Egyptian temple - Knowledge

2920: 2900: 1870: 2448: 3159:, which most of the time was far out of step with the astronomical year. Thus, while many festivals had a seasonal origin, their timing lost its connection with the seasons. Most festivals took place at a single temple, but others could involve two or more temples or an entire region of Egypt; a few were celebrated throughout the country. In the New Kingdom and later, the festival calendar at a single temple could include dozens of events, so it is likely that most of these events were observed only by the priests. In those festivals that involved a procession outside the temple, the local population also gathered to watch and to celebrate. These were the most elaborate temple ceremonies, accompanied by the recitation of hymns and the performance of musicians. 2202: 3074: 3371:, so temples built of limestone were almost all dismantled. Sandstone temples, found mostly in Upper Egypt, were more likely to survive. What humans left intact was still subject to natural weathering. Temples in desert areas could be partly covered by drifts of sand, while those near the Nile, particularly in Lower Egypt, were often buried under layers of river-borne silt. Thus, some major temple sites like Memphis were reduced to ruin, while many temples far from the Nile and centers of population remained mostly intact. With the understanding of the hieroglyphic script lost, the information about Egyptian culture that was preserved in the surviving temples lay incomprehensible to the world. 2087: 2023: 2302: 3328:

portions of the temple offerings to sustain the donors' spirits. Other statues served as gifts to the temple god, and inscribed stelae conveyed to the resident deity the donors' prayers and messages of thanks. Over the centuries, so many of these statues accumulated within a temple building that priests sometimes moved them out of the way by burying them in caches beneath the floor. Commoners offered simple wooden or clay models as votives. The form of these models may indicate the reason for their donation. Figurines of women are among the most common types of votive figures, and some are inscribed with a prayer for a woman to bear a child.

2980: 1939:, one of the first measures of the Roman rulers was to implement a reform on land possession and taxation. The Egyptian temples, as important landowners, were made to either pay rent to the government for the land they owned or surrender that land to the state in exchange for a government stipend. However, the temples and priests continued to enjoy privileges under Roman rule, e.g., exemption from taxes and compulsory services. On the official level, the leading officials of the temples became part of the Roman ruling apparatus by, for example, collecting taxes and examining charges against priests for violating sacral law. 2884: 1932:

long dead. The most drastic means of controlling the temple estates was to completely revise the distribution of their property nationwide, which might extend to closing down certain temples. Such changes could significantly alter Egypt's economic landscape. The temples were thus important instruments with which the king managed the nation's resources and its people. As the direct overseers of their own economic sphere, the administrations of large temples wielded considerable influence and may have posed a challenge to the authority of a weak pharaoh, although it is unclear how independent they were.

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The priests were therefore subject to the king's authority, and he had the right to appoint anyone he wished to the priesthood. In fact, in the Old and Middle Kingdoms, most priests were government officials who left their secular duties for part of the year to serve the temple in shifts. Once the priesthood became more professional, the king seems to have used his power over appointments mainly for the highest-ranking positions, usually to reward a favorite official with a job or to intervene for political reasons in the affairs of an important cult. Lesser appointments he delegated to his

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the mythical geography already present in the temple's architecture. Images of rituals served to reinforce the rituals' magical effect and to perpetuate that effect even if the rituals ceased to be performed. Because of their religious nature, these decorations showed an idealized version of reality, emblematic of the temple's purpose rather than real events. For instance, the king was shown performing most rituals, while priests, if depicted, were secondary. It was unimportant that he was rarely present for these ceremonies; it was his role as an intermediary with the gods that mattered.

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Egyptian society. In the Greco-Roman period, priestly offices continued to be advantageous. Especially in rural areas, Egyptian priests distinguished themselves from other inhabitants by means of income and privileges attached to priestly offices, but also by their education in reading and writing. High-ranking offices were, still, so lucrative that some priests fought over their occupation in lengthy court cases. However, that may have changed in the later Roman period, when Egypt was subject to large-scale processes of economic, social, cultural and religious change.

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questioned whether the processions inspired genuine "religious feelings" or were simply seen as occasions for revelry. In any case, the oracular events during festivals provided an opportunity for people to receive responses from the normally isolated deities, as did the other varieties of oracle that developed late in Egyptian history. Temples eventually became a venue for yet another type of divine contact: dreams. The Egyptians saw dreaming as a means of communion with the divine realm, and by the Ptolemaic period many temples provided buildings for

2627: 2556: 3299:. In the Greco-Roman period, and possibly much earlier, oracles were used outside the festival, allowing people to consult them frequently. Priests interpreted the movements of sacred animals or, being asked questions directly, wrote out or spoke answers that they had supposedly received from the god in question. The priests' claim to speak for the gods or interpret their messages gave them great political influence and provided the means for the High Priests of Amun to dominate Upper Egypt during the Third Intermediate Period. 1721: 3174:. Many of these ceremonies took place only within the temple building, such as the "union with the sun disk" festival practiced in the Late Period and afterward, when cult statues were carried to the temple roof at the start of the New Year to be enlivened by the rays of the sun. In festivals that involved a procession, priests carried the divine image out from the sanctuary, usually in its model barque, to visit another site. The barque might travel entirely on land or be loaded onto a real boat to travel on the river. 22: 2779: 2693: 2357:. Most Egyptian towns had a temple, but in some cases, as with mortuary temples or the temples in Nubia, the temple was a new foundation on previously empty land. The exact site of a temple was often chosen for religious reasons; it might, for example, be the mythical birthplace or burial place of a god. The temple axis might also be designed to align with locations of religious significance, such as the site of a neighboring temple or the rising place of the sun or particular stars. The Great Temple of 2811:. The lowest registers were decorated with plants representing the primeval marsh, while the ceilings and tops of walls were decorated with stars and flying birds to represent the sky. Illustrations of rituals, surrounded by text related to the rituals, often filled the middle and upper registers. Courts and exterior walls often recorded the king's military exploits. The pylon showed the "smiting scene", a motif in which the king strikes down his enemies, symbolizing the defeat of the forces of chaos. 1629:, the divine order of the universe. Housing and caring for the gods were the obligations of pharaohs, who therefore dedicated prodigious resources to temple construction and maintenance. Pharaohs delegated most of their ritual duties to a host of priests, but most of the populace was excluded from direct participation in ceremonies and forbidden to enter a temple's most sacred areas. Nevertheless, a temple was an important religious site for all classes of Egyptians, who went there to 1893:, producing grain, fruit, or wine, or supporting herds of livestock. The temple either managed these lands directly, rented them out to farmers for a share of the produce, or managed them jointly with the royal administration. Temples also launched expeditions into the desert to collect resources such as salt, honey, or wild game, or to mine precious minerals. Some owned fleets of ships with which to conduct their own trade across the country or even beyond Egypt's borders. Thus, as 1829:" and regarded as essentially different from divine temples. In recent years some Egyptologists, such as Gerhard Haeny, have argued that there is no clear division between the two. The Egyptians did not refer to mortuary temples by any distinct name. Nor were rituals for the dead and rituals for the gods mutually exclusive; the symbolism surrounding death was present in all Egyptian temples. The worship of gods was present to some degree in mortuary temples, and the Egyptologist 2838:, the form of Egyptian that was commonly used in Greco-Roman times. Although not part of the temple's formal decoration, graffiti can be an important source of information about its history, both when its cults were functioning and after its abandonment. Ancient graffiti, for instance, often mention the names and titles of priests who worked in the temple, and modern travelers often inscribed their names in temples that they visited. Graffiti left by priests and pilgrims at 3005:, but sexual intercourse rendered them unclean until they underwent further purification. The cults of specific gods might impose further restrictions related to that god's mythology, such as rules against eating the meat of an animal that represented the god. The acceptance of women into the priesthood was variable. In the Old Kingdom, many women served as priests, but their presence in clergies declined drastically in the Middle Kingdom before increasing in the 9830: 1818:, the first temple originated as a shelter for a god—which god it was varied according to the city—that stood on the mound of land where the process of creation began. Each temple in Egypt, therefore, was equated with this original temple and with the site of creation itself. As the primordial home of the god and the mythological location of the city's founding, the temple was seen as the hub of the region, from which the city's patron god ruled over it. 65: 9782: 9819: 9439: 1551: 9850: 3558:. Jitse Dijkstra has argued that Procopius's account of the temple closure is inaccurate and that regular religious activity there ceased shortly after the last date inscribed at the temple, in AD 456 or 457. Eugene Cruz-Uribe suggests instead that during the fifth and early sixth centuries the temple lay empty most of the time, but that Nubians living nearby continued to hold periodic festivals there until well into the sixth century. 7877: 2799:

