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484:, with his three-year-old eldest daughter, Jennifer, he took a picture of her. After she asked why she could not see the picture her father just took of her, within an hour he already had the idea for an instant film camera. His patent attorney, Donald Brown, was also there at the time visiting Santa Fe and he quickly approached him with this idea and Brown agreed on the idea. After this trip, research for the development of this idea began immediately.
670:. While he was set for retirement years, this did not mean the end of his passion in research and decided to continue with his interest in color vision. From 1978, he was a regular visitor to the laboratory of Semir Zeki at University College London, to attend Zeki's experiments on color vision. Although they never published together, Land was to design the gelatin filters to accompany the paper on the physiology of color vision published by Zeki in
370:, as well as blowing all the house's fuses when he was six years old. He was scolded by his father when taking apart a phonograph and he vowed that "nothing or nobody could stop me from carrying through the execution of an experiment" He had an elder sister named Helen who had a difficult time pronouncing Edwin's name, so she called him "Din" a nickname that stuck throughout the rest of his childhood and was used among his closest friends.
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695:, at the age of 81. Land's family, his wife, Helen, and two daughters, Jennifer and Valerie declined to disclose the cause of his death. Land himself disliked being written about, wanting to leave behind a legacy of published scientific work, rather than a cult of personality, and so, on his death, Land's family had a laboratory associate shred his personal papers and notes, a task that would take three years to complete.
679:, the discoverer of nuclear magnetic resonance and a friend of Edwin Land. It is reputed that the only other times that the book (or in this case a page of it) of the Royal Society was taken outside its house in London was when it was signed by Sigmund Freud and Winston Churchill, both in their homes in London. In his later years, Land founded the
514:, a close colleague of Edwin Land at Polaroid, wrote: "What was Land like? Knowing him was a unique experience. He was a true visionary; he saw things differently from other people, which is what led him to the idea of instant photography. He was a brilliant, driven man who did not spare himself and who enjoyed working with equally driven people."
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signing ceremony in London. It was signed at a small private ceremony in Land's home in
Cambridge, Mass., attended by his son-in-law; the citations were read by Zeki and Hugh Huxley admitted Land formally to the Society. The other Foreign Member of the Royal Society who also signed the book on the same occasion was
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problem in his head, he lost all motivation to write it down or prove his vision to others. Often his wife, Terre, would extract from him the answers to homework problems, at the prodding of his instructor. She would then write up the homework and hand it in so that he could receive credit and not fail the course.
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to scour the scientific literature for prior work on polarizing substances. His breakthrough came when he realized that, instead of attempting to grow a large single crystal of a polarizing substance, he could manufacture a film with millions of micron-sized polarizing crystals that were coaxed into
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Although he led the
Polaroid Corporation as a chief executive, Land was a scientist first and foremost, and as such made sure that he performed "an experiment each day". Despite holding no formal degree, employees, friends, and the press respected his scientific accomplishments by calling him Dr.
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in 1980. These filters, and especially the long-wave one, were later used to study details of the structure of DNA. Before Land died, Zeki negotiated with the Royal
Society to take a page of the Royal Society Fellows Book for Land to sign in the United States, since he was too ill to attend the
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During his time at
Polaroid, Land was notorious for his marathon research sessions. When Land conceived of an idea, he would experiment and brainstorm until the problem was solved with no breaks of any kind. He needed to have food brought to him and to be reminded to eat. He once wore the same
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Land returned to
Harvard University after developing the polarizing film, but he did not finish his studies or receive a degree. Despite not receiving a college degree, he was still referred to from many as Dr. Land. According to biographer Peter Wensberg, once Land could see the solution to a
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Land often made technical and management decisions based on what he felt was right as both a scientist and a humanist, much to the chagrin of Wall Street and his investors. From the beginning of his professional career, he hired women and trained them to be research scientists. Following the
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In 1932, he established the Land-Wheelwright
Laboratories together with his Harvard physics professor, George Wheelwright III, to commercialize his polarizing technology. Wheelwright came from a family of financial means and agreed to fund the company. After a few early successes developing
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for projecting the entire spectrum of hues with only two colors of projecting light (he later found more specifically that one could achieve the same effect using very narrow bands of 579 nm and 599 nm light). Some of this work was later incorporated in his
Retinex theory of
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before the 1948 Christmas holiday. Polaroid marketers incorrectly guessed that the camera and film would remain in stock long enough to manufacture a second run based on customer demand. All fifty-seven cameras and all of the film were sold on the first day of demonstrations.
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clothes for eighteen consecutive days while solving problems with the commercial production of polarizing film. As the
Polaroid company grew, Land had teams of assistants working in shifts at his side. As one team wore out, the next team was brought in to continue the work.
477:, co-invented with Czech refugee Joseph Mahler, which revealed camouflaged enemy positions in aerial photography. With all this, he was also a consultant to the National Research Defense Committee which focused its efforts on non-governmental scientific research.
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the size of bedroom closets that produced large format (20 x 24 inch) prints. He gave photographers free access to these cameras in return for some of the prints they produced. This practice was continued by the company; the result was
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Beginning in the early years of the Cold War, Land played a major role in the development of photographic reconnaissance and intelligence gathering efforts. Projects included the
Genetrix balloon borne cameras, the
590:, Land developed a new Retinex Theory of color vision. His popular demonstrations of color constancy raised much interest in the concept. He considered his leadership towards the development of integral instant
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583:, in Cambridge, where the Polaroid company headquarters building was located (over a mile west on Memorial Drive from Land Blvd.). Polaroid occupied several buildings in various places in Cambridge.
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366:) and Harry Land, a scrap-metal dealer from a village near Kyiv (Ukraine). Growing up, he was known to take apart household appliances, such as a mantel clock and the family's new
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400:. He was not associated with an educational institution and lacked the tools of a proper laboratory, making this a difficult endeavor, so he would sneak into a laboratory at
381:, a semi-private high school, and graduated in the class of 1927 with honors. The library there was posthumously named for him, having been funded by grants from his family.
