269:. By 1913 there were 7,776 students in Scottish universities. Of these 1,751 (23 per cent) were women. By the mid-1920s it had risen to a third. It then fell to 25–7 per cent in the 1930s as opportunities in school teaching, virtually the only careers outlet for female graduates in arts and sciences, decreased. No woman was appointed to a Scottish professorship until after 1945. The fall in numbers was most acute among women students, but it was part of a general trend. In the first half of the twentieth century Scottish universities fell behind those in England and Europe in terms of participation and investment. The decline of traditional industries between the wars undermined recruitment to subjects in which Scotland had been traditionally strong, such as science and engineering. English universities increased the numbers of students registered between 1924 and 1927 by 19 per cent, but in Scotland the number of full-time students fell from 10,400 in 1924 to 9,900 in 1937. In the same period, while expenditure in English universities rose by 90 per cent, in Scotland the increase was less than a third of that figure.
168:
examinations. From this point attention increasingly turned to secondary education. The
Scottish Education Department introduced vocational supplementary teaching in the elementary schools, later known as advanced divisions, up until the age of 14, when pupils would leave to find work. This was controversial because it seemed to be counter the cherished principle that schooling was a potential route to university for the bright "lad o' parts". Larger urban school boards established about 200 "higher grade" (secondary) schools as a cheaper alternative to the burgh schools, most in relatively poor inner city areas. There were also about 60 secondaries established by 1900. The school leaving age was raised to 14 in 1901.
185:
251:
208:. c. 37) was largely a consolidation measure, because universal secondary education had already been in place for over a decade. Plans to raise the school leaving age to 15 in the 1940s were never ratified, but increasing numbers stayed on beyond elementary education and it was eventually raised to 16 in 1973. As a result, secondary education was the major area of growth, particularly for girls, who stayed on in full-time education in increasing numbers throughout the century. The 1947 Report on Secondary Education by the Education Advisory Council, established by Labour minister
236:
education to nine mainland and three smaller island authorities, allowed those containing large urban centres, to redistribute resources to poorer areas, making education part of a programme of wider social reform. In the 1980s the curriculum was reformed to take account of the whole range of abilities. In 1955 only 22 per cent of pupils achieved five or more passes in ordinary grade. By 1995 the proportion achieving the equivalent in the standard grade was 55 per cent. Gender differences disappeared as girls' attainment caught up with boys in the early 1980s.
19:
153:
176:
education until the age of 14. The old academies and Higher Grade schools became senior secondaries, giving a more academic education, presenting students for the leaving certificate. Selection between the two types of school was determined at age 12 by an intelligence test, the "qualifying examination", known colloquially as "the qualy". The 1918 Act brought the
347:. Despite the expansion the number of male students experienced a downturn in growth from 1971 to 1990. The growth in female student numbers was much larger and continued until by 1999 and 2000 the numbers of women students exceeded male students for the first time. After devolution, one of the major diversions from practice in England was the abolition of
37:
includes all forms of organised education in
Scotland, such as elementary, secondary and higher education. The centre of the education system became more focused on Scotland throughout the century, with the Scottish Education Department partly moving north from 1918 and new departments created by the
135:
The centre of the education system became more focused on
Scotland throughout the century. The Scotch Education Department (SED) was officially named the Scottish Education Department and partly moved north in 1918. Its headquarters relocated to Edinburgh in 1939. In 1991 it was renamed the Scottish
322:
was demerged from St. Andrews to become a separate institution in 1967. From the 1970s the government preferred to expand higher education in the non-university sector of educational and technical colleges, which were cheaper because they undertook little research. By the late 1980s roughly half of
65:. c. 37) was a consolidation measure. Secondary education was the major area of growth, particularly for girls. Selection was ended by the Labour government in 1965. New qualifications were developed to cope with changing aspirations and economics, with the Leaving Certificate being replaced by the
167:
had established a system of elementary state education up until the age of 12, by taking over the schools of the
Presbyterian churches and some charitable schools. The abolition of school fees in 1890 meant there was a state-funded, national system of compulsory, free, basic education with common
175:
introduced the principle of universal free secondary education, although due to financial crisis and resistance from the SED it took almost two decades to implement. Most of the advanced divisions of the primary schools became junior secondaries, where students received a vocationally orientated
180:
schools into the state system, but retained their distinct religious character, access to schools by priests and the requirement that school staff be acceptable to the Church. The Act also replaced the School Boards with 38 specialist local education authorities, which were elected by a form of
235:
qualifications. The greater availability of academic qualifications encouraged students to stay on at school. In 1967 22 per cent of students stayed on beyond age 15, but by 1994 the number staying on beyond 16 was 74 per cent. The reorganisation of local government in 1975, which transferred
288:
216:
secondary school that took all the children in a given neighbourhood. By the late 1970s 75 per cent of children were in non-selective schools and by the early 1980s only the five per cent of children in private schools were subject to selection.