appropriate for exterior surfaces, where the shadows it created made the figures stand out in bright sunlight. Finished reliefs were painted using the basic colors black, white, red, yellow, green, and blue, although the artists often mixed pigments to create other colors, and Ptolemaic temples were especially varied, using unusual colors such as purple as accents. In some temples, gilding or inlaid pieces of colored glass or

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priest entered the sanctuary, carrying a candle to light the room. He opened the doors of the shrine and prostrated himself before the god's image, reciting hymns in its praise. He removed the god from the shrine, clothed it (replacing the clothes of the previous day), and anointed it with oil and paint. At some point the priest presented the god's meal, including a variety of meats, fruits, vegetables, and bread.

9860: 9840: 2542:. This crucial place, the Egyptians believed, had to be insulated from the impure outside world. Therefore, as one moved toward the sanctuary the amount of outside light decreased and restrictions on who could enter increased. Yet the temple could also represent the world itself. The processional way could, therefore, stand for the path of the sun traveling across the sky, and the sanctuary for the 1794:. Thus, it was theoretically his duty to perform the temple rites. While it is uncertain how often he participated in ceremonies, the existence of temples across Egypt made it impossible for him to do so in all cases, and most of the time these duties were delegated to priests. The pharaoh was nevertheless obligated to maintain, provide for, and expand the temples throughout his realm. 3399: 2668:, a pair of trapezoidal towers flanking the main gateway. The pylon is known from only scattered examples in the Old and Middle Kingdoms, but in the New Kingdom it quickly became the distinctive and imposing façade common to most Egyptian temples. The pylon served symbolically as a guard tower against the forces of disorder and may also have been meant to resemble 2528:. It was a greatly elaborated variant on the design of an Egyptian house, reflecting its role as the god's home. Moreover, the temple represented a piece of the divine realm on earth. The elevated, enclosed sanctuary was equated with the sacred hill where the world was created in Egyptian myth and with the burial chamber of a tomb, where the god's 2409:. Each stone was dressed to fit with its neighbors, producing cuboid blocks whose uneven shapes interlocked. The interiors of walls were often built with less care, using rougher, poorer-quality stones. To build structures above ground level, the workers used construction ramps built of varying materials such as mud, brick, or rough stone. When 2003:(c. 2686–2181 BC) that followed the Early Dynastic Period, royal funerary monuments greatly expanded, while most divine temples remained comparatively small, suggesting that official religion in this period emphasized the cult of the king more than the direct worship of deities. Deities closely connected with the king, such as the sun god 2618:

barque in the sanctuary, there was a separate shrine to store the barque. In late temples the ritual areas could extend to chapels on the roof and crypts below the floor. Finally, in the exterior wall at the back of the temple, there were often niches for laymen to pray to the temple god, as close as they could come to its dwelling place.

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might have spaces designated for public prayer. Sometimes people directed their appeals to the royal colossi, which were believed to act as divine intermediaries. More private areas for devotion were located at the building's outer wall, where large niches served as "chapels of the hearing ear" for individuals to speak to the god.

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these higher ranks were full-time positions from the New Kingdom onward, the lower grades of priesthood still worked in shifts over the course of the year. Whereas many priests did a variety of menial tasks, the clergy also contained several ritual specialists. Prominent among these specialized roles was that of the

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Ptolemaic temples go further to include information of all kinds taken from temple libraries. The decoration in a given room either depicts the actions performed there or has some symbolic tie to the room's purpose, providing a great deal of information on temple activities. Interior walls were divided into several

2143:, the most prolific monument-builder in Egyptian history. As the wealth of the priesthoods continued to grow, so did their religious influence: temple oracles, controlled by the priests, were an increasingly popular method of making decisions. Pharaonic power waned, and in the eleventh century BC a military leader 3278:, and both ibises and baboons were given to him. Although this practice was distinct from the worship of single divine representatives, some temples kept stocks of animals that could be selected for either purpose. These practices produced large cemeteries of mummified animals, such as the catacombs around the 2437:, as with Akhenaten's temples, but in most cases, the reason seems to have been convenience. Such expansion and dismantling could considerably distort the original temple plan, as happened at the enormous Precinct of Amun-Re at Karnak, which developed two intersecting axes and several satellite temples. 2480:

the path used for festival processions—a broad avenue punctuated with large doors—served as this central axis. The path was intended primarily for the god's use when it traveled outside the sanctuary; on most occasions people used smaller side doors. The typical parts of a temple, such as column-filled

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and Dietrich Wildung, have argued that the Egyptians did not believe their kings were divine. Nevertheless, the divinity of the king is constantly emphasized in official writings: the products of the royal court and religious establishment. Therefore, regardless of whether ordinary Egyptians believed

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Nineteenth-century Egyptologists studied the temples intensively, but their emphasis was on the collection of artifacts to send to their own countries, and their slipshod excavation methods often did further harm. Slowly the antique-hunting attitude toward Egyptian monuments gave way to careful study

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Unable to address the cult image directly, laymen still attempted to convey their prayers to it. At times they related messages to priests to deliver to the temple deity; at other times they expressed their piety in the parts of the temple that they could access. Courts, doorways, and hypostyle halls

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Although they were excluded from the formal rituals of the temple, laymen still sought to interact with the gods. There is little evidence of the religious practices of individual people from early Egyptian history, so Egyptologists' understanding of the subject derives mostly from the New Kingdom or

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An elaborate series of foundation rituals preceded construction. A further set of rituals followed the temple's completion, dedicating it to its patron god. These rites were conducted, at least in theory, by the king as part of his religious duties; indeed, in Egyptian belief, all temple construction

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Many temples were now built entirely of stone, and their general plan became fixed, with the sanctuary, halls, courtyards, and pylon gateways oriented along the path used for festival processions. New Kingdom pharaohs ceased using pyramids as funerary monuments and placed their tombs a great distance

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linked to a pyramid temple at the foot of the pyramid. Sneferu's immediate successors followed this pattern, but beginning in the late Old Kingdom, pyramid complexes combined different elements from the axial plan and from the rectangular plan of Djoser. To supply the pyramid complexes, kings founded

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says, the temple estate "often represented no less than a slice of Egypt itself". As a major economic center and the employer of a large part of the local population, the temple enclosure was a key part of the town in which it stood. Conversely, when a temple was founded on empty land, a new town was

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has said that "at all periods royal cult involves the gods, but equally... all cult of the gods involves the king". Even so, certain temples were clearly used to commemorate deceased kings and to give offerings to their spirits. Their purpose is not fully understood; they may have been meant to unite

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The royal administration could also order one temple to divert its resources to another temple whose influence it wished to expand. Thus, a king might increase the income of the temples of a god he favored, and mortuary temples of recent rulers tended to siphon off resources from temples to pharaohs

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Temples were key centers of economic activity. The largest required prodigious resources and employed tens of thousands of priests, craftsmen, and laborers. The temple's economic workings were analogous to those of a large Egyptian household, with servants dedicated to serving the temple god as they

