33:
511:
2045:
2026:
2014:
285:, where each number combination represents a useful idea or situation that currently does not have a single-word representation. For example, de Bono code 6/2 means "Give me my point of view and I will give you your point of view." Such a code might be used in situations where one or both of the two parties in a dispute are making insufficient effort to understand the other's perspective.
1108:, Czech Republic, Finland and Russian Federation. Belski, I., Belski, A., Berdonosov, V., Busov, B., Bartlova, M. Malashevskaya, E., ...Tervonen, N. In A. Oo, A. Patel, T.Hilditch, & S. Chandran (Ed.s), Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education (pp. 474-873). Geelong, Australia: School of Engineering, Deakin University. 2015
418:
Equally damaging to the scientific study of creativity, in our view, has been the takeover of the field, in the popular mind, by those who follow what might be referred to as a pragmatic approach. Those taking this approach have been concerned primarily with developing creativity, secondarily with
231:
The originator of the term 'Lateral
Thinking', de Bono wrote 85 books with translations into 46 languages. He taught his thinking methods to government agencies, corporate clients, organizations and individuals, privately or publicly in group sessions. He promoted the World Center for New Thinking
459:
In 1971 de Bono married
Josephine Hall-White. They had two sons, Caspar and Charlie, and later divorced. His will, published after his death, named two more children, another son, Francis Edward de Bono, also known as Edward de Bono, the son of Magdalena Szekely, and a daughter, Juliana Pars.
430:
is more interested in the usefulness of developing ideas than proving the reliability or efficacy of his approach. There is sparse research evidence to show that generalised improvements in thinking performance can be attributed to training in the use of CoRT or
Thinking Hats tools. An early
419:
understanding it, but almost not at all with testing the validity of their ideas about it. Perhaps the foremost proponent of this approach is Edward De Bono, whose work on lateral thinking and other aspects of creativity has had what appears to be considerable commercial success.
431:
evaluation of CoRT reported significant benefits for
Special Educational Needs (SEN) pupils... However, in a more recent study with Australian aboriginal children (Ritchie and Edwards, 1996), little evidence of generalisation was found other than in the area of creative thinking.
1101:
Belski, I., Hourani, A., Valentine, A., & Belski, A. In A. Bainbridge-Smith, Z. T. Qi, & G.S. Gupta (Eds.), Proceedings of the 25th Annual
Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education (pp. 1-9). Wellington, New Zealand.
315:
Parallel thinking is defined as a thinking process where focus is split in specific directions. When done in a group it effectively avoids the consequences of the adversarial approach (as used in courts). In adversarial debate, the objective is to
1152:
332:
of a subject where all participants can contribute, in parallel, with knowledge, facts, feelings, etc. Crucial to the method is that the process is done in a disciplined manner, and that all participants play along and contribute
250:. In the shows, he explained how thinking skills could be improved by attention and practice. The series was repeated the following year. A book with the same title accompanied the series. In May 1994, he gave a half-hour
1105:
1141:
The effects of the CoRT 1 thinking skills program on students. Edwards, J., & Baldauf, R. B. (Jr.). The effects of the CoRT 1 thinking skills programme on students. In D. N. Perkins, J. Lochhead, & J. Bishop
300:; and the approaches exemplified by Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle (whom de Bono refers to as the "Greek gang of three" (GG3)). In general, parallel thinking is a further development of the well-known
1445:
475:. He subsequently constructed a retreat hosting corporate seminars and "think tank" events. De Bono owned four private islands in total, also including Reklusia Cay in the Bahamas,
1182:
The direct teaching of thinking in education and in business. Edwards, J. In S. Dingli (Ed.), Creative thinking: New perspectives (pp. 82–95). Msida: Malta
University Press. 1996
447:
with a particular focus on conflict management in organizations, gives his view that, as pertains to Rahim's own field of research, "De Bono's approach to total elimination of
451:
is no different from the approaches of the classicists. This approach to dealing with conflict is completely out of tune with modern thinking and, therefore, unsatisfactory."
1231:
483:. In a 2003 interview he observed "I just like islands, that's all", and compared owning an island to having "your own principality, territory and psychological space".
