Edward Teller - Knowledge

1410: 1401: 1762: 12967: 835:, among others. It was his exposure to Mark's lectures that initially motivated Teller to switch to physics. After informing his father of his intent to switch, his father was so concerned that he traveled to visit him and speak with his professors at the school. While a degree in chemical engineering was a sure path to a well-paying job at chemical companies, there was not such a clear-cut route for a career with a degree in physics. He was not privy to the discussions his father had with his professors, but the result was that he got his father's permission to become a physicist. 2345: 12979: 1317: 2337: 2182: 1673: 1634: 13015: 516: 1520: 779: 1429: 878: 1962: 57: 7490: 13003: 1252:, and that the weapons should never be used on people. In response to Szilard's petition, Teller consulted his friend Robert Oppenheimer. Teller believed that Oppenheimer was a natural leader and could help him with such a formidable political problem. Oppenheimer reassured Teller that the nation's fate should be left to the sensible politicians in Washington. Bolstered by Oppenheimer's influence, he decided to not sign the petition. 2166:, Jane Fonda and their kind are spewing to the news media in their attempt to frighten people away from nuclear power. I am 71 years old, and I was working 20 hours a day. The strain was too much. The next day, I suffered a heart attack. You might say that I was the only one whose health was affected by that reactor near Harrisburg. No, that would be wrong. It was not the reactor. It was Jane Fonda. Reactors are not dangerous. 1527:"SAUSAGE" device; the world's first ever fully-fledged thermonuclear-device, with its instrumentation and cryogenic equipment attached. The long pipes were for measurement purposes; their function was to transmit the first radiation from the "primary" and "secondary" stages (known as "Teller light") to instruments just as the device was detonated, before being destroyed in the explosion. The man seated lower right shows scale. 12991: 1048: 2224:) were accused of deliberately overselling the program and perhaps encouraging the dismissal of a laboratory director (Roy Woodruff) who had attempted to correct the error. His claims led to a joke which circulated in the scientific community, that a new unit of unfounded optimism was designated as the teller; one teller was so large that most events had to be measured in nanotellers or picotellers. 3012:"Leaving Hungary because of anti-Semitism, Teller went to Germany to study chemistry and mathematics at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology from 1926 to 1928. A lecture he heard by Herman Mark on the new science of molecular spectroscopy made a lasting impression on him: "He made it clear that new ideas in physics had changed chemistry into an important part of the forefront of physics." 1609:) could have deciphered the new American design. However, this was later denied by the Soviet bomb researchers. Because of official secrecy, little information about the bomb's development was released by the government, and press reports often attributed the entire weapon's design and development to Teller and his new Livermore Laboratory (when it was actually developed by Los Alamos). 1952:. ... It has been calculated that a temperature rise corresponding to a 10 per cent increase in carbon dioxide will be sufficient to melt the icecap and submerge New York. All the coastal cities would be covered, and since a considerable percentage of the human race lives in coastal regions, I think that this chemical contamination is more serious than most people tend to believe. 1302:, Teller claims that he did lobby Oppenheimer, but that Oppenheimer had convinced him that he should take no action and that the scientists should leave military questions in the hands of the military; Teller claims he was not aware that Oppenheimer and other scientists were being consulted as to the actual use of the weapon and implies that Oppenheimer was being hypocritical. 616:

deuterium to the point, Teller hoped, when it would sustain thermonuclear burning. It was, in essense a simple idea from physical principles, which Teller pursued with a ferocious tenacity even if he was wrong or shown that it wouldn't work. To get support from Washington for his Super weapon project, Teller proposed a boosted nuclear fission explosion as the "George" shot of

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would do the job much more symmetrically. Some members of the laboratory (J. Carson Mark in particular) later expressed the opinion that the idea to use the X-rays would have eventually occurred to anyone working on the physical processes involved, and that the obvious reason why Teller thought of it right away was because he was already working on the "

555:, was "driven by his megaton ambitions, had a messianic complex, and displayed autocratic behavior." A thermonuclear design he devised was an Alarm Clock model bomb with a yield of 1000 MT (1 GT of TNT) and proposed delivering it by boat or submarine. It would be capable of incinerating an entire continent. To David Lilienthal (chairman of the 1566: 1392:, he contributed an idea of using implosion to ignite the Super. The model of Teller's "classical Super" was so uncertain that Oppenheimer would later say that he wished the Russians were building their own hydrogen bomb based on that design, so that it would almost certainly delay their progress on it. 1717:

Teller also testified that Oppenheimer's opinion about the thermonuclear program seemed to be based more on the scientific feasibility of the weapon than anything else. He additionally testified that Oppenheimer's direction of Los Alamos was "a very outstanding achievement" both as a scientist and an

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In a great number of cases I have seen Dr. Oppenheimer act—I understood that Dr. Oppenheimer acted—in a way which for me was exceedingly hard to understand. I thoroughly disagreed with him in numerous issues and his actions frankly appeared to me confused and complicated. To this extent I feel that I

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Whatever the actual components of the so-called Teller–Ulam design and the respective contributions of those who worked on it, after it was proposed it was immediately seen by the scientists working on the project as the answer which had been so long sought. Those who previously had doubted whether a

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Teller later learned of Oppenheimer's solicitation and his role in the Interim Committee's decision to drop the bombs, having secretly endorsed an immediate military use of the new weapons. This was contrary to the impression that Teller had received when he had personally asked Oppenheimer about the

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The opinions of our scientific colleagues on the initial use of these weapons are not unanimous: they range from the proposal of a purely technical demonstration to that of the military application best designed to induce surrender ... Others emphasize the opportunity of saving American lives by

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I am not really convinced of your objections. I do not feel that there is any chance to outlaw any one weapon. If we have a slim chance of survival, it lies in the possibility to get rid of wars. The more decisive a weapon is the more surely it will be used in any real conflict and no agreements will

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stated that Teller utilized Ulam's general idea of compression and heating to start thermonuclear fusion to generate his own sketch of a "Super" bomb that would work. Prior to Ulam's idea, Teller's classical Super was essentially a system for heating (using a fission bomb primary) uncompressed liquid

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Teller always insisted that his testimony had not significantly harmed Oppenheimer. In 2002, Teller contended that Oppenheimer was "not destroyed" by the security hearing but "no longer asked to assist in policy matters". He claimed his words were an overreaction, because he had only just learned of

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I do not want to suggest anything of the kind. I know Oppenheimer as an intellectually most alert and a very complicated person, and I think it would be presumptuous and wrong on my part if I would try in any way to analyze his motives. But I have always assumed, and I now assume that he is loyal to

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Nobody will blame Teller because the calculations of 1946 were wrong, especially because adequate computing machines were not available at Los Alamos. But he was blamed at Los Alamos for leading the laboratory, and indeed the whole country, into an adventurous programme on the basis of calculations,

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needed for the reaction to begin was low, but that even with higher amounts of tritium, the energy loss in the fusion process would be too great to enable the fusion reaction to propagate. However, in 1951 Teller and Ulam made a breakthrough, and invented a new design, proposed in a classified March

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Teller returned to Los Alamos in 1950 to work on the project. He insisted on involving more theorists, but many of Teller's prominent colleagues, like Fermi and Oppenheimer, were sure that the project of the H-bomb was technically infeasible and politically undesirable. None of the available designs

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Teller also proposed the use of nuclear bombs to prevent damage from powerful hurricanes. He argued that when conditions in the Atlantic Ocean are right for the formation of hurricanes, the heat generated by well-placed nuclear explosions could trigger several small hurricanes, rather than waiting

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Oppenheimer's security clearance was revoked after the hearings. Most of Teller's former colleagues disapproved of his testimony and he was ostracized by much of the scientific community. After the fact, Teller consistently denied that he was intending to damn Oppenheimer, and even claimed that he

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By recasting a difference of judgment over the merits of the early work on the hydrogen bomb project into a matter of a security risk, Teller effectively damned Oppenheimer in a field where security was necessarily of paramount concern. Teller's testimony thereby rendered Oppenheimer vulnerable to

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I contributed; Ulam did not. I'm sorry I had to answer it in this abrupt way. Ulam was rightly dissatisfied with an old approach. He came to me with a part of an idea which I already had worked out and had difficulty getting people to listen to. He was willing to sign a paper. When it then came to

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have retained their original formulation and are still mainstays in physics and chemistry. According to Freeman Dyson, Teller thought about his problems using basic principles of physics and often discussed with other cohorts to make headway through difficult problems. This was seen when he worked

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After the Oppenheimer controversy, Teller became ostracized by much of the scientific community, but was still quite welcome in the government and military science circles. Along with his traditional advocacy for nuclear energy development, a strong nuclear arsenal, and a vigorous nuclear testing

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During the Manhattan Project, Teller advocated the development of a bomb using uranium hydride, which many of his fellow theorists said would be unlikely to work. At Livermore, Teller continued work on the hydride bomb, and the result was a dud. Ulam once wrote to a colleague about an idea he had

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produced by the fission bomb to first compress the fusion fuel (by a process known as "radiation implosion") before igniting it. Ulam's idea seems to have been to use mechanical shock from the primary to encourage fusion in the secondary, while Teller quickly realized that X-rays from the primary

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instead of uranium metal, but its efficiency turned out to be "negligible or less". He continued to push his ideas for a fusion weapon even though it had been put on a low priority during the war (as the creation of a fission weapon proved to be difficult enough). On a visit to New York, he asked

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living near the designated area, who were not officially told of the plan until March 1960. Additionally, it turned out that the harbor would be ice-bound for nine months out of the year. In the end, due to the financial infeasibility of the project and the concerns over radiation-related health

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The issue is controversial. Bethe considered Teller's contribution to the invention of the H-bomb a true innovation as early as 1952, and referred to his work as a "stroke of genius" in 1954. In both cases, however, Bethe emphasized Teller's role as a way of stressing that the development of the

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After this, however, he detailed ways in which he felt that Oppenheimer had hindered his efforts towards an active thermonuclear development program, and at length criticized Oppenheimer's decisions not to invest more work onto the question at different points in his career, saying: "If it is a

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First, Szilard was right. As scientists who worked on producing the bomb, we bore a special responsibility. Second, Oppenheimer was right. We did not know enough about the political situation to have a valid opinion. Third, what we should have done but failed to do was to work out the technical

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I am to talk to you about energy in the future. I will start by telling you why I believe that the energy resources of the past must be supplemented. ... And this, strangely, is the question of contaminating the atmosphere. ... Whenever you burn conventional fuel, you create carbon

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reaction. Even though he initially explained to Fermi why he thought the idea would not work, Teller was fascinated by the possibility and was quickly bored with the idea of "just" an atomic bomb even though this was not yet anywhere near completion. At the Berkeley session, Teller diverted

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in Budapest. Teller was an agnostic. "Religion was not an issue in my family", he later wrote, "indeed, it was never discussed. My only religious training came because the Minta required that all students take classes in their respective religions. My family celebrated one holiday, the

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Though he had helped to come up with the design and had been a long-time proponent of the concept, Teller was not chosen to head the development project (his reputation of a thorny personality likely played a role in this). In 1952 he left Los Alamos and joined the newly established

771:, when we all fasted. Yet my father said prayers for his parents on Saturdays and on all the Jewish holidays. The idea of God that I absorbed was that it would be wonderful if He existed: We needed Him desperately but had not seen Him in many thousands of years." Teller was a 1688:. Teller had clashed with Oppenheimer many times at Los Alamos over issues relating both to fission and fusion research, and, during Oppenheimer's hearing, he was the only member of the scientific community to state that Oppenheimer should not be granted security clearance. 1927:

in the atmosphere, which would "act in the same way as a greenhouse and will raise the temperature at the surface", and that he had calculated that if the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased by 10% "an appreciable part of the polar ice might melt".

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while promoting the film. After the accident, Teller acted quickly to lobby in defence of nuclear energy, testifying to its safety and reliability, and soon after one flurry of activity suffered the attack. He signed a two-page-spread ad in the July 31, 1979, issue of

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interview from 1999, he was reported as having bristled at the question: "My name is not Strangelove. I don't know about Strangelove. I'm not interested in Strangelove. What else can I say? ... Look. Say it three times more and I throw you out of this office."

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would like to see the vital interests of this country in hands which I understand better, and therefore trust more. In this very limited sense I would like to express a feeling that I would feel personally more secure if public matters would rest in other hands.

1360:, who had replaced Oppenheimer as the director of Los Alamos in November 1945 to become the head of the Theoretical (T) Division, Teller left Los Alamos on February 1, 1946, to return to the University of Chicago as a professor and close associate of Fermi and 1619:

magazine in February 1955, emphasizing that he was not alone in the weapon's development. He would later write in his memoirs that he had told a "white lie" in the 1955 article in order to "soothe ruffled feelings", and claimed full credit for the invention.

1176:'s group gave the implosion bomb increased importance. In June 1944, at Bethe's request, Oppenheimer moved Teller out of T Division, and placed him in charge of a special group responsible for the Super, reporting directly to Oppenheimer. He was replaced by 1612:

Many of Teller's colleagues were irritated that he seemed to enjoy taking full credit for something he had only a part in, and in response, with encouragement from Enrico Fermi, Teller authored an article titled "The Work of Many People", which appeared in

1993:. While the AEC was scouting out the Alaskan site, and having withdrawn the land from the public domain, Teller publicly advocated the economic benefits of the plan, but was unable to convince local government leaders that the plan was financially viable. 1594:, the first thermonuclear weapon to utilize the Teller–Ulam configuration, on November 1, 1952, Teller became known in the press as the "father of the hydrogen bomb". Teller himself refrained from attending the test—he claimed not to feel welcome at the 2116:

on building a nuclear reactor. Three decades later, Teller confirmed that it was during his visits that he concluded that Israel was in possession of nuclear weapons. After conveying the matter to the U.S. government, Teller reportedly said: "They

1388:, Teller submitted an optimistic report in which he said that a hydrogen bomb was feasible, and that further work should be encouraged on its development. Fuchs also participated in this conference, and transmitted this information to Moscow. With 1730:

was attempting to exonerate him. However, documentary evidence has suggested that this was likely not the case. Six days before the testimony, Teller met with an AEC liaison officer and suggested "deepening the charges" in his testimony.

1981:. One of the most controversial projects he proposed was a plan to use a multi-megaton hydrogen bomb to dig a deep-water harbor more than a mile long and half a mile wide to use for shipment of resources from coal and oil fields through 1168:. It too ran into difficulties. Because of his interest in the Super, Teller did not work as hard on the implosion calculations as Bethe wanted. These too were originally low-priority tasks, but the discovery of spontaneous fission in 1371:

and the possible design of a hydrogen bomb were discussed. It was concluded that Teller's assessment of a hydrogen bomb had been too favourable, and that both the quantity of deuterium needed, as well as the radiation losses during

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from the Los Alamos National Laboratory, at first insisted it could not be done. However, Dr. Mark eventually stated that a half-megaton warhead of small enough size could be developed. This yield, roughly thirty times that of the

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in 1963, which holds the Edward Teller endowed professorship in his honor. In 1975 he retired from both the lab and Berkeley, and was named director emeritus of the Livermore Laboratory and appointed Senior Research Fellow at the

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Carey Sublette of Nuclear Weapon Archive argues that Ulam came up with the radiation implosion compression design of thermonuclear weapons, but that on the other hand Teller has gotten little credit for being the first to propose

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is not definitively known in the public domain, and the exact contributions of each and how the final idea was arrived upon has been a point of dispute in both public and classified discussions since the early 1950s.

5129: 2298:, which would be equivalent to the kinetic energy of a 1 km diameter asteroid. In order to safeguard the earth, the theoretical 1 Gt device would weigh about 25–30 tons—light enough to be lifted on the Russian 1380:

to the thermonuclear mixture would likely lower its ignition temperature, but even so, nobody knew at that time how much tritium would be needed, and whether even tritium addition would encourage heat propagation.

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help. Our only hope is in getting the facts of our results before the people. This might help to convince everybody that the next war would be fatal. For this purpose actual combat-use might even be the best thing.

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immediate military use ... We find ourselves closer to these latter views; we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use.

4633: 2408:. A wish for his 100th birthday, made around the time of his 90th, was for Lawrence Livermore's scientists to give him "excellent predictions—calculations and experiments—about the interiors of the planets". 1623:

Teller was known for getting engrossed in projects which were theoretically interesting but practically infeasible (the classic "Super" was one such project.) About his work on the hydrogen bomb, Bethe said:

1516:) have claimed that Teller would have never gotten any closer without the assistance of Ulam and others. Ulam himself claimed that Teller only produced a "more generalized" version of Ulam's original design. 1223:

in July 1945, rather than follow orders to lie on the ground with backs turned. He later said that the atomic flash "was as if I had pulled open the curtain in a dark room and broad daylight streamed in".