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were involved primarily in magical or private religious practice, with little or no presence in temple ceremonies. There were also other gods who had significant roles in the cosmos but, for unclear reasons, were not honored with temples of their own. Of those gods who did have temples of their own,

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Festival processions offered a chance for laymen to approach and perhaps even glimpse the cult image in its barque, and for them to receive portions of the god's food. Because the key rituals of any festival still took place within the temple, out of public sight, Egyptologist Anthony Spalinger has

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In fact, the Egyptians believed that all ritual actions achieved their effect through ḥkꜣ. It was a fundamental force that rituals were meant to manipulate. Using magic, people, objects, and actions were equated with counterparts in the divine realm and thus were believed to affect events among the

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who recited hymns and spells during temple rituals, and who hired out his magical services to laymen. Besides its priests, a large temple employed singers, musicians, and dancers to perform during rituals, plus the farmers, bakers, artisans, builders, and administrators who supplied and managed its

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The requirements for the priesthood differed over time and among the cults of different gods. Although detailed knowledge was involved in priestly offices, little is known about what knowledge or training may have been required of the officeholders. Priests were required to observe strict standards

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are the largest free-standing statues made in ancient Egypt. There were also figures of gods, often in sphinx form, that served as symbolic guardians of the temple. The most numerous statues were votive figures donated to the temple by kings, private individuals, or even towns to gain divine favor.

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Several other rooms neighbored the sanctuary. Many of these rooms were used to store ceremonial equipment, ritual texts, or temple valuables; others had specific ritual functions. The room where offerings were given to the deity was often separate from the sanctuary itself, and in temples without a

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of exterior walls, while partly meant to ensure stability, was also a holdover from archaic building methods. Temple ground plans usually centered on an axis running on a slight incline from the sanctuary down to the temple entrance. In the fully developed pattern used in the New Kingdom and later,

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With greater power and wealth during the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BC), Egypt devoted still more resources to its temples, which grew larger and more elaborate. Higher-ranking priestly roles became permanent rather than rotating positions, and they controlled a large portion of Egypt's wealth.

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The god was believed to consume only the spiritual essence of this meal. This belief allowed the food to be distributed to others, an act that the Egyptians called the "reversion of offerings". The food passed first to the other statues throughout the temple, then to local funerary chapels for the

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who voluntarily dedicated themselves to serving the god and living in its household. A major cult, therefore, could have well over 150 full or part-time priests, with tens of thousands of non-priestly employees working on its lands across the country. These numbers contrast with mid-sized temples,

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A temple needed many people to perform its rituals and support duties. Priests performed the temple's essential ritual functions, but in Egyptian religious ideology, they were far less important than the king. All ceremonies were, in theory, acts by the king, and priests merely stood in his place.

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erected within the enclosure. Egyptian artists used both low relief and sunken relief. Low relief allowed more subtle artistry but involved more carving than sunken relief. Sunken relief was therefore used on harder, more difficult stone and when the builders wanted to finish quickly. It was also

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The temple building was elaborately decorated with reliefs and free-standing sculpture, all with religious significance. As with the cult statue, the gods were believed to be present in these images, suffusing the temple with sacred power. Symbols of places in Egypt or parts of the cosmos enhanced

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Outside the temple building, proper was the temple enclosure, surrounded by a rectangular brick wall that symbolically protected the sacred space from outside disorder. On occasion, this function was more than symbolic, especially during the last native dynasties in the fourth century BC, when the

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Hypostyle halls, covered rooms filled with columns, appear in temples throughout Egyptian history. By the New Kingdom they typically lay directly in front of the sanctuary area. These halls were less restricted than the inner rooms, being open to laymen at least in some cases. They were often less

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Despite the political upheaval, the Egyptian temple style continued to evolve without absorbing much foreign influence. Whereas earlier temple building mostly focused on male gods, goddesses and child deities grew increasingly prominent. Temples focused more on popular religious activities such as

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Although the pharaoh delegated his authority, the performance of temple rituals was still an official duty, restricted to high-ranking priests. The participation of the general populace in most ceremonies was prohibited. Much of the lay religious activity in Egypt instead took place in private and

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A large temple also owned sizable tracts of land and employed thousands of laymen to supply its needs. Temples were therefore key economic as well as religious centers. The priests who managed these powerful institutions wielded considerable influence, and despite their ostensible subordination to

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work continues as well, as many temple remains still lie buried and many extant temples are not yet fully studied. Some damaged or destroyed structures, like the temples of Akhenaten, are even being reconstructed. These efforts are improving modern understanding of Egyptian temples, which in turn

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During the Late Period, a different form of worship involving animals developed. In this case, laymen paid the priests to kill, mummify, and bury an animal of a particular species as an offering to a god. These animals were not regarded as especially sacred, but as a species, they were associated

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in the same way that cult images were. Each of these sacred animals was kept in the temple and worshipped for a certain length of time, ranging from a year to the lifetime of the animal. At the end of that time, it was replaced with a new animal of the same species, which was selected by a divine

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rites: one to clean and dress the god for the day, and one to present it with a meal. The exact order of events in these rituals is uncertain and may have varied somewhat each time they were performed. In addition, the two sequences probably overlapped with each other. At sunrise, the officiating

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courts open to the sky. These open courts, which had been a part of Egyptian temple design since the Old Kingdom, became transitional areas in the standard plan of the New Kingdom, lying between the public space outside the temple and the more restricted areas within. Here the public met with the

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containing the image within its cabin, which was used to carry the image during festival processions. In some cases the sanctuary may have housed several cult statues. To emphasize the sanctuary's sacred nature, it was kept in total darkness. Whereas in earlier times the sanctuary lay at the very

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At the head of the temple hierarchy was the high priest, who oversaw all the temple's religious and economic functions and in the largest cults was an important political figure. Beneath him might be as many as three grades of subordinate priests who could substitute for him in ceremonies. While

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in AD 391 or 392. Through some combination of Christian coercion and loss of funds, temples ceased to function at various times. The last temple cults died out in the fourth through sixth centuries AD, although locals may have venerated some sites long after the regular ceremonies there had

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to examine the surviving ancient monuments. The results of their study inspired a fascination with ancient Egypt throughout Europe. In the early nineteenth century, growing numbers of Europeans traveled to Egypt, both to see the ancient monuments and to collect Egyptian antiquities. Many temple

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or to the priests themselves. In the latter case, the holder of an office named his own son as his successor, or the temple clergy conferred to decide who should fill an empty post. Priestly offices were extremely lucrative and tended to be held by the wealthiest and most influential members of

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The front of every pylon held niches for pairs of flagpoles to stand. Unlike pylons, such flags had stood at temple entrances since the earliest Predynastic shrines. They were so closely associated with the presence of a deity that the hieroglyph for them came to stand for the Egyptian word for

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The temple's inner chambers centered on the sanctuary of the temple's primary god, which typically lay along the axis near the back of the temple building, and in pyramid temples directly against the pyramid base. The sanctuary was the focus of temple ritual, the place where the divine presence

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The Egyptians also interacted with deities through the donation of offerings, ranging from simple bits of jewelry to large and finely carved statues and stelae. Among their contributions were statues that sat in temple courts, serving as memorials to the donors after their deaths and receiving

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Subsidiary chapels, dedicated to deities associated with the primary god, lay to the sides of the main one. When the main temple god was male, the secondary chapels were often dedicated to that god's mythological consort and child. The secondary chapels in mortuary temples were devoted to gods

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Temple construction did not end once the original plan was complete; pharaohs often rebuilt or replaced decayed temple structures or made additions to those still standing. In the course of these additions, they frequently dismantled old temple buildings to use as fill for the interiors of new