1126:(Can we improve thinking and creativity in school children?) Tidona, G. DIALOGO – mensile regionale di cultura, politica e attualita’, n. 7, anno XXVI, October 2001
328:
approach. In
Parallel Thinking, practitioners put forward as many statements as possible in several (preferably more than two) parallel tracks. This leads to
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440:
1282:
201:
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Thinking and change. Edwards, J. In S. Dingli (Ed.), Creative thinking: A multi-faceted approach (pp. 16–29). Msida: Malta
University Press. 1994
2100:
1155:
Edwards, J. G. Evans, Learning and
Teaching Cognitive Skills , Melbourne, Australian Council for Educational Research, 1991, pp. 87-106; 1991
1185:
1098:
2125:
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in psychology and physiology. He represented Oxford in polo and set two canoeing records. He then gained a PhD degree in medicine from
1679:
Moseley, D; Baumfield, V.; Elliott, J.; Higgins, S.; Miller, J.; Newton, D. (2006). "De Bono's lateral and parallel thinking tools".
2095:
2090:
1575:
1149:
Measuring the effects of the direct teaching of thinking skills. Edwards, J. Human
Intelligence Newsletter , 9 (30), pp.9-10;1988
1161:. Edwards, J. In S. Maclure & P. Davies (Eds.), Learning to think: Thinking to learn (pp. 19–30). Oxford, UK: Pergamon. 1991
1253:
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Edward de Bono argued that companies could raise money just as governments now do – by printing it. He put forward the idea of
1239:
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2000:
1973:
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Thinking, education and human potential: International Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Melbourne: Hawker Brownlow, 6-15. 1994
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is an evaluation of 42 popular thinking frameworks conducted by a team of researchers. Regarding Edward de Bono they write,
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Edward de Bono coined the term "The gang of three" to refer to three Greek philosophers: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle -
1120:
Belski, I., Skiadopoulos, A., Aranda-Mena, G., Cascini, G., Russo, D. Advances in Systematic Creativity pp 245-263 2019
296:
is a term coined by de Bono. Parallel thinking is described as a constructive alternative to: "adversarial thinking";
225:
1635:
1546:
1513:
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2075:
1339:
232:(2004–2011), based in Malta, which applied Thinking Tools to solution and policy design on the geopolitical level.
2120:
2018:
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in Tempe, Arizona, US. He was one of the 27 Ambassadors for the European Year of Creativity and Innovation 2009.
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De Bono held faculty appointments at the universities of Oxford, Cambridge (where he helped to establish
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186:
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I Am Right, You Are Wrong: From This to the New Renaissance: From Rock Logic to Water Logic
520:
491:
252:
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Can simple ideation techniques influence idea generation: comparing results from Australia
8:
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De Bono also wrote numerous articles published in refereed and other journals, including
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1179:: An overview. Edwards, J. Teaching thinking in schools, Unicorn, 21(1), 27-36. 1995
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Engineering Creativity: The Influence of General Knowledge and Thinking Heuristics
235:
In 1976, de Bono took part in a radio debate for the BBC with British philosopher
1901:
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Convinced that a key way forward for humanity is a better language, he published
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De Bono regularly visited Australia and in 1995 acquired Little Green Island, a
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statements put forward by the parties (normally two). This is also known as the
1369:
1136:"The effects of the six thinking hats and speed on creativity in brainstorming"
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361:
182:
141:
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1735:
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Edwards, J. Paper presented at the Joint AARE/NZARE Conference, Geelong. 1992
317:
56:
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Eureka!: An Illustrated History of Inventions from the Wheel to the Computer
820:
Serious Creativity: Using the Power of Lateral Thinking to Create New Ideas
495:
1715:
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as "Thinking Hats On". In 1995, he created a futuristic documentary film,
1600:
1343:
1124:‘E’ posibile migliorare la creattivita’ e’ la riflessivita’ dei ragazzi’
1777:"The father of lateral thinking pulls posthumous tricks out of his hat"
1067:
525:
282:
236:
1680:
1114:
Belski, I., Livotov, P., & Mayer, O. Procedia CIRP, 39, 85-90 2016
1446:"Thinking hats on, please: In the first of three essays this week on"
515:
380:
325:
257:
693:
The Greatest Thinkers: The Thirty Minds That Shaped Our Civilization
321:
271:
1392:"BBC Radio 4 - Head to Head, Series 2, AJ Ayer and Edward de Bono"
387:
leads to heightened aggression. He suggested shipping out jars of
2025:
388:
1342:. Edward de Bono's Personal Web Site. 5 May 2008. Archived from
270:, depicting a lecture to an audience of viewers released from a
2013:
571:
350:
297:
224:. De Bono held the Da Vinci Professor of Thinking chair at the
1678:
1112:
Eight Fields of MATCEMIB help students to generate more ideas.