5968:(2005). "The Extraordinarily Beautiful Physical Principle of Thermonuclear Charge Design (on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the test of RDS-37 – the first Soviet two-stage thermonuclear charge". 3065:, June 1996 interview with John H. Nuckolls, former director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (posted on January 24, 2008) (uploaded to Web of Stories YouTube channel on September 27, 2017) 611:

with Stanislaw Ulam to get a workable thermonuclear fusion bomb design (a solution to Teller's own classical thermonuclear bomb proposal) but later temperamentally (and with fury) dismissed Ulam's aid.

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in Tel Aviv, telling him that the best way to accumulate plutonium was to burn natural uranium in a nuclear reactor. Starting in 1964, a connection between Teller and Israel was made by the physicist

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The Teller–Ulam design kept the fission and fusion fuel physically separated from one another, and used X-rays from the primary device "reflected" off the surrounding casing to compress the secondary.

13180: 1550:, writes that Teller "concealed the role" of Ulam, and that only "radiation implosion" was Teller's idea. Teller even refused to sign the patent application, because it would need Ulam's signature. 1033:

in developing a theory of shock-wave propagation. In later years, their explanation of the behavior of the gas behind such a wave proved valuable to scientists who were studying missile re-entry.

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dioxide. ... Carbon dioxide has a strange property. It transmits visible light but it absorbs the infrared radiation which is emitted from the earth. Its presence in the atmosphere causes a

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Szilard petition: that the nation's fate should be left to the sensible politicians in Washington. Following Teller's discovery of this, his relationship with his advisor began to deteriorate.

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Teller's vigorous advocacy for strength through nuclear weapons, especially when so many of his wartime colleagues later expressed regret about the arms race, made him an easy target for the "

5095: 1871:. He was a tireless advocate of a strong nuclear program and argued for continued testing and development—in fact, he stepped down from the directorship of Livermore so that he could better 1805:

Teller promoted increased defense spending to counter the perceived Soviet missile threat. He was a signatory to the 1958 report by the military sub-panel of the Rockefeller Brothers funded

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For some twenty years, Teller advised Israel on nuclear matters in general, and on the building of a hydrogen bomb in particular. In 1952, Teller and Oppenheimer had a long meeting with

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at Chicago. Even though Teller and Mici were now American citizens, they had relatives in enemy countries, so Teller did not at first go to Chicago. In early 1943, construction of the

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writes that "of course the bomb designers all knew the truth, and many considered Teller the lowest, most contemptible kind of offender in the world of science, a stealer of credit".

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which analyzed the system and concluded that any putative enemy could disable such a system by the use of suitable decoys that would cost a very small fraction of the SDI program.

854:, he jumped off the car while it was still moving. He fell, and the wheel nearly severed his right foot. For the rest of his life, he walked with a limp, and on occasion he wore a 13155: 6493: 5282: 1749:, regardless of Teller's testimony. However, as Teller's testimony was the most damning, he was singled out and blamed for the hearing's ruling, losing friends due to it, such as 1512:

H-bomb could not have been hastened by additional support or funding, and Teller greatly disagreed with Bethe's assessment. Other scientists (antagonistic to Teller, such as

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and wanted to return to the United States. Her chance came in 1935, when, thanks to George Gamow, Teller was invited to the United States to become a professor of physics at

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contains 10 articles written primarily by Stephen B. Libby in 2007, about Edward Teller's life and contributions to science, to commemorate the 2008 centennial of his birth.

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Teller became part of the Theoretical (T) Division. He was given a secret identity of Ed Tilden. He was irked at being passed over as its head; the job was instead given to

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shared with Teller: "Edward is full of enthusiasm about these possibilities; this is perhaps an indication they will not work." Fermi once said that Teller was the only

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for Peace in recognition of his "lifelong efforts to change the meaning of peace as we know it". He was also rumored to be one of the inspirations for the character of

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program. In his later years, he advocated controversial technological solutions to military and civilian problems, including a plan to excavate an artificial harbor in

2698: 965:, who was the sister of a friend. Since Mici was a Calvinist Christian, Edward and she were married in a Calvinist church. He returned to England in September 1934. 13055: 559:), men such as Teller and Lawrence might have appeared to be a "a group of scientists who can only be described as drooling with the prospect and 'bloodthirsty'." 4838: 13110: 12342: 4762: 3756: 4351: 1367:

On April 18–20, 1946, Teller participated in a conference at Los Alamos to review the wartime work on the Super. The properties of thermonuclear fuels such as

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in December 1957, Teller warned that the large amount of carbon-based fuel that had been burnt since the mid-19th century was increasing the concentration of

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The breakthrough—the details of which are still classified—was apparently the separation of the fission and fusion components of the weapons, and to use the

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he was taking were interfering with his thinking, so he decided to stop taking them, instead using his willpower to deal with the pain, including use of the

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fission-fusion bomb would be feasible at all were converted into believing that it was only a matter of time before both the US and the USSR had developed

1122:, the University of Chicago, and the University of California, Berkeley. To remove disagreement and duplication, Compton transferred the scientists to the 6420: 4443: 4382: 2566: 13220: 8599: 4326: 2428: 2201:(SDI), derided by critics as "Star Wars", the concept of using ground and satellite-based lasers, particle beams and missiles to destroy incoming Soviet 8454: 7524: 1409: 1400: 6447: 4175: 1540:" tests for the spring of 1951, in which the effect of X-rays from a fission bomb on a mixture of deuterium and tritium was going to be investigated. 13205: 13160: 13130: 13105: 1479:

and his collaborator Cornelius Everett, along with confirmations by Fermi, had shown that not only was Teller's earlier estimate of the quantity of

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Teller made valuable contributions to bomb research, especially in the elucidation of the implosion mechanism. He was the first to propose the

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said that in his opinion it was already a foregone conclusion that Oppenheimer would have his security clearance revoked by then AEC chairman

13115: 7380: 1181: 3824:"Essay Review-From the A-Bomb to Star Wars: Edward Teller's History. Better A Shield Than a Sword: Perspectives on Defense and Technology". 13190: 6528: 4916: 1472:

were yet workable. However, Soviet scientists who had worked on their own hydrogen bomb have claimed that they developed it independently.

4962:"The Man Who Blew the Whistle on 'Star Wars': Roy Woodruff's Ordeal Began When He Tried to Turn the Vision of an X-ray Laser into Reality" 3704: 6945: 6807: 1778:

safety standards as the chair of the Reactor Safeguard Committee to the AEC in the late 1940s, and in the late 1950s headed an effort at

4094: 13050: 5158: 3048:, June 1996 interview with John H. Nuckolls, former director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (posted on January 24, 2008) 2993:, June 1996 interview with John H. Nuckolls, former director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (posted on January 24, 2008) 2162:

On May 7, a few weeks after the accident at Three-Mile Island, I was in Washington. I was there to refute some of that propaganda that

5377: 3024:, June 1996 interview with John H. Nuckolls, former director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (posted on 24 January 2008) 1488:, for a practical megaton-range H-bomb. The exact contribution provided respectively from Ulam and Teller to what became known as the 7272: 5349: 1722:

question of wisdom and judgment, as demonstrated by actions since 1945, then I would say one would be wiser not to grant clearance."

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Copy in the J. Robert Oppenheimer papers (MS35188), Library of Congress, Washington, DC, Box 71, Folder, Teller, Edward, 1942–1963

8592: 5256: 4653: 1883: 1192:. Teller's Super group became part of Fermi's F Division when he joined the Los Alamos Laboratory in September 1944. It included 702:

Teller continued to find support from the U.S. government and military research establishment, particularly for his advocacy for

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discussion from the fission weapon to the possibility of a fusion weapon—what he called the "Super", an early conception of the

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argued that it is an "unconvincing claim" by Teller that he was a "covert dissenter" to the use of the bomb. In his 2001

1137:. Teller moved there in March 1943. In Los Alamos, Teller managed to annoy his neighbors by playing piano late at night. 921:, was also very important for his scientific and philosophical development. It was Placzek who arranged a summer stay in 13090: 5895: 2829:"Theodore Karman, Paul Wigner, John Neumann, Leo Szilard, Edward Teller and Their Ideas of Ultimate Reality and Meaning" 1761: 13170: 11177: 8585: 6397: 6281: 6020: 5947: 5924: 4411: 3749: 3307: 3270: 3231: 3129: 3110: 2791: 2764: 2599: 1868: 1068: 386: 4766: 2318:

and transit past Earth orbit within 2 years. For comets of this class, with a maximum estimated 100 km diameter,

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In 1967 when the Israeli nuclear program was nearing completion, Teller informed Neeman that he was going to tell the

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in 1989, he made several visits to his country of origin, and paid careful attention to the political changes there.

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charges by a Congressional aide that he was a Soviet spy, which resulted in the destruction of Oppenheimer's career.

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to carry out calculations on the Super for him. She confirmed Teller's own results: the Super was not going to work.

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lasers at incoming missiles—as part of a broader scientific research program into defenses against nuclear weapons.

1364:. Goepper-Mayer's work on the internal structure of the elements would earn her the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963. 13215: 5536: 2102: 827:, a field which is essential to understanding biochemistry, and Mark taught him about the leading breakthroughs in 12966: 6077:

Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller

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Edward Teller Centennial Symposium: Modern Physics and the Scientific Legacy of Edward Teller: Livermore, CA 2008

2508: 2062:, and advising the chiefs of Israel's scientific-security circle as well as prime ministers and cabinet members. 1932: 1887: 381: 376: 12425: 4451: 1699:

whether he was planning "to suggest that Dr. Oppenheimer is disloyal to the United States", Teller replied that:

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in 1945, which is essential for miniaturization and reliability and is used in all of today's nuclear weapons.

1449: 1321: 1052: 950: 797: 759: 692: 5530:"Material on Teller's last paper to consider for the Edward Teller Centennial. Edward Tellr – Ralph Moir 2007" 5186: 1718:

administrator, lauding his "very quick mind" and that he made "just a most wonderful and excellent director".

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who made the pit a reality. Teller was one of the few scientists to actually watch (with eye protection) the

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He was immediately asked whether he believed that Oppenheimer was a "security risk", to which he testified:

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the United States. I believe this, and I shall believe it until I see very conclusive proof to the opposite.

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There was an opinion that by analyzing the fallout from this test, the Soviets (led in their H-bomb work by

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weapons. Even Oppenheimer, who was originally opposed to the project, called the idea "technically sweet".

1422:, in which they proposed their revolutionary new design, staged implosion, the secret of the hydrogen bomb. 973: 727: 346: 4336: 13125: 13060: 12636: 11291: 10077: 9579: 8997: 8337: 7400: 6754: 6516: 2703: 2468: 1900: 1452:

in Teller's homeland of Hungary, where much of his family still lived, on August 20, 1949. Following the

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Unknown to Teller at the time, four of his colleagues were solicited by the then secret May to June 1945

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changes required for demonstrating the bomb over Tokyo and submit that information to President Truman.

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in 1932, thus orienting Teller's scientific career in nuclear physics. Also in 1930, Teller moved to the

603: 5238: 4961: 2058:, who had similar political views. Between 1964 and 1967, Teller visited Israel six times, lecturing at 1212: 762:

family. His parents were Ilona (née Deutsch), a pianist, and Miksa Teller, an attorney. He attended the

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Judging Edward Teller: a Closer Look at One of the Most Influential Scientists of the Twentieth Century

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two days before and had long been experiencing a number of conditions related to his advanced age.

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Other scientists criticized the project as being potentially unsafe for the local wildlife and the

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defending that paper and really putting work into it, he refused. He said, "I don't believe in it."

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rocket—and could be used to instantaneously vaporize a 1 km asteroid, or divert the paths of

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that Israel had built nuclear weapons, and explain that it was justified by the background of the

13135: 12334: 11246: 9960: 9085: 7533: 7452: 7349: 6904: 6574: 6569: 6429: 6325: 6156: 4032: 3221: 2520: 2511:. The genesis and impetus for this last paper was recounted by the co-author Ralph Moir in 2007. 2489: 2311: 2041: 1876: 1806: 1595: 812: 185: 139: 12467: 10514: 2907:"Infamy and honor at the Atomic Café: Edward Teller has no regrets about his contentious career" 2016:. The plan actually received the endorsement of the Alberta government, but was rejected by the 1164:

A special group was established under Teller in March 1944 to investigate the mathematics of an

606:, provided an important stepping stone in its application, while the Jahn–Teller effect and the 30: 13035: 12912: 12863: 12734: 12366: 12234: 11803: 11703: 11690: 11516: 10646: 10620: 10592: 10266: 10140: 9924: 9428: 9380: 9062: 8933: 8715: 8019: 7913: 7231: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6864: 6579: 5217: 4743: 4578: 4416: 4352:"In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer: Transcript of Hearing Before Personnel Security Board" 3712: 2444: 2405: 2350: 1816: 1489: 1149: 1130: 977: 906: 624: 583: 205: 180: 3260: 2143:, which depicted a fictional reactor accident and was released less than two weeks before the 687:

and was its director or associate director. After his controversial negative testimony in the

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in January 1933, Germany became unsafe for Jewish people, and he left through the aid of the

946: 886: 775:, but he became very interested in numbers and for fun calculated large numbers in his head. 735: 696: 656: 640: 371: 307: 154: 6434: 6107:

Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945

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Edward Teller – Wave-particle duality sparked a fascination with physics (segment 16 of 147)

2004:

A related experiment which also had Teller's endorsement was a plan to extract oil from the

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Annotated Bibliography for Edward Teller from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

5555:"'Oppenheimer' Cast and Character Guide: Who's Who in Christopher Nolan's Historical Epic" 4507: 4210: 3303:"Stability of Polyatomic Molecules in Degenerate Electronic States. I. Orbital Degeneracy" 3031: 1281:

was led by Oppenheimer, and concluded immediate military use on Japan was the best option:

1144:. Oppenheimer had him investigate unusual approaches to building fission weapons, such as 8: 12858: 12786: 12709: 12631: 12568: 12485: 12433: 12315: 12078: 12070: 12023: 11784: 11731: 11713: 11554: 11457: 11172: 10683: 10670: 10561: 10455: 10376: 10224: 10190: 10145: 10116: 10085: 9999: 9975: 9916: 9728: 9697: 9451: 9303: 9164: 9159: 9144: 8928: 8552: 7141: 7096: 7056: 6879: 6471: 6438: 5037: 3611: 3298: 2911: 2690: 2686: 2344: 2249: 2154: 2059: 2005: 1978: 1498: 1115: 985: 664: 644: 636: 536: 478: 472: 448: 332: 143: 11185: 6046: 5981: 5819: 5640: 5487: 5050: 3958: 3320: 2716: 12932: 12902: 12881: 12807: 12719: 12686: 12676: 12651: 12641: 12600: 12400: 12187: 12005: 11912: 11759: 11685: 11041: 10877: 10810: 10759: 10527: 10450: 10295: 10174: 10153: 10090: 9888: 9723: 9599: 9574: 9556: 9506: 9280: 9265: 9252: 9247: 9224: 9044: 8946: 8755: 7782: 7758: 7715: 7683: 7206: 7030: 7000: 6940: 6270: 6229: 6105: 6100: 6075: 6058: 5993: 5936: 5781: 5720: 5712: 5602: 5559: 5499: 5444:

Motherboard TV: Doctor Teller's Strange Loves, from the Hydrogen Bomb to Thorium Energy

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On reflection on this letter years later when he was writing his memoirs, Teller wrote:

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in 1908, Teller emigrated to the United States in the 1930s, one of the many so-called

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began, Teller wanted to contribute to the war effort. On the advice of the well-known

819:. He once stated that the person who was responsible for his becoming a physicist was 570:, a group of prominent Hungarian scientist émigrés. He made numerous contributions to 551:'s design. He had a volatile personality, and according to Richard Rhodes in his book 484: 12876: 12871: 12555: 12524: 12438: 12260: 12200: 12192: 12156: 12044: 12031: 11987: 11948: 11902: 11879: 11831: 11818: 11769: 11736: 11590: 11521: 11389: 11344: 11167: 11148: 11143: 11078: 11028: 10935: 10834: 10743: 10738: 10706: 10693: 10675: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10610: 10602: 10509: 10496: 10442: 10415: 10410: 10389: 10358: 10274: 10069: 10056: 10017: 9970: 9747: 9666: 9630: 9625: 9584: 9464: 9395: 9270: 9169: 9007: 8984: 8723: 8256: 8209: 8201: 8185: 8141: 8117: 8029: 7945: 7921: 7880: 7864: 7814: 7806: 7731: 7659: 7551: 7421: 7410: 7317: 7176: 7171: 7121: 6970: 6965: 6955: 6816: 6688: 6653: 6559: 6466: 6393: 6356: 6287: 6277: 6254: 6235: 6214: 6208: 6190: 6166: 6160: 6142: 6122: 6112: 6082: 6062: 6016: 5997: 5953: 5943: 5920: 5877: 5853: 5847: 5785: 5777: 5738: 5724: 5606: 4966: 4705:"Project Chariot: The Nuclear Legacy of Cape Thompson, Alaska Norman Chance – Part 2" 4654:"Project Chariot: The Nuclear Legacy of Cape Thompson, Alaska Norman Chance – Part 1" 3266: 3227: 3106: 3045: 3021: 2990: 2850: 2787: 2760: 2728: 2595: 2176: 2090: 1969:

schemes involved chaining five thermonuclear devices to create the artificial harbor.