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in Egyptian temples emphasized their purpose as eternal houses for the gods and set them apart from buildings for the use of mortals, which were built of mudbrick. Early temples were built of brick and other perishable materials, and most of the outlying buildings in temple enclosures remained

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from the god. Their questions dealt with subjects ranging from the location of a lost object to the best choice for a government appointment. The motions of the barque as it was carried on the bearers' shoulders—making simple gestures to indicate "yes" or "no", tipping toward tablets on which

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Temple decoration is among the most important sources of information on ancient Egypt. It includes calendars of festivals, accounts of myths, depictions of rituals, and the texts of hymns. Pharaohs recorded their temple-building activities and their campaigns against the enemies of Egypt. The

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statues and punctuated by barque stations, where the priests carrying the festival barque could set it down to rest during the procession. The processional path usually ended in a quay on the Nile, which served as the entrance point for river-borne visitors and the exit point for the festival

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The gods involved in a festival also received offerings in much larger quantities than in daily ceremonies. The enormous amounts of food listed in festival texts are unlikely to have been divided among the priests alone, so it is likely that the celebrating commoners also participated in the

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celebrating the birth of the god's mythological child. Sacred lakes found in many temple enclosures served as reservoirs for the water used in rituals, as places for the priests to ritually cleanse themselves and as representations of the water from which the world emerged.

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later periods. The evidence from those times indicates that while ordinary Egyptians used many venues to interact with the divine, such as household shrines or community chapels, the official temples with their sequestered gods were a major focus for popular veneration.

3009:. Lesser positions, such as that of a musician in ceremonies, remained open to women in even the most restrictive periods, as did the special role of a ceremonial consort of the god. This latter role was highly influential, and the most important of these consorts, the 3109:, for instance, hymns were sung day and night for every hour of the god's journey across the sky. Many of the ceremonies acted out in ritual the battle against of the forces of chaos. They might, for instance, involve the destruction of models of inimical gods like 2546:

where it was believed to set and to be reborn at night. The space outside the building was thus equated with the waters of chaos that lay outside the world, while the temple represented the order of the cosmos and the place where that order was continually renewed.

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many were venerated mainly in certain areas of Egypt, though many gods with a strong local tie were also important across the nation. Even deities whose worship spanned the country were strongly associated with the cities where their chief temples were located. In

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at Karnak, whose largest columns are 69 feet (21 m) tall. In later periods, the Egyptians favored a different style of hall, where a low screen wall at the front let in the light. The shadowy halls, whose columns were often shaped to imitate plants such as

3336:. People slept in these buildings in hopes of contacting the temple god. The petitioners often sought a magical solution to sickness or infertility. At other times they sought an answer to a question, receiving the answer through a dream rather than an oracle. 2740:"house of life", where the temple edited, copied, and stored its religious texts, including those used for temple rituals. The house of life also functioned as a general center of learning, containing works on non-religious subjects such as history, geography, 2186:(664–323 BC), the weakened Egyptian state fell to a series of outside powers, experiencing only occasional periods of independence. Many of these foreign rulers funded and expanded temples to strengthen their claim to the kingship of Egypt. One such group, the 2050:. For the rest of the Old Kingdom, tomb and temple were joined in elaborate stone pyramid complexes. Near each pyramid complex was a town that supplied its needs, as towns would support temples throughout Egyptian history. Other changes came in the reign of 3093:

sustenance of the dead, and finally to the priests who ate it. The quantities even for the daily meal were so large that only a small part of it can have been placed on the offering tables. Most of it must have gone directly to these secondary uses.

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texts show that some cults continued to exist until at least the 330s. The Temple of Isis at Philae, at Egypt's southern frontier with Nubia, was the last fully functioning temple. Scholars have traditionally believed, based on the writings of

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the king with the gods, elevating him to a divine status greater than that of ordinary kingship. In any case, the difficulty of separating divine and mortuary temples reflects the close intertwining of divinity and kingship in Egyptian belief.

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the office passed from the viziers to the High Priests of Amun, who held it for much of the New Kingdom. The Romans established a similar office, that of the high priest for all Egypt, which oversaw the temple cults until their extinction.

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Anthony Spalinger suggests that, as the influence of temples expanded, religious celebrations that had once been fully public were absorbed into the temples' increasingly important festival rituals. The most important god of the time was

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The phrase "mansion of millions of years" is often taken as the Egyptian term for a mortuary temple. In several instances the Egyptians used this phrase to refer to sacred buildings that are not generally regarded as "mortuary", such as

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Much of a temple's economic support came from its own resources. These included large tracts of land beyond the temple enclosure, sometimes in a completely different region than the temple itself. The most important type of property was

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They could depict the god to whom they were dedicated, the people who donated the statue, or both. The most essential temple statues were the cult images, which were usually made of or decorated with precious materials such as gold and

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Other offering rituals took place at noon and at sunset, though the sanctuary was not reopened. Some ceremonies other than offerings also took place daily, including rituals specific to a particular god. In the cult of the sun god

2822:" form, using symbols in a different way than the normal conventions of hieroglyphic writing. The cryptographic text became more widespread and more complex in Ptolemaic times. Temple walls also frequently bear written or drawn 2492:, were arranged along this path in a traditional but flexible order. Beyond the temple building proper, the outer walls enclosed numerous satellite buildings. The entire area enclosed by these walls is sometimes called the 3038:

Some priests' duties took them beyond the temple precinct. They formed part of the entourage in festivals that traveled from one temple to another, and clergies from around the country sent representatives to the national

2689:. In late temples, these walls frequently had alternating concave and convex courses of bricks, so that the top of the wall undulated vertically. This pattern may have been meant to evoke the mythological waters of chaos. 2467:, Egyptian temple designs emphasized order, symmetry, and monumentality and combined geometric shapes with stylized organic motifs. Elements of temple design also alluded to the form of the earliest Egyptian buildings. 3100:

to the temple deity, an act that represented the purpose of all other offerings. The king may have presented a real figurine of Maat to the deity, or the temple reliefs depicting the act may have been purely symbolic.

3350:

After their original religious activities ceased, Egyptian temples suffered slow decay. Many were defaced by Christians trying to erase the remnants of ancient Egyptian religion. Some temple buildings, such as the

3154:

On days of particular religious significance, the daily rituals were replaced with festival observances. Different festivals occurred at different intervals, though most were annual. Their timing was based on the

7240:

Naerebout, Frederick G. (2007). "The Temple at Ras el-Soda. Is It an Isis Temple? Is It Greek, Roman, Egyptian, or Neither? And So What?". In Bricault, Laurent; Versluys, Miguel John; Meyboom, Paul G. P. (eds.).

2860:, was more than 118 feet (36 m) high. They were often placed in pairs in front of pylons or elsewhere along the temple axis. Statues of the king, which were similarly placed, also reached colossal size; the 3054:

At certain times there was an administrative office that presided over all temples and clergies. In the Old Kingdom, kings gave this authority first to their relatives and then to their viziers. In the reign of

3536:

at Karnak. Patricia Spencer suggests that the term applied to "any temple in which the cult of the king was observed, even if the temple was dedicated, in the first instance, to the chief god of the area."

2400:

Temple structures were built on foundations of stone slabs set into sand-filled trenches. In most periods, walls and other structures were built with large blocks of varying shape. The blocks were laid in

2134:

over all others and eventually abolished the official worship of most other gods. Traditional temples were neglected while new Aten temples, differing sharply in design and construction, were erected. But

3146:, the living son of Osiris, who in mythology sustained his father after death through offerings. By magically equating himself with a god in a myth, the priest was able to interact with the temple deity. 2361:, for instance, is aligned so that twice a year the rising sun illuminates the statues of the gods in its innermost room. Most temples were aligned toward the Nile with an axis running roughly east–west. 3170:

Festival ceremonies entailed reenactment of mythological events or the performance of other symbolic acts, like the cutting of a sheaf of wheat during the harvest-related festival dedicated to the god

2232:, a building celebrating the mythical birth of a god. Though the characteristics of the late temple style had developed by the last period of native rule, most of the examples date from the era of the 3367:, while locals carried off their stones to serve as material for new buildings. The dismantling of temples for stone continued well into modern times. Limestone was especially useful as a source of 2078:

lying behind a pillared hall frequently appears in Middle Kingdom temples, and sometimes these two elements are fronted by open courts, foreshadowing the standard temple layout used in later times.