212:, proposed an end to selection and, although rejected by Labour and Conservative governments, became a benchmark for reform. Selection was ended by the Labour government in 1965, which recommended that councils produced one kind of
103:. From the 1970s the government preferred to expand higher education in the non-university sector and by the late 1980s roughly half of students in higher education were in colleges. Under the
284:. Women had their own unions and athletics clubs. Universities remained largely non-residential, although a few women's halls of residence were created, most not owned by the universities.
141:
272:
Before the First World War relationships between male and female students tended to be very formal, but in the inter-war years there was an increase in social activities, such as
201:
58:
53:
schools into the state system, and replaced the School Boards with 38 specialist local education authorities. These would be subsumed into local government in 1929. Unlike the
869:
87:
of 1963 there was a rapid expansion in higher education in
Scotland. By the end of the decade the number of Scottish Universities had doubled. New universities included the
83:
In the first half of the twentieth century
Scottish universities fell behind those in England and Europe in terms of participation and investment. After the
948:
164:
45:
and the abolition of school fees in 1890 meant there was a state-funded, national system of compulsory free basic education with common examinations. The
266:
136:
Office
Education Department, and then in 1995 it became the Scottish Office Education and Industry Department. After devolution, in 1999 the new
864:
802:
302:
of 1963 there was a rapid expansion of higher education in
Scotland. By the end of the decade the number of Scottish Universities had doubled.
231:('Higher') qualifications in 1962, which became the basic entry qualification for university study. In the 1980s these were replaced by the
181:
proportional representation in order to protect the rights of the
Catholic minority. These would be subsumed into local government in 1929.
725:
720:
675:
192:
Secondary School, Glasgow, 1967. The increased opportunities for girls in secondary education was a major feature of the twentieth century
276:, cinemas, cafes and public houses. From the 1920s much drunken and high spirited activity was diverted into the annual charity gala or
787:
751:
220:
New qualifications were developed to cope with changing aspirations and economics, with the
Leaving Certificate being replaced by the
1113:
941:
411:
J. Fairley, "The Enterprise and Lifelong Learning Department and the Scottish Parliament", in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds,
983:
797:
324:
104:
590:
R. Shaw, "Institutional and curricular structures in the universities of Scotland" in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds,
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The Routledge Encyclopaedia of UK Education, Training and Employment: From the Earliest Statutes to the Present Day
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332:
172:
112:
46:
42:
23:
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D. Cauldwell, "Scottish Higher Education: Character and Provision", in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds,
1008:
910:
879:
661:
756:
303:
92:
27:
746:
807:
766:
527:
R. Anderson, "The history of Scottish Education pre-1980", in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds,
435:
R. Anderson, "The history of Scottish education pre-1980", in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds,
369:
R. Anderson, "The history of Scottish Education pre-1980", in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds,
344:
245:
124:
18:
327:, the distinction between universities and colleges was removed. This created new universities at
213:
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qualifications and the curriculum was reformed to take account of the whole range of abilities.
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311:
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250:
100:
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107:, the distinction between universities and colleges was removed, creating new universities at
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1061:
1051:
1023:
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88:
8:
473:
L. Patterson, "Schools and schooling: 3. Mass education 1872–present", in M. Lynch, ed.,
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had 6,254 students. From 1901 large numbers of students received bursaries from the
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in 1999, instead Scotland retained a system of means-tested student grants.
