4153: 4078: 3644:: Dirección General de Planeación, Programación y Presupuesto Secretaría de Educación Pública. 2734:

Tamez Guerra, Reyes; Rubio Oca, Julio; Fuentes Lemus, Bulmaro; Valdés Garza, Mario (May 2005).

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Sistema Educativo de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Principales cifras, ciclo escolar 2003–2004

1975: 5205: 5153: 5128: 5103: 5063: 5048: 5018: 4888: 4741: 4731: 4607: 4555: 4485: 4438: 4377: 4198: 3577:

The Wall Street Journal/Harris Interactive survey of corporate recruiters on business schools

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http://www.sep.gob.mx/work/models/sep1/Resource/b490561c-5c33-4254-ad1caad33765928a/07104.pdf

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During the period ca. 1940–1960, Mexico experienced sustained economic growth, the so-called

1966:(National College) Building, Mexican honorary academy. Created by presidential decree in 1943 1919:

Public education "contributed to the consolidation of an authoritarian single-party regime."

1749:

and the ousting of the French Empire in Mexico (1862–67). The restored Republic of President

1650: 1602: 1561:(Spanish American) culture was encouraged as a vehicle for integrating" the indigenous. Fray 1531: 3073:

Lewis, Stephen E. "The Nation, Education, and the 'Indian Problem' in Mexico, 1920–1940" in

2233:[Educational expenditure in the PPEF 2020. Impact of the 2019 Educational Reform.]. 2002: 5215: 5168: 5108: 5083: 5073: 5028: 4900: 4736: 4711: 4706: 4597: 4502: 4136: 4121: 3666: 3613: 3034:

Mary Kay Vaughan, "Nationalizing the Countryside: Schools and Communities in the 1930s" in

2950:

Children of La Frontera: Binational Efforts to Serve Mexican Migrant and Immigrant Students

2255: 2195: 2076: 1942: 1904: 1720: 1637:, the oldest in the United States, was founded in 1636 and the oldest Canadian University, 1354: 653: 284: 4258: 3851:

Gilbert, Dennis. "Rewriting History: Salinas, Zedillo and the 1992 Textbook Controversy".

3077:, Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen E. Lewis, eds. Durham: Duke University Press 2006, p. 180. 3038:, Vaughan, Mary Kay and Stephen E. Lewis, eds. Durham: Duke University Press 2006, p. 158 2921:,"cap. III. "Casas de recogimiento y de educación para niñas indias", Mexico: Porrúa 1982. 1585:, (also known as Don Domingo Francisco de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin). 1517:. An early post-conquest manuscript prepared by native scribes for the viceroy of Mexico, 8: 5192: 5123: 5093: 5038: 5033: 5023: 4853: 4843: 4632: 4512: 4460: 4283: 4263: 3832:

Jesuit Student Groups, the Universidad Iberoamericana, and Political Resistance in Mexico

3281:

Dennis Gilbert, "Rewriting History: Salinas, Zedillo and the 1992 Textbook Controversy",

3165:

Jesuit Student Groups, the Universidad Iberoamericana, and Political Resistance in Mexico

1994: 1898:, have signed agreements with the U.S. to receive and train American students in Medicine 1358: 603:

murals in the offices of the Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP) located in Mexico City

410: 268: 253: 175: 3314: 2658: 2629: 1886: 1879: 1638: 272: 5210: 5098: 5043: 4883: 4858: 4421: 4407: 4223: 3628: 3122: 2803: 2454: 2446: 1947: 1915: 1871: 1851: 1839: 1622: 1428: 931: 703: 683: 257: 185: 3818:

Organizing Dissent: Unions, the State, and the Democratic Teachers' Movement in Mexico

3237: 2006: 1656:

The university retained its premier position. One of its best-known graduates was Don

1479:

Formal education of 15-year-old Aztec boys trained for the military or the priesthood.

1009:

The table below describes the most common patterns for schooling in the state sector:

5133: 5058: 4924: 4808: 4788: 4773: 4670: 4602: 4543: 4517: 4330: 4305: 4295: 4113: 3992:

Cultural Politics in Revolution: Peasants, Teachers, and Schools in Mexico, 1930–1940

3645: 2863: 2758: 2458: 2347: 1746: 1581:

was also founded for the education of indigenous elites, the most famous of whom was

533: 435: 389: 280: 233: 1541: 1033: 291:. A number of private universities have opened since the mid-twentieth century. The 4826: 4580: 4273: 4268: 4168: 3670: 3286: 2438: 2339: 2182: 1669: 1350: 1244: 967: 939: 699: 564: 303: 3875:

Knight, Alan, "Popular Culture and the Revolutionary State in Mexico, 1910–1940,"

1819: 1750: 1684:. Educated priests were prominent in the movement toward independence from Spain. 552:. An example of an institution that provides this kind of skills in Mexico is the 248:, the expansion of education became a priority under a cabinet-level post held by 245: 241: 4940: 4895: 4878: 4868: 4831: 4766: 4716: 4253: 3391:"Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos" 3358: 2097: 2089: 1971: 1699:(Interior of the Infant College of the Cathedral of Mexico), José Jiménez, 1857, 1653:, the royal entity overseeing the Spanish overseas empire, decided against them. 1634: 711: 691: 760:). According to OECD reports, 23% of Mexicans aged 23–35 have a college degree. 214: 4565: 4387: 4042: 3746:

Crónica de la Real y Pontificia Universidad de México escrita en el siglo XVIII

2210: 1981:

In 1949, Mexican teachers formed a national union that was affiliated with the

1911: 1843: 1775: 1562: 1164: 1160: 573: 537: 342: 319: 3909:. Mexico City: Centro de Estudios Educativos, Universidad Iberoamericana 1988. 3902:. Mexico City: Centro de Estudios Educativos, Universidad Iberoamericana 1986. 2733: 2343: 2331:

Mexico's Transition to a Knowledge-Based Economy: Challenges and Opportunities

267:

strengthened the Mexican state's power in education. During the presidency of

240:

separated church and state, which had a direct impact on education. President

197: 5369: 4945: 4798: 4492: 3127: 3075:

The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920–1940

3036:

The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920–1940

2168: 1779: 1742: 1611: 1518: 1513:

for the training of warriors and schools for the training of priests, called

1471: 1252: 1248: 992: 617: 350: 4956: 3753:

Creo en los impactos de la revolución mexicana hacia nuestro sistema escolar

2995:

Albert Delmez, "The Positivist Philosophy in Mexican Education, 1867–1873,"

2075:

The SNTE grew to be the largest labor union in Latin America, and its head,

1621:

was founded in September 1551 at the request by Mexico's first viceroy, Don

734: 453:, or within the Spanish-speaking populations of the United States, the term 244:

sought the expansion of public schools. During the long tenure of President

4836: 4637: 4233: 3605: 2190: 1823: 756:, depending on the college or university, and lead to a bachelor's degree ( 600: 249: 62: 3212: 2738:(in Spanish). Mexico: Dirección General de Educación Superior Tecnológica. 2442: 2231:"Gasto educativo en el PPEF 2020. Impacto de la Reforma Educativa de 2019" 2033:

country, especially in rural areas. In 1978, engineer and Mexican politic

1467: 4821: 3641: 3545:"Nombran al Tec de Monterrey como la mejor universidad privada de México" 1630: 1582: 1553:

The Spanish Crown made a significant commitment to education in colonial

1502: 1299: 1055: 742: 450: 394:

The terms "Primary School" or "Elementary School" usually corresponds to

358: 2450: 2125:, making it the highest ranked university in Mexico, after it comes the 1802: 415:

The terms "Junior High School" or "Middle School" usually correspond to

213:

has a long history. Indigenous peoples created institutions such as the

4218: 4213: 4188: 4173: 4018: 2800:"International School Consultancy Group > Information > ISC News" 2088:

states, opposed federal regulations that prevented them from automatic

2057: 2010: 1815: 1783: 1660:, a Mexican savant of the seventeenth century, who was a friend of Sor 549: 541: 517: 473:, Conalep Ing. Bernardo Quintana Arrioja located in the State of Mexico 376:, which are compulsory by law, while secondary education only includes 237: 1625:

to the Spanish crown. The university was located in the central core (

962:

were established in 2004 in response to the lack of enrollment of the

5197: 4126: 3797:

La Revolución: Mexico's Great Revolution in Memory, Myth, and History

3748:. 2 vols. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1931. 2081: 1554: 1449: 1113: 1092: 645:

placed Mexico at below average in mathematics, science, and reading.

545: 505: 67: 4013:

Los libros de texto gratuitos: La disputa por la educación en México

3290: 1954: 1826:

was an important step. He established the secular, state-controlled

629: 5183: 4756: 4238: 2085: 1510: 1045: 749: 748:

Undergraduate studies normally last at least 4 years, divided into

513: 218: 4070: 4064:– Using 1997 ISCED classification of programmes and typical ages. 3890:

The Mexican University and the State: Student Conflicts, 1910–1971

2984:

The Transformation of Liberalism in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexico

2618:

http://www.oecd.org/mexico/PISA-2012-low-performers-Mexico-ENG.pdf

2145:

respectively, were ranked in the top 10 in a survey conducted by

2101: 1673: 1646: 1574: 1549:

UMSNH. The oldest institution of higher education in the Americas

1023: 845: 509: 341:

In Mexico, basic education is normally divided into three steps:

3892:. College Station, Texas: Texas A & M University Press 1982. 3741:. Seville: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 1970. 1715:

During the colonial era, education was under the control of the

1536: 25: 4101: 3846:

Popular Mobilization in Mexico: The Teachers' Movement, 1977–87

3025:. DeKalb IL: Northern Illinois University Press 1982, pp. 74–77 2978: 2976: 2952:, Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), 1996, p. 26. 2176: 2108: 2016: 1506: 829:

Licenciate, any degree, especially those from social sciences,

678:

with an at least 4-year bachelor's degree undergraduate level (

577: 3868:

INEE (Instituto Nacional para la Evaluación de la Educación).