2656:, were symbolic of the mythological marsh that surrounded the primeval mound at the time of creation. The columns could also be equated with the pillars that held up the sky in Egyptian cosmology. 2255:

took on the role of ruler and temple patron. Many temples in Roman Egypt continued to be built in Egyptian style. Others, including some that were dedicated to Egyptian gods—such as the temple to

6896:

Hahn, Johannes; Emmel, Stephen; Gotter, Ulrich (2008). "'From Temple to Church': Analysing a Late Antique Phenomenon of Transformation". In Hahn, Johannes; Emmel, Stephen; Gotter, Ulrich (eds.).

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procession when it traveled by water. In Old Kingdom pyramid temples, the quay adjoined an entire temple (the valley temple), which was linked to the pyramid temple by the processional causeway.

1862:

campaigns or the tribute given by his client states. The king might also levy various taxes that went directly to support a temple. Other revenue came from private individuals, who offered land,

3567:

Because the axis was aligned at 90 degrees from the river's generally north-south flow, irregularities in the Nile's course meant that the orientation did not always conform to true directions.

3387:

resulted in the rediscovery of temple sites such as Abu Simbel, but artifacts and even whole temples were often treated with great carelessness. The discoveries of the period made possible the

3201:

between deities, or between deities and their human consorts, although the evidence that ritual marriage was their purpose is ambiguous. A prominent example is a festival in which an image of

2610:

back of the building, in the Late and Ptolemaic periods it became a freestanding building inside the temple, further insulated from the outside world by the surrounding corridors and rooms.

6873:

Hahn, Johannes (2008). "The Conversion of the Cult Statues: The Destruction of the Serapeum 392 A.D. and the Transformation of Alexandria into the 'Christ-Loving' City". In Hahn, Johannes;

6613:

Cruz-Uribe, Eugene (2010). "The Death of Demotic Redux: Pilgrimage, Nubia, and the Preservation of Egyptian Culture". In Knuf, Hermann; Leitz, Christian; von Recklinghausen, Daniel (eds.).

2517:

was built with two main sanctuaries, producing two parallel axes that run the length of the building. The most idiosyncratic temple style was that of the Aten temples built by Akhenaten at

2198:

building. Amid this turmoil, the fortunes of various temples and clergies shifted and the independence of Amun's priesthood was broken, but the power of the priesthood in general remained.

2731:

in some temples provided a place for the sick to await healing dreams sent by the god. Other temple buildings included kitchens, workshops, and storehouses to supply the temple's needs.

2139:

was reversed soon after his death, with the traditional cults reinstated and the new temples dismantled. Subsequent pharaohs dedicated still more resources to the temples, particularly

1901:

All this economic power was ultimately under the pharaoh's control, and temple products and property were often taxed. Their employees, even the priests, were subject to the state

2509:. They used much the same layout as free-standing temples but used excavated chambers rather than buildings as their inner rooms. In some temples, like the mortuary temples at 2955: 2704:

The walls enclosed many buildings related to the temple's function. Some enclosures contain satellite chapels dedicated to deities associated with the temple god, including

2883: 3455:

are well preserved. Those that are well preserved, such as Karnak, Luxor, and Abu Simbel, draw tourists from around the world and are therefore a key attraction for the

7243:

Nile into Tiber: Egypt in the Roman World. Proceedings of the IIIrd International Conference of Isis studies, Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, May 11–14, 2005

3001:

before entering the most sacred areas. They shaved their heads and bodies, washed several times a day, and wore only clean linen clothing. They were not required to be

2755:

Through the enclosure ran the processional path, which led from the temple entrance through the main gate in the enclosure wall. The path was frequently decorated with

2063:

new towns and farming estates on undeveloped lands across Egypt. The flow of goods from these lands to the central government and its temples helped unify the kingdom.

7798: 1765:. These rituals, it was believed, sustained the god and allowed it to continue to play its proper role in nature. They were therefore a key part of the maintenance of 1691:

during the fourth through sixth centuries AD. The buildings they left behind suffered centuries of destruction and neglect. At the start of the nineteenth century, a

1607:

and regions under Egyptian control. Temples were seen as houses for the gods or kings to whom they were dedicated. Within them, the Egyptians performed a variety of

2417:

were carved into the stone or, if the stone was of too poor quality to carve, a layer of plaster that covered the stone surface. Reliefs were then decorated with

3586:

blocks, possibly to speed up construction. Ptolemaic and Roman temples were built in regular courses, with the blocks within each course cut to the same height.

3463:. Three temple sites—Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis, Memphis and its Necropolis, and the Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae—have been designated by 1707:. Egyptologists continue to study the surviving temples and the remains of destroyed ones as invaluable sources of information about ancient Egyptian society. 1802:, separate from official temples. As the primary link between the human and divine realms, temples attracted considerable veneration from ordinary Egyptians. 2925:

Relief on a screen wall between columns at Dendera, with images of marsh plants at the base, torus moldings framing the relief, and a cavetto cornice with a

3576:

In their earliest stone constructions the Egyptians made small blocks shaped like mud bricks. Large blocks were typical of all other periods, except in the

1905:

system, which conscripted labor for royal projects. They could also be ordered to provide supplies for some specific purposes. A trading expedition led by

3595:

No surviving statues of deities are known for certain to have been cult images, although a few have the right characteristics to have served that purpose.

1579: 2580:

representing the sun, worshipped in a court open to the sky. In many mortuary temples, the inner areas contained statues of the deceased pharaoh, or a

2278:

issued decrees that were increasingly hostile to pagan cults and temples. Some Christians attacked and destroyed temples, as in the plundering of the

3436:

disassembled some of the threatened monuments and rebuilt them on higher ground, and the Egyptian government gave several of the others, such as the

3421:

and preservation efforts. The government also took greater control of archaeological activity as Egypt's independence from foreign powers increased.

3197:

to visit the kings commemorated there, while ordinary people visited the funerary chapels of their own deceased relatives. Some may have centered on

1984:

continually reused and adapted elements from them, evoking the ancient shrines to suggest the eternal nature of the gods and their dwelling places.

1648:, a statue of its god. The rooms outside the sanctuary grew larger and more elaborate over time, so that temples evolved from small shrines in late 2935: 2530: 1668:

aligned along the path used for festival processions. Beyond the temple proper was an outer wall enclosing a wide variety of secondary buildings.

2070:(c. 2055–1650 BC) continued building pyramids and their associated complexes. The rare remains from Middle Kingdom temples, like the one at 9476: 7791: 2748:. Although these outlying buildings were devoted to more mundane purposes than the temple itself, they still had religious significance; even 2794:. Relief became more extensive over time, and in late temples, walls, ceilings, columns, and beams were all decorated, as were free-standing 1699:

and drawing increasing numbers of visitors to the civilization's remains. Dozens of temples survive today, and some have become world-famous

1623:

interactions through festivals, and warding off the forces of chaos. These rituals were seen as necessary for the gods to continue to uphold

7630:

Uphill, Eric (1973). "The Concept of the Egyptian Palace as a 'Ruling Machine'". In Ucko, Peter J.; Tringham, Ruth; Dimbleby, G. W. (eds.).