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instant movie system was a financial disaster, and he resigned as
Chairman of Polaroid on July 27, 1982. When he retired, he had 535 patents to his name, only surpassed by
648:. The collection, an asset of the Polaroid Corporation, remained intact until 2010 when, in controversial circumstances, it was broken up and put up for sale in lots.
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trademark. Although the initial major application was for sunglasses and scientific work, it quickly found many additional applications: for color animation in the
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495:, it was in commercial sale less than two years later. Polaroid originally manufactured sixty units of this first camera. Fifty-seven were put up for sale at the
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632:. Compiled since the 1970s, the collection grew to between 16,000 and 24,000 photos shot by some of the world's greatest artists and photographers, including
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She is referred to as Matie by McElheny, but Bonanos notes that various sources refer to her as Matha, Matie and Martha.
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in 1973. He was one of the names in Nixon's "political opponents" (following the original top 20 enemies)
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polarizing filters for sunglasses and photographic filters, Land obtained funding from a series of
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A member of the National Commission on Technology, Automation and Economic Progress 1964–66.
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A little more than three years later, on February 21, 1947, Land demonstrated an
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Although Land never received a formal degree, he received honorary degrees from
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went on sale in late 1948 and made it possible for a picture to be taken and
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Zeki, S. (1980). "The representation of colours in the cerebral cortex".
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1351:"Polaroid pioneer Edwin Land pictured the artistic potential in everyone"
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A triumph of genius : Edwin Land, Polaroid, and the Kodak Patent War
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2272:"Generation of Greatness: The Idea of a University in an Age of Science"
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awarded him an honorary doctorate, and Edwin H. Land Blvd., a street in
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The Cultural Award of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Photographie (DGPh)
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781: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2261:"Biographical Memoirs: Edwin Herbert Land May 7, 1909 – March 1, 1991"
2139:". Deutsche Gesellschaft für Photographie e.V.. Accessed 7 March 2017.
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for "the invention, development and marketing of instant photography".
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where he found a vacant lot besides Charles River at Kendall Square.
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In the early 1970s, starting with the previously known phenomenon of
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late at night to use their equipment. He also availed himself of the
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718:(PSAC) 1957–59 and a Consultant-at-Large of PSAC from 1960 to 1973.
551:, Land, and his team helped design the optics of the revolutionary
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Land further developed and produced the sheet polarizers under the
2064:"American Jewish Inductees of the National Inventors Hall of Fame"
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Eyes in the Sky: Eisenhower, the CIA and Cold War Aerial Espionage
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1075:; Daw, N. W. (1962). "Binocular Combination of Projected Images".
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and associated film to the Optical Society of America. Called the
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1835:. Bjp-online.com (British Journal of Photography). Archived from
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2174:"Edwin Land and Instant Photography – American Chemical Society"
1634:"Polaroid | Harvard Business School: Invention of the Polarizer"
1467:"Polaroid | Harvard Business School: Invention of the Polarizer"
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spy plane. He also contributed to the design of the plane with
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Despite the tremendous success of his instant cameras, Land's
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Land, Edwin H. (1977). "The retinex theory of color vision".
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1876:, "The Branding of Polaroid 1957–1977". Retrieved 2006-12-01
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Land's development of instant photography was designated a
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Land resigned from his role as Presidential Advisor during
1974:"Edwin H. Land Is Dead at 81; Inventor of Polaroid Camera"
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American scientist, inventor, and entrepreneur (1909–1991)
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Apparatus for exposing and processing photographic film
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He had an artistic vision. In his laboratory, he built
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Land's Polaroid: a company and the man who invented it
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Land's Polaroid: A Company and the Man Who Invented It
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Land presenting the Polavision home movie system, 1977
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New York Times: "Man who inspired Apple's Steve Jobs"
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Blout, E.R., 1996. "Polaroid: Dreams to Reality" in
1548:"TimesMachine: Saturday March 2, 1991 - NYTimes.com"
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Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
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Insisting on the Impossible: The Life of Edwin Land
311:(May 7, 1909 – March 1, 1991) was an American
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
598:film and camera – to be his crowning achievement.
315:and inventor, best known as the co-founder of the
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995:International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum
616:in 1968, he led Polaroid to the forefront of the
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4638:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
2015:. The Royal Photographic Society. Archived from
2229:Edwin Herbert Land: May 7, 1909 – March 1, 1991
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723:President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board
559:. Also in this decade, Land first discovered a
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1996:The Irish Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons
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1187:"Edwin Herbert Land. 7 May 1909-1 March 1991"
733:Carnegie Commission on Educational Television
6661:Businesspeople from Bridgeport, Connecticut
1992:"Edwin H. Land: Science, and Public Policy"
1889:, The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
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1523:7. National Academies Press, 1947: p. 129.
1416:. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
816:Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain
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223:Helen "Terre" Maislen (m. 1929; 2 children)
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2231:National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.,
2196:Earls, Alan R. and Rohani, Nasrin (2005),
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1446:"Edwin Land – Entrepreneur's Hall of Fame"
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535:. He was a frequent advisor to President
355:Edwin Land was born to Jewish parents in
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
6656:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
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1833:"Instant headache for Polaroid shooters"
1727:. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press.
1587:
1572:
1519:Mervis, Stanley H. "Memorial Tributes."
1374:
1219:
1184:
863:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
539:on photographic reconnaissance matters.
6646:National Medal of Technology recipients
2617:
2339:United States National Medal of Science
2043:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1409:
1398:
1357:
1071:
614:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
6608:
2200:Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, S.C.,
716:President's Science Advisory Committee
6284:
6068:
5167:
5166:
4636:
4046:
3560:
2616:
2352:
2311:
2061:
1967:
1965:
1588:Wensberg, Peter C. (September 1987).
1490:
1488:
1486:
1309:
1180:
1178:
853:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
843:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
837:National Association of Manufacturers
360:
6696:20th-century American businesspeople
6691:American technology company founders
6681:Foreign members of the Royal Society
2129:
1971:
1917:
1874:"The Last Hurrah – Polavision, 1977"
1763:
1656:
1620:"History of Polaroid and Edwin Land"
1494:
779:adding citations to reliable sources
750:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
6651:National Medal of Science laureates
2062:Brody, Seymour (12 December 2008).