3860:

Despite the Odds: The Contentious Politics of Education Reform

2778: 2715: 2703: 2039:

National College of Professional Technical Education (Conalep)

1496: 1012: 333: 4047: 3935:

Rodríguez, Martha Eugenia. "Escuela Nacional de Medicina" in

3758:

Rodríguez, Martha Eugenia. "Escuela Nacional de Medicina" in

3397: 2892:

Martha Eugenia Rodríguez, "Escuela Nacional de Medicina", in

2134: 2130: 1687: 710:). This structure of education very closely conforms to the 441:

Despite the similarities of the words "Secondary school" and

3820:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press 1996. 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3060:

Miller, Francesca, "Feminism and Feminist Organizations" in

2973: 2064: 926:), or a 4-year degree directly after the bachelor's degree ( 536:, in two or three years, so the graduate can get a job as a 3985:

The State, Education, and Social Class in Mexico, 1880–1928

3615:

Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?

3023:

The State, Education, and Social Class in Mexico, 1880–1928

947: 723: 642: 3971:

The State, Education and Social Class in Mexico, 1880–1928

1762: 497:

that prepare students for a particular vocational career.

328: 3376: 3315:"Mexico union head Gordillo charged with organised crime" 3064:, vol. 2, p. 550. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. 2659:"Mexico union head Gordillo charged with organised crime" 1697:

Interior del Colegio de Infantes de la Catedral de México

521: 3711:

La educación de los marginados durante la època colonial

3123:"'Normalistas' fight changes in Mexico education system" 2919:

La educación de los marginados durante la época colonial

2030:

the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT)

591: 943: 682:), and two degrees at the postgraduate level, a 2-year 3371:

The Population of Mexico: Trends, Issues, and Policies

2143:

Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education

2127:

Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education

1850:. Women school teachers were important in the nascent 851:

Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education

368:

Depending on definitions, primary education comprises

4028:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

3987:. DeKalb IL: Northern Illinois University Press 1982. 3962:

Torres Septién, Valentina. "Education: 1940–1996" in

3823:

Escobar Ohmstede, Antonio. "Education: 1821–1989" in

3240:[Engineer José Antonio Padilla Segura dies]. 3080: 2986:. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1989, p. 140. 271:

in the early 1920s, his Minister of Public Education

3900:

Tendencias educativas oficiales en México, 1911–1934

3781: 3176:

Valentina Torres Septién, "Education: 1940–1996" in

2311:

Valentina Torres Septién, "Education: 1940–1996" in

2285:

Antonio Escobar Ohmstede, "Education: 1821–1989" in

2158: 2022:

National College of Professional Technical Education

1985:(PRI) and came to be a powerful bloc within it. The 1525: 1522:

formal schools for their training was as important.

554:

National College of Professional Technical Education

471:

National College of Professional Technical Education

4001:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 441–445. 3966:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 445–449. 3939:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 458–461. 3907:

Tendencias educativas oficiales en México,1934–1964

3834:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2014. 3774:

Ensayos sobre la historia de la educación en México

3762:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 458–461. 3720:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 434–438. 3699:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 434–438. 3667:

International Religious Freedom Report 2004. Mexico

3167:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2014. 3108:

Vaughan, "Nationalizing the Countryside" pp. 158–59

2751:

Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?