1927:"Honorary Degrees : Academic & Corporate Governance"
1539:
Parallel thinking: from Socratic thinking to de Bono thinking
1502:
Frameworks for thinking: a handbook for teaching and learning
1479:
Parallel thinking: from Socratic thinking to de Bono thinking
860:
Parallel thinking: from Socratic thinking to de Bono thinking
163:
1682:
Frameworks for Thinking A Handbook for Teaching and Learning
1720:(4th ed.). New Brunswick NJ: Transaction. p. 12.
398:
as a claim on products or services produced by the issuer.
377:
369:
1366:"European Year of Creativity and Innovation 2009 – Europa"
337:. Thus each participant must stick to the specific track.
304:
processes, focusing even more on explorations—looking for
2038:
718:
Opportunities: A handbook for business opportunity search
243:
1993:
Breaking Out of the Box: The Biography of Edward de Bono
847:
Water Logic: The Alternative to I am Right You are Wrong
581:(1969), Intl Center for Creative Thinking 1992 reprint:
124:
1099:
Can Simple Ideation Techniques Enhance Idea Generation?
1092:
830:– a summation of many of De Bono's ideas on creativity
1146:(pp. 453–473). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 1987
744:
with Michael Hewitt-Gleeson de Saint-Arnaud (1982),
1567:
1500:David Moseley, Vivienne Baumfield, Julian Elliott,
1332:
706:
Wordpower: An Illustrated Dictionary of Vital Words
162:Edward Charles Francis Publius de Bono was born in
1576:"De Bono's Marmite plan for peace in Middle Yeast"
144:physician and commentator. He originated the term
1618:Sternberg, R.J.; Lubart, T.L. (28 October 1998).
974:Free or Unfree? : Are Americans Really Free?
742:Learn-To-Think: Coursebook and Instructors Manual
204:), London and Harvard. He was a professor at the
2052:
1188:Edwards, J. Personal paper summarising work 1999
1622:. Cambridge University Press. pp. xi–xii.
1617:
1558:
1283:"Edward de Bono entry on Rhodes Trust database"
1232:"Guest post: When anyone can be a money issuer"
486:De Bono was awarded honorary degrees from the
246:ran a series of 10 weekly programmes entitled
148:, and wrote many books on thinking, including
1742:
1144:Thinking: The second international conference
532:A partial list of books by de Bono includes:
2116:Academic staff of the University of Pretoria
1256:. The Telegraph. 19 May 2011. Archived from
242:Starting on Wednesday 8 September 1982, the
594:, (1970), Harper & Row 1973 paperback:
274:for contemporary society in the year 2040.
177:, he then gained a medical degree from the
2043:
31:
1851:"Tone on Tuesday: Designing with de Bono"
1308:
1306:
1304:
1000:Six Frames For Thinking About Information
592:Lateral Thinking: Creativity Step by Step
467:of 24 hectares (59 acres) located off of
239:, on the subject of effective democracy.
2111:Academics of the University of Cambridge
1800:
1748:
1496:
1494:
1204:
509:
368:might be due, in part, to low levels of
1848:
1462:
761:Conflicts: A Better Way to Resolve them
755:Tactics: The Art and Science of Success
488:Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
437:Conflicts: A Better Way to Resolve Them
2053:
1874:
1801:McArthur, Jacqueline (22 April 2003).
1774:
1559:Lloyd, John; Mitchinson, John (2006).
1301:
1270:Dr Edward de Bono, lateral thinker, 78
1153:The direct teaching of thinking skills
138:Edward Charles Francis Publius de Bono
1713:
1491:
341:is an example of its implementation.
283:a suite of new words based on numbers
268:2040: Possibilities by Edward de Bono
2101:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
1960:. Springer. 2003. pp. 207–208.