1949: 1615: 1373: 1274: 1216: 1072: 1042: 981: 962: 902: 867: 843: 824: 668: 648: 632: 575: 429: 366: 240: 7221: 5989: 5871: 5598: 5503: 4498:"Rockefeller Report Calls for Meeting It With Better Military Setup, Sustained Will" 3682: 3570: 3568: 3163: 2477: 1809:, which called for a $ 3 billion annual increase in America's military budget. 1133:

began. With Oppenheimer as its director, the laboratory's purpose was to design an

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His final paper, published posthumously, advocated the construction of a prototype

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comet impacts with Jupiter, Teller proposed to a collective of U.S. and Russian ex-

2283: 2055: 2051: 2021: 1879:. He testified against the test ban both before Congress as well as on television. 1787: 1783: 1735: 1389: 1295: 1241: 993: 989: 832: 498: 424: 12799: 12595: 5213: 5195:

but in a few reputable sources it has also been attributed to Hans Bethe (i.e. in

5183:

This quote has been primarily attributed to Rabi in many news sources (see, e.g.,

3487: 3485: 3164:"Interview with Edward Teller, part 40. Going to Rome with Placzek to visit Fermi" 2181: 1798:) has been built and used in hundreds of hospitals and universities worldwide for 793: 12838: 12791: 12701: 12656: 12581: 12509: 12498: 12462: 12405: 12221: 12213: 12208: 12174: 12161: 12151: 12101: 12096: 12062: 12015: 12010: 11958: 11897: 11874: 11726: 11718: 11657: 11624: 11609: 11407: 11320: 11312: 11283: 11217: 11125: 11046: 10786: 10778: 10751: 10730: 10701: 10688: 10532: 10522: 10481: 10463: 10381: 10166: 10004: 9947: 9893: 9770: 9752: 9705: 9674: 9527: 9390: 9385: 9351: 9346: 9214: 9201: 9149: 9116: 9093: 9057: 8814: 8683: 8497: 8421: 8345: 8161: 8041: 8033: 7999: 7905: 7897: 7884: 7774: 7723: 7707: 7699: 7631: 7599: 7559: 7447: 7287: 7251: 7181: 7116: 7106: 7081: 6980: 6960: 6935: 6728: 6617: 6456: 6451: 6373: 6030: 6008: 5891: 5620: 5507: 5382: 4921: 4502: 3656: 3565: 3553: 3078: 2484: 2382: 2025: 2013: 1848:, who was present in person, and Navy strategic missile development shifted from 1824: 1799: 1779: 1775: 1661: 1606: 1357: 1345: 1329: 1153: 1088: 1084: 997: 984:

of metals, and in particular the coloration of certain metallic dyes. Teller and

866:, by which he convinced himself that he had taken painkillers rather than water. 828: 788: 763: 755: 719: 707: 591: 571: 563: 460: 84: 7868: 7196: 6462: 4708: 1823:

to nuclear weapons. In the course of discussing a small nuclear warhead for the

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The Hungarian passport Teller carried when he entered the United States in 1935.

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with the headline "I was the only victim of Three-Mile Island". It opened with:

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in 2001. He was also named as part of the group of "U.S. Scientists" who were

2336: 2105:, that after receiving information from an "American scientist", he drafted a 1232:

In the days before and after the first demonstration of a nuclear weapon (the

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Teller became controversial in 1954 when he testified against Oppenheimer at

1590:, which had been created largely through his urging. After the detonation of 1574: 1551: 1465: 1385: 1384:

At the end of the conference, in spite of opposition by some members such as

1197: 1145: 1097: 1079:. A few weeks earlier, Teller had been meeting with his friend and colleague 988:

analyzed it as a piece of purely mathematical physics. In collaboration with

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Toward a Livable World: Leo Szilard and the Crusade for Nuclear Arms Control

6126: 4421: 3514: 3137: 2845: 2828: 2205:. Teller lobbied with government agencies—and got the approval of President 1943:

for the centennial of the American oil industry, Edward Teller warned that:

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In the 1980s, Teller began a strong campaign for what was later called the

2122: 2078: 1973:

Teller was one of the strongest and best-known advocates for investigating

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On Heterocatalytic Detonations I: Hydrodynamic Lenses and Radiation Mirrors

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On Heterocatalytic Detonations I: Hydrodynamic Lenses and Radiation Mirrors

1337: 1233: 1189: 1080: 1012: 942: 938: 926: 910: 898: 680: 612: 595: 579: 442: 295: 5957: 4998: 4579:"Hertz Foundation Makes US$ 1 Million Endowment in Honor of Edward Teller" 3103:

The Martians of Science: Five Physicists Who Changed the Twentieth Century

2967:"Manhattan Project Scientists: Edward Teller (U.S. National Park Service)" 2756:

The Martians of Science: Five Physicists Who Changed the Twentieth Century

1867:

at Berkeley. He also served concurrently as a professor of physics at the

1519: 933:, then one of the world's great centers of physics due to the presence of 786:

Teller left Hungary for Germany in 1926, partly due to the discriminatory

515: 12843: 12763: 12242: 12049: 11930: 11907: 11841: 11764: 11746: 11534: 11488: 11470: 11394: 11304: 10956: 10850: 10794: 10473: 10064: 9994: 9934: 9851: 9809: 9594: 9313: 9275: 9098: 8790: 8509: 8501: 8101: 8065: 8049: 8011: 7292: 7246: 7211: 7186: 7131: 7035: 7025: 6909: 6632: 6612: 6602: 5908: 5529: 5259:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. January 7, 2004. Archived from 2493: 2315: 2221: 2163: 2098: 2093:. Teller also persuaded them to end the American attempts to inspect the 2081:. It took a year for Teller to convince the CIA that Israel had obtained 2077:, Teller briefed the head of the CIA's Office of Science and Technology, 2074: 2070: 1599: 1237: 1185: 1134: 1023: 1005: 922: 877: 859: 820: 672: 6430:

Edward Teller Biography and Interview on American Academy of Achievement

5495: 5468:"Thorium-Fueled Underground Power Plant Based on Molten Salt Technology" 2401:

once suggested that "It would have been a better world without Teller."

1961: 1548:

The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer: And the Birth of the Modern Arms Race

1428: 1316: 412: 56: 12833: 12755: 12036: 11675: 11336: 11112: 11007: 10964: 10579: 10542: 9765: 9566: 9514: 9025: 8556: 8376: 8300: 8217: 8045: 7966: 7739: 7395: 7339: 7076: 7066: 6995: 6774: 6564: 6554: 6320: 6002: 5903:. Biographical Memoirs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. 5716: 5020: 4300:"Basic Principles of Staged Radiation Implosion ("Teller–Ulam Design")" 4028: 3995: 2303: 2228: 2134: 1837: 1696: 1141: 1030: 1001: 969: 958: 954: 914: 855: 768: 607: 599: 190: 6033:(2009). "The Paternity of the H-Bombs: Soviet-American Perspectives". 5827: 5648: 4067: 2732: 2724: 1211:

design that was eventually successful. This design became known as a "

1087:, and Fermi had nonchalantly suggested that perhaps a weapon based on 778: 539:

and chemical engineer who is known colloquially as "the father of the

12410: 11099: 10869: 9219: 8607: 8544: 8532: 8292: 7437: 7303: 7071: 6874: 4444:"Richard Rhodes on: Edward Teller's Role in the Oppenheimer Hearings" 3343:

Journal of the American Chemical Society, 60 (2), pp. 309–319 (1938).

2902: 2210: 1649: 1368: 1169: 1152:

progressed, but proved to be impractical. He also investigated using

850:, while riding a streetcar to catch a train for a hike in the nearby 801: 10907: 6785: 6308:

Edward Teller : Giant of the Golden Age of Physics; a Biography

5708: 5693:

Better a Shield Than a Sword: Perspectives on Defense and Technology

3046:

Edward Teller – Permission to become a physicist (segment 17 of 147)

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Better a Shield Than a Sword: Perspectives on Defense and Technology

1911:

Teller was one of the first prominent people to raise the danger of

8611: 8354: 8272: 7954: 7477: 7310: 6844: 5130:"The mother of all bombs would sit in wait in an orbitary platform" 3456:. Stanford News Service. Archived from the original on May 13, 2015 3091:

Edward Teller and the Other Martians of Science by Istvan Hargittai

2287: 1872: 1591: 1570: 980:, which distorts molecules in certain situations; this affects the 934: 871: 811:

From 1926 to 1928, Teller studied mathematics and chemistry at the

751: 80: 13101:

Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

12364: 5291:(search on year=1936 and institution=George Washington University) 3097:

Colloquium, November 4, 2011 (published on YouTube, June 26, 2012)

3053:(uploaded to Web of Stories YouTube channel on September 27, 2017) 2998:(uploaded to Web of Stories YouTube channel on September 27, 2017) 2991:

Edward Teller - The inspiration of Herman Mark (segment 18 of 147)

1255:

Teller therefore penned a letter in response to Szilard that read:

13181:

Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science

8505: 8429: 7467: 7334: 6323:

writes at length about Teller's career in chapter 16 of his book

5873:

Teller's War: The Top-Secret Story Behind the Star Wars Deception

4593: 4514: 4478: 4466: 3860: 3836: 3732: 3730: 3657:"Hans Bethe 94 – Help from the British, and the 'Christy Gadget'" 3418: 3279: 3123: 3121: 3119: 2307: 2121:, and they were clever enough to trust their research and not to 2009: 1480: 1377: 1111: 1016: 894: 805: 535:; January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-American 328: 6351:) an interview in German with Edward Teller in: Michael Schaaf: 5938:

A Life of One's Own: Three Gifted Women and the Men They Married

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Edward Teller – Jumping off the moving train (segment 20 of 147)

1047: 679:-based weapons, but ultimately fusion bombs only appeared after 6853: 4672: 3190: 3178: 2386: 2363: 870:

said that it was the hardiness of Teller's spirit, rather than

847: 711: 406: 6095: 5302:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement" 4612:

Matthews, M.A. (October 8, 1959). "The Earth's Carbon Cycle".

3727: 3586: 3574: 3559: 3532: 3520: 3491: 3116: 1977:

of nuclear explosives, which the United States explored under

1629:

which he himself must have known to have been very incomplete.

6678: 6658: 4155: 4054:

Carlson, Bengt (July–August 2003). "How Ulam set the stage".

3775: 3450:"Edward Teller, 'Father of the Hydrogen Bomb,' is dead at 95" 3406: 3346: 3240: 2227:

Many prominent scientists argued that the system was futile.

2214: 1791: 1653: 1532: 1457: 1376:, would shed doubt on its workability. Addition of expensive 6231:

Memoirs: A Twentieth-Century Journey in Science and Politics

5804:

Memoirs: A Twentieth-Century Journey in Science and Politics

4861: 4859: 3978: 3976: 3918: 3916: 3877: 3875: 3543: 3541: 3029:(uploaded to Web of Stories YouTube channel on Sep 27, 2017) 2608:

Memoirs: A Twentieth-Century Journey in Science and Politics

1756: 1148:, in which the efficiency of the bomb would increase as the 8372: 7415: 6884: 5257:"About the lab:Edward Teller – A Life Dedicated to Science" 3094: 2861: 2699:"Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines" 2202: 1734:

Oppenheimer's failure to immediately report an approach by

1437: 1344:, in dark coat, is behind Manley; to Oppenheimer's left is 1320:

Physicists at a Manhattan District–sponsored colloquium at

851: 6501: 6445:

The Paternity of the H-Bombs: Soviet-American Perspectives

6353:

Heisenberg, Hitler und die Bombe. Gespräche mit Zeitzeugen

5109: 5107: 4803: 4358:. United States Government Printing Office. Archived from 4143: 3504: 3502: 3500: 2362:

on September 9, 2003, at the age of 95. He had suffered a

2310:, it would also be capable of dealing with the even rarer 2290:

weapons designers in a 1995 planetary defense workshop at

1956: 13186:

Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

6703: 6698: 6693: 5165: 5097:

Proceedings of the International Conference on Lasers '87

5080:

Proceedings of the International Conference on Lasers '85

4897: 4856: 4447: 4255: 4131: 3973: 3913: 3887: 3872: 3848: 3538: 3394: 3382: 3358: 2808:"Edward Teller Is Dead at 95; Fierce Architect of H-Bomb" 2232: 2066: 1989:

accepted Teller's proposal in 1958 and it was designated

6326:

The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark

5151:"A new use for nuclear weapons: hunting rogue asteroids" 4279: 4243: 4000:"Memorandum on the History of the Thermonuclear Program" 2112:

In the 1980s, Teller again visited Israel to advise the

815:, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in 800:

during his youth instilled a lingering animosity toward

13156:

Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States

6410:

1986 Audio Interview with Edward Teller by S. L. Sanger

5764:

by Edward Teller with Wendy Teller and Wilson Talley".

5145: 5143: 5104: 3592: 3497: 3370: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2125:, they know that to test would get them into trouble." 961:. In February 1934 he married his long-time girlfriend 917:. Teller's lifelong friendship with a Czech physicist, 6015:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2667: 2612:. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing. 2001 – via 2373:" stereotype. In 1991 he was awarded one of the first 1418:

Classified paper by Teller and Ulam on March 9, 1951:

953:. He went briefly to England, and moved for a year to 874:, that allowed him to cope so well with the accident. 706:

development, a strong nuclear arsenal, and a vigorous

12943: 5743:

by Edward Teller with Wendy Teller and Wilson Talley"

4581:(Press release). UC Davis News Service. June 14, 1999 4559: 4267: 4119: 2544:

Our Nuclear Future; Facts, Dangers, and Opportunities

13096:

Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

6534:

National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center

6457:

Edward Teller tells his life story at Web of Stories

5583:

Our Nuclear Future: Facts, dangers and opportunities

5140: 5019: 4684: 4642:, January 1, 2018 (page visited on January 2, 2018). 2655: 2634: 2133:

Teller had a heart attack in 1979, and blamed it on

1328:

in April 1946. In the front row are (left to right)

4871: 4074: 2881:

Video in which Teller recalls his earliest memories

2429:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

6421:"Edward Teller's Role in the Oppenheimer Hearings" 6269: 6104: 6074: 5935: 5912: 4033:"Testimony in the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer" 3258: 2679: 2605: 1475:In 1950, calculations by the Polish mathematician 963:Augusta Maria "Mici" (pronounced "Mitzi") Harkanyi 8623: 5849:Edward Teller: Giant of The Golden Age of Physics 4543:. University of California, Davis. Archived from 2085:; the information then went through CIA Director 1246:a demonstration to the Japanese of the new weapon 13027: 10908:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences 6234:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Publishing. 5378:"Time Person of the year, 1960: U.S. Scientists" 5326:. Society of Engineering Science. Archived from 4880:"Edward Teller in Israel To Advise on a Reactor" 3474:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 2504:in 2003, less than two months before his death. 2404:In 1981, Teller became a founding member of the 2209:—for a plan to develop a system using elaborate 2035: 1008:citizens of the United States on March 6, 1941. 996:, Teller also made an important contribution to 16:Hungarian-American nuclear physicist (1908–2003) 3937: 3259:Hargittai, István; Hargittai, Magdolna (2015). 2780:Libby, Stephen B.; Van Bibber, Karl A. (2010). 2779: 2220:Scandal erupted when Teller (and his associate 2170: 13111:Founding members of the World Cultural Council 6227: 5350:"Hungarians recognize H-bomb physicist Teller" 5123: 5121: 4599: 4520: 4484: 4472: 4161: 3866: 3842: 3781: 3424: 3412: 3352: 3285: 3246: 3208: 3196: 3184: 3158: 2867: 2073:. After Neeman cleared it with Prime Minister 909:. That year, he befriended Russian physicists 699:, the scientific community ostracized Teller. 675:. He made a serious push to develop the first 635:treatment of complex molecules. In 1953, with 13056:Academic staff of the University of Göttingen 12350: 8593: 7518: 6801: 6487: 5845: 4824:"The Hungarian Phenomenon in Israeli Science" 3909:. Nuclear Weapons Archive. November 15, 2015. 3736: 3430: 2389:film of the same name. In the aforementioned 1588:University of California Radiation Laboratory 1440:had already begun seizing control throughout 1227: 846:. On July 14, 1928, while still a student in 13166:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory staff 7532: 6529:National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center 6228:Teller, Edward; Shoolery, Judith L. (2001). 5762:Conversations on the Dark Secrets of Physics 5741:Conversations on the Dark Secrets of Physics 4917:"I was the only victim of Three-Mile Island" 4605: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 2594:(1991), with Wendy Teller and Wilson Talley 2592:Conversations on the Dark Secrets of Physics 2271: 2185:Teller became a major lobbying force of the 1796:Training, Research, Isotopes, General Atomic 1464:announced a crash development program for a 798:political climate and revolutions in Hungary 750:Ede Teller was born on January 15, 1908, in 13076:American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent 6369:"Dr. Edward Teller's Magnificent Obsession" 6155: 5118: 4821: 4707:. University of Connecticut. Archived from 4678: 4656:. University of Connecticut. Archived from 4027: 3994: 2567:The Constructive Uses of Nuclear Explosions 2348:Appearing on British television discussion 2001:issues, the project was abandoned in 1962. 13221:University of California, Berkeley faculty 12357: 12343: 8600: 8586: 7525: 7511: 6808: 6794: 6494: 6480: 5852:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 5465: 5127: 4760: 4320: 4318: 4316: 3635:"Christy's Gadget: Reflections on a death" 3297: 2901: 1667: 1348:. The Army officer on the left is Colonel 1063:In 1942, Teller was invited to be part of 55: 6210:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb 6007: 5964: 5759: 5687: 5171: 4903: 4765:. Dundurn Press (Toronto). Archived from 4285: 4249: 4014: 3328: 2844: 2673: 2496:, is named after him. He was awarded the 2256:In 1987 Teller published a book entitled 1919:. At an address to the membership of the 1819:conference, where discussion ranged from 1757:US government work and political advocacy 13206:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients 13161:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni 13131:Hungarian emigrants to the United States 13106:Fellows of the American Physical Society 10317: 8461:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / 6366: 6306:Stanley A. Blumberg and Louis G. Panos. 6111:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 5890: 5846:Blumberg, Stanley; Panos, Louis (1990). 5806:by Edward Teller with Judith Shoolery". 5585:by Edward Teller and Albert L. Latter". 5440: 5410:"The Ames Astrogram: Teller visits Ames" 4989:"Edward Teller: the Man Behind the Myth" 4611: 3364: 2439:. Among the honors he received were the 2343: 2335: 2332:List of things named after Edward Teller 2180: 2097:in Dimona. In 1976 Duckett testified in 1960: 1906: 1760: 1686:Oppenheimer's security clearance hearing 1671: 1632: 1564: 1518: 1427: 1315: 1091:could be used to set off an even larger 1058: 1046: 876: 777: 8887: 8609:United States National Medal of Science 6099:; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; 6029: 6013:Edward Teller: The Real Dr. Strangelove 5919:. New York: Columbia University Press. 5033:"Space-Based Ballistic-Missile Defense" 4324: 4313: 4211:"Comments on The History of the H-Bomb" 4149: 4053: 3711:(3): 105–107. Fall 2003. Archived from 3679:"Constructing the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb" 3632: 3447: 3223:Edward Teller, the Real Dr. Strangelove 2897: 2895: 2893: 2826: 2443:in 1958, the Golden Plate Award of the 1957:Non-military uses of nuclear explosions 1075:, the U.S. effort to develop the first 255: 1934; died 2000) 13028: 6770:Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment 6503:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 6367:Coughlan, Robert (September 6, 1954). 6349:Heisenberg hat die Atombombe sabotiert 6333:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 6248: 6203: 6179: 6133: 6069: 5619: 5580: 5552: 5415:. NASA. November 27, 2000. p. 6. 5196: 4956: 4935: 4809: 4729: 4565: 4406: 4381:Broad, William J. (October 11, 2014). 4349: 4327:"A Final Interview with Edward Teller" 4273: 4261: 4137: 4125: 4086: 3982: 3933: 3931: 3922: 3893: 3881: 3854: 3755:. Nuclear Secrecy blog. July 2, 1945. 3547: 3508: 3448:Shurkin, Joel N (September 10, 2003). 3400: 3388: 3376: 3134:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 3074: 2759:. Oxford University Press, USA. 2006. 2661: 2649: 2292:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 2046:Israel and weapons of mass destruction 1892:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1857:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1029:, Teller collaborated with his friend 745: 689:Oppenheimer security clearance hearing 685:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 557:United States Atomic Energy Commission 13081:American scientists with disabilities 12338: 11437: 11436: 10906: 10316: 9830: 8886: 8622: 8581: 7506: 6815: 6789: 6475: 6276:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 5907: 5866: 5798: 5542:from the original on October 9, 2022. 5249: 5184: 4865: 4690: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4380: 4208: 4173: 2425:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1831:. His counterpart in the discussion, 1502:from 1999, Teller told the reporter: 1002:Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) isotherm 901:dealt with one of the first accurate 13116:George Washington University faculty 7938:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under 6435:A radio interview with Edward Teller 6345:Heisenberg Sabotaged the Atomic Bomb 6267: 6081:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 5933: 5466:Moir, Ralph; Teller, Edward (2005). 5422:from the original on October 9, 2022 5316: 5231: 5114:Planetary defense workshop LLNL 1995 4997:. September 15, 2003. Archived from 4936:Gwynne, Peter (September 21, 1987). 4844:from the original on October 9, 2022 4791:. The Orlando Sentinel. June 9, 1990 4297: 4231:from the original on October 9, 2022 4080: 3945:(May 1993). "The Khariton version". 3762:from the original on October 9, 2022 3598: 2890: 2294:, that they collaborate to design a 2128: 1941:Columbia Graduate School of Business 1110:physics department, coordinated the 1036: 667:. Teller was an early member of the 13191:National Medal of Science laureates 5627:by Edward Teller and Allen Brown". 4877: 4325:Lennick, Michael (June–July 2005). 4176:"Review of Edward Teller's Memoirs" 4002:. Federation of American Scientists 3928: 2325: 2322:served as the hypothetical threat. 2032:for nature to build one large one. 1852:to Polaris by the end of the year. 885:In 1929, Teller transferred to the 738:. He died on September 9, 2003, in 608:Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory 13: 7273:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6329:(Headline, 1996), p. 268–274. 6300: 6141:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 5876:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 5581:Selove, Walter (1958). "Review of 5157:. October 16, 2013. Archived from 4789:"Nuke Hurricanes, Teller Proposes" 4702: 4651: 4526: 4506:. January 13, 1958. Archived from 4092: 3907:"Early Research on Fusion Weapons" 3308:Proceedings of the Royal Society A 3226:. Harvard University Press. 2004. 2296:1 gigaton nuclear explosive device 2213:which used atomic weapons to fire 1869:University of California, Berkeley 1774:program, he had helped to develop 1598:—and instead saw its results on a 1069:University of California, Berkeley 1067:'s summer planning seminar at the 387:University of California, Berkeley 14: 13242: 13051:20th-century Hungarian physicists 6403: 6251:Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect 5760:Borcherds, P. (2003). "Review of 5667:by Edward Teller and Allen Brown" 5553:Thomas, Michael (July 19, 2023). 5441:Ritholtz, Barry (March 7, 2012). 5386:. January 2, 1961. Archived from 5059:10.1038/scientificamerican1084-39 4350:Teller, Edward (April 28, 1954). 4174:Uchii, Soshichi (July 22, 2003). 4056:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 3947:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 2921:10.1038/scientificamerican1099-42 2421:U.S. National Academy of Sciences 2419:. He was elected a member of the 1312:History of the Teller–Ulam design 1188:, who was later revealed to be a 842:, where he studied physics under 543:" and one of the creators of the 13013: 13001: 12989: 12977: 12965: 12953: 7489: 7488: 6213:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 6189:. London: Simon & Schuster. 6165:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 5792: 5753: 5731: 5681: 5655: 5613: 5574: 5546: 5522: 5459: 5434: 5402: 5370: 5342: 5294: 5275: 5206: 5177: 5085: 5072: 5013: 4981: 4950: 4938:"Teller on SDI, Competitiveness" 4929: 4909: 4815: 4781: 4754: 4730:Loreto, Frank (April 26, 2002). 4723: 4696: 3681:. Web of Stories. Archived from 3262:Budapest Scientific: A Guidebook 3130:"Glimpses of an exceptional man" 3127: 2942:"Edward Teller - Nuclear Museum" 2423:in 1948. He was a fellow of the 2340:Edward Teller in his later years 2304:extinction event class asteroids 2109:on Israel's nuclear capability. 2012:with nuclear explosions, titled 1859:, which he helped to found with 1408: 1399: 1305: 730:. Teller was a recipient of the 631:, a standard modern tool in the 514: 6412:Voices of the Manhattan Project 6253:. University of Chicago Press. 5990:10.1070/PU2005v048n11ABEH005839 5599:10.1126/science.127.3305.1042.b 5310:American Academy of Achievement 5128:Jason Mick (October 17, 2013). 4645: 4626: 4571: 4490: 4436: 4400: 4374: 4343: 4291: 4202: 4167: 4047: 3988: 3899: 3817: 3787: 3742: 3697: 3671: 3649: 3626: 3604: 3337: 3291: 3252: 3214: 3152: 3084: 3056: 3039: 3015: 3001: 2984: 2959: 2934: 2873: 2537: 2509:liquid fluoride thorium reactor 2445:American Academy of Achievement 2089:to the president at that time, 1888:University of California, Davis 889:where in 1930, he received his 382:University of California, Davis 377:Florida Institute of Technology 252: 5942:. New York: Harper & Row. 3967:10.1080/00963402.1993.11456341 3750:"Edward Teller to Leo Szilard" 2820: 2800: 2773: 2747: 2413:United States Military Academy 2397:Nobel Prize winning physicist 2107:National Intelligence Estimate 2028:agreement, from 1963 to 1984. 1460:on August 29, 1949, President 951:International Rescue Committee 413:Über das Wasserstoffmolekülion 1: 13226:University of Chicago faculty 13086:Enrico Fermi Award recipients 9831: 8624:Behavioral and social science 6338:Science and Technology Review 6272:Adventures of a Mathematician 6186:The Making of the Atomic Bomb 2622: 2498:Presidential Medal of Freedom 2103:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 2095:Negev Nuclear Research Center 2036:Nuclear technology and Israel 1884:Department of Applied Science 1166:implosion-type nuclear weapon 1051:Teller's ID badge photo from 998:surface physics and chemistry 718:explosive in what was called 623:Teller made contributions to 392:Lawrence Livermore Laboratory 278:Presidential Medal of Freedom 226:Metropolis–Hastings algorithm 211:Lyddane–Sachs–Teller relation 191:Brunauer–Emmett–Teller theory 7433:Oppenheimer security hearing 6760:Laser Inertial Fusion Energy 6669:Reliable Replacement Warhead 6003:Russian text (free download) 5185:McKie, Robin (May 2, 2004). 4742:. Vol. 8, no. 17. 4541:"In Memoriam: Edward Teller" 4100:The New York Review of Books 3799:Nuclear Age Peace Foundation 3614:. Atomic Heritage Foundation 2833:Ultimate Reality and Meaning 2827:Horvath, Tibor (June 1997). 2627: 2574:Energy from Heaven and Earth 2411:In 1986, he was awarded the 2258:Better a Shield than a Sword 2199:Strategic Defense Initiative 2187:Strategic Defense Initiative 2171:Strategic Defense Initiative 1937:American Petroleum Institute 1767:Miami-Dade Community College 1456:'s first test detonation of 1200:, Harold and Mary Argo, and 974:George Washington University 728:Strategic Defense Initiative 671:, which developed the first 347:George Washington University 33:when mentioning individuals. 7: 13141:Israeli nuclear development 13071:American nuclear physicists 6755:Inertial confinement fusion 6517:Mirror Fusion Test Facility 6441:Radio Show in January 1988. 5808:American Journal of Physics 5766:European Journal of Physics 5155:Center for Public Integrity 2704:Journal of Chemical Physics 2469:Presidential Citizens Medal 1915:, driven by the burning of 1901:end of communism in Hungary 1450:Hungarian People's Republic 968:Mici had been a student in 897:under Heisenberg. Teller's 495:Other notable students 10: 13247: 13151:Jewish American physicists 11512:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 7799:Hungarian Freedom Fighters 6539:National Ignition Facility 5838: 5778:10.1088/0143-0807/24/4/702 4763:"Canadian Nuclear Weapons" 4600:Teller & Shoolery 2001 4521:Teller & Shoolery 2001 4485:Teller & Shoolery 2001 4473:Teller & Shoolery 2001 4162:Teller & Shoolery 2001 3867:Teller & Shoolery 2001 3843:Teller & Shoolery 2001 3782:Teller & Shoolery 2001 3425:Teller & Shoolery 2001 3413:Teller & Shoolery 2001 3353:Teller & Shoolery 2001 3286:Teller & Shoolery 2001 3247:Teller & Shoolery 2001 3209:Teller & Shoolery 2001 3197:Teller & Shoolery 2001 3185:Teller & Shoolery 2001 3159:Teller & Shoolery 2001 2868:Teller & Shoolery 2001 2689:; Rosenbluth, Arianna W.; 2518:in the 1980 TV miniseries 2492:in 1960, and an asteroid, 2329: 2314:which can come out of the 2275: 2174: 2145:Three Mile Island accident 2039: 1544:Priscilla Johnson McMillan 1309: 1228:Decision to drop the bombs 1040: 20: 13171:Leipzig University alumni 12373: 12274: 12123: 11972: 11793: 11599: 11447: 11443: 11432: 11366: 11268: 11157: 11068: 10989: 10917: 10913: 10902: 10859: 10768: 10660: 10551: 10487:William Hayward Pickering 10432: 10327: 10323: 10312: 10238: 10130: 9984: 9860: 9841: 9837: 9826: 9737: 9546: 9360: 9178: 9034: 8897: 8893: 8882: 8839: 8780: 8692: 8652: 8633: 8629: 8618: 8319: 8085: 7750: 7740:The American Fighting-Man 7543: 7486: 7376:Bismuth phosphate process 7371:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 7358: 7327: 7260: 7049: 6918: 6832: 6823: 6742: 6721: 6641: 6595: 6588: 6547: 6509: 6055:10.1007/s00016-007-0377-8 5287:American Physical Society 4761:Clearwater, John (1998). 3737:Blumberg & Panos 1990 3101:Speaker is the author of 2580:The Pursuit of Simplicity 2554:Basic Concepts of Physics 2465:National Medal of Science 2437:American Physical Society 2278:Asteroid impact avoidance 2272:Asteroid impact avoidance 2266:active protection systems 1921:American Chemical Society 1865:Space Sciences Laboratory 1842:Chief of Naval Operations 1802:production and research. 1790:would be impossible. The 1643:, yielding 10.4 megatons. 