2630:"Mexico's Peña Nieto enacts major education reform" 2471: 1727: 942:awarded in countries such as Denmark, Ireland, the 3973:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1982. 3951:Primer Congreso Nacional de Instrucción, 1889–1928 3716:Gonzalbo Aizpuru, Pilar. "Education: Colonial" in 3704:La organización de los estudios en la Nueva España 3695:Aizpuru, Pilar Gonzalbo, "Education: Colonial" in 3238:"Fallece el ingeniero José Antonio Padilla Segura" 3189:Torres Septién, "Education: 1940–1996" pp. 446–47. 3062:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 2904: 2902: 2794: 2792: 2235:Centro de Investigación Económica y Presupuestaria 2069:Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación 1987:Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación 1834:under religious authority was suppressed in 1865. 1392:5th and 6th semesters / 7th, 8th and 9th quarters 1381:3rd and 4th semesters / 4th, 5th and 6th quarters 1347:1st and 2nd semesters / 1st, 2nd and 3rd quarters 918:. A 3-year degree after a master's degree (either 298:Education in Mexico is currently regulated by the 3870:La calidad de la educación básica en México, 2004 3862:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2004. 3263:Torres Septién, "Education: 1940–1996" pp. 448–48 3154:. Mexico City: Imprenta Rivadeneyra 1943, p. 166. 2970:Andrade de Herrara, "Education in Mexico", p. 27. 2841:Pilar Gonzalbo Aizpuru, "Education: Colonial" in 2272:Pilar Gonzalbo Aizpuru, "Education: Colonial" in 2262:. U. S. Central Intelligence Agency. 15 May 2022. 2048:(1976–1982) created a National Literacy Program ( 1937:Vicente Fox Center of Studies, Library and Museum 1710: 1353:at two-year institutions and if four-year then a 849:The Rectorate (left) and the CETEC towers at the 624: 532:is most often used for institutions that provide 5367: 3141:Vaughan, "Nationalizing the Countryside" p. 159. 2961:Andrade de Herrara, "Education in Mexico", p. 27 2721: 2709: 2593:"Factbox: Facts about Mexico's education system" 2563:International Journal of Inclusive Education, 14 2328:Kuznetsov, Yevgeny N.; Dahlman, Carl J. (2008). 2327: 1597: 1547:Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo 1501:In central Mexico in the cultural area known as 908:), which awards the title of Master of Science ( 445:, in Mexico the former is usually translated to 4015:. Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara 1988. 3944:Mexico: The Challenge of Poverty and Illiteracy 3673:: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 3608:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( 3360:mexico-education-factbox-idUSTRE73C4UY20110413! 3285:, Vol. 13 No. 2, Summer, 1997; (pp. 271–297) 2899: 2789: 2009:(1970–1976), the expansion included the use of 1774:A key figure in higher education in Mexico was 741:, the main campus of this public university in 3827:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 438–441. 3739:La educación en Nueva España en el siglo XVIII 2727: 2323: 2321: 2315:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 445–449. 2302:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 441–445. 2289:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 438–441. 2276:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 434–438. 477:The term "High School" usually corresponds to 4986: 4972: 4086: 3997:Vaughan, Mary Kay. "Education: 1889–1940" in 3848:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1992. 3373:(New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1982), 52. 1959: 1537:Education of the indigenous in Central Mexico 1414:9th and 10th semester (in most of the cases) 954: 904:. A 2-year degree after a bachelor's degree ( 883:. A 2-year degree after a bachelor's degree ( 869:. A 1-year course after a bachelor's degree ( 283:. In the 1930s, the Mexican government under 5306:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3732:Historia comparada de la educacíon in México 3627: 3604: This article incorporates text from a 3049:State, Education, and Social Class in Mexico 2883:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992. 2298:Mary Kay Vaughan, "Education: 1889–1940" in 2151:among recruiters outside the United States. 430:which provides vocational training, and the 4623:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 3994:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1997. 3481:. Global Virtual University. Archived from 3116: 3114: 2683: 2318: 1497:Education in Mesoamerica Before the Spanish 380:, which has recently been made compulsory. 4979: 4965: 4093: 4079: 3520:"El arte en los libros de texto gratuitos" 3309: 3307: 2100:(97.8%) and the state with the lowest was 1688:Education of girls and mixed-race children 974: 873:), which awards a Specialization Diploma ( 559: 24: 4062:Diagram of Mexican education system, OECD 4008:. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1970. 3946:. San Marino CA: Huntington Library 1963. 3806:. 2 vols. Mexico City: SEP-Setentas 1976. 3799:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2000. 3792:. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1993. 3790:Historia de la educación en el Porfiriato 3776:. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1981. 3769:. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1977. 3727:. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1990. 3180:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 446. 2896:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 458. 2845:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 435. 2779:"Home - International School Consultancy" 2651: 2622: 2511:Diario Oficial de la Federación. (1993). 