1055:National Historic Chemical Landmark
967:1972 Elected an Honorary Member of
518:Contributions to photo intelligence
454:of 1942, for glasses in full-color
409:perfect alignment with each other.
13:
2242:
1962:
1887:"Era Ends as Land Leaves Polaroid"
1689:10.1038/scientificamerican1277-108
1483:
1175:
1025:Washington University in St. Louis
878:1953 elected to the United States
350:
286:Optics, polarization, color vision
14:
6732:
6676:Businesspeople from Massachusetts
6594:Roger Makins, 1st Baron Sherfield
2278:
1793:10.1038/scientificamerican0559-84
1185:Campbell, Fergus William (1994).
1029:Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn
947:1967 The Cultural Award from the
705:
432:investors for further expansion.
6686:Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
6112:List of Polaroid instant cameras
1815:"Enduring power of the Polaroid"
1594:. Houghton Mifflin (T). p.
1509:from the original on 2014-10-06.
755:
23:
6626:20th-century American inventors
2166:
2142:
2105:
2081:
2055:
2031:
2001:
1984:
1911:
1885:Blumstein, Michael (1982-07-28)
1850:
1825:
1807:
1741:
1716:
1703:
1650:
1626:
1612:
1540:
1521:National Academy of Engineering
1513:
1459:
1438:
1065:
982:National Inventors Hall of Fame
963:National Academy of Engineering
900:, the highest award given to a
766:needs additional citations for
691:Land died on March 1, 1991, in
34:needs additional citations for
6469:Michael Augustine Raftery
1413:Instant: The Story of Polaroid
1343:
1303:
1259:
1213:
1127:
949:German Society for Photography
892:American Philosophical Society
542:
1:
3561:
2354:Behavioral and social science
1766:"Experiments in Color Vision"
1410:Bonanos, Christopher (2012).
1140:
916:Industrial Research Institute
898:Presidential Medal of Freedom
833:National Modern Pioneer Award
702:in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
681:Rowland Institute for Science
602:Land. The only exception was
329:in-camera instant photography
327:light, a practical system of
236:Presidential Medal of Freedom
194:Dr. Land, Din (close friends)
2214:Houghton Mifflin, New York,
1872:Giambarba, Paul (2004-09-01)
1097:10.1126/science.138.3540.589
988:National Medal of Technology
926:Case Institute of Technology
880:National Academy of Sciences
435:The company was renamed the
261:National Medal of Technology
7:
6721:Fellows of Optica (society)
1972:Pace, Eric (2 March 1991).
1245:10.1126/science.83.2152.309
1033:University of Massachusetts
416:
267:Fellow of the Royal Society
10:
6737:
6711:20th-century American Jews
6631:Jewish American scientists
6452:Thomas Nelson Marsham
5242:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
2190:
1723:Brugioni, Dino A. (2010).
1050:'s 1,097 American patents.
1013:Carnegie Mellon University
936:Optical Society of America
533:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
420:
339:, among other things. His
319:. He invented inexpensive
6706:Harvard University people
6636:American chief executives
6586:
6540:
6326:
6232:
6201:
6160:
6102:
6004:
5853:
5702:
5523:
5329:
5177:
5173:
5162:
5096:
4998:
4887:
4798:
4719:
4647:
4643:
4632:
4589:
4498:
4390:
4281:
4217:William Hayward Pickering
4162:
4057:
4053:
4042:
3968:
3860:
3714:
3590:
3571:
3567:
3556:
3467:
3276:
3090:
2908:
2764:
2627:
2623:
2612:
2569:
2510:
2422:
2382:
2363:
2359:
2348:
1271:"Obituary: Edwin H. Land"
1160:Science History Institute
1059:American Chemical Society
943:National Medal of Science
922:Albert A. Michelson Award
907:, for his work in optics.
746:
653:Nixon's Watergate scandal
290:
282:
275:
227:
219:
198:
190:
180:
161:
142:
130:
123:
6531:Gordon Richard Wray
5666:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
5112:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
2743:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
2266:National Academies Press
2150:"Edwin H. Land | Optica"
1764:Land, Edwin (May 1959).
1120:
693:Cambridge, Massachusetts
686:
577:Cambridge, Massachusetts
173:Cambridge, Massachusetts
6475:Vulimiri Ramalingaswami
4977:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
2895:George Ledyard Stebbins
2816:James Augustine Shannon
2210:Wensberg, P. C. (1987)
993:1991 inducted into the
980:1977 inducted into the
630:the Polaroid Collection
605:The Wall Street Journal
406:New York Public Library
396:light, which he called
357:Bridgeport, Connecticut
347:in 60 seconds or less.