1438:Soviet-backed governments 1236:in July 1945), Hungarian 1184:, who in turn brought in 1004:. Teller and Mici became 838:Teller then attended the 629:density functional theory 513: 508: 504: 494: 435: 423: 405: 362:University College London 339: 324: 317: 284:National Medal of Science 270: 262: 234: 168: 132: 110: 91: 66: 54: 47: 40: 13201:Scientists from Budapest 13176:Manhattan Project people 12365:Founding members of the 11936:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. 11382:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan 9013:Burrhus Frederic Skinner 8457:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. 6664:Micropower impulse radar 6522:Tandem Mirror Experiment 6392:. Cambridge: MIT Press. 6249:Thorpe, Charles (2006). 6139:The Bomb in the Basement 5691:(1990). "Reviewed work: 5677:(6): 40. September 1962. 5671:Naval War College Review 5480:American Nuclear Society 5082:(STS, McLean, Va, 1986). 4878:UPI (December 6, 1982). 2562:(1962), with Allen Brown 2528:in the 2023 biopic film 2433:American Nuclear Society 2147:. She spoke out against 1987:Atomic Energy Commission 1812:In 1956 he attended the 1765:Teller lecturing at the 1693:Atomic Energy Commission 1691:Asked at the hearing by 1652:he knew who had several 1124:Metallurgical Laboratory 1071:, on the origins of the 957:, where he worked under 661:Markov chain Monte Carlo 604:Gamow–Teller transitions 48: 29:. This article uses 21:The native form of this 13216:Time Person of the Year 13091:Fasori Gimnázium alumni 12426:André Frédéric Cournand 11247:Cathleen Synge Morawetz 9165:George Ledyard Stebbins 9086:James Augustine Shannon 7955:The Apollo 8 Astronauts 7453:S-1 Executive Committee 7401:Einstein–Szilard letter 5665:The Legacy of Hiroshima 5625:The Legacy of Hiroshima 5099:(STS, McLean, Va, 1988) 4209:Bethe, Hans A. (1982). 3832:(4): 848. October 1990. 3161:, p. 80; see also 2846:10.3138/uram.20.2-3.123 2691:Rosenbluth, Marshall N. 2560:The Legacy of Hiroshima 2042:Israeli nuclear program 1882:Teller established the 1855:He was Director of the 1807:Special Studies Project 1676:Teller testified about 1668:Oppenheimer controversy 1596:Pacific Proving Grounds 1294:In 1990, the historian 1215:", after the physicist 1083:about the prospects of 931:University of Göttingen 813:University of Karlsruhe 352:University of Göttingen 216:Pöschl–Teller potential 196:Gamow–Teller transition 140:University of Karlsruhe 13211:Theoretical physicists 12367:World Cultural Council 11704:Joseph O. Hirschfelder 11691:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer 10647:Harry George Drickamer 10593:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann 10267:M. Frederick Hawthorne 10141:John D. Baldeschwieler 9381:Daniel E. Koshland Jr. 9063:Earl W. Sutherland Jr. 7914:Martin Luther King Jr. 6895:Salt Wells Pilot Plant 6463:Works by Edward Teller 6450:June 28, 2011, at the 6101:Westfall, Catherine L. 6035:Physics in Perspective 5894:; Lee, Sabine (2009). 5697:Technology and Culture 5218:World Cultural Council 5187:"Megaton megalomaniac" 4744:University of Manitoba 4417:London Review of Books 3826:Technology and Culture 3637:. Restricted data blog 3330:10.1098/rspa.1937.0142 3051:Alternate source video 3027:Alternate source video 2996:Alternate source video 2946:ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ 2693:; Teller, Augusta H.; 2618:, with Judith Shoolery 2406:World Cultural Council 2355: 2341: 2247:, wrote an article in 2194: 2168: 1970: 1954: 1817:anti-submarine warfare 1770: 1715: 1706: 1681: 1644: 1631: 1578: 1528: 1509: 1433: 1356:Despite an offer from 1353: 1340:and J. M. B. Kellogg. 1288: 1271: 1262: 1248:should occur prior to 1150:nuclear chain reaction 1131:Los Alamos, New Mexico 1106:, the chairman of the 1055: 907:hydrogen molecular ion 882: 783: 532: 241:Augusta Maria Harkanyi 201:Inglis–Teller equation 13196:Nuclear proliferation 12682:Marshall W. Nirenberg 12677:William A. Nierenberg 12637:Vernon B. Mountcastle 12446:Jean-François Denisse 12378:Christian B. Anfinsen 12295:Sylvester James Gates 11681:William Alfred Fowler 11663:Robert Rathbun Wilson 11476:Robert Burns Woodward 10288:Geraldine L. Richmond 10036:Howard E. Simmons Jr. 9319:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 9248:Vernon B. Mountcastle 9104:Sterling B. Hendricks 8921:Marshall W. Nirenberg 8916:Theodosius Dobzhansky 8764:William Julius Wilson 8371:The Good Samaritans: 7668:Franklin D. Roosevelt 7608:Franklin D. Roosevelt 7592:Franklin D. Roosevelt 7473:X-10 Graphite Reactor 7428:Nobel Prize laureates 7298:509th Composite Group 6765:Stockpile stewardship 6388:Szilard, Leo. (1987) 5201:notes to the Epilogue 4660:on September 21, 2015 4424:on September 27, 2007 4095:"An American Tragedy" 3301:; Teller, E. (1937). 2816:. September 10, 2003. 2441:Albert Einstein Award 2417:Sylvanus Thayer Award 2347: 2339: 2184: 2160: 2137:, who had starred in 2020:under Prime Minister 1964: 1945: 1907:Global climate change 1875:against the proposed 1764: 1710: 1701: 1678:J. Robert Oppenheimer 1675: 1636: 1626: 1568: 1522: 1504: 1496:In an interview with 1431: 1319: 1283: 1266: 1257: 1128:Los Alamos Laboratory 1108:University of Chicago 1059:Los Alamos Laboratory 1050: 1022:and fellow Hungarian 947:Chancellor of Germany 887:University of Leipzig 880: 781: 736:Albert Einstein Award 697:J. Robert Oppenheimer 693:Los Alamos Laboratory 657:statistical mechanics 537:theoretical physicist 372:University of Chicago 308:Albert Einstein Award 155:University of Leipzig 12777:William G. Schneider 12772:Menahem Max Schiffer 12756:Hakim Muhammad Saeed 12730:Chintamani N. R. Rao 12468:Jacques-Émile Dubois 12266:Warren M. Washington 12230:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove 12139:Jeremiah P. Ostriker 12084:Martin Schwarzschild 11865:Solomon J. Buchsbaum 11857:J. Robert Schrieffer 11827:E. Margaret Burbidge 11671:Nicolaas Bloembergen 11648:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit 11527:Vladimir K. Zworykin 11279:John Griggs Thompson 11202:Martin David Kruskal 11042:Kurt Otto Friedrichs 10515:Erwin Wilhelm Müller 10469:Ralph Brazelton Peck 10424:Jack St. Clair Kilby 10351:John Robinson Pierce 10318:Engineering sciences 10249:Jacqueline K. Barton 10104:George M. Whitesides 10023:Dudley R. Herschbach 9961:Richard B. Bernstein 9930:Walter H. Stockmayer 9478:Elizabeth F. Neufeld 9409:G. Evelyn Hutchinson 9299:Stanley Norman Cohen 9286:Rita Levi-Montalcini 9122:Keith Roberts Porter 8985:Alfred H. Sturtevant 8980:Michael Heidelberger 8952:Fritz Albert Lipmann 8488:The Silence Breakers 8355:The American Soldier 8336:The Whistleblowers: 8194:The Endangered Earth 7976:The Middle Americans 7930:William Westmoreland 7823:Dwight D. Eisenhower 7692:Dwight D. Eisenhower 7381:British contribution 7283:Operation Peppermint 7278:Operation Crossroads 7137:Maria Goeppert Mayer 6162:The Firecracker Boys 5689:Bernstein, Barton J. 5283:"APS Fellow Archive" 4822:Gábor Palló (2000). 4750:on October 15, 2002. 4547:on November 10, 2014 4454:on November 17, 2015 4362:on December 11, 2008 3705:"Edward Teller, RIP" 3587:Hoddeson et al. 1993 3575:Hoddeson et al. 1993 3560:Hoddeson et al. 1993 3533:Hoddeson et al. 1993 3521:Hoddeson et al. 1993 3492:Hoddeson et al. 1993 3365:Brown & Lee 2009 2786:. World Scientific. 2687:Metropolis, Nicholas 2514:He was portrayed by 2360:Stanford, California 2018:Government of Canada 1933:1959, at a symposium 1362:Maria Goeppert Mayer 1244:, which argued that 1221:Trinity nuclear test 1202:Maria Goeppert-Mayer 1159:Maria Goeppert-Mayer 1120:Princeton University 840:University of Munich 817:chemical engineering 740:Stanford, California 683:. He co-founded the 618:Operation Greenhouse 455:Marvin L. Goldberger 221:Renner–Teller effect 150:University of Munich 103:Stanford, California 13121:Hungarian agnostics 12710:Comlan A. A. Quenum 12672:Bernhard H. Neumann 12569:Vassos Karageorghis 12506:José Rafael Estrada 12434:Eduardo de Robertis 12316:Shirley Ann Jackson 12235:Charles P. Slichter 12079:Marshall Rosenbluth 12071:Wallace S. Broecker 12024:Eugene M. Shoemaker 11785:Victor F. Weisskopf 11732:Herbert S. Gutowsky 11714:Edgar Bright Wilson 11555:George Kistiakowsky 11173:Stephen Cole Kleene 10684:George H. Heilmeier 10671:Mildred Dresselhaus 10562:Edward H. Heinemann 10492:Frederick E. Terman 10456:Richard T. Whitcomb 10377:Clarence L. Johnson 10338:Theodore von Kármán 10225:Stephen J. Benkovic 10204:Mostafa A. El-Sayed 10191:Marvin H. Caruthers 10146:Ralph F. Hirschmann 10086:Darleane C. Hoffman 9976:Harden M. McConnell 9917:Frank H. Westheimer 9729:Stanley B. Prusiner 9693:Robert J. Lefkowitz 9452:Howard Martin Temin 9309:Maurice R. Hilleman 9304:Joseph L. Goldstein 9243:Donald A. Henderson 9160:Earl Reece Stadtman 9145:Elizabeth C. Crosby 9109:Orville Alvin Vogel 8939:Donald D. Van Slyke 8888:Biological sciences 8553:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 7537:Persons of the Year 7142:George Kistiakowsky 7097:Charles Critchfield 6439:Lewis Burke Frumkes 6317:(Prometheus, 2010). 6268:Ulam, S. M (1983). 6047:2009PhP....11..169G 5982:2005PhyU...48.1187G 5934:Dash, Joan (1973). 5915:Israel and the bomb 5897:Hans Albrecht Bethe 5820:2002AmJPh..70..462T 5802:(2002). "Review of 5695:by Edward Teller". 5641:1962PhT....15g..50T 5623:(1962). "Review of 5496:10.13182/NT05-A3655 5488:2005NucTe.151..334M 5306:www.achievement.org 5136:on October 9, 2014. 5078:Wang, C. P. (Ed.), 5051:1984SciAm.251d..39B 5038:Scientific American 5031:(October 1, 1984). 4925:. October 17, 1979. 4868:, pp. 297–300. 4812:, pp. 289–293. 4681:, pp. 97, 111. 4602:, pp. 552–555. 4523:, pp. 420–421. 4510:on January 4, 2013. 4487:, pp. 423–424. 4475:, pp. 263–272. 4264:, pp. 284–286. 4152:, pp. 169–197. 4140:, pp. 256–257. 3985:, pp. 461–472. 3959:1993BuAtS..49d..20K 3925:, pp. 201–210. 3896:, pp. 171–173. 3884:, pp. 252–255. 3869:, pp. 239–243. 3857:, pp. 153–155. 3845:, pp. 206–209. 3805:on February 4, 2011 3685:on October 10, 2014 3633:Wellerstein, Alex. 3612:"Robert F. Christy" 3601:, pp. 296–299. 3577:, pp. 160–162. 3562:, pp. 129–130. 3550:, pp. 117–118. 3427:, pp. 163–165. 3403:, pp. 399–400. 3391:, pp. 415–420. 3321:1937RSPSA.161..220J 3288:, pp. 118–120. 3008:Edward Teller Facts 2912:Scientific American 2717:1953JChPh..21.1087M 2391:Scientific American 2312:short period comets 2282:Following the 1994 2250:Scientific American 2155:The Washington Post 2060:Tel Aviv University 1979:Operation Plowshare 1499:Scientific American 1250:actual use on Japan 1116:Columbia University 1027:Theodore von Kármán 986:Hermann Arthur Jahn 782:Teller in his youth 746:Early life and work 665:Bayesian statistics 645:Marshall Rosenbluth 637:Nicholas Metropolis 627:, the precursor of 625:Thomas–Fermi theory 594:. His extension of 582:(in particular the 479:Marshall Rosenbluth 473:Lincoln Wolfenstein 449:Charles Critchfield 186:Ashkin–Teller model 13126:Hungarian amputees 13061:American agnostics 12996:Nuclear technology 12984:History of science 12903:Eugene van Tamelen 12892:Jean L. F. Tricart 12882:Jan Peter Toennies 12868:Peter C. Thonemann 12830:Heikki Suomalainen 12768:Stuart J. Saunders 12746:Stanley K. Runcorn 12742:Abraham J. A. Roux 12720:G. N. Ramachandran 12657:Jayant V. Narlikar 12652:Ilie G. Murgulescu 12642:Robert S. Mulliken 12601:William D. McElroy 12443:Guy Blaudin de Thé 12401:Christiaan Barnard 12188:G. Brent Dalrymple 12006:Arthur L. Schawlow 11913:James A. Van Allen 11804:Philip W. Anderson 11760:Richard P. Feynman 11686:Linus Carl Pauling 11321:Dennis P. Sullivan 10878:John B. Goodenough 10811:Edwin N. Lightfoot 10779:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung 10760:Kenneth N. Stevens 10528:Raymond D. Mindlin 10451:Harold E. Edgerton 10296:A. Paul Alivisatos 10175:Stephen J. Lippard 10154:Ernest R. Davidson 10091:Harold S. Johnston 9925:William S. Johnson 9889:George C. Pimentel 9724:Susan L. Lindquist 9706:Francis S. Collins 9600:Victor A. McKusick 9575:Francisco J. Ayala 9557:Nancy C. Andreasen 9507:Robert A. Weinberg 9281:Har Gobind Khorana 9266:Michael E. DeBakey 9253:George Emil Palade 9225:Wendell L. Roelofs 9215:Howard L. Bachrach 9045:Barbara McClintock 8947:Edward F. Knipling 8118:Ayatollah Khomeini 7783:John Foster Dulles 7207:Henry DeWolf Smyth 6986:Robert Oppenheimer 6941:Priscilla Duffield 6313:Istvan Hargittai, 6310:(Scribner's, 1990) 5749:. January 1, 2000. 5472:Nuclear Technology 5330:on October 8, 2015 5161:on March 20, 2016. 4884:The New York Times 4410:(April 25, 2002). 4387:The New York Times 4218:Los Alamos Science 3211:, pp. 94–104. 2813:The New York Times 2490:People of the Year 2449:Enrico Fermi Award 2356: 2342: 2260:, which supported 2241:Cornell University 2195: 2140:The China Syndrome 2114:Israeli government 2083:nuclear capability 1983:Point Hope, Alaska 1971: 1897:Hoover Institution 1861:Ernest O. Lawrence 1771: 1682: 1645: 1579: 1529: 1523:A view of the Ivy- 1490:Teller–Ulam design 1434: 1354: 1342:Robert Oppenheimer 1065:Robert Oppenheimer 1056: 982:chemical reactions 978:Jahn–Teller effect 905:treatments of the 903:quantum mechanical 883: 784: 732:Enrico Fermi Award 653:Monte Carlo method 641:Arianna Rosenbluth 633:quantum mechanical 545:Teller–Ulam design 397:Hoover Institution 302:Enrico Fermi Award 206:Jahn–Teller effect 181:Teller–Ulam design 31:Western name order 13231:American Zionists 13066:American amputees 12941: 12940: 12918:William J. Whelan 12877:Alexander R. Todd 12872:Phillip V. Tobias 12826:Frederick Stewart 12796:Leonard T. Skeggs 12622:Desmond J. Morris 12589:Georges B. Koelle 12556:Adrian Kantrowitz 12551:Reginald V. Jones 12533:Alfred D. Hershey 12503:Kenneth O. Emergy 12449:Venancio Deulofeu 12439:Cornelis de Jager 12332: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12324: 12323: 12261:Esther M. Conwell 12201:Robert N. Clayton 12193:Riccardo Giacconi 12157:Raymond Davis Jr. 12045:Albert Overhauser 11988:Edwin M. McMillan 11949:Arnold O. Beckman 11926:Paul Ching-Wu Chu 11903:Paul C. Lauterbur 11880:Robert Hofstadter 11832:Maurice Goldhaber 11819:Charles H. Townes 11770:Edward M. Purcell 11737:Frederick Rossini 11591:Wolfgang Panofsky 11522:John H. Van Vleck 11438:Physical sciences 11428: 11427: 11424: 11423: 11390:Solomon W. Golomb 11350:Andrew J. Viterbi 11345:Leonard Kleinrock 11292:Calyampudi R. Rao 11260:Ronald R. Coifman 11168:George F. Carrier 11149:Donald C. Spencer 11144:Saunders Mac Lane 11079:Marshall H. Stone 11029:Shiing-Shen Chern 10936:Solomon Lefschetz 10898: 10897: 10894: 10893: 10835:David J. Wineland 10803:John M. Prausnitz 10744:C. Kumar N. Patel 10739:James L. Flanagan 10707:John Roy Whinnery 10694:H. Guyford Stever 10676:Nick Holonyak Jr. 10639:George W. Housner 10634:Willis M. Hawkins 10629:Daniel C. Drucker 10611:Robert Byron Bird 10603:Bernard M. Oliver 10510:Peter C. Goldmark 10497:Wernher von Braun 10443:George E. Mueller 10416:Nathan M. Newmark 10411:J. Presper Eckert 10390:Claude E. Shannon 10359:Charles S. Draper 10308: 10307: 10304: 10303: 10275:Judith P. Klinman 10159:Gábor A. Somorjai 10070:Isabella L. Karle 10057:George S. Hammond 10018:Gertrude B. Elion 9971:Rudolph A. Marcus 9822: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9748:Ralph L. Brinster 9667:Torsten N. Wiesel 9644:Norman E. Borlaug 9631:Solomon H. Snyder 9626:J. Michael Bishop 9585:Mario R. Capecchi 9465:Salome G. Waelsch 9396:E. Donnall Thomas 9271:Theodor O. Diener 9170:Paul Alfred Weiss 8998:Bernard B. Brodie 8934:George G. Simpson 8878: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8823:Michael I. Posner 8724:Eleanor J. Gibson 8676:George J. Stigler 8644:Neal Elgar Miller 8575: 8574: 8557:Spirit of Ukraine 8257:Pope John Paul II 8234:The Peacemakers: 8210:George H. W. Bush 8202:Mikhail Gorbachev 8186:Mikhail Gorbachev 8030:Susan Brownmiller 7946:Lyndon B. Johnson 7922:Lyndon B. Johnson 7831:U.S. Scientists: 7815:Charles de Gaulle 7807:Nikita Khrushchev 7759:Mohammed Mosaddeq 7732:Winston Churchill 7660:Winston Churchill 7552:Charles Lindbergh 7500: 7499: 7422:Los Alamos Primer 7411:Interim Committee 7366:African Americans 7318:The Great Artiste 7177:Isidor Isaac Rabi 7172:Norman Ramsey Jr. 6971:Franklin Matthias 6910:Heavy water sites 6817:Manhattan Project 6783: 6782: 6717: 6716: 6689:Slapper detonator 6654:LLNL RISE process 6560:ASCI Blue Pacific 6467:Project Gutenberg 6097:Hoddeson, Lillian 5976:(11): 1187–1196. 5966:Goncharov, German 5868:Broad, William J. 5828:10.1119/1.1456079 5800:Dyson, Freeman J. 5747:Publishers Weekly 5649:10.1063/1.3058270 5358:. August 16, 2001 5263:on April 18, 2008 5243:www.nasonline.org 4967:Los Angeles Times 4960:(July 17, 1988). 4632:Benjamin Franta, 4332:American Heritage 4298:Sublette, Carey. 4068:10.2968/059004013 3739:, pp. 82–83. 3511:, pp. 85–87. 3494:, pp. 76–77. 3379:, pp. 63–67. 3367:, pp. 13–14. 3199:, pp. 77–80. 3187:, pp. 70–72. 