1619:Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico 223:Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico 4056:Information on education in Mexico, OECD 3688: 3111: 2677: 2119:National Autonomous University of Mexico 2063: 2015: 1953: 1885: 1810:established in 1551 and reopened in 1910 1801: 1797: 1761: 1757: 1691: 1601: 1540: 1466: 1054: 1044: 1032: 1022: 1011: 978: 844: 733: 729: 628: 595: 563: 469:Students of a high school campus of the 464: 332: 3927:Educación y revolución social en Mèxico 3304: 2939:Aizpuru, "Education: Colonial", p. 438. 2930:Aizpuru, "Education: Colonial", p. 437. 2908:Aizpuru, "Education: Colonial", p. 436. 2854:Aizpuru, "Education: Colonial", p. 435. 2428: 2377:"Catálogo de Oferta Educativa Nacional" 2201:List of Mexican states by literacy rate 1930: 1808:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 1462: 840: 763:Although in theory every graduate of a 739:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 329:Structure of the basic education system 316:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 5368: 2480: 2248: 4960: 4074: 4043:OECD Education Policy Outlook: Mexico 3120: 2544: 2542: 2528: 2526: 2524: 1403:7th and 8th semesters / 10th quarter 887:), which awards the title of Master ( 863:Targeted at professional development 809:Ingeniero en Sistemas Computacionales 592:Challenges to educational integration 404: 3200:Sexuality Research and Social Policy 1491:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 999: 960:Intercultural Universities in Mexico 449:, while in other countries, such as 4100: 3877:Hispanic American Historical Review 3811:Hispanic American Historical Review 3772:Vázquez, Josefina Zoraida., et al. 3678:Education around the World: Mexico. 3570:"Recruiter's scoreboard Highlights" 3517: 1641:dates from 1663. Its first rector, 1571:Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco 930:) for high-achieving students. The 663: 13: 4006:Nacionalismo y educación en México 3919:. New York: Greeenwood Press 1986. 3767:La educación ilustrada (1786–1836) 3683: 3676:US Department of Education (2003) 3283:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 3131:. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 4A. 3121:Agren, David (December 10, 2012). 2742: 2539: 2521: 1050:Universidad de las Américas Puebla 1039:Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León 1028:Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana 14: 5387: 4244:Institutional Revolutionary Party 4036: 3949:Secretaría de Educación Pública. 3929:. Mexico City: SEP-Setentas 1976. 3905:Meneses Morales, Ernesto, et al. 3898:Meneses Morales, Ernesto, et al. 3853:Mexican Studies/Esudios Mexicanos 3804:Educación y radicalismo en México 3782:History, Post-independence period 3453:"INEGI literacy report 15+, 2005" 3427:"INEGI literacy report −14, 2005" 3152:La educación socialista en México 2576:Journal of Education for Teaching 2515:retrieved August 10, 2018), from 1983:Institutional Revolutionary Party 1951:and based on scientific truths." 1526:Colonial-era education, 1521–1821 383: 322:, which receive no public funds. 5182: 5149:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3841:, March 7, 2015, pp. 35–36. 3618:, 47, UNESCO. UNESCO. 3599: 3505:"Mexico Literacy Rate 1980-2021" 3400:. pp. 28–32. Archived from 3010:The Transformation of Liberalism 2474:The Oxford Companion to the Book 2175: 2161: 1728:Post-Independence Era, 1821–1850 897:Targeted at scientific research 54:National education budget (2019) 3562: 3537: 3511: 3497: 3471: 3445: 3419: 3363: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3295: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3230: 3205: 3192: 3183: 3170: 3157: 3144: 3135: 3102: 3067: 3054: 3041: 3028: 3015: 3002: 2989: 2964: 2955: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2911: 2886: 2873: 2857: 2848: 2835: 2817: 2771: 2610: 2585: 2568: 2555: 2505: 2465: 2422: 2397: 1914:for teacher training after the 1876:Secretaria de Educación Pública 1832:Pontifical University of Mexico 1736:put his Liberal vice president 1484:A 15-year-old girl gets married 1004: 572:founded in 1646, was the first 308:Secretaría de Educación Pública 300:Secretariat of Public Education 252:; Sierra also served President 34:Secretariat of Public Education 3978:Latin American Research Review 3813:97:4 (Nov. 2017), pp. 613–650. 3755:-Chilpancingo: Guerrero, 1972. 3744:Plaza y Jaén, Bernardo de la. 3455:. Inegi.gob.mx. Archived from 3429:. Inegi.gob.mx. Archived from 2534:Bilingual Research Journal, 27 2431:The Catholic Historical Review 2369: 2360: 2305: 2292: 2279: 2266: 2223: 1941:When President Cárdenas chose 1828:Universidad Nacional de México 1711:National period – 1821–present 1643:Francisco Cervantes de Salazar 1608:Francisco Cervantes de Salazar 1017:Instituto Politécnico Nacional 670:List of universities in Mexico 625:Quality of education in Mexico 460: 357:), comprising grades 7–9; and 1: 4164:Centralist Republic of Mexico 3706:. Mexico City: Cultura, 1963. 3479:"Mexico: Youth Literacy Rate" 3215:[Conalep (History)]. 3202:September 2007, vol. 4 no. 3. 2881:The Nahuas After the Conquest 2684:Juan Montes (June 12, 2016). 2216: 1792:Escuela Nacional Preparatoria 1768:Escuela Nacional Preparatoria 1598:Education of elite Creole men 718:, or a Doctoral degree after 4593:Institutional stock exchange 4229:Second American intervention 3665:Department of State (2004). 3610:license statement/permission 2870:, New York: Academic Press, 2757:. UNESCO. 2015. p. 47. 2722:Kuznetsov & Dahlman 2008 2710:Kuznetsov & Dahlman 2008 2409:Gobierno de México (Conalep) 2206:Mexican teachers' union SNTE 2123:QS World University Rankings 1865: 1658:Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora 582:Memory of the World Register 540:, for example, an assistant 512:, etc.) or social sciences ( 365:), comprising grades 10–12. 7: 4794:Water supply and sanitation 4159:Spanish reconquest attempts 4004:Vázquez, Josefina Zoraida. 