49:
introduced the principle of universal free secondary education, brought the
228:
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were developed from technical colleges in 1964 and 1966, respectively,
280:. Male centred activities included the Students' Union, Rugby Club and
273:
152:
189:
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students in higher education were in colleges. In 1992, under the
569:
L. Paterson, "Universities: 3. post-Robbins", in M. Lynch, ed.,
287:
550:
No Gods and Precious Few Heroes: Twentieth-Century Scotland
501:
No Gods and Precious Few Heroes: Twentieth-Century Scotland
640:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003),
594:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003),
552:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 3rd edn., 1998),
531:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003),
503:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 3rd edn., 1998),
439:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003),
415:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003),
373:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003),
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A History of Everyday Life in Twentieth-Century Scotland
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363:
142:
Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning Department
956:
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76:('Higher'). In the 1980s these were replaced by the
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261:At the beginning of the century Scotland's four
619:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010),
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314:was begun as a completely new university on a
140:set up a Scottish Education Department and an
35:Education in Scotland in the twentieth century
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803:Scottish Children's Reporter Administration
426:
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254:The purpose-built modern buildings of the
144:, which together took over its functions.
683:
613:"Chapter 1- Charting Everyday Experience"
573:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001),
477:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001),
571:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
475:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
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249:
183:
151:
17:
788:Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education
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798:General Teaching Council for Scotland
657:
615:, in L. Abrams and C. G. Brown, eds,
325:Further and Higher Education Act 1992
105:Further and Higher Education Act 1992
38:Scottish Executive after devolution.
638:Scottish Education: Post-Devolution
592:Scottish Education: Post-Devolution
529:Scottish Education: Post-Devolution
437:Scottish Education: Post-Devolution
413:Scottish Education: Post-Devolution
371:Scottish Education: Post-Devolution
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818:Student Awards Agency for Scotland
14:
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959:Scotland in the twentieth century
813:Scottish Qualifications Authority
222:Scottish Certificate of Education
67:Scottish Certificate of Education
1114:History of education in Scotland
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793:Learning and Teaching Scotland
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1:
1093:History of the United Kingdom
1045:Scottish Covenant Association
875:Private (independent) schools
202:Education (Scotland) Act 1945
173:Education (Scotland) Act 1918
59:Education (Scotland) Act 1945
47:Education (Scotland) Act 1918
43:Education (Scotland) Act 1872
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394:(London: Routledge, 2013),
57:in England and Wales, the
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28:Charles Rennie Mackintosh
1119:20th century in Scotland
808:Scottish Funding Council
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282:Officers' Training Corps
246:Universities in Scotland
291:The student library at
318:site in 1966, and the
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256:University of Stirling
193:
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24:Scotland Street School
1129:Education in Scotland
870:Gaelic-medium schools
823:Universities Scotland
686:Education in Scotland
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1077:Scottish Renaissance
1062:Highland Land League
1052:The Edinburgh School
349:student tuition fees
320:University of Dundee
263:Ancient universities
89:University of Dundee
783:Education Scotland
726:Nineteenth century
721:Eighteenth century
333:Glasgow Caledonian
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293:Abertay University
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198:Education Act 1944
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165:Education Act 1872
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138:Scottish Executive
113:Glasgow Caledonian
55:Education Act 1944
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157:Perth High School
30:and built 1903–06
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767:Universities
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706:Universities
648:, pp. 62–73.
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240:Universities
229:Higher Grade
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210:Tom Johnston
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131:Organisation
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74:Higher Grade
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15:
560:, pp. 78–9.
548:C. Harvie,
499:C. Harvie,
308:Heriot-Watt
304:Strathclyde
274:dance halls
196:Unlike the
97:Heriot-Watt
93:Strathclyde
1108:Categories
1040:Devolution
1014:Literature
984:Demography
625:0748624317
400:1317796527
316:greenfield
298:After the
1033:Movements
994:Education
402:, p. 272.
188:Girls at
1024:Religion
1004:Language
999:Identity
776:Agencies
711:Medieval
701:Overview
627:, p. 28.
511:, p. 78.
312:Stirling
190:Cranhill
101:Stirling
989:Economy
901:England
844:English
762:Schools
694:History
341:Paisley
329:Abertay
148:Schools
121:Paisley
109:Abertay
967:Topics
839:Gaelic
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337:Napier
117:Napier
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355:Notes
642:ISBN
621:ISBN
596:ISBN
575:ISBN
554:ISBN
533:ISBN
505:ISBN
479:ISBN
441:ISBN
417:ISBN
396:ISBN
375:ISBN
343:and
306:and
171:The
163:The
123:and
41:The
22:The
1009:Law
979:Art
752:Law
747:Art
278:rag
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