3451:

Today there are dozens of sites with substantial temple remains, although many more once existed, and none of the major temples in Lower or

2586: 3246:

oracle or based on specific markings that were supposed to indicate its sacred nature. Among the most prominent of these animals were the

2123:

from their mortuary temples. Without pyramids to build around, mortuary temples began using the same plan as those dedicated to the gods.

9502: 2019:. Meanwhile, the small provincial temples retained a variety of local styles from Predynastic times, unaffected by the royal cult sites. 3448:, as gifts to nations that had contributed to the preservation effort. Nevertheless, several other temples vanished beneath the lake. 3290:

By the beginning of the New Kingdom, and quite possibly earlier, the festival procession had become an opportunity for people to seek

2715:

sometimes contain a palace for the spirit of the king to whom the temple was dedicated, built against the temple building proper. The

9574: 7784: 2074:, show that temple plans grew more symmetrical during that period, and divine temples made increasing use of stone. The pattern of a 6615:

Honi soit qui mal y pense: Studien zum pharaonischen, griechisch-römischen und spätantiken Ägypten zu Ehren von Heinz-Josef Thissen

6457: 3384: 1692: 1843:

might serve the master of an estate. This similarity is reflected in the Egyptian term for temple lands and their administration,

9803: 9631: 2505:, were cut entirely into living rock, as at Abu Simbel, or had rock-cut inner chambers with masonry courtyards and pylons, as at 1572: 2501:

The temple pattern could vary considerably, apart from the distorting effect of additional construction. Many temples, known as

9891: 3181:, an extremely important ceremony during the New Kingdom, the image of Amun from Karnak visited the form of Amun worshipped at 8929: 7754: 7685: 7661: 7639: 7620: 7601: 7582: 7533: 7514: 7458: 7439: 7414: 7392: 7373: 7351: 7332: 7310: 7291: 7272: 7250: 7230: 7211: 7192: 7173: 7149: 7130: 7111: 7092: 7071: 7015: 6989: 6970: 6932: 6905: 6886: 6863: 6844: 6825: 6804: 6777: 6739: 6720: 6701: 6679: 6660: 6641: 6622: 6591: 6564: 6538: 6516: 6488: 6467: 6442: 6421: 6394: 5540: 4099: 3468: 3383:

artifacts, from small objects to enormous obelisks, were removed by outside governments and private collectors. This wave of

1866:, or goods to temples in exchange for a supply of offerings and priestly services to sustain their spirits in the afterlife. 6980:

Janssen, Jac J. (1978). "The Role of the Temple in the Egyptian Economy During the New Kingdom". In Lipiński, Edward (ed.).

9906: 9749: 7866: 3388: 3345: 1688: 121: 104: 3138:

gods. In the daily offering, for instance, the cult statue, regardless of which deity it represented, was associated with

9863: 9621: 9616: 9497: 9344: 7901: 6483:. Translated by Sabine H. Gardiner and Helen Strudwick. Edited by Nigel and Helen Strudwick. Princeton University Press. 3379: 3186: 2471:

at the tops of walls, for instance, were made to imitate rows of palm fronds placed atop archaic walls, while the torus

2369:

system. The construction process for a new temple, or a major addition to an existing one, could last years or decades.

2222:, and prayer. New architectural forms continued to develop, such as covered kiosks in front of gateways, more elaborate 9896: 9469: 7821: 7726:

Temples and Sacred Centres of Ancient Egypt: A Comprehensive Guide to the Religious Sites of a Fascinating Civilisation

7556: 7038: 3375: 1565: 79: 45: 9586: 9309: 9304: 9059: 7911: 7735: 7712: 6951: 2027: 1869: 1228: 148: 9739: 9507: 9352: 8256: 3489: 3190: 2865: 2275: 482: 6944:

Divine Households: Administrative and Economic Aspects of the New Kingdom Royal Memorial Temples in Western Thebes

6651:

Dijkstra, Jitse (2011). "The Fate of the Temples in Late Antique Egypt". In Lavan, Luke; Mulryan, Michael (eds.).

9771: 9717: 9569: 9249: 7896: 7826: 7140:

Lavan, Luke (2011). "The End of the Temples: Towards a New Narrative?". In Lavan, Luke; Mulryan, Michael (eds.).

3124: 2394: 1952:

The earliest known shrines appeared in prehistoric Egypt in the late fourth millennium BC, at sites such as

1815: 1536: 1468: 139: 84: 9843: 9744: 8291: 2174:, were buried within the enclosures of divine temples, thus continuing the close link between temple and tomb. 2166:

As the New Kingdom crumbled, the building of mortuary temples ceased and was never revived. Some rulers of the

1822: 523: 3424:

Yet even in recent times, the ancient remains have faced threats. The most severe was the construction of the

3217:. These varied ceremonies were united by the broad purpose of renewing life among the gods and in the cosmos. 9530: 9525: 9462: 7916: 7851: 6835:

Goedicke, Hans (1978). "Cult-Temple and 'State' During the Old Kingdom in Egypt". In Lipiński, Edward (ed.).

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in the 1960s, which threatened to submerge the temples in what had been Lower Nubia beneath the newly formed

2464: 2296: 2187: 1988: 1657: 111: 9911: 9677: 9552: 9520: 6999: 3014: 2606: 2183: 1890: 3035:

which may have had 10 to 25 priests, and with the smallest provincial temples, which might have only one.

2433:

structures. On rare occasions, this may have been because the old structures or their builders had become

2306: 2058:, built pyramid complexes symmetrically along an east–west axis, with a valley temple on the banks of the 9761: 9724: 9672: 9591: 9294: 7861: 2601:

was believed to inhabit while interacting with humans. The sanctuary in these temples contained either a

2513:, the processional path ran up a series of terraces rather than sitting on a single level. The Ptolemaic 2271: 2190:

of the eighth and seventh centuries BC, adopted Egyptian-style temple architecture for use in their

1450: 116: 5533:

Gottesdiener und Kamelzüchter: Das Alltags- und Sozialleben der Sobek-Priester im kaiserzeitlichen Fayum

4092:

Gottesdiener und Kamelzüchter: Das Alltags- und Sozialleben der Sobek-Priester im kaiserzeitlichen Fayum

9611: 9319: 7831: 6548: 2946: 2639:

dark as well: New Kingdom halls rose into tall central passages over the processional path, allowing a

2365:

was symbolically his work. In reality, it was the work of hundreds of his subjects, conscripted in the

2008: 1753:

to reside on earth. Indeed, the term the Egyptians most commonly used to describe the temple building,

144: 7282:

Quirke, Stephen (1997b). "Gods in the Temple of the King: Anubis at Lahun". In Quirke, Stephen (ed.).

2425:, or paint. The paints were usually mixtures of mineral pigments with some kind of adhesive, possibly 9886: 9734: 9702: 9687: 9682: 9581: 9535: 9362: 9334: 7807: 7055: 3006: 2745: 2716: 2167: 2160: 1920:–2246 BC) was allowed to procure supplies from any temple it wished, and the mortuary temples of the 1859: 1776: 1761:

in the temple linked the human and divine realms and allowed humans to interact with the god through

1736: 1656:(c. 1550–1070 BC) and later. These edifices are among the largest and most enduring examples of 1612: 53: 9853: 9729: 9650: 9601: 9289: 7941: 6508: 2353:. In periods when Egypt dominated Nubia, Egyptian rulers also built temples there, as far south as 1863: 1806: 1750: 1596: 175: 7424:

Shafer, Byron E. (1997). "Temples, Priests, and Rituals: An Overview". In Shafer, Byron E. (ed.).

3043:

that reinforced the king's divine power. Some temples, such as those in the neighboring cities of

9144: 2843: 2447: 2301: 2067: 6632:

Davies, Sue; Smith, H. S. (1997). "Sacred Animal Temples at Saqqara". In Quirke, Stephen (ed.).