3765:Tanck de Estrada, Dorothy. 3734:. Mexico City: Porrúa 1962. 3725:La educación como conquista 3713:. Mexico City: Porrúa 1982. 2154: 2035:José Antonio Padilla Segura 1788:National Preparatory School 1734:Antonio López de Santa Anna 807:Computer Systems Engineer, 487:International Baccalaureate 10: 5392: 4194:Second French intervention 4142:Control of Central America 3702:Becerra López, José Luis. 3621: 2476:. Oxford University Press. 2137:, the business schools of 1934: 1676:. Insurgent leader Father 1529: 984:Universidad Iberoamericana 955:Intercultural Universities 875:Diploma de Especialización 667: 652:and its political leader, 408: 387: 349:), comprising grades 1–6; 256:in the early years of the 5324: 5291:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5191: 5180: 4992: 4987:Education in the Americas 4918: 4807: 4702: 4693: 4551: 4542: 4429: 4420: 4393:Tropical cyclone rainfall 4291: 4282: 4112: 2868:The Inca and Aztec States 2405:"Misión y Visión CONALEP" 2344:10.1596/978-0-8213-6921-0 2054:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 1896:University of Guadalajara 1892:University of Guadalajara 1678:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 1453: 1448: 1432: 1427: 1362: 1349: 1303: 1298: 1256: 1243: 1168: 1159: 1117: 1112: 1096: 1091: 1077: 635:Bernardo Quintana Arrioja 194: 184: 174: 169: 161: 153: 145: 137: 132: 124: 116: 108: 103: 95: 87: 79: 74: 58: 53: 39: 32: 23: 5311:Turks and Caicos Islands 4434:Administrative divisions 3953:. Mexico City: SEP 1975. 3872:. Mexico City: INEE 2004 3594: 3551:(in Spanish). 2019-06-19 3518:Cultura, Secretaría de. 3246:(in Spanish). 2012-03-02 2866:. "Nahuatl Literacy" in 2513:Ley General de Educación 2488:"Biblioteca Palafoxiana" 2256:"North America – Mexico" 2139:Universidad Panamericana 1910:The government expanded 1818:(1876–1910), the era of 1313:Educación media superior 1119:Kinder / Jardín de Niños 4849:Handcrafts and folk art 4618:National stock exchange 4356:Protected natural areas 4184:Second Mexican Republic 4149:Supreme Executive Power 3723:Kobayashi, José María. 3612:). Text taken from 3088:"Health Care in Mexico" 2690:The Wall Street Journal 2336:World Bank Publications 2148:The Wall Street Journal 1999:Corpus Christi massacre 1852:women's rights movement 1672:in the city now called 1579:Colegio de San Gregorio 1062:(The college of Mexico) 975:International education 938:) is equivalent to the 560:Educational integration 293:Mexican Teachers' Union 5226:British Virgin Islands 4661:States by unemployment 4651:Science and technology 4154:First Mexican Republic 4011:Villa Lever, Lorenza. 3999:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3964:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3937:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3825:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3760:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3737:Luque Alcaide, Elisa. 3718:Encyclopedia or Mexico 3697:Encyclopedia or Mexico 3178:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2894:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2843:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2313:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2300:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2287:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2274:Encyclopedia or Mexico 2072: 2025: 1967: 1960: 1899: 1860:Dolores Jiménez y Muro 1811: 1771: 1703: 1701:Museo Nacional de Arte 1631:History of Mexico City 1614: 1550: 1545:Public library of the 1509:set up schools called 1485: 1336:5th and 6th semesters 1325:3rd and 4th semesters 1296:1st and 2nd semesters 1063: 1052: 1042: 1030: 1020: 986: 856: 795:Electronics Engineer, 745: 637: 604: 584: 570:Biblioteca Palafoxiana 474: 457:refers to university. 338: 307: 186:Post-secondary diploma 41:Secretary of Education 5139:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4889:Our Lady of Guadalupe 4383:Territorial evolution 4199:Second Mexican Empire 3942:Ruiz, Ramón Eduardo. 3689:History, Colonial era 2550:Revista Educación, 40 2443:10.1353/cat.2004.0116 2384:ofinac.conalep.edu.mx 2067: 2019: 1957: 1925:National Action Party 1889: 1856:Rita Cetina Gutiérrez 1848:Plutarco Elías Calles 1805: 1798:Porfiriato, 1876–1910 1765: 1758:Reform era, 1850–1876 1738:Valentín Gómez Farías 1695: 1662:Juana Inés de la Cruz 1651:Council of the Indies 1605: 1544: 1532:Academy of San Carlos 1470: 1333:6°/3° de preparatoria 1322:5°/2° de preparatoria 1293:4°/1° de preparatoria 1058: 1048: 1036: 1026: 1015: 982: 964:indigenous population 848: 801:Mechanical Engineer, 797:Ingeniero Electrónico 789:Electrical Engineer, 737: 730:Undergraduate studies 632: 599: 567: 468: 336: 277:Plutarco Elías Calles 199:and the 2020 Census ( 48:Leticia Ramírez Amaya 4906:World Heritage Sites 4321:Environmental issues 4179:Mexican–American War 4137:First Mexican Empire 3858:Grindle, Merilee S. 3730:Larroyo, Francisco. 3709:Gómez Canedo, Lino. 3213:"Conalep (Historia)" 2196:Leopoldo Zea Aguilar 2077:Elba Esther Gordillo 1943:Manuel Avila Camacho 1931:Education, post-1940 1463:History of education 1363:Carrera Técnica and 1123:Educación preescolar 1060:El Colegio de México 924:Maestría en Ciencias 902:Maestría en Ciencias 841:Postgraduate studies 654:Elba Esther Gordillo 289:Manuel Ávila Camacho 5376:Education in Mexico 5316:U.S. Virgin Islands 5159:Trinidad and Tobago 5004:Antigua and Barbuda 4561:Automotive industry 4449:Chamber of Deputies 4132:War of Independence 3990:Vaughan, Mary Kay. 3983:Vaughan, Mary Kay. 3969:Vaughan, Mary Kay. 3915:O'Malley, Irene V. 3629:Tamez Guerra, Reyes 3407:on 10 December 2015 3150:Alberto Bremauntz, 3021:Vaughan, Mary Kay, 2917:Lino Gómez Canedo, 2831:. 17 December 2014. 