1803:"On sale: de Bono's Whitsunday isle"
1573:
1527:see Guardian article April 24th 2007
1414:
1412:
1246:
1130:Reflexivity and creativity at school
1093:Research on Edward de Bono's methods
807:Handbook for the Positive Revolution
629:Po: A Device for Successful Thinking
288:
181:. Following this, he proceeded as a
987:Intelligence, Information, Thinking
904:New Thinking for the New Millennium
479:in Ireland, and Tessera in Italy's
435:Summarising de Bono's 1985 work in
281:in 2000. In this book, he proposed
13:
1985:
1717:Managing conflict in organizations
1052:Bonting – Thinking to Create Value
1039:Lateral Thinking – An Introduction
910:Why I Want To Be King of Australia
505:
353:, which he introduced in his book
226:University of Advancing Technology
166:on 19 May 1933. He was the son of
157:
140:(19 May 1933 – 9 June 2021) was a
14:
2142:
2126:21st-century Maltese philosophers
2071:20th-century Maltese philosophers
2006:
1775:Thorpe, Vanessa (24 April 2022).
1749:Jeffries, Stuart (10 June 2021).
1574:Jury, Louise (19 December 1999).
1420:"Broadcast – BBC Programme Index"
1409:
1205:Jeffries, Stuart (10 June 2021).
1186:Learning, Thinking and Assessment
104: 1971, divorced)
2024:
2012:
1958:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
1875:Neales, Sue (28 November 2003).
1159:Research work on the CoRT method
454:
2096:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
2091:20th-century Maltese physicians
1949:
1919:
1894:
1868:
1842:
1828:"Think tank island up for sale"
1820:
1794:
1768:
1707:
1672:
1611:
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1471:
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623:Lateral Thinking for Management
568:The Five-Day Course in Thinking
355:The Five-Day Course in Thinking
202:the university's medical school
101:
1966:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_2542
1849:Wheeler, Tone (22 June 2021).
1685:. Cambridge University Press.
1384:
1358:
1275:
1224:
1198:
360:In 2000, de Bono advised a UK
344:
260:and subsequently published in
1:
1561:The Book of General Ignorance
1238:. 28 May 2014. Archived from
1192:
1138:. Göçmen, O., Coşkun H., 2019
214:University of Central England
16:Maltese physician (1933–2021)
2131:Crown Colony of Malta people
1902:"Honorary Degree Recipients"
1628:10.1017/cbo9780511807916.002
1177:Teaching thinking in schools
929:How to Have A Beautiful Mind
730:Atlas of Management Thinking
401:
279:The Edward de Bono Code Book
7:
1881:Australian Financial Review
1807:Australian Financial Review
1080:
1026:Think! Before It's Too Late
1013:The Love of Two Cockroaches
873:Teach Yourself How to Think
537:The Use of Lateral Thinking
445:Western Kentucky University
175:St. Edward's College, Malta
10:
2147:
2106:University of Malta alumni
1995:. London: Headline, 2001.
1714:Rahim, M. Afzalur (2011).
1506:Cambridge University Press
961:How to Have Creative Ideas
892:How to Be More Interesting
605:The Dog-Exercising Machine
218:Birmingham City University
195:Trinity College, Cambridge
1855:Architecture & Design
1830:. ABC News. 22 April 2003
1751:"Edward de Bono obituary"
1207:"Edward de Bono obituary"
948:H+ (Plus): A New Religion
736:De Bono's Thinking Course
248:de Bono's Thinking Course
119:
111:
85:
75:
63:
42:
30:
23:
1620:"Handbook of Creativity"
1463:de Bono, Edward (2000).
1165:The Teaching of Thinking
767:Masterthinker's Handbook
372:found in people who eat
2076:Maltese Rhodes Scholars
646:Children Solve Problems
570:(1968), introduced the
547:, introduced the term "
469:Shoal Point, Queensland
441:distinguished professor
424:Frameworks For Thinking
383:). De Bono argued that
168:Josephine Burns de Bono
2121:Creativity researchers
2029:Quotations related to
1601:"WIRED 2.05: DIY Cash"
1340:"About Edward de Bono"
1314:"Bio at Penguin books"
639:, introduced the term
529:
433:
421:
408:Handbook of Creativity
222:Dublin City University
210:University of Pretoria
2081:Maltese psychologists
1465:The de Bono Code Book
916:The De Bono Code Book
712:The Happiness Purpose
668:Po: Beyond Yes and No
578:The Mechanism of Mind
513:
471:, from businesswoman
428:
416:
366:Arab–Israeli conflict
349:De Bono invented the
256:lecture televised on
189:, where he gained an
187:Christ Church, Oxford
2021:at Wikimedia Commons
1937:on 25 September 2015
1931:University of Dundee
1563:. Faber & Faber.