3545:

Many temples were abandoned during or before the third century, although mentions of priests in

9833: 9766: 9606: 9314: 9094: 9079: 8895: 8818: 8096: 7931: 3295:

possible answers were written, or moving toward a particular person in the crowd—were taken to

3241:

Some temples kept sacred animals, which were believed to be manifestations of the temple god's

3206: 2989: 2210: 2201: 1991:(c. 3100–2686 BC), the first pharaohs built funerary complexes in the religious center of 1936: 1910: 1676: 1265: 1151: 1068: 318: 6796: 6788: 6583: 6575: 3073: 9798: 7468:

Spalinger, Anthony J. (October 1998). "The Limitations of Formal Ancient Egyptian Religion".

6924: 6916: 6413: 6405: 3472: 3010: 2890: 2572:

manifested most strongly. The form in which it manifested itself varied. In Aten temples and

2456: 2410: 2402: 1684: 37:

and an enclosed court on the left and the inner building at right. Fourth to first century BC

7431: 7425: 3359:

or other types of buildings. Most commonly the sites were left disused, as at the Temple of

9823: 9781: 9638: 9547: 9540: 9443: 7671: 6898:

From Temple to Church: Destruction and Renewal of Local Cultic Topography in Late Antiquity

6879:

From Temple to Church: Destruction and Renewal of Local Cultic Topography in Late Antiquity

3471:. The Egyptian government is working to balance the demands of tourism against the need to 3131: 2849: 2815: 2769: 2665: 2644: 2489: 2472: 2000: 1981: 1894: 1851: 1665: 1653: 1555: 34: 6770:

The Rape of the Nile: Tomb Robbers, Tourists, and Archaeologists in Egypt, Revised Edition

3177:

The purpose of the god's visit varied. Some were tied to the ideology of kingship. In the

2377:

brick-built throughout Egyptian history. The main stones used in temple construction were

1976:. Most of these shrines were made of perishable materials such as wood, reed matting, and 1928:. Kings could also exempt temples or classes of personnel from taxation and conscription. 1664:. Their typical layout consisted of a series of enclosed halls, open courts, and entrance 16:

Structures for official worship of the gods and commemoration of pharaohs in Ancient Egypt

8: 9643: 9564: 9049: 8865: 8853: 3356: 3333: 3279: 3166:

Priests carrying a festival barque in a relief from the Ramesseum. Thirteenth century BC.

2998: 2966: 2573: 2525: 2475:

along the edges of walls may have been based on wooden posts used in such buildings. The

2385:, which are common in Egypt; stones that are harder and more difficult to carve, such as 2195: 2148: 2116: 2104: 2043: 2012: 1825:, often linked with or located near their tombs. These temples are traditionally called " 1661: 1215: 1117: 1105: 7102:

Kozloff, Arielle P. (2001). "Sculpture: Divine Sculpture". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

6689: 6551:(1997). "Temples as Symbols, Guarantors, and Participants in Egyptian Civilization". In 6310: 2736: 2521:, in which the axis passed through a series of entirely open courts filled with altars. 2270:

Temple-building continued into the third century AD. As the empire weakened in the

1790:, was regarded as Egypt's representative to the gods and its most important upholder of 9697: 9660: 9559: 9262: 9029: 8281: 8046: 7846: 7724: 7493: 7485: 2835: 2741: 2669: 2514: 2318: 2264: 2260: 1620: 1477: 511: 282: 99: 64: 3026:

practical needs. In the Ptolemaic era, temples could also house people who had sought

1821:

Pharaohs also built temples where offerings were made to sustain their spirits in the

1805:

Each temple had a principal deity, and most were dedicated to other gods as well. Not

9655: 9596: 9413: 9279: 9199: 8633: 8186: 7950: 7921: 7750: 7731: 7708: 7681: 7675: 7657: 7635: 7616: 7597: 7578: 7552: 7529: 7510: 7497: 7454: 7435: 7410: 7388: 7369: 7347: 7328: 7306: 7287: 7268: 7246: 7226: 7207: 7188: 7169: 7163: 7145: 7126: 7107: 7088: 7067: 7034: 7011: 6985: 6966: 6947: 6928: 6901: 6882: 6859: 6840: 6821: 6815: 6800: 6773: 6735: 6716: 6697: 6675: 6656: 6637: 6618: 6587: 6560: 6534: 6512: 6502: 6484: 6478: 6463: 6453: 6438: 6417: 6390: 5536: 4095: 3194: 3156: 3080:

presents a variety of offerings in a relief from Luxor Temple. Fourteenth century BC.

2910: 2861: 2686: 2241: 2233: 2047: 2016: 1921: 1649: 1532: 1489: 1395: 875: 408: 186: 171: 7770: 7747:

Egyptian Temple Architecture: 100 Years of Hungarian Excavations in Egypt, 1907–2007

3185:, and both acted to reaffirm the king's divine rule. Still other celebrations had a 9901: 9712: 9626: 9273: 9109: 8498: 8206: 7477: 7361: 7003: 6601: 3460: 3456: 3441: 3437: 3162: 2800: 2783: 2406: 1704: 1700: 1485: 1290: 736: 430: 2979: 2313: 2086: 9267: 9089: 8743: 8703: 8648: 8306: 8271: 7983: 7906: 7649: 7082: 6432: 3445: 3368: 3027: 2857: 2778: 2712: 2664:

priests and assembled during festivals. At the front of each court was usually a

2653: 2468: 2346: 2191: 1924:

in the New Kingdom oversaw the provision of the royally employed tomb workers at

1826: 1810: 1771:, the ideal order of nature and of human society in Egyptian belief. Maintaining 1758: 1481: 1275: 993: 951: 892: 540: 219: 7611:

Thompson, Stephen E. (2001). "Cults: An Overview". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

6789:"Temples of the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods: Ancient Traditions in New Contexts" 9692: 8468: 8388: 8301: 8166: 7993: 7402: 7260: 7183:

Lesko, Barbara S. (2001). "Cults: Private Cults". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

6765: 6750: 6730:

Englund, Gertie (2001). "Offerings: An Overview". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

6552: 3514: 3494: 3433: 3307: 3255: 3210: 3044: 2808: 2564: 2510: 2481: 2237: 2219: 2031: 1925: 1830: 706: 622: 535: 388: 229: 6142: 3518:

in it, the king's divine nature is key to the ideology of the Egyptian temple.

9880: 9485: 9418: 9372: 9329: 9284: 9229: 9114: 8957: 8952: 8718: 8438: 8221: 8091: 8031: 7656:. Translated by Anna Bryson-Gustová. The American University in Cairo Press. 6874: 6526: 3577: 3413: 3178: 3077: 3022: 2827: 2720: 2649: 2506: 2476: 2338: 2252: 2112: 1992: 1850:

Some of the temple's supplies came from direct donations by the king. In the

1743: 1675:

Temple-building in Egypt continued despite the nation's decline and ultimate

1604: 1493: 1360: 1330: 1295: 1260: 966: 674: 445: 313: 267: 7776: 7749:. Translated by David Robert Evans. The American University in Cairo Press. 7544: 7026: 3142:, the god of the dead. The priest performing the ritual was identified with 2577: 2094:, one of the major New Kingdom temples. Fourteenth to thirteenth century BC. 2022: 9754: 9377: 9367: 9357: 9324: 9299: 9214: 9154: 9149: 9134: 9119: 9044: 8998: 8783: 8593: 8473: 8413: 8161: 8086: 8065: 3529: 3452: 3247: 3234: 3198: 3182: 3056: 3040: 2874: 2819: 2692: 2672:, the hieroglyph for "horizon", underscoring the temple's solar symbolism. 2452: 2373: 2354: 2350: 2248: 2091: 2071: 2034:, with causeway leading out to the valley temple. Twenty-fourth century BC. 2011:

was a major religious center, and several Old Kingdom pharaohs built large

1880:

of Egypt bearing offerings for the temple god, from the mortuary temple of

1877: 1680: 1340: 1335: 1320: 1300: 1210: 1033: 835: 763: 711: 649: 383: 308: 7573:

Teeter, Emily (2001). "Cults: Divine Cults". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

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where the Apis bulls were buried along with millions of animal offerings.