2783:www.iscresearch.com 2121:ranks 103th in the 2046:José López Portillo 1995:Tlatelolco massacre 1976:Adolfo López Mateos 1610:by José de Bustos, 910:Maestro en Ciencias 791:Ingeniero Eléctrico 698:), followed by the 534:vocational training 411:Secondary education 254:Francisco I. Madero 211:Education in Mexico 20: 19:Education in Mexico 5069:Dominican Republic 4762:Indigenous peoples 4666:Telecommunications 4525:State legislatures 4466:Federal government 4346:Metropolitan areas 4224:Mexican Revolution 4031:, February 8, 2012 3795:Benjamin, Thomas. 3321:. 28 February 2013 2864:Karttunen, Frances 2665:. 28 February 2013 2636:. 26 February 2013 2260:The World Factbook 2073: 2026: 2003:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 1968: 1948:Jaime Torres Bodet 1916:Mexican Revolution 1900: 1872:Mexican Revolution 1840:Mexican Revolution 1812: 1772: 1704: 1682:José María Morelos 1623:Antonio de Mendoza 1615: 1551: 1486: 1369:Educación superior 1253:Junior High School 1064: 1053: 1043: 1031: 1021: 987: 936:Doctor en Ciencias 932:Doctor of Sciences 857: 803:Ingeniero Mecánico 746: 708:Doctor en Ciencias 704:Doctor of Sciences 676:US education model 638: 605: 585: 524:, etc.). The term 475: 405:Junior high school 351:junior high school 339: 258:Mexican Revolution 99:September 25, 1921 18: 5363: 5362: 4954: 4953: 4914: 4913: 4689: 4688: 4538: 4537: 4508:Political parties 4471:Foreign relations 4416: 4415: 4204:Restored Republic 4122:Pre-Columbian era 3888:Mabry, Donald J. 3855:13(2)Summer 1997. 3830:Espinosa, David. 3802:Britton, John A. 3751:Ramìrez, Tàmmas. 3163:Espinosa, David. 2982:Charles A. Hale, 2764:978-92-3-100088-1 2353:978-0-8213-6921-0 2024:, founded in 1978 1770:, founded in 1868 1747:War of the Reform 1633:. By comparison, 1460: 1459: 1355:Bachelor's degree 1165:Elementary school 1000:Educational years 946:, and the former 767:is a Licenciate ( 436:distance learning 390:Primary education 265:1917 Constitution 234:secular education 208: 207: 204: 176:Secondary diploma 80:Primary languages 65:$ 807,305,000,000 5383: 5281:Saint Barthélemy 5241:Falkland Islands 5186: 4981: 4974: 4967: 4958: 4957: 4934: 4927: 4874:National symbols 4700: 4699: 4641: 4586:Renewable energy 4576:Economic history 4549: 4548: 4427: 4426: 4289: 4288: 4269:Chiapas conflict 4169:Texas Revolution 4095: 4088: 4081: 4072: 4071: 4052: 3844:Foweraker, Joe. 3788:Bazant, Milada. 3671:Washington, D.C. 3662: 3660: 3654:. Archived from 3639: 3603: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3574: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3485:on July 19, 2010 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3459:on July 22, 2011 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3433:on July 22, 2011 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3406: 3395: 3387: 3374: 3369:Francisco Alba, 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3311: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3209: 3203: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3161: 3155: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3118: 3109: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3090:. Expatforum.com 3084: 3078: 3071: 3065: 3058: 3052: 3045: 3039: 3032: 3026: 3019: 3013: 3006: 3000: 2993: 2987: 2980: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2922: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2897: 2890: 2884: 2879:Lockhart, James 2877: 2871: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2802:. Archived from 2796: 2787: 2786: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2756: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2604: 2589: 2583: 2572: 2566: 2559: 2553: 2546: 2537: 2530: 2519: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2492: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2391: 2381: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2325: 2316: 2309: 2303: 2296: 2290: 2283: 2277: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2227: 2185: 2183:Education portal 2180: 2179: 2171: 2166: 2165: 2164: 1965: 1962:Colegio Nacional 1880:José Vasconcelos 1782:who established 1670:Vasco de Quiroga 1639:Université Laval 1474:, Folio 61 recto 1351:Associate degree 1282:3° de secundaria 1271:2° de secundaria 1262:Educación básica 1245:Secondary school 1238:1° de secundaria 1174:Educación básica 1143:3° de preescolar 1132:2° de preescolar 1107:1° de preescolar 1066: 1065: 968:higher education 940:higher doctorate 854:Monterrey Campus 722:. Unlike other 700:higher doctorate 690:), and a 3-year 664:Higher education 273:José Vasconcelos 195: 44:Deputy Secretary 28: 21: 17: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5334:Central America 5320: 5195: 5187: 5178: 4995: 4988: 4985: 4955: 4950: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4910: 4803: 4779:Public holidays 4752:Nationality law 4747:Life expectancy 4685: 4639: 4534: 4498:Law enforcement 4412: 4403:Water resources 4278: 4254:Mexican miracle 4108: 4099: 4066:Also in Spanish 4050: 4039: 4034: 3925:Raby, David L. 3784: 3779: 3691: 3686: 3684:Further reading 3658: 3652: 3637: 3624: 3597: 3592: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3549:Telediario CDMX 3543: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3527: 3516: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3377: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3291:10.2307/1052017 3280: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3249: 3247: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3222: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3162: 3158: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3119: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3072: 3068: 3059: 3055: 3046: 3042: 3033: 3029: 3020: 3016: 3007: 3003: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2891: 2887: 2878: 2874: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2840: 