341:Polaroid instant camera
154:Bridgeport, Connecticut
6558:Antonio Garcia-Bellido
6500:Charles J. M. Stirling
5434:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
5421:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
4377:Harry George Drickamer
4323:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
3997:M. Frederick Hawthorne
3871:John D. Baldeschwieler
3111:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
2793:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
2248:Bonanos, Christopher,
1310:Fierstein, Ronald K.,
1206:10.1098/rsbm.1994.0035
384:He studied physics at
6480:Peter Richardson
6025:Sylvester James Gates
5411:William Alfred Fowler
5393:Robert Rathbun Wilson
5206:Robert Burns Woodward
4018:Geraldine L. Richmond
3766:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
3049:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
2978:Vernon B. Mountcastle
2834:Sterling B. Hendricks
2651:Marshall W. Nirenberg
2646:Theodosius Dobzhansky
2494:William Julius Wilson
2259:McElheny, Victor K.,
1711:The Power of Boldness
953:Henri Cartier-Bresson
886:Howard N. Potts Medal
822:Elliott Cresson Medal
700:Mount Auburn Cemetery
185:Mount Auburn Cemetery
6666:Polaroid Corporation
6641:Corporate executives
6520:Elizabeth Warrington
6096:Polaroid Corporation
5996:Warren M. Washington
5960:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
5869:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
5814:Martin Schwarzschild
5595:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
5587:J. Robert Schrieffer
5557:E. Margaret Burbidge
5401:Nicolaas Bloembergen
5378:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
5257:Vladimir K. Zworykin
5009:John Griggs Thompson
4932:Martin David Kruskal
4772:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
4245:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
4199:Ralph Brazelton Peck
4154:Jack St. Clair Kilby
4081:John Robinson Pierce
4048:Engineering sciences
3979:Jacqueline K. Barton
3834:George M. Whitesides
3753:Dudley R. Herschbach
3691:Richard B. Bernstein
3660:Walter H. Stockmayer
3208:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
3139:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
3029:Stanley Norman Cohen
3016:Rita Levi-Montalcini
2852:Keith Roberts Porter
2715:Alfred H. Sturtevant
2710:Michael Heidelberger
2682:Fritz Albert Lipmann
2285:Land with Self Photo
2117:search.amphilsoc.org
2113:"APS Member History"
2039:"Edwin Herbert Land"
1990:Garwin, Richard L.,
1497:"Edwin Herbert Land"
890:1957 elected to the
841:1943 elected to the
775:improve this article
625:giant studio cameras
537:Dwight D. Eisenhower
499:department store in
482:Santa Fe, New Mexico
437:Polaroid Corporation
423:Polaroid Corporation
379:Norwich, Connecticut
375:Norwich Free Academy
317:Polaroid Corporation
43:improve this article
6360:Dennis Chapman
6046:Shirley Ann Jackson
5965:Charles P. Slichter
5809:Marshall Rosenbluth
5801:Wallace S. Broecker
5754:Eugene M. Shoemaker
5515:Victor F. Weisskopf
5462:Herbert S. Gutowsky
5444:Edgar Bright Wilson
5285:George Kistiakowsky
4903:Stephen Cole Kleene
4414:George H. Heilmeier
4401:Mildred Dresselhaus
4292:Edward H. Heinemann
4222:Frederick E. Terman
4186:Richard T. Whitcomb
4107:Clarence L. Johnson
4068:Theodore von Kármán
3955:Stephen J. Benkovic
3934:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
3921:Marvin H. Caruthers
3876:Ralph F. Hirschmann
3816:Darleane C. Hoffman
3706:Harden M. McConnell
3647:Frank H. Westheimer
3459:Stanley B. Prusiner
3423:Robert J. Lefkowitz
3182:Howard Martin Temin
3039:Maurice R. Hilleman
3034:Joseph L. Goldstein
2973:Donald A. Henderson
2890:Earl Reece Stadtman
2875:Elizabeth C. Crosby
2839:Orville Alvin Vogel
2669:Donald D. Van Slyke
2618:Biological sciences
2225:McElheny, Victor K.
1932:1980Natur.284..412Z
1785:1959SciAm.200e..84L
1773:Scientific American
1671:1977SciAm.237f.108L
1638:www.library.hbs.edu
1471:www.library.hbs.edu
1376:McElheny, Victor K.
1353:. 12 December 2019.
1287:1992PhT....45d.106B
1237:1936Sci....83..309L
1089:1962Sci...138..589L
1061:on August 13, 2015.
1037:Brandeis University
1009:Columbia University
969:The Optical Society
932:Frederic Ives Medal
402:Columbia University
255:Harold Pender Award
211:Land instant camera
6701:American inventors
6553:Albert Eschenmoser
6515:David Wallace
6495:Michael Smith
6401:Martin Fleischmann
6354:Geoffrey Burnstock
5918:G. Brent Dalrymple
5736:Arthur L. Schawlow
5643:James A. Van Allen
5534:Philip W. Anderson
5490:Richard P. Feynman
5416:Linus Carl Pauling
5051:Dennis P. Sullivan
4608:John B. Goodenough
4541:Edwin N. Lightfoot
4509:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
4490:Kenneth N. Stevens
4258:Raymond D. Mindlin
4181:Harold E. Edgerton
4026:A. Paul Alivisatos
3905:Stephen J. Lippard
3884:Ernest R. Davidson
3821:Harold S. Johnston
3655:William S. Johnson
3619:George C. Pimentel
3454:Susan L. Lindquist
3436:Francis S. Collins
3330:Victor A. McKusick
3305:Francisco J. Ayala
3287:Nancy C. Andreasen
3237:Robert A. Weinberg
3011:Har Gobind Khorana
2996:Michael E. DeBakey
2983:George Emil Palade
2955:Wendell L. Roelofs
2945:Howard L. Bachrach
2775:Barbara McClintock
2677:Edward F. Knipling
2254:The New York Times
2019:on 17 October 2014
1978:The New York Times
1552:The New York Times
1495:McElheny, Victor.
1155:"SCI Perkin Medal"
1001:Harvard University
826:Franklin Institute
618:affirmative action
573:Harvard University
373:Land attended the
297:Edwin Herbert Land
147:Edwin Herbert Land
6603:
6602:
6416:John Rodney Guest
6406:C. Robin Ganellin
6278:
6277:
6265:Polaroid transfer
6062:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6053:
5991:Esther M. Conwell
5931:Robert N. Clayton
5923:Riccardo Giacconi
5887:Raymond Davis Jr.
5775:Albert Overhauser
5718:Edwin M. McMillan
5679:Arnold O. Beckman
5656:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
5633:Paul C. Lauterbur
5610:Robert Hofstadter
5562:Maurice Goldhaber
5549:Charles H. Townes
5500:Edward M. Purcell
5467:Frederick Rossini
5321:Wolfgang Panofsky
5252:John H. Van Vleck
5168:Physical sciences
5158:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5120:Solomon W. Golomb
5080:Andrew J. Viterbi
5075:Leonard Kleinrock
5022:Calyampudi R. Rao
4990:Ronald R. Coifman
4898:George F. Carrier
4879:Donald C. Spencer
4874:Saunders Mac Lane
4809:Marshall H. Stone
4759:Shiing-Shen Chern
4666:Solomon Lefschetz
4628:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4565:David J. Wineland
4533:John M. Prausnitz
4474:C. Kumar N. Patel
4469:James L. Flanagan
4437:John Roy Whinnery
4424:H. Guyford Stever
4406:Nick Holonyak Jr.