3166:. Peoples Archive 3140:on March 24, 2016 2725:10.1063/1.1699114 2471:in 1989, and the 2177:Project Excalibur 2129:Three Mile Island 2091:Lyndon B. Johnson 1975:non-military uses 1950:greenhouse effect 1935:organised by the 1840:, was enough for 1784:research reactors 1374:deuterium burning 1275:Interim Committee 1217:Robert F. Christy 1073:Manhattan Project 1043:Manhattan Project 1037:Manhattan Project 868:Werner Heisenberg 844:Arnold Sommerfeld 825:polymer chemistry 669:Manhattan Project 602:, in the form of 576:molecular physics 522: 521: 436:Doctoral students 430:Werner Heisenberg 367:Manhattan Project 319:Scientific career 95:September 9, 2003 13238: 13146:Jewish agnostics 13018: 13017: 13016: 13006: 13005: 13004: 12994: 12993: 12992: 12982: 12981: 12980: 12970: 12969: 12958: 12957: 12956: 12949: 12928:Rosalyn S. Yalow 12923:Karel F. Wiesner 12908:Ulf S. von Euler 12887:Andrzej Trautman 12812:Leonard Sosnowky 12782:Glenn T. Seaborg 12751:Donald H. Sadler 12706:Jens J. Pindborg 12692:Arthur B. Pardee 12687:George E. Palade 12662:Louis E. F. Néel 12627:Giuseppe Moruzzi 12612:Jerrold Meinwald 12592:Walther Manshard 12561:Nathan O. Kaplan 12538:Gerhard Herzberg 12529:Carl G. Gahmberg 12495:Mohammed El Fasi 12430:William J. Darby 12421:Harold G. Callan 12359: 12352: 12345: 12336: 12335: 12144:Gilbert F. White 12089:George Wetherill 11983:Allan M. Cormack 11941:Jack Steinberger 11921:D. Allan Bromley 11870:H. Richard Crane 11847:Frederick Reines 11837:Helmut Landsberg 11752:George Uhlenbeck 11653:Vladimir Haensel 11615:Allan R. Sandage 11586:Herbert C. Brown 11568:Herbert Friedman 11494:Leon M. Lederman 11466:Julian Schwinger 11445: 11444: 11434: 11433: 11403:Alexandre Chorin 11377:Richard A. Tapia 11358:David B. Mumford 11186:Alberto Calderón 11131:Joseph B. Keller 11118:Michael Freedman 11087:Herman Goldstine 10941:H. Marston Morse 10915: 10914: 10904: 10903: 10843:Rudolf E. Kálmán 10827:Robert S. Langer 10819:Jan D. Achenbach 10652:Herbert E. Grier 10403:Igor I. Sikorsky 10364:Othmar H. Ammann 10325: 10324: 10314: 10313: 10280:Jerrold Meinwald 10049:Norman Hackerman 10028:Glenn T. Seaborg 9943:William O. Baker 9871:F. Albert Cotton 9839: 9838: 9828: 9827: 9805:Mary-Claire King 9698:Bert W. O'Malley 9654:Thomas E. Starzl 9649:Phillip A. Sharp 9636:Charles Yanofsky 9618:Evelyn M. Witkin 9613:James E. Darnell 9439:Paul C. Zamecnik 9404:Mary Ellen Avery 9376:Herbert W. Boyer 9371:Baruj Benacerraf 9342:Joshua Lederberg 9332:Viktor Hamburger 9294:Michael S. Brown 9140:Robert H. Burris 8895: 8894: 8884: 8883: 8831:Mortimer Mishkin 8756:William K. Estes 8740:Roger N. Shepard 8732:Robert K. Merton 8716:George A. Miller 8663:Herbert A. Simon 8631: 8630: 8620: 8619: 8602: 8595: 8588: 8579: 8578: 8568: 8560: 8548: 8540: 8528: 8520: 8518: 8491: 8483: 8475: 8467: 8465: 8449: 8441: 8433: 8425: 8417: 8409: 8401: 8393: 8385: 8383: 8366: 8358: 8350: 8348: 8331: 8328:Rudolph Giuliani 8312: 8304: 8296: 8284: 8276: 8268: 8260: 8252: 8250: 8229: 8221: 8213: 8205: 8197: 8189: 8181: 8173: 8165: 8157: 8145: 8137: 8129: 8121: 8113: 8105: 8097: 8078: 8076: 8062:Billie Jean King 8028:American Women: 8023: 8015: 8007: 7995: 7987: 7979: 7971: 7969: 7949: 7941: 7933: 7925: 7917: 7909: 7901: 7893: 7891: 7873:William Shockley 7849:Joshua Lederberg 7845:Donald A. Glaser 7826: 7818: 7810: 7802: 7794: 7786: 7778: 7770: 7762: 7743: 7735: 7727: 7719: 7711: 7703: 7695: 7687: 7679: 7671: 7663: 7655: 7647: 7639: 7627: 7619: 7611: 7603: 7595: 7587: 7579: 7571: 7563: 7555: 7527: 7520: 7513: 7504: 7503: 7492: 7491: 7443:Quebec Agreement 7227:John von Neumann 7167:George B. Pegram 6976:Dorothy McKibbin 6810: 6803: 6796: 6787: 6786: 6593: 6592: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6473: 6472: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6295: 6275: 6264: 6245: 6224: 6200: 6176: 6152: 6130: 6110: 6092: 6080: 6066: 6031:Gorelik, Gennady 6026: 6009:Goodchild, Peter 6001: 5961: 5941: 5930: 5918: 5904: 5902: 5892:Brown, Gerald E. 5887: 5863: 5832: 5831: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5663:"Mini-review of 5659: 5653: 5652: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5510:on April 4, 2013 5506:. Archived from 5463: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5447:. 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Archived from 4734:Nuclear Dynamite 4727: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4711:on March 4, 2016 4703:Chance, Norman. 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4652:Chance, Norman. 4649: 4643: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4537: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4450:. Archived from 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4420:. Archived from 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4339:on May 17, 2008. 4335:. Archived from 4322: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4230: 4215: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4190:on July 25, 2011 4186:. Archived from 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4103:. Archived from 4093:Powers, Thomas. 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4035:. Atomic Archive 4025: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3935: 3926: 3920: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3801:. Archived from 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3761: 3754: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3715:on March 3, 2016 3709:The New Atlantis 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3659:. Web of Stories 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3495: 3489: 3480: 3479: 3473: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3445: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3315:(905): 220–235. 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3136:. 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Latter 2481: 2326:Death and legacy 2284:Shoemaker-Levy 9 2052:David Ben-Gurion 2022:John Diefenbaker 2014:Project Oilsands 1788:nuclear meltdown 1736:Haakon Chevalier 1569:The successful " 1412: 1403: 1390:John von Neumann 1296:Barton Bernstein 1279:Scientific Panel 1242:Szílard petition 1000:: the so-called 994:Paul Hugh Emmett 990:Stephen Brunauer 833:Louis de Broglie 769:Day of Atonement 518: 499:Jack Steinberger 425:Doctoral advisor 419: 256: 254: 98: 77:January 15, 1908 76: 74: 59: 38: 37: 13246: 13245: 13241: 13240: 13239: 13237: 13236: 13235: 13026: 13025: 13024: 13014: 13012: 13002: 13000: 12990: 12988: 12978: 12976: 12964: 12954: 12952: 12944: 12942: 12937: 12899:Constantin Vago 12864:Harold Thompson 12839:Charles Tanford 12816:Roger W. Sperry 12808:George D. Snell 12804:George J. Smets 12792:Frederick Seitz 12787:Ernest R. Sears 12702:Jacques Piccard 12582:Seymour S. Kety 12577:Donald W. Kerst 12520:David J. Finney 12510:Hans J. Eysenck 12499:Ernest L. Eliel 12477:Francisco J. Dy 12463:Audouin Dollfus 12458:Richard S. Doll 12406:Colin Blakemore 12369: 12363: 12333: 12320: 12308:Sean C. Solomon 12270: 12222:Daniel Kleppner 12214:Lonnie Thompson 12209:Ralph A. Alpher 12175:W. Jason Morgan 12162:Charles Keeling 12152:Marvin L. Cohen 12119: 12102:John N. Bahcall 12097:Don L. Anderson 12063:Peter Goldreich 12016:Steven Weinberg 11968: 11898:Walter Elsasser 11875:Herman Feshbach 11789: 11727:Samuel Goudsmit 11719:Chien-Shiung Wu 11658:Frederick Seitz 11625:John A. Wheeler 11610:Robert H. Dicke 11595: 11458:Luis W. Alvarez 11439: 11420: 11408:David Blackwell 11362: 11313:Carl R. de Boor 11284:Karen Uhlenbeck 11264: 11218:Louis Nirenberg 11153: 11126:Ralph E. Gomory 11064: 11060:Donald E. Knuth 11047:Hassler Whitney 10985: 10909: 10890: 10855: 10787:Andreas Acrivos 10764: 10752:Eli Ruckenstein 10731:Hermann A. Haus 10702:Calvin F. Quate 10689:Luna B. Leopold 10656: 10547: 10533:Robert N. Noyce 10523:Emmett N. Leith 10482:Manson Benedict 10464:Rudolf Kompfner 10428: 10382:Warren K. Lewis 10319: 10300: 10234: 10196:Peter B. Dervan 10167:John I. Brauman 10126: 10078:Norman Davidson 10005:John D. Roberts 9980: 9948:Konrad E. Bloch 9894:Richard N. Zare 9856: 9833: 9814: 9771:Sallie Chisholm 9753:Rudolf Jaenisch 9733: 9716:J. Craig Venter 9675:Rita R. Colwell 9542: 9528:David Baltimore 9419:Robert W. Kates 9391:David G. Nathan 9386:Edward B. Lewis 9356: 9352:Harland G. Wood 9347:Roger W. Sperry 9202:Glenn W. Burton 9174: 9150:Arthur Kornberg 9117:Roger Guillemin 9094:Hallowell Davis 9058:Daniel I. Arnon 9050:Albert B. Sabin 9030: 9003:Detlev W. Bronk 8975:Harry F. Harlow 8970:Kenneth S. Cole 8957:William C. Rose 8929:Francis P. Rous 8889: 8870: 8835: 8815:Gordon H. Bower 8776: 8772:Robert M. Solow 8688: 8684:Milton Friedman 8648: 8625: 8614: 8606: 8576: 8571: 8563: 8551: 8543: 8531: 8523: 8498:Jamal Khashoggi 8496:The Guardians: 8495: 8494: 8486: 8478: 8470: 8453: 8452: 8444: 8436: 8428: 8422:Mark Zuckerberg 8420: 8412: 8404: 8396: 8388: 8370: 8369: 8361: 8353: 8346:Sherron Watkins 8335: 8334: 8326: 8315: 8307: 8299: 8287: 8279: 8271: 8263: 8255: 8233: 8232: 8224: 8216: 8208: 8200: 8192: 8184: 8176: 8168: 8162:Peter Ueberroth 8160: 8148: 8140: 8132: 8124: 8116: 8108: 8100: 8092: 8081: 8034:Kathleen Byerly 8027: 8026: 8018: 8010: 8000:Henry Kissinger 7998: 7990: 7982: 7974: 7953: 7952: 7944: 7936: 7928: 7920: 7912: 7906:Pope John XXIII 7904: 7898:John F. Kennedy 7896: 7889:Robert Woodward 7885:James Van Allen 7830: 7829: 7821: 7813: 7805: 7797: 7789: 7781: 7775:Konrad Adenauer 7773: 7765: 7757: 7746: 7738: 7730: 7724:Harry S. Truman 7722: 7716:George Marshall 7714: 7708:James F. Byrnes 7706: 7700:Harry S. Truman 7698: 7690: 7684:George Marshall 7682: 7674: 7666: 7658: 7650: 7642: 7632:Chiang Kai-shek 7630: 7622: 7614: 7606: 7600:Hugh S. Johnson 7598: 7590: 7582: 7576:Mohandas Gandhi 7574: 7566: 7560:Walter Chrysler 7558: 7550: 7539: 7531: 7501: 7496: 7482: 7448:RaLa Experiment 7354: 7323: 7288:Project Alberta 7256: 7252:Chien-Shiung Wu 7182:James Rainwater 7117:Richard Feynman 7107:John R. Dunning 7082:Norris Bradbury 7045: 7031:Stafford Warren 7001:William Purnell 6981:Kenneth Nichols 6961:Ernest Lawrence 6936:James B. Conant 6914: 6828: 6819: 6814: 6784: 6779: 6738: 6729:Ernest Lawrence 6713: 6637: 6584: 6543: 6505: 6500: 6452:Wayback Machine 6423:interview with 6406: 6379: 6377: 6303: 6301:Further reading 6298: 6284: 6261: 6242: 6221: 6205:Rhodes, Richard 6197: 6181:Rhodes, Richard 6173: 6149: 6135:Karpin, Michael 6119: 6089: 6023: 5970:Physics-Uspekhi 5950: 5927: 5900: 5884: 5860: 5841: 5836: 5835: 5797: 5793: 5758: 5754: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5709:10.2307/3105912 5686: 5682: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5618: 5614: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5563: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5464: 5460: 5450: 5448: 5439: 5435: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5239:"Edward Teller" 5237: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5182: 5178: 5170: 5166: 5149: 5148: 5141: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5090: 5086: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5029:Gottfried, Kurt 5025:Garwin, Richard 5018: 5014: 5004: 5002: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4970: 4955: 4951: 4934: 4930: 4922:Chicago Tribune 4915: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4876: 4872: 4864: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4826: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4794: 4792: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4759: 4755: 4728: 4724: 4714: 4712: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4650: 4646: 4631: 4627: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4550: 4548: 4539: 4538: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4348: 4344: 4323: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4296: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4107:on May 11, 2021 4091: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4026: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3974: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3914: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3498: 3490: 3483: 3467: 3466: 3459: 3457: 3454:Stanford Report 3446: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3126: 3117: 3100: 3098: 3089: 3085: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2900: 2891: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2825: 2821: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2604: 2540: 2475: 2383:Stanley Kubrick 2379:Dr. Strangelove 2375:Ig Nobel Prizes 2358:Teller died in 2334: 2328: 2280: 2274: 2179: 2173: 2131: 2048: 2040:Main articles: 2038: 2026:nuclear sharing 1991:Project Chariot 1959: 1909: 1829:Polaris missile 1825:Mark 45 torpedo 1800:medical isotope 1782:which designed 1780:General Atomics 1776:nuclear reactor 1759: 1695:(AEC) attorney 1670: 1662:fusion boosting 1607:Andrei Sakharov 1444:, forming such 1426: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1405: 1404: 1358:Norris Bradbury 1346:Richard Feynman 1330:Norris Bradbury 1314: 1308: 1240:circulated the 1230: 1196:, Jane Roberg, 1182:British Mission 1154:uranium hydride 1089:nuclear fission 1077:nuclear weapons 1061: 1045: 1039: 829:quantum physics 796:'s regime. The 789:numerus clausus 764:Minta Gymnasium 756:Austria-Hungary 748: 720:Project Chariot 708:nuclear testing 592:surface physics 564:Austria-Hungary 490: 485:Hans-Peter Dürr 461:Boris Jacobsohn 417: 401: 313: 258: 250: 246: 243: 230: 164: 133:Alma mater 128: 125:(March 6, 1941) 106: 100: 96: 87: 85:Austria-Hungary 78: 72: 70: 62: 50: 43: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13244: 13234: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13136:Hungarian Jews 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13023: 13022: 13010: 12998: 12986: 12974: 12962: 12939: 12938: 12936: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12897: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12849:John M. Tedder 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12810: 12805: 12802: 12797: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12766: 12761: 12760:Nobufusa Saito 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12740: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12725:Gunnar Randers 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12704: 12699: 12697:David Phillips 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12647:Walter H. Munk 12644: 12639: 12634: 12632:Nevill F. Mott 12629: 12624: 12619: 12617:Harry Melville 12614: 12609: 12608:John McMichael 12606: 12605:Henry McIlwain 12603: 12598: 12593: 12590: 12587: 12586:Prem N. Kirpal 12584: 12579: 12574: 12571: 12566: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12545: 12543:David H. Hubel 12540: 12535: 12530: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12515:Don W. Fawcett 12512: 12507: 12504: 12501: 12496: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12481:John C. Eccles 12478: 12475: 12473:Gerald Durrell 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12453:Frank J. Dixon 12450: 12447: 12444: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12416:Norman Borlaug 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12392:M. Balasegaram 12390: 12388:James Baddiley 12385: 12380: 12374: 12371: 12370: 12362: 12361: 12354: 12347: 12339: 12330: 12329: 12326: 12325: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12318: 12313: 12310: 12305: 12303:Burton Richter 12300: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12278: 12276: 12272: 12271: 12269: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12256:Yakir Aharonov 12253: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12224: 12219: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12203: 12198: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12170:Richard Garwin 12167: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12134:Willis E. Lamb 12131: 12127: 12125: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12073: 12068: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12026: 12021: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11976: 11974: 11970: 11969: 11967: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11893:Philip Abelson 11890: 11887: 11885:Chen-Ning Yang 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11859: 11854: 11852:Bruno B. Rossi 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11809:Yoichiro Nambu 11806: 11801: 11797: 11795: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11620:John C. Slater 11617: 11612: 11607: 11603: 11601: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11507:Jacob Bjerknes 11504: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11460: 11455: 11451: 11449: 11441: 11440: 11430: 11429: 11426: 11425: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11418: 11413: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11370: 11368: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11360: 11355: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11339: 11334: 11331: 11326: 11323: 11318: 11315: 11310: 11307: 11305:James G. Glimm 11302: 11299: 11297:Elias M. Stein 11294: 11289: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11272: 11270: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11249: 11244: 11241: 11239:Shing-Tung Yau 11236: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11220: 11215: 11212: 11207: 11204: 11199: 11196: 11191: 11188: 11183: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11161: 11159: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11107: 11105:Antoni Zygmund 11102: 11097: 11094: 11092:Isadore Singer 11089: 11084: 11081: 11076: 11072: 11070: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11062: 11057: 11055:Joseph L. Doob 11052: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11036: 11034:George Dantzig 11031: 11026: 11024:John W. Backus 11021: 11018: 11013: 11010: 11005: 11002: 11000:Richard Brauer 10997: 10993: 10991: 10987: 10986: 10984: 10983: 10981:William Feller 10978: 10975: 10970: 10967: 10962: 10959: 10954: 10951: 10946: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10930: 10928:Norbert Wiener 10925: 10921: 