502:is named after him.
492:University of Dundee
473:Janet Holmes à Court
439:, M. Afzalur Rahim,
91:Josephine Hall-White
1424:genome.ch.bbc.co.uk
1372:on 20 February 2009
412:Robert J. Sternberg
364:committee that the
206:University of Malta
179:University of Malta
2086:Popular psychology
1956:"(2541) Edebono".
1426:. 8 September 1982
1254:"Birthday's today"
879:Textbook of Wisdom
617:Practical Thinking
530:
518:lecture programme
115:3 sons, 1 daughter
2017:Media related to
2001:978-0-7472-7142-0
1975:978-3-540-29925-7
1727:978-1-4128-4425-3
1692:978-0-511-48991-4
1660:Missing or empty
1132:, Tidona, G. 2002
1087:Parallel thinking
1060:978-9-99-575019-0
1047:978-0-09-195502-1
1034:978-0-09-192409-6
1021:978-9-99-326159-9
1008:978-1-40-702316-8
995:978-1-84-218133-1
982:978-1-59777-544-1
969:978-0-09-191048-8
956:978-0-09-191047-1
943:978-0-09-189459-7
924:978-0-14-028777-6
887:978-0-670-87011-0
868:978-0-670-85126-3
855:978-1-56312-037-4
842:978-0-88730-543-6
828:978-0-00-255143-4
815:978-0-14-012679-2
796:978-0-670-84231-5
783:978-0-316-17831-0
774:Six Thinking Hats
750:978-0-88496-199-4
701:978-0-399-11762-6
687:Teaching Thinking
676:978-0-14-021715-5
662:978-0-06-011024-6
654:978-0-14-080323-5
637:978-0-671-21338-1
600:978-0-06-090325-1
587:978-0-14-013787-3
563:978-0-380-01426-2
545:978-0-14-013788-0
477:West Skeam Island
443:of management at
339:Six Thinking Hats
294:Parallel thinking
289:Parallel thinking
151:Six Thinking Hats
135:
134:
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2047:
2042:
2041:
2039:Official website
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2016:
1980:
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1933:. Archived from
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1537:Edward De Bono,
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1368:. Archived from
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1346:on 12 April 2008
1336:
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1316:. Archived from
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1285:. Archived from
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1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1202:
1074:Clinical Science
935:Six Value Medals
801:Six Action Shoes
611:Technology Today
549:lateral thinking
396:private currency
374:unleavened bread
308:rather than for
302:lateral-thinking
272:cryogenic freeze
146:lateral thinking
131:
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126:
105:
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80:Lateral thinking
70:
52:
50:
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1991:Piers Dudgeon:
1988:
1986:Further reading
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1906:RMIT University
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1580:The Independent
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1450:The Independent
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1320:on 19 June 2013
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1242:on 30 May 2014.
1230:
1229:
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1199:
1195:
1095:
1083:
724:Future Positive
508:
506:Published works
481:Venetian Lagoon
457:
404:
391:to compensate.
385:low zinc levels
347:
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263:The Independent
160:
158:Life and career
123:
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37:De Bono in 2009
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2031:Edward de Bono
2022:
2019:Edward de Bono
2008:
2007:External links
2005:
2004:
2003:
1987:
1984:
1982:
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1974:
1948:
1918:
1893:
1877:"Kingdom come"
1867:
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1467:. p. 52.