4369:George W. Housner
4364:Willis M. Hawkins
4359:Daniel C. Drucker
4341:Robert Byron Bird
4333:Bernard M. Oliver
4240:Peter C. Goldmark
4227:Wernher von Braun
4173:George E. Mueller
4146:Nathan M. Newmark
4141:J. Presper Eckert
4120:Claude E. Shannon
4089:Charles S. Draper
4038:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4005:Judith P. Klinman
3889:Gábor A. Somorjai
3800:Isabella L. Karle
3787:George S. Hammond
3748:Gertrude B. Elion
3701:Rudolph A. Marcus
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3478:Ralph L. Brinster
3397:Torsten N. Wiesel
3374:Norman E. Borlaug
3361:Solomon H. Snyder
3356:J. Michael Bishop
3315:Mario R. Capecchi
3195:Salome G. Waelsch
3126:E. Donnall Thomas
3001:Theodor O. Diener
2900:Paul Alfred Weiss
2728:Bernard B. Brodie
2664:George G. Simpson
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2553:Michael I. Posner
2454:Eleanor J. Gibson
2406:George J. Stigler
2374:Neal Elgar Miller
2256:, October 7, 2011
2093:www.nasonline.org
1926:(5755): 412–418.
1750:WWII and Cold War
1734:978-1-59114-082-5
1605:978-0-395-42114-7
1529:978-0-309-05146-0
1423:978-1-61689-158-9
1323:978-1-4945-7947-0
1296:10.1063/1.2809638
1083:(3540): 589–590.
807:
806:
799:
738:A Trustee of the
592:color photography
480:On a vacation to
462:, and many more.
294:
293:
277:Scientific career
119:
118:
111:
93:
6728:
6671:Color scientists
6490:Raymond Smallman
6458:William Mitchell
6366:John Clarke
6305:
6298:
6291:
6282:
6281:
6132:Land Camera 1000
6089:
6082:
6075:
6066:
6065:
5874:Gilbert F. White
5819:George Wetherill
5713:Allan M. Cormack
5671:Jack Steinberger
5651:D. Allan Bromley
5600:H. Richard Crane
5577:Frederick Reines
5567:Helmut Landsberg
5482:George Uhlenbeck
5383:Vladimir Haensel
5345:Allan R. Sandage
5316:Herbert C. Brown
5298:Herbert Friedman
5224:Leon M. Lederman
5196:Julian Schwinger
5175:
5174:
5164:
5163:
5133:Alexandre Chorin
5107:Richard A. Tapia
5088:David B. Mumford
4916:Alberto Calderón
4861:Joseph B. Keller
4848:Michael Freedman
4817:Herman Goldstine
4671:H. Marston Morse
4645:
4644:
4634:
4633:
4573:Rudolf E. Kálmán
4557:Robert S. Langer
4549:Jan D. Achenbach
4382:Herbert E. Grier
4133:Igor I. Sikorsky
4094:Othmar H. Ammann
4055:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4010:Jerrold Meinwald
3779:Norman Hackerman
3758:Glenn T. Seaborg
3673:William O. Baker
3601:F. Albert Cotton
3569:
3568:
3558:
3557:
3535:Mary-Claire King
3428:Bert W. O'Malley
3384:Thomas E. Starzl
3379:Phillip A. Sharp
3366:Charles Yanofsky
3348:Evelyn M. Witkin
3343:James E. Darnell
3169:Paul C. Zamecnik
3134:Mary Ellen Avery
3106:Herbert W. Boyer
3101:Baruj Benacerraf
3072:Joshua Lederberg
3062:Viktor Hamburger
3024:Michael S. Brown
2870:Robert H. Burris
2625:
2624:
2614:
2613:
2561:Mortimer Mishkin
2486:William K. Estes
2470:Roger N. Shepard
2462:Robert K. Merton
2446:George A. Miller
2393:Herbert A. Simon
2361:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2146:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2005:
1999:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1940:10.1038/284412a0
1915:
1909:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1821:. June 22, 2010.
1811:
1805:
1804:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1682:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1585:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1544:
1538:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1501:
1492:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1407:
1396:
1395:
1372:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1151:
1134:
1131:
1116:
1046:, compared with
1039:and many others.
875:of Great Britain
873:Physical Society
802:
795:
791:
788:
782:
759:
751:
731:A member of the
725:(PFIAB) 1961–77.
721:A member of the
714:A member of the
698:He is buried in
561:two-color system
365:
239:
191:Other names
168:
135:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6599:
6582:
6536:
6441:Chris J. Leaver
6381:Simon Donaldson
6334:Roy M. Anderson
6322:
6309:
6279:
6274:
6228:
6197:
6156:
6098:
6093:
6063:
6050:
6038:Sean C. Solomon
6000:
5952:Daniel Kleppner
5944:Lonnie Thompson
5939:Ralph A. Alpher
5905:W. Jason Morgan
5892:Charles Keeling
5882:Marvin L. Cohen
5849:
5832:John N. Bahcall
5827:Don L. Anderson
5793:Peter Goldreich
5746:Steven Weinberg
5698:
5628:Walter Elsasser
5605:Herman Feshbach
5519:
5457:Samuel Goudsmit
5449:Chien-Shiung Wu
5388:Frederick Seitz
5355:John A. Wheeler
5340:Robert H. Dicke
5325:
5188:Luis W. Alvarez
5169:
5150:
5138:David Blackwell
5092:
5043:Carl R. de Boor
5014:Karen Uhlenbeck
4994:
4948:Louis Nirenberg
4883:
4856:Ralph E. Gomory
4794:
4790:Donald E. Knuth
4777:Hassler Whitney
4715:
4639:
4620:
4585:
4517:Andreas Acrivos
4494:
4482:Eli Ruckenstein
4461:Hermann A. Haus
4432:Calvin F. Quate
4419:Luna B. Leopold
4386:
4277:
4263:Robert N. Noyce
4253:Emmett N. Leith
4212:Manson Benedict
4194:Rudolf Kompfner
4158:
4112:Warren K. Lewis
4049:
4030:
3964:
3926:Peter B. Dervan
3897:John I. Brauman
3856:
3808:Norman Davidson
3735:John D. Roberts
3710:
3678:Konrad E. Bloch
3624:Richard N. Zare
3586:
3563:
3544:
3501:Sallie Chisholm
3483:Rudolf Jaenisch
3463:
3446:J. Craig Venter
3405:Rita R. Colwell
3272:
3258:David Baltimore
3149:Robert W. Kates
3121:David G. Nathan
3116:Edward B. Lewis
3086:
3082:Harland G. Wood
3077:Roger W. Sperry
2932:Glenn W. Burton
2904:
2880:Arthur Kornberg
2847:Roger Guillemin
2824:Hallowell Davis
2788:Daniel I. Arnon
2780:Albert B. Sabin
2760:
2733:Detlev W. Bronk
2705:Harry F. Harlow
2700:Kenneth S. Cole
2687:William C. Rose
2659:Francis P. Rous
2619:
2600:
2565:
2545:Gordon H. Bower
2506:
2502:Robert M. Solow
2418:
2414:Milton Friedman
2378:
2355:
2344:
2336:
2296:
2281:
2245:
2243:Further reading
2193:
2188:
2187:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2119:
2111:
2110:
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2089:"Edwin H. Land"
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1989:
1985:
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1859:Political Views
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1384:. Basic Books.