10919: 10911: 10910: 10900: 10899: 10896: 10895: 10892: 10891: 10889: 10888: 10886:Thomas Kailath 10883: 10880: 10875: 10872: 10867: 10863: 10861: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10853: 10848: 10845: 10840: 10837: 10832: 10829: 10824: 10821: 10816: 10813: 10808: 10805: 10800: 10797: 10792: 10789: 10784: 10781: 10776: 10772: 10770: 10766: 10765: 10763: 10762: 10757: 10754: 10749: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10733: 10728: 10725: 10720: 10717: 10712: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10664: 10662: 10658: 10657: 10655: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10623: 10618: 10616:H. Bolton Seed 10613: 10608: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10569: 10567:Donald L. Katz 10564: 10559: 10555: 10553: 10549: 10548: 10546: 10545: 10540: 10538:Earl R. Parker 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10445: 10440: 10436: 10434: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10421: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10392: 10387: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10372:Hugh L. Dryden 10369: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10340: 10335: 10331: 10329: 10321: 10320: 10310: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10298: 10293: 10290: 10285: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10256: 10254:Peter J. Stang 10251: 10246: 10242: 10240: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10232: 10230:Marye Anne Fox 10227: 10222: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10206: 10201: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10185: 10183:Tobin J. Marks 10180: 10177: 10172: 10169: 10164: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10134: 10132: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10112:Stuart A. Rice 10109: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10080: 10075: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10059: 10054: 10051: 10046: 10044:Donald J. Cram 10041: 10038: 10033: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10013:Ronald Breslow 10010: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9988: 9986: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9955: 9953:Elias J. Corey 9950: 9945: 9940: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9919: 9914: 9912:Carl S. Marvel 9909: 9904: 9899: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9884:Roald Hoffmann 9881: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9864: 9862: 9858: 9857: 9855: 9854: 9849: 9845: 9843: 9835: 9834: 9824: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9800:Stanley Falkow 9797: 9794: 9792:Rakesh K. Jain 9789: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9741: 9739: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9595:Gene E. Likens 9592: 9587: 9582: 9580:George F. Bass 9577: 9572: 9569: 9564: 9562:Peter H. Raven 9559: 9554: 9550: 9548: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9496: 9491: 9488: 9486:Alexander Rich 9483: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9467: 9462: 9460:Daniel Nathans 9457: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9441: 9436: 9434:Folke K. Skoog 9431: 9426: 9424:Salvador Luria 9421: 9416: 9414:Elvin A. Kabat 9411: 9406: 9401: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9364: 9362: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9327:Katherine Esau 9324: 9321: 9316: 9314:Eric R. Kandel 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9260: 9258:Joan A. Steitz 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9232: 9230:Berta Scharrer 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9197:Seymour Benzer 9194: 9191: 9189:Philip Handler 9186: 9182: 9180: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9076:Erwin Chargaff 9073: 9071:Britton Chance 9068: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9038: 9036: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9028: 9023: 9021:Robert Huebner 9018: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8910: 8908:C. B. van Niel 8905: 8901: 8899: 8891: 8890: 8880: 8879: 8876: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8866:Albert Bandura 8863: 8860: 8858:Robert Axelrod 8855: 8852: 8847: 8843: 8841: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8833: 8828: 8825: 8820: 8817: 8812: 8809: 8804: 8801: 8799:R. Duncan Luce 8796: 8793: 8788: 8784: 8782: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8774: 8769: 8766: 8761: 8758: 8753: 8750: 8748:Paul Samuelson 8745: 8742: 8737: 8734: 8729: 8726: 8721: 8718: 8713: 8710: 8708:Patrick Suppes 8705: 8703:Leonid Hurwicz 8700: 8696: 8694: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8681: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8665: 8660: 8656: 8654: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8646: 8641: 8637: 8635: 8627: 8626: 8616: 8615: 8605: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8582: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8561: 8549: 8541: 8529: 8525:Greta Thunberg 8521: 8492: 8484: 8476: 8468: 8455:Ebola Fighters 8450: 8442: 8434: 8426: 8418: 8410: 8402: 8398:Vladimir Putin 8394: 8386: 8367: 8363:George W. Bush 8359: 8351: 8338:Cynthia Cooper 8332: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8309:George W. Bush 8305: 8297: 8285: 8277: 8269: 8261: 8253: 8244:Nelson Mandela 8240:F. W. de Klerk 8230: 8222: 8214: 8206: 8198: 8190: 8182: 8178:Corazon Aquino 8174: 8166: 8158: 8146: 8138: 8130: 8122: 8114: 8106: 8098: 8089: 8087: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8058:Barbara Jordan 8024: 8016: 8008: 7996: 7988: 7980: 7972: 7959:William Anders 7950: 7942: 7934: 7926: 7918: 7910: 7902: 7894: 7881:Charles Townes 7861:Edward Purcell 7837:Charles Draper 7827: 7819: 7811: 7803: 7795: 7791:Harlow Curtice 7787: 7779: 7771: 7763: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7736: 7728: 7720: 7712: 7704: 7696: 7688: 7680: 7672: 7664: 7656: 7648: 7640: 7636:Soong Mei-ling 7628: 7624:Wallis Simpson 7620: 7616:Haile Selassie 7612: 7604: 7596: 7588: 7580: 7572: 7564: 7556: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7540: 7530: 7529: 7522: 7515: 7507: 7498: 7497: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7391:Chicago Pile-1 7388: 7386:Calutron Girls 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7362: 7360: 7359:Related topics 7356: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7321: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7222:Stanisław Ulam 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7157:Edwin McMillan 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7102:Harry Daghlian 7099: 7094: 7092:John Cockcroft 7089: 7087:James Chadwick 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7011:Charles Thomas 7008: 7006:Frank Spedding 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6966:James Marshall 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6946:Thomas Farrell 6943: 6938: 6933: 6931:Arthur Compton 6928: 6922: 6920: 6919:Administrators 6916: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6847: 6842: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6813: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6790: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6599: 6597: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6551: 6549: 6548:Supercomputers 6545: 6544: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6499: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6460: 6454: 6442: 6432: 6427: 6425:Richard Rhodes 6418: 6413: 6405: 6404:External links 6402: 6401: 6400: 6398:978-0262192606 6386: 6364: 6342: 6330: 6318: 6311: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6283:978-0684143910 6282: 6265: 6259: 6246: 6240: 6225: 6219: 6201: 6195: 6177: 6171: 6153: 6147: 6131: 6117: 6093: 6087: 6067: 6041:(2): 169–197. 6027: 6022:978-0674016699 6021: 6005: 5962: 5949:978-0060109493 5948: 5931: 5926:978-0231104838 5925: 5905: 5888: 5882: 5864: 5858: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5814:(4): 462–463. 5791: 5772:(4): 495–496. 5752: 5730: 5703:(4): 846–861. 5680: 5654: 5612: 5593:(3305): 1042. 5573: 5545: 5521: 5458: 5433: 5401: 5390:on May 5, 2007 5369: 5341: 5315: 5293: 5274: 5248: 5230: 5205: 5176: 5174:, p. 394. 5172:Goodchild 2004 5164: 5139: 5117: 5103: 5084: 5071: 5012: 4980: 4958:Scheer, Robert 4949: 4928: 4908: 4906:, p. 327. 4904:Goodchild 2004 4896: 4870: 4855: 4814: 4802: 4780: 4753: 4722: 4695: 4683: 4671: 4644: 4625: 4604: 4592: 4570: 4568:, p. 330. 4558: 4525: 4513: 4489: 4477: 4465: 4435: 4408:Shapin, Steven 4399: 4373: 4342: 4312: 4290: 4288:, p. 131. 4286:Goodchild 2004 4278: 4276:, p. 467. 4266: 4254: 4252:, p. 217. 4250:Goodchild 2004 4242: 4201: 4180:PHS Newsletter 4166: 4164:, p. 407. 4154: 4142: 4130: 4128:, p. 106. 4118: 4085: 4083:, p. 220. 4073: 4046: 4013: 3987: 3972: 3939:Khariton, Yuli 3927: 3912: 3898: 3886: 3871: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3816: 3786: 3784:, p. 206. 3774: 3741: 3726: 3696: 3670: 3648: 3625: 3603: 3591: 3589:, p. 204. 3579: 3564: 3552: 3537: 3535:, p. 181. 3525: 3513: 3496: 3481: 3429: 3417: 3415:, p. 158. 3405: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3355:, p. 151. 3345: 3336: 3290: 3278: 3272:978-0191068492 3271: 3265:. OUP Oxford. 3251: 3249:, p. 109. 3239: 3233:978-0674016699 3232: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3151: 3128:Witt, Gloria. 3115: 3111:978-0195178456 3083: 3067: 3055: 3038: 3014: 3000: 2983: 2958: 2933: 2889: 2872: 2860: 2819: 2799: 2793:978-9812838001 2792: 2772: 2766:978-0198039679 2765: 2746: 2695:Teller, Edward 2678: 2674:Goodchild 2004 2666: 2664:, p. 402. 2654: 2652:, p. 456. 2632: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2602: 2600:978-0306437724 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2539: 2536: 2502:George W. Bush 2399:Isidor I. Rabi 2327: 2324: 2276:Main article: 2273: 2270: 2245:Kurt Gottfried 2237:Richard Garwin 2172: 2169: 2130: 2127: 2037: 2034: 1998:Inupiat people 1958: 1955: 1925:carbon dioxide 1913:climate change 1908: 1905: 1838:Hiroshima bomb 1833:J. Carson Mark 1814:Project Nobska 1758: 1755: 1751:Robert Christy 1743:Richard Rhodes 1669: 1666: 1641:mushroom cloud 1586:branch of the 1514:J. Carson Mark 1477:Stanislaw Ulam 1458:an atomic bomb 1442:Eastern Europe 1417: 1416: 1407: 1406: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1350:Oliver Haywood 1310:Main article: 1307: 1304: 1229: 1226: 1194:Stanislaw Ulam 1178:Rudolf Peierls 1104:Arthur Compton 1093:nuclear fusion 1085:atomic warfare 1060: 1057: 1041:Main article: 1038: 1035: 1020:aerodynamicist 919:George Placzek 864:placebo effect 747: 744: 704:nuclear energy 691:of his former 663:literature in 649:Augusta Teller 590:effects), and 549:Stanisław Ulam 520: 519: 511: 510: 506: 505: 502: 501: 496: 492: 491: 489: 488: 482: 476: 470: 467:Yang Chen-Ning 464: 458: 452: 446: 439: 437: 433: 432: 427: 421: 420: 409: 403: 402: 400: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 357:Bohr Institute 354: 349: 343: 341: 337: 336: 326: 322: 321: 315: 314: 312: 311: 305: 299: 293: 287: 281: 274: 272: 268: 267: 264: 260: 259: 248: 244: 239: 238: 236: 232: 231: 229: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 172: 170: 169:Known for 166: 165: 163: 162: 152: 147: 136: 134: 130: 129: 127: 126: 120: 114: 112: 108: 107: 101: 99:(aged 95) 93: 89: 88: 79: 68: 64: 63: 61:Teller in 1958 60: 52: 51: 45: 44: 41: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13243: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13036:Edward Teller 13034: 13033: 13031: 13021: 13020:United States 13011: 13009: 12999: 12997: 12987: 12985: 12975: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12961: 12951: 12950: 12947: 12934: 12933:John Z. Young 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12854:Edward Teller 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12821:Lyman Spitzer 12819: 12817: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12800:Stefan Ślopek 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12667:Yuval Ne'eman 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12596:Georges Mathé 12594: 12591: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573:Peter E. Kent 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565:Leo A. Kaprio 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547:Osmo H. Järvi 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12491:Manfred Eigen 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12448: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12396:Frank Barnaby 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12375: 12372: 12368: 12360: 12355: 12353: 12348: 12346: 12341: 12340: 12337: 12317: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12280: 12279: 12277: 12273: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12248:James E. Gunn 12246: 12244: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12180:Edward Witten 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12129: 12128: 12126: 12122: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11998:Roger Revelle 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11978: 11977: 11975: 11971: 11965: 11964:Henry Stommel 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11954:Eugene Parker 11952: 11950: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11814:Edward Teller 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11796: 11792: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11780:Lyman Spitzer 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11699:Hans A. Bethe 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11643:Maurice Ewing 11641: 11639: 11638:Carl Djerassi 11636: 11633: 11631: 11630:Saul Winstein 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11598: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11578:Eugene Wigner 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11563:Paul Bartlett 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11550:Louis Hammett 11548: 11546: 11545:Gregory Breit 11543: 11541: 11540:Francis Birch 11538: 11536: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11499:William Rubey 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11446: 11442: 11435: 11431: 11417: 11416:Michael Artin 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11365: 11359: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11329:Bradley Efron 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11267: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11255:Felix Browder 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11231:Stephen Smale 11229: 11227: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11178:John McCarthy 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11160: 11156: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11139:Samuel Karlin 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11067: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10988: 10982: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10949:Oscar Zariski 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10905: 10901: 10887: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10862: 10858: 10852: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10767: 10761: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10723:Ray W. Clough 10721: 10718: 10716: 10715:Alfred Y. Cho 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10659: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10585:John G. Trump 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10557: 10556: 10554: 10550: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10398:Edwin H. Land 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10346:Vannevar Bush 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10315: 10311: 10297: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10262:Allen J. Bard 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10237: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10217:JoAnne Stubbe 10215: 10213: 10212:Joanna Fowler 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10129: 10123: 10122:Susan Solomon 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9983: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9966:Melvin Calvin 9964: 9962: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9907:Yuan Tseh Lee 9905: 9903: 9902:Harry B. Gray 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9876:Gilbert Stork 9874: 9872: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9859: 9853: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9829: 9825: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9784:Bruce Alberts 9782: 9780: 9779:May Berenbaum 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9736: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9685:Lubert Stryer 9683: 9681: 9680:Nina Fedoroff 9678: 9676: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9662:Anthony Fauci 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9605:Harold Varmus 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9545: 9539: 9538:Lynn Margulis 9536: 9534: 9533:Jared Diamond 9531: 9529: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9473:Thomas Eisner 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9447:Maxine Singer 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9429:Paul A. Marks 