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2033:at Wikiquote
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1957:
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1939:. Retrieved
1935:the original
1930:
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1905:
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1886:16 September
1884:. Retrieved
1880:
1870:
1860:16 September
1858:. Retrieved
1854:
1844:
1834:16 September
1832:. Retrieved
1822:
1812:16 September
1810:. Retrieved
1806:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1781:the Guardian
1780:
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1758:. Retrieved
1755:The Guardian
1754:
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1709:
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1674:
1662:|title=
1641:. Retrieved
1613:
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1583:. Retrieved
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1554:
1549:, page 36–38
1538:
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1473:
1464:
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1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1423:
1399:. Retrieved
1395:
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:the original
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1344:the original
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:the original
1291:. Retrieved
1287:the original
1277:
1269:
1262:. Retrieved
1258:the original
1248:
1240:the original
1235:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1211:the Guardian
1210:
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496:2541 Edebono
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216:(now called
199:
173:Educated at
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137:
136:
69:(2021-06-09)
18:
2066:2021 deaths
2061:1933 births
1911:23 December
1786:28 December
1401:25 December
514:De Bono on
494:. Asteroid
345:Other ideas
335:in parallel
330:exploration
306:what can be
185:in 1955 to
67:9 June 2021
53:19 May 1933
2055:Categories
1701:1229217614
1516:, page 135
1324:18 January
1193:References
1068:The Lancet
898:Simplicity
526:Open Media
490:, and the
237:A. J. Ayer
49:1933-05-19
1736:778434697
1653:cite book
1643:3 January
1585:3 January
555:New Think
516:Channel 4
402:Critiques
381:flatbread
326:dialectic
258:Channel 4
1293:24 April
1081:See also
695:(1976),
670:(1973),
631:(1972),
521:Opinions
449:conflict
322:disprove
253:Opinions
112:Children
1760:10 June
1605:yoz.com
1430:21 July
1216:15 June
1142:(Eds.),
1054:(2016)
1041:(2014)
1028:(2009)
1015:(2009)
1002:(2008)
989:(2007)
976:(2007)
963:(2007)
950:(2006)
937:(2005)
918:(2000)
881:(1996)
862:(1994)
849:(1993)
836:(1992)
822:(1992)
809:(1991)
790:(1968)
777:(1985)
648:(1972)
539:(1967)
528:in 1994
414:writes,
406:In the
389:Marmite
310:what is
142:Maltese
127:.debono
120:Website
106:
98:
94:
1999:
1972:
1941:4 July
1734:
1724:
1699:
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1508:2005,
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1376:14 May
1264:16 May
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1019:
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993:
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954:
941:
931:(2004)
922:
912:(1999)
906:(1999)
900:(1999)
894:(1998)
885:
875:(1995)
866:
853:
840:
826:
813:
803:(1991)
794:
781:
769:(1985)
763:(1985)
757:(1985)
748:
738:(1982)
732:(1981)
726:(1979)
720:(1978)
714:(1977)
708:(1977)
699:
689:(1976)
683:(1974)
674:
660:
652:
635:
625:(1971)
619:(1971)
613:(1971)
607:(1970)
598:
585:
572:L game
561:
543:
376:(e.g.
351:L game
298:debate
220:) and
212:, the
208:, the
86:Spouse
1350:5 May
318:prove
164:Malta
100:(
96:
1997:ISBN
1970:ISBN
1943:2016
1913:2017
1888:2024
1862:2024
1836:2024
1814:2024
1788:2022
1762:2021
1732:OCLC
1722:ISBN
1697:OCLC
1687:ISBN
1666:help
1645:2022
1632:ISBN
1587:2022
1543:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1483:ISBN
1432:2021
1403:2022
1378:2009
1352:2008
1326:2013
1295:2022
1266:2014
1218:2021
1102:2014
1071:and
1056:ISBN
1043:ISBN
1030:ISBN
1017:ISBN
1004:ISBN
991:ISBN
978:ISBN
965:ISBN
952:ISBN
939:ISBN
920:ISBN
883:ISBN
864:ISBN
851:ISBN
838:ISBN
824:ISBN
811:ISBN
792:ISBN
779:ISBN
746:ISBN
697:ISBN
672:ISBN
658:ISBN
650:ISBN
633:ISBN
596:ISBN
583:ISBN
559:ISBN
541:ISBN
378:pita
370:zinc
129:.com
64:Died
43:Born
1962:doi
1624:doi
1396:BBC
320:or
244:BBC
125:www
2057::
1968:.
1929:.
1904:.
1879:.
1853:.
1805:.
1779:.
1753:.
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1657::
1655:}}
1651:{{
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191:MA
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102:m.
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1626::
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551:"
51:)
47:(
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