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1267:Berg, Howard C.
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1017:Willams College
1005:Yale University
828:of Philadelphia
803:
792:
786:
783:
772:
760:
749:
740:Ford Foundation
708:
689:
588:color constancy
545:
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386:Harvard College
364: Goldfaden
353:
351:Life and career
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206:Polarizing film
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58:"Edwin H. Land"
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6446:George Lorimer
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6396:Peter Fellgett
6393:
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6245:Instant camera
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6233:Related topics
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6202:Other products
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5582:Bruno B. Rossi
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4764:George Dantzig
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4754:John W. Backus
4751:
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4730:Richard Brauer
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3960:Marye Anne Fox
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3325:Gene E. Likens
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2801:Britton Chance
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2596:Albert Bandura
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2529:R. Duncan Luce
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2478:Paul Samuelson
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2438:Patrick Suppes
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2279:External links
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1779:(5): 286–298.
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1281:(4): 106–108.
1269:(April 1992).
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959:Founders Medal
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706:Public service
704:
688:
685:
581:Memorial Drive
549:James G. Baker
547:In the 1950s,
544:
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489:instant camera
421:Main article:
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169:(aged 81)
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6614:
6613:
6611:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6568:Edwin H. Land
6566:
6564:
6563:Joseph Keller
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6485:Harold Ridley
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6464:
6463:Keith Moffatt
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6431:Alec Jeffreys
6429:
6427:
6426:Werner Israel
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6376:Richard Dixon
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6316:Royal Society
6313:
6306:
6301:
6299:
6294:
6292:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6255:Polaroid B.V.
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6240:Edwin H. Land
6238:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6090:
6085:
6083:
6078:
6076:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6003:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5978:James E. Gunn
5976:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5910:Edward Witten
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5728:Roger Revelle
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5694:Henry Stommel
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5684:Eugene Parker
5682:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5544:Edward Teller
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5510:Lyman Spitzer
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5429:Hans A. Bethe
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5373:Maurice Ewing
5371:
5369:
5368:Carl Djerassi
5366:
5363:
5361:
5360:Saul Winstein
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5308:Eugene Wigner
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5293:Paul Bartlett
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5280:Louis Hammett
5278:
5276:
5275:Gregory Breit
5273:
5271:
5270:Francis Birch
5268:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5229:William Rubey
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5161:
5147:
5146:Michael Artin
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5059:Bradley Efron
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4985:Felix Browder
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4961:Stephen Smale
4959:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:John McCarthy
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:Samuel Karlin
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:Oscar Zariski
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4635:
4631:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Ray W. Clough
4451:
4448:
4446:
4445:Alfred Y. Cho
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:John G. Trump
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4128:Edwin H. Land
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:Vannevar Bush
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4041:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:Allen J. Bard
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:JoAnne Stubbe
3945:
3943:
3942:Joanna Fowler
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3852:Susan Solomon
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:Melvin Calvin
3694:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:Yuan Tseh Lee
3635:
3633:
3632:Harry B. Gray
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3606:Gilbert Stork
3604:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3555:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Bruce Alberts
3512:
3510:
3509:May Berenbaum
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:Lubert Stryer
3413:
3411:
3410:Nina Fedoroff
3408:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:Anthony Fauci
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:Harold Varmus
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3268:Lynn Margulis
3266:
3264:
3263:Jared Diamond
3261:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Thomas Eisner
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:Maxine Singer
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:Paul A. Marks
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3095:
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3089:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Stanley Cohen
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
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2920:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:Efraim Racker
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:James V. Neel
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:Horace Barker
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:Sewall Wright
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2611:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Anne Treisman
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:Kenneth Arrow
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2439:
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2401:Anne Anastasi
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2237:0-309-06644-1
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2220:0-395-42114-4
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2203:
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2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1997:
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1987:
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1968:
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1853:
1839:on 2012-11-06
1838:
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1275:Physics Today
1272:
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1231:(2152): 309.