2836: 2825:"The new local" 2823: 2822: 2818: 2809: 2807: 2798: 2797: 2790: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2765: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2639: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2602: 2600: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2573: 2569: 2560: 2556: 2547: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2470: 2466: 2427: 2423: 2414: 2412: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2389: 2387: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2326: 2319: 2310: 2306: 2297: 2293: 2284: 2280: 2271: 2267: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2240: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2181: 2174: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2090:lifetime tenure 2007:Luis Echeverría 1972:Mexican Miracle 1939: 1933: 1905:Lázaro Cárdenas 1868: 1800: 1760: 1730: 1717:Catholic Church 1713: 1690: 1635:Harvard College 1600: 1539: 1534: 1528: 1499: 1480: 1475: 1465: 1429:Master's degree 1007: 1002: 977: 957: 867:Especialización 843: 732: 712:Bologna Process 692:Doctoral degree 684:Master's degree 672: 666: 627: 594: 562: 463: 434:which provides 413: 407: 392: 386: 331: 320:private schools 285:Lázaro Cárdenas 227:Catholic Church 104:Literacy (2012) 75:General details 66: 43: 12: 11: 5: 5389: 5379: 5378: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5350: 5348: 5343: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5296:Sint Eustatius 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5231:Cayman Islands 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5202: 5200: 5189: 5188: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4998: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4983: 4976: 4969: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4936: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4681:Water scarcity 4678: 4676:Transportation 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4635: 4633:Pension system 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4371:Municipalities 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4326:Extreme points 4323: 4318: 4313: 4310:Climate change 4303: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4118: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4098: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4059: 4053: 4045: 4038: 4037:External links 4035: 4033: 4032: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3933: 3930: 3923: 3920: 3913: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3893: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3873: 3866: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3674: 3663: 3661:on 2006-01-10. 3650: 3623: 3620: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3561: 3536: 3510: 3496: 3470: 3444: 3418: 3375: 3362: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3303: 3294: 3274: 3265: 3256: 3229: 3204: 3191: 3182: 3169: 3156: 3143: 3134: 3110: 3101: 3079: 3066: 3053: 3040: 3027: 3014: 3001: 2999:vol. 6, no. 1. 2988: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2910: 2898: 2885: 2872: 2856: 2847: 2834: 2816: 2788: 2770: 2763: 2741: 2726: 2714: 2702: 2676: 2650: 2621: 2609: 2584: 2567: 2554: 2538: 2520: 2504: 2479: 2464: 2437:(3): 497–518. 2421: 2396: 2368: 2359: 2352: 2338:. p. 63. 2317: 2304: 2291: 2278: 2265: 2247: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2211:Telesecundaria 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2172: 2156: 2153: 2037:, founded the 1932: 1929: 1912:normal schools 1870:Following the 1867: 1864: 1844:Pascual Orozco 1799: 1796: 1776:Gabino Barreda 1759: 1756: 1729: 1726: 1712: 1709: 1689: 1686: 1599: 1596: 1563:Pedro de Gante 1538: 1535: 1527: 1524: 1498: 1495: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1361: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1255: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1227:6° de primaria 1225: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1216:5° de primaria 1214: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1205:4° de primaria 1203: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194:3° de primaria 1192: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183:2° de primaria 1181: 1177: 1176: 1167: 1161:Primary school 1158: 1155: 1154:1° de primaria 1152: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1116: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 976: 973: 956: 953: 952: 951: 913: 895: 894: 893: 892: 878: 842: 839: 838: 837: 833:, abbreviated 827: 823:, abbreviated 817: 816: 815: 811:, abbreviated 805: 799: 793: 783:, abbreviated 771:, abbreviated 731: 728: 665: 662: 626: 623: 593: 590: 574:public library 561: 558: 544:, a bilingual 538:skilled worker 462: 459: 432:telesecundaria 406: 403: 385: 384:Primary school 382: 343:primary school 330: 327: 269:Álvaro Obregón 238:Liberal Reform 206: 205: 192: 191: 188: 182: 181: 178: 172: 171: 167: 166: 163: 162:Post secondary 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 101: 100: 97: 96:Current system 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 72: 71: 60: 56: 55: 51: 50: 45: 37: 36: 30: 29: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5388: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5356: 5355: 5354:South America 5351: 5349: 5347: 5346:Latin America 5344: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5329:North America 5327: 5326: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5246:French Guiana 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5164:United States 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4991: 4982: 4977: 4975: 4970: 4968: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4784:States by HDI 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4768: 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