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9359: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9238:Stanley Cohen 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9127:Efraim Racker 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9081:James V. Neel 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9033: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8993:Horace Barker 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8962:Sewall Wright 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8885: 8881: 8867: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8850:Anne Treisman 8848: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8838: 8832: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8807:Kenneth Arrow 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8779: 8773: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8671:Anne Anastasi 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8651: 8645: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8603: 8598: 8596: 8591: 8589: 8584: 8583: 8580: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8537:Kamala Harris 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8517: 8516: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8472:Angela Merkel 8469: 8464: 8463:Salome Karwah 8460: 8456: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8430:The Protester 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8382: 8381:Melinda Gates 8378: 8374: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8347: 8343: 8342:Coleen Rowley 8339: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8265:Newt Gingrich 8262: 8258: 8254: 8249: 8248:Yitzhak Rabin 8245: 8241: 8237: 8236:Yasser Arafat 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8170:Deng Xiaoping 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8154:Yuri Andropov 8151: 8150:Ronald Reagan 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8126:Ronald Reagan 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8110:Deng Xiaoping 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8004:Richard Nixon 8001: 7997: 7993: 7992:Richard Nixon 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7877:Edward Teller 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7857:Linus Pauling 7854: 7853:Willard Libby 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7833:George Beadle 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7767:Elizabeth II 7764: 7760: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7676:Joseph Stalin 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7652:Joseph Stalin 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7568:Owen D. Young 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7536: 7528: 7523: 7521: 7516: 7514: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7495: 7485: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7406:Franck Report 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7268:Alsos Mission 7266: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7242:Robert Wilson 7240: 7238: 7237:Eugene Wigner 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7217:Edward Teller 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7192:Glenn Seaborg 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7162:Mark Oliphant 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7152:Willard Libby 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7062:Robert Bacher 7060: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7041:Roscoe Wilson 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6956:John Lansdale 6954: 6952: 6951:Leslie Groves 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6926:Vannevar Bush 6924: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6822: 6818: 6811: 6806: 6804: 6799: 6797: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6750:IBM Blue Gene 6748: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6734:Edward Teller 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6492: 6490: 6485: 6483: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437:Aired on the 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355:Berlin 2001, 6354: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6274: 6273: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6252: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6109: 6108: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6072: 6071:Herken, Gregg 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5940: 5939: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5748: 5744: 5742: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5666: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5629:Physics Today 5626: 5622: 5621:Frisch, David 5616: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5538: 5531: 5525: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5446: 5445: 5437: 5418: 5411: 5405: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5373: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5345: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5202: 5198: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5173: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5100: 5098: 5093: 5092:Duarte, F. J. 5088: 5081: 5075: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4984: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4945: 4944: 4943:The Scientist 4939: 4932: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4905: 4900: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4862: 4860: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4806: 4790: 4784: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4735: 4726: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4693:, p. 48. 4692: 4687: 4680: 4675: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4615:New Scientist 4608: 4601: 4596: 4580: 4574: 4567: 4562: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4522: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4499: 4493: 4486: 4481: 4474: 4469: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4412:"Megaton Man" 4409: 4403: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4270: 4263: 4258: 4251: 4246: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4158: 4151: 4146: 4139: 4134: 4127: 4122: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3943:Smirnov, Yuri 3940: 3934: 3932: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3908: 3902: 3895: 3890: 3883: 3878: 3876: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3783: 3778: 3758: 3751: 3745: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3658: 3652: 3636: 3629: 3613: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3561: 3556: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3534: 3529: 3523:, p. 95. 3522: 3517: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3477: 3471: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3426: 3421: 3414: 3409: 3402: 3397: 3390: 3385: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3235: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3217: 3210: 3205: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2870:, p. 32. 2869: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2803: 2795: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2776: 2768: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2676:, p. 36. 2675: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2633: 2615: 2610: 2609: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546:(1958), with 2545: 2542: 2541: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2500:by President 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2467:in 1983, the 2466: 2463:in 1975, the 2462: 2459:in 1980, the 2458: 2457:Eringen Medal 2455:in 1978, the 2454: 2451:in 1962, the 2450: 2447:in 1961, the 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371:mad scientist 2367: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2352: 2346: 2338: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2262:civil defense 2259: 2254: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2231:, along with 2230: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207:Ronald Reagan 2204: 2200: 2193:in the 1980s. 2192: 2191:Ronald Reagan 2189:to President 2188: 2183: 2178: 2167: 2165: 2159: 2157: 2156: 2150: 2149:nuclear power 2146: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087:Richard Helms 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2056:Yuval Ne'eman 2053: 2047: 2043: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1846:Arleigh Burke 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1763: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1747:Lewis Strauss 1744: 1739: 1737: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1679: 1674: 1665: 1663: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1610: 1608: 1603: 1602:at Berkeley. 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1576: 1575:hydrogen bomb 1572: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1560:multi-megaton 1555: 1553: 1552:Thomas Powers 1549: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1534: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1466:hydrogen bomb 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1446:puppet states 1443: 1439: 1430: 1421: 1411: 1402: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1386:Robert Serber 1382: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1306:Hydrogen bomb 1303: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1198:Geoffrey Chew 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1146:autocatalysis 1143: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1098:hydrogen bomb 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 879: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 794:Miklós Horthy 791: 790: 780: 776: 774: 770: 765: 761: 757: 753: 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 724:Ronald Reagan 721: 717: 716:thermonuclear 713: 709: 705: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 621: 619: 614: 609: 605: 601: 598:'s theory of 597: 593: 589: 588:Renner–Teller 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 541:hydrogen bomb 538: 534: 530: 526: 525:Edward Teller 517: 512: 507: 503: 500: 497: 493: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 453: 450: 447: 444: 441: 440: 438: 434: 431: 428: 426: 422: 415: 414: 410: 408: 404: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 327: 323: 320: 316: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 290:Eringen Medal 288: 285: 282: 279: 276: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 242: 237: 233: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 176:Hydrogen bomb 174: 173: 171: 167: 160: 156: 153: 151: 148: 145: 141: 138: 137: 135: 131: 124: 123:United States 121: 119: 116: 115: 113: 109: 104: 94: 90: 86: 82: 69: 65: 58: 53: 46: 42:Edward Teller 39: 36: 32: 28: 24: 23:personal name 19: 12859:Howard Temin 12853: 12735:Rex Richards 12715:Hermann Rahn 12525:Val L. Fitch 12486:Paul Ehrlich 12411:Aage N. Bohr 12383:Werner Arber 12290:Sandra Faber 12285:Sidney Drell 12115:Leo Kadanoff 12110:James Cronin 12058:Hans Dehmelt 11993:Robert Pound 11959:Robert Sharp 11813: 11775:John Sinfelt 11742:Verner Suomi 11709:Lewis Sarett 11573:Lars Onsager 11517:Henry Eyring 11484:John Bardeen 11226:Richard Karp 11194:Allen Newell 10973:Jerzy Neyman 10598:Tung-Yen Lin 10575:Bill Hewlett 10505:Morris Cohen 10099:John W. Cahn 10000:Karl Folkers 9761:Lucy Shapiro 9711:Elaine Fuchs 9590:Ann Graybiel 9520:Janet Rowley 9502:James Watson 9494:Ruth Patrick 9337:Philip Leder 9207:Mildred Cohn 9155:Severo Ochoa 9132:E. O. Wilson 8565:Taylor Swift 8513: 8480:Donald Trump 8459:Kent Brantly 8446:Pope Francis 8438:Barack Obama 8414:Ben Bernanke 8406:Barack Obama 8320:2001–present 8289:Bill Clinton 8281:Andrew Grove 8226:Bill Clinton 8142:The Computer 8094:Jimmy Carter 8070:Carol Sutton 8038:Alison Cheek 7984:Willy Brandt 7963:Frank Borman 7876: 7869:Emilio Segrè 7644:Adolf Hitler 7584:Pierre Laval 7534: 7478:Y-12 Project 7463:Smyth Report 7458:S-50 Project 7420: 7416:K-25 Project 7345:Pumpkin bomb 7316: 7309: 7302: 7232:John Wheeler 7216: 7202:Louis Slotin 7197:Emilio Segrè 7147:George Koval 7127:James Franck 7112:Enrico Fermi 7057:Luis Alvarez 7016:Paul Tibbets 6991:Deak Parsons 6733: 6389: 6378:. 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The 856:prosthetic 695:superior, 600:beta decay 568:"Martians" 533:Teller Ede 73:1908-01-15 49:Teller Ede 27:Teller Ede 12960:Biography 12896:Ioan Ursu 12032:Val Fitch 11100:Peter Lax 10870:Shu Chien 10117:John Ross 9832:Chemistry 9220:Paul Berg 8612:laureates 8545:Elon Musk 8533:Joe Biden 8293:Ken Starr 8086:1976–2000 7751:1951–1975 7544:1927–1950 7438:Plutonium 7304:Enola Gay 7122:Val Fitch 7072:Aage Bohr 7021:Bud Uanna 6890:Oak Ridge 6618:Long path 6063:120853984 5998:250820514 5786:250893374 5725:115370103 5607:239881549 5514:March 22, 5045:(4): 39. 4224:(3): 47. 4081:Ulam 1983 3599:Dash 1973 3470:cite news 2915:: 42–43. 2855:0709-549X 2628:Citations 2387:satirical 2006:tar sands 1584:Livermore 1436:By 1949, 1369:deuterium 1209:solid pit 1180:from the 1170:plutonium 802:Communism 758:, into a 742:, at 95. 547:based on 529:Hungarian 509:Signature 12011:Ed Stone 9008:Jay Lush 8273:David Ho 7494:Category 7350:Thin Man 7311:Bockscar 6905:Wendover 6885:New York 6880:Montreal 6870:Inyokern 6845:Berkeley 6826:Timeline 6589:Products 6448:Archived 6207:(1995). 6183:(1986). 6159:(1994). 6137:(2005). 6127:26764320 6103:(1993). 6073:(2002). 6011:(2004). 5911:(1998). 5870:(1992). 5566:July 21, 5560:Collider 5537:Archived 5504:36982574 5417:Archived 4839:Archived 4226:Archived 4111:July 16, 4031:(1954). 3998:(1952). 3809:March 2, 3757:Archived 3299:Jahn, H. 3010:, quote: 2976:June 10, 2951:June 10, 2697:(1953). 2385:'s 1964 2288:Cold War 2099:Congress 1939:and the 1877:test ban 1844:Admiral 1680:in 1954. 1592:Ivy Mike 1571:Ivy Mike 935:Max Born 872:stoicism 831:made by 752:Budapest 734:and the 714:using a 659:and the 562:Born in 553:Dark Sun 263:Children 81:Budapest 13008:Hungary 12972:Physics 12946:Portals 8506:Wa Lone 7468:Uranium 7335:Fat Man 7328:Weapons 6900:Trinity 6865:Hanford 6850:Chicago 6743:Related 6628:Novette 6608:Cyclops 6575:Sequoia 6570:Peloton 6459:(video) 6292:1528346 6043:Bibcode 5978:Bibcode 5839:Sources 5816:Bibcode 5717:3105912 5637:Bibcode 5587:Science 5484:Bibcode 5094:(Ed.), 5047:Bibcode 4795:July 8, 4356:pbs.org 3955:Bibcode 3317:Bibcode 3105:(2006, 2886:YouTube 2741:1046577 2733:4390578 2713:Bibcode 2524:and by 2354:in 1987 2308:Jupiter 2300:Energia 2119:have it 2010:Alberta 1967:Chariot 1886:at the 1850:Jupiter 1616:Science 1481:tritium 1448:as the 1378:tritium 1324:on the 1300:Memoirs 1112:uranium 1017:Caltech 945:became 895:physics 806:Fascism 572:nuclear 329:Physics 257: 249: 245: 118:Hungary 8567:(2023) 8559:(2022) 8547:(2021) 8539:(2020) 8527:(2019) 8519:(2018) 8490:(2017) 8482:(2016) 8474:(2015) 8466:(2014) 8448:(2013) 8440:(2012) 8432:(2011) 8424:(2010) 8416:(2009) 8408:(2008) 8400:(2007) 8392:(2006) 8384:(2005) 8365:(2004) 8357:(2003) 8349:(2002) 8330:(2001) 8311:(2000) 8303:(1999) 8295:(1998) 8283:(1997) 8275:(1996) 8267:(1995) 8259:(1994) 8251:(1993) 8228:(1992) 8220:(1991) 8212:(1990) 8204:(1989) 8196:(1988) 8188:(1987) 8180:(1986) 8172:(1985) 8164:(1984) 8156:(1983) 8144:(1982) 8136:(1981) 8128:(1980) 8120:(1979) 8112:(1978) 8104:(1977) 8096:(1976) 8077:(1975) 8022:(1974) 8014:(1973) 8006:(1972) 7994:(1971) 7986:(1970) 7978:(1969) 7970:(1968) 7948:(1967) 7940:(1966) 7932:(1965) 7924:(1964) 7916:(1963) 7908:(1962) 7900:(1961) 7892:(1960) 7825:(1959) 7817:(1958) 7809:(1957) 7801:(1956) 7793:(1955) 7785:(1954) 7777:(1953) 7769:(1952) 7761:(1951) 7742:(1950) 7734:(1949) 7726:(1948) 7718:(1947) 7710:(1946) 7702:(1945) 7694:(1944) 7686:(1943) 7678:(1942) 7670:(1941) 7662:(1940) 7654:(1939) 7646:(1938) 7638:(1937) 7626:(1936) 7618:(1935) 7610:(1934) 7602:(1933) 7594:(1932) 7586:(1931) 7578:(1930) 7570:(1929) 7562:(1928) 7554:(1927) 6860:Dayton 6854:Site A 6722:People 6709:Yorick 6642:Others 6596:Lasers 6580:Sierra 6396: 6359: 6290: 6280: 6257: 6238: 6217: 6193: 6169: 6145: 6125: 6115: 6085: 6061: 6019: 5996: 5958:606211 5956: 5946: 5923: 5880: 5856: 5784: 5723: 5715: 5605: 5502: 3269: 3230: 3109: 2853: 2790: 2763: 2739: 2731: 2598: 2588:(1987) 2582:(1980) 2576:(1979) 2570:(1968) 2556:(1960) 2431:, the 2427:, the 2364:stroke 2320:Charon 1985:. The 1769:(1979) 1654:manias 1533:X-rays 1024:émigré 848:Munich 760:Jewish 722:, and 712:Alaska 677:fusion 647:, and 487:(1956) 481:(1949) 475:(1949) 469:(1949) 463:(1947) 457:(1948) 451:(1939) 445:(1932) 418:(1930) 416: 407:Thesis 325:Fields 310:(1958) 304:(1962) 298:(1975) 292:(1980) 286:(1982) 280:(2003) 271:Awards 235:Spouse 105:, U.S. 12275:2010s 12124:2000s 11973:1990s 11794:1980s 11600:1970s 11448:1960s 11367:2010s 11269:2000s 11158:1990s 11069:1980s 10990:1970s 10918:1960s 10860:2010s 10769:2000s 10661:1990s 10552:1980s 10433:1970s 10328:1960s 10239:2010s 10131:2000s 9985:1990s 9861:1980s 9842:1960s 9738:2010s 9547:2000s 9361:1990s 9179:1980s 9035:1970s 8898:1960s 8840:2010s 8781:2000s 8693:1990s 8653:1980s 8634:1960s 6833:Sites 6679:SCALD 6659:LX-14 6633:Shiva 6613:Janus 6603:Argus 6059:S2CID 5994:S2CID 5901:(PDF) 5782:S2CID 5721:S2CID 5713:JSTOR 5603:S2CID 5540:(PDF) 5533:(PDF) 5500:S2CID 5478:(3). 5420:(PDF) 5413:(PDF) 4842:(PDF) 4827:(PDF) 4229:(PDF) 4214:(PDF) 3760:(PDF) 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