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1056:
1052:
1049:
1048:Thomas Edison
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:Tufts College
1018:
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1006:
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989:
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951:(DGPh), with
950:
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889:
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883:
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877:
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869:Duddell Medal
866:
864:
860:
856:
854:
850:
849:Rumford Medal
846:
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840:
838:
834:
830:
827:
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819:
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813:
809:
808:
801:
798:
790:
787:February 2017
780:
776:
770:
769:
764:This section
762:
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673:
669:
668:Elihu Thomson
665:
664:Thomas Edison
661:
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557:Kelly Johnson
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410:
407:
403:
399:
398:Polaroid film
395:
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390:New York City
387:
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186:
183:
181:Resting place
179:
174:
165:March 1, 1991
164:
160:
155:
145:
141:
134:
129:
125:Edwin H. Land
122:
113:
110:
102:
99:February 2018
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
6578:Vivian Fuchs
6573:Shosaku Numa
6567:
6529:
6525:Allan Wilson
6505:John Sulston
6467:
6450:
6421:Gabriel Horn
6358:
6339:John Argyris
6250:Instant film
6239:
6020:Sandra Faber
6015:Sidney Drell
5845:Leo Kadanoff
5840:James Cronin
5788:Hans Dehmelt
5723:Robert Pound
5689:Robert Sharp
5505:John Sinfelt
5472:Verner Suomi
5439:Lewis Sarett
5303:Lars Onsager
5247:Henry Eyring
5214:John Bardeen
4956:Richard Karp
4924:Allen Newell
4703:Jerzy Neyman
4328:Tung-Yen Lin
4305:Bill Hewlett
4235:Morris Cohen
4127:
3829:John W. Cahn
3730:Karl Folkers
3491:Lucy Shapiro
3441:Elaine Fuchs
3320:Ann Graybiel
3250:Janet Rowley
3232:James Watson
3224:Ruth Patrick
3067:Philip Leder
2937:Mildred Cohn
2885:Severo Ochoa
2862:E. O. Wilson
2302:
2290:
2289:
2264:
2253:
2228:
2211:
2197:
2177:. Retrieved
2168:
2157:. Retrieved
2153:
2144:
2131:
2120:. Retrieved
2116:
2107:
2096:. Retrieved
2092:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2067:
2057:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2017:the original
2012:
2009:"Hood Medal"
2003:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1903:
1881:
1868:
1858:
1852:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:the original
1827:
1818:
1809:
1776:
1772:
1759:
1749:
1743:
1724:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1641:. Retrieved
1637:
1628:
1614:
1590:
1563:. Retrieved
1551:
1542:
1520:
1515:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:
1461:
1450:. Retrieved
1440:
1412:
1380:
1345:
1335:, retrieved
1312:
1305:
1278:
1274:
1261:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1196:
1190:
1165:. Retrieved
1163:. 2016-05-31
1158:
1149:
1129:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:Bibliography
1042:He held 535
859:Holley Medal
793:
784:
773:Please help
768:verification
765:
709:
697:
690:
671:
657:
650:
642:Robert Frank
622:
610:
603:
600:
585:
570:
566:color vision
553:Lockheed U-2
546:
521:
510:
506:
497:Jordan Marsh
486:
479:
467:World War II
464:
456:stereoscopic
450:850 Peacock
441:
434:
426:
411:
383:
372:
359:, to Matie (
354:
337:color vision
296:
295:
276:
249:Perkin Medal
167:(1991-03-01)
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
6621:1991 deaths
6616:1909 births
6510:Jean Thomas
6411:Adrian Gill
6386:John Dowell
6349:Alec Broers
6260:MiNT camera
6117:Land Camera
5973:Berni Alder
5780:Frank Press
5661:Walter Kohn
5638:George Pake
5572:Walter Munk
5495:Herman Mark
5477:Henry Taube
5265:Jesse Beams
5219:Peter Debye
5201:Harold Urey
5125:Barry Mazur
4687:John Milnor
4581:Amnon Yariv
4525:Leo Beranek
4351:Ernst Weber
4204:Abel Wolman
3795:Thomas Cech
3725:Elkan Blout
3665:Max Tishler
3582:Roger Adams
3540:Simon Levin
3006:Harry Eagle
2829:Paul Gyorgy
2521:Gary Becker
2298:US2,435,720
1221:Land, E. H.
1199:: 196–219.
1073:Land, E. H.
646:Andy Warhol
638:Chuck Close
634:Ansel Adams
543:Later years
525:U-2 program
512:Elkan Blout
493:Land Camera
471:smart bombs
430:Wall Street
150:May 7, 1909
6610:Categories
6587:Statute 12
6548:Piet Borst
6436:Allen Kerr
6344:Ian Axford
6214:Polavision
6168:Polachrome
5767:Vera Rubin
5406:Paul Flory
5067:Hyman Bass
4940:John Cocke
4843:Raoul Bott
4746:Kurt Gödel
4738:John Tukey
4695:Paul Cohen
4310:George Low
4273:Simon Ramo
3496:Leroy Hood
3297:Carl Woese
3245:Bruce Ames
2756:Ernst Mayr
2179:2015-08-19
2159:2024-07-17
2122:2022-12-19
2098:2022-12-19
2073:11 October
2048:2022-12-19
2023:11 October
1904:Retirement
1843:2013-08-24
1643:2021-03-29
1565:2024-08-31
1476:2021-03-29
1452:2013-08-24
1448:. Ltbn.com
1337:2020-10-03
1141:References
812:Hood Medal
742:1967–1975.
710:Land was:
677:Ed Purcell
660:Polavision
620:movement.
475:Vectograph
394:polarizing
368:gramophone
335:theory of
331:, and the
325:polarizing
69:newspapers
6219:Polarizer
6188:Polascope
6183:Polagraph
5762:Val Fitch
4830:Peter Lax
4600:Shu Chien
3847:John Ross
3562:Chemistry
2950:Paul Berg
2342:laureates
1675:CiteSeerX
1560:0362-4331
1432:819546343
1332:904140722
924:from the
914:from the
912:IRI Medal
571:In 1957,
448:Wurlitzer
439:in 1937.
345:developed
313:scientist
243:IRI Medal
6318:elected
6178:Polablue
5741:Ed Stone
2738:Jay Lush
2198:Polaroid
2068:fau.edu/
1819:BBC News
1801:13646648
1504:Archived
1378:(1998).
1253:17749392
1167:24 March
1113:26080709
1105:17832004
735:1966–67.
444:Polaroid
417:Polaroid
301:ForMemRS
6541:Foreign
6327:Fellows
6320:in 1986
6314:of the
6312:Fellows
6224:Eyewear
6209:Palette
6193:Type 55
6173:Polapan
6137:Impulse
6122:Swinger
6104:Cameras
2291:Patents
2227:(1999)
2191:Sources
2013:rps.org
1956:4310049
1948:6767195
1928:Bibcode
1781:Bibcode
1667:Bibcode
1659:Sci. Am
1283:Bibcode
1233:Bibcode
1225:Science
1085:Bibcode
1077:Science
1057:by the
1044:patents
934:by the
905:citizen
814:of the
465:During
452:jukebox
333:retinex
321:filters
309:Hon.MRI
83:scholar
6596:
6142:i-Zone
2235:
2218:
2204:
1998:, 1993
1954:
1946:
1920:Nature
1799:
1731:
1697:929159
1695:
1677:
1602:
1558:
1527:
1430:
1420:
1388:
1330:
1320:
1251:
1111:
1103:
747:Honors
672:Nature
594:– the
529:Corona
501:Boston
283:Fields
263:(1988)
257:(1979)
251:(1974)
245:(1965)
238:(1963)
228:Awards
220:Spouse
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
6161:Films
6147:20×24
6127:SX-70
6005:2010s
5854:2000s
5703:1990s
5524:1980s
5330:1970s
5178:1960s
5097:2010s
4999:2000s
4888:1990s
4799:1980s
4720:1970s
4648:1960s
4590:2010s
4499:2000s
4391:1990s
4282:1980s
4163:1970s
4058:1960s
3969:2010s
3861:2000s
3715:1990s
3591:1980s
3572:1960s
3468:2010s
3277:2000s
3091:1990s
2909:1980s
2765:1970s
2628:1960s
2570:2010s
2511:2000s
2423:1990s
2383:1980s
2364:1960s
1952:S2CID
1769:(PDF)
1507:(PDF)
1500:(PDF)
1121:Notes
1109:S2CID
986:1988
974:1974
957:1972
941:1967
930:1967
920:1966
910:1965
896:1963
884:1956
867:1949
857:1948
847:1945
831:1940
820:1938
810:1935
687:Death
596:SX-70
90:JSTOR
76:books
6270:Zink
6152:Z340
6042:2014
6029:2012
6011:2011
5982:2009
5969:2008
5956:2007
5948:2006
5935:2005
5927:2004
5914:2003
5896:2002
5878:2001
5860:2000
5836:1999
5823:1998
5805:1997
5797:1996
5784:1995
5771:1994
5758:1993
5750:1992
5732:1991
5709:1990
5675:1989
5647:1988
5619:1987
5591:1986
5553:1983
5530:1982
5486:1979
5453:1976
5425:1975
5397:1974
5364:1973
5336:1970
5312:1969
5289:1968
5261:1967
5233:1966
5210:1965
5192:1964
5184:1963
5142:2013
5129:2012
5116:2011
5103:2010
5084:2009
5071:2007
5063:2006
5055:2005
5047:2004
5039:2003
5031:2002
5018:2001
5005:2000
4981:1999
4973:1998
4965:1997
4952:1996
4944:1995
4936:1994
4928:1993
4920:1992
4912:1991
4894:1990
4865:1989
4852:1988
4839:1987
4826:1986
4813:1983
4805:1982
4781:1979
4768:1976
4750:1975
4742:1974
4734:1973
4726:1970
4707:1969
4699:1968
4691:1967
4683:1966
4675:1965
4662:1964
4654:1963
4612:2012
4604:2011
4596:2010
4577:2009
4569:2008
4561:2007
4553:2006
4545:2005
4537:2004
4529:2003
4521:2002
4513:2001
4505:2000
4486:1999
4478:1998
4465:1996
4457:1995
4449:1994
4441:1993
4428:1992
4410:1991
4397:1990
4373:1989
4355:1988
4337:1987
4319:1986
4301:1983
4288:1982
4249:1979
4231:1976
4208:1975
4190:1974
4177:1973
4169:1970
4150:1969
4137:1968
4124:1967
4116:1966
4098:1965
4085:1964
4072:1963
4064:1962
4022:2014
4014:2013
4001:2012
3988:2011
3975:2010
3951:2009
3938:2008
3930:2007
3917:2006
3909:2005
3901:2004
3893:2002
3880:2001
3867:2000
3838:1999
3825:1998
3812:1997
3804:1996
3791:1995
3783:1994
3770:1993
3762:1992
3739:1991
3721:1990
3687:1989
3669:1988
3651:1987
3628:1986
3610:1983
3597:1982
3578:1964
3526:2014
3518:2013
3505:2012
3487:2011
3474:2010
3450:2009
3432:2008
3419:2007
3401:2006
3388:2005
3370:2004
3352:2003
3339:2002
3301:2001
3283:2000
3254:1999
3241:1998
3228:1997
3220:1996
3212:1995
3199:1994
3186:1993
3173:1992
3130:1991
3097:1990
3053:1989
3020:1988
2992:1987
2964:1986
2941:1983
2923:1982
2915:1981
2866:1979
2843:1976
2820:1975
2797:1974
2784:1973
2771:1970
2747:1969
2719:1968
2696:1967
2673:1966
2655:1965
2642:1964
2634:1963
2592:2015
2584:2014
2576:2011
2557:2009
2549:2008
2541:2005
2533:2004
2525:2003
2517:2000
2498:1999
2490:1998
2482:1997
2474:1996
2466:1995
2458:1994
2450:1992
2442:1991
2429:1990
2410:1988
2397:1987
2389:1986
2370:1964
2233:ISBN
2216:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2075:2014
2025:2014
1944:PMID
1797:PMID
1729:ISBN
1693:PMID
1600:ISBN
1556:ISSN
1525:ISBN
1428:OCLC
1418:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1328:OCLC
1318:ISBN
1249:PMID
1169:2018
1101:PMID
902:U.S.
666:and
644:and
460:LCDs
323:for
305:FRPS
175:, US
162:Died
156:, US
143:Born
62:news
1936:doi
1924:284
1789:doi
1777:200
1685:doi
1663:237
1596:258
1532:doi
1291:doi
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1087::
971:.
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