2555: 9403: 9234: 8538: 8381: 8211: 8181: 8176: 8041: 7891: 7856: 7320: 7159: 6498: 3721: 3555: 3476: 3429: 3364: 3266:

with the god because it was depicted in the form of that animal. The god

3251: 3117:, acts that were believed to have a real effect through the principle of 3114: 2631: 2459:, surrounded by the remains of subsidiary structures. Twelfth century BC. 2426: 2330: 2326: 2156: 2140: 1973: 1961: 1953: 1881: 1873: 1787: 1518: 1445: 1400: 778: 610: 435: 403: 398: 277: 7223:

From the Ptolemies to the Romans: Political and Economic Change in Egypt

6338: 2846:, inscribed in AD 394, and the last one in Demotic script, from AD 452. 2042:, who built his complex entirely of stone and placed in the enclosure a 9793: 9454: 9398: 9239: 9084: 8967: 8910: 8748: 8558: 8423: 8361: 8336: 8226: 7654:

Temple of the World: Sanctuaries, Cults, and Mysteries of Ancient Egypt

7059: 6298: 3392: 3296: 3096:

Temple artwork often shows the king presenting an image of the goddess

2962: 2942: 2926: 2640: 2594: 2581: 2358: 2342: 2283: 2007:, received more royal contributions than other deities. Ra's temple at 1724: 1696: 1672:

the king, they may have posed significant challenges to his authority.

1645: 1415: 1355: 1270: 1166: 998: 798: 659: 595: 570: 499: 450: 7489: 6055: 5736: 5734: 5732: 4928: 4926: 4924: 3229: 9209: 9189: 9124: 8962: 8860: 8843: 8798: 8788: 8738: 8708: 8693: 8613: 8568: 8563: 8331: 7973: 7841: 7551:. Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, UC Los Angeles. 7505:

Spalinger, Anthony (2001). "Festivals". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

7121:

Kruchten, Jean-Marie (2001). "Oracles". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

7033:. Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, UC Los Angeles. 7002:(1986). "The Role of the Egyptian Priesthood in Ptolemaic Egypt". In 6118: 6082: 5980: 5633: 5073: 4489: 3551: 3480:

allow a better understanding of ancient Egyptian society as a whole.

3425: 3171: 3085: 3048: 2869: 2728: 2697: 2660: 2485: 2382: 2378: 2127: 2075: 1641: 1616: 1420: 1410: 1385: 1305: 1112: 1095: 1048: 1038: 988: 956: 941: 855: 808: 803: 565: 209: 6917:"New Kingdom 'Mortuary Temples' and 'Mansions of Millions of Years'" 6016: 4573: 3733: 3554:, that it was closed in about AD 535 by a military expedition under 2366: 1902: 21: 9665: 9408: 9159: 9003: 8905: 8890: 8608: 8603: 8523: 8458: 8448: 8366: 8316: 8151: 8026: 7481: 6238: 5729: 5061: 4921: 4868: 3002: 2823: 2724: 2434: 2279: 1996: 1977: 1720: 1528: 1345: 1161: 1146: 850: 845: 758: 696: 684: 617: 555: 373: 262: 158: 7876: 6713:

Ancient Egyptian Temple Ritual: Performance, Pattern, and Practice

6262: 6214: 6130: 4650: 4648: 4621: 2856:, tall, pointed pillars that symbolized the sun. The largest, the 2626: 1687:, traditional Egyptian religion faced increasing persecution, and 1660:, with their elements arranged and decorated according to complex 9707: 9423: 9393: 9224: 9194: 9184: 9099: 9008: 8947: 8833: 8828: 8763: 8758: 8728: 8673: 8623: 8598: 8463: 8433: 8428: 8326: 8191: 8126: 8101: 6984:. Vol. 2. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. pp. 505–515. 6839:. Vol. 1. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. pp. 115–131. 6670:

Doxey, Denise (2001). "Priesthood". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

6166: 5693: 5293: 5001: 4279: 3649: 3582: 3546: 3408: 3031: 2983:

A priest burning incense depicted in a papyrus. Tenth century BC.

2853: 2749: 2705: 2605:, a cabinet-like shrine that housed the divine image, or a model 2502: 2494: 2418: 2393:. The stone might be quarried nearby or shipped on the Nile from 2390: 2386: 2228: 2206: 2144: 2136: 2051: 1906: 1783: 1600: 1523: 1513: 1440: 1390: 1380: 1310: 1280: 1085: 1080: 1013: 1003: 976: 919: 870: 840: 701: 669: 664: 560: 413: 348: 323: 7284:

The Temple in Ancient Egypt: New Discoveries and Recent Research

7265:

The Temple in Ancient Egypt: New Discoveries and Recent Research

6634:

The Temple in Ancient Egypt: New Discoveries and Recent Research

6557:

The Temple in Ancient Egypt: New Discoveries and Recent Research

6362: 6004: 5037: 4204: 4180: 4047: 3311:

Votive statue of a man donating a shrine containing a figure of

1695:

in ancient Egypt swept Europe, giving rise to the discipline of

1652:(late fourth millennium BC) to large stone edifices in the 9257: 9204: 9129: 9034: 8977: 8972: 8915: 8900: 8885: 8808: 8793: 8773: 8768: 8713: 8698: 8678: 8643: 8573: 8548: 8528: 8518: 8508: 8493: 8483: 8478: 8346: 8321: 8311: 8246: 8231: 8216: 8146: 8141: 8116: 8111: 8051: 8036: 8003: 7988: 7978: 7968: 7963: 7705:

Die Tempel Ägyptens: Götterwohnungen, Kültstatten, Baudenkmäler

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Gundlach, Rolf (2001). "Temples". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

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emblem topped by a frieze of uraei. First to second century AD.

2839: 2791: 2756: 2602: 2518: 2414: 2223: 2108: 2055: 2039: 1965: 1855: 1799: 1762: 1746: 1728: 1634: 1630: 1608: 1473: 1435: 1425: 1405: 1315: 1200: 1171: 1156: 1141: 1058: 1043: 1023: 1018: 961: 946: 924: 887: 813: 788: 768: 748: 731: 721: 716: 580: 550: 545: 470: 455: 440: 368: 363: 338: 333: 287: 272: 239: 224: 214: 204: 199: 30: 5884: 5597: 5440: 5235: 5233: 5160: 5158: 5133: 5131: 4979: 4977: 4549: 4441: 4380: 4378: 4035: 3613: 9179: 9169: 9164: 9139: 8848: 8813: 8803: 8753: 8723: 8668: 8653: 8628: 8618: 8578: 8553: 8543: 8533: 8488: 8443: 8398: 8376: 8371: 8356: 8351: 8341: 8266: 8236: 8136: 8131: 8106: 6961:

Hölzl, Regina (2001). "Stelae". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

6250: 5920: 5860: 5826: 5824: 4962: 4858: 4856: 4689: 4687: 4609: 4269: 4267: 3360: 3267: 3214: 3143: 2906: 2831: 2795: 2590:("personality") was believed to appear to receive offerings. 2560: 2539: 2422: 2334: 2171: 1858:, these donations often came out of the spoils of the king's 1375: 1365: 1350: 1325: 1100: 1063: 1053: 1008: 971: 914: 897: 865: 860: 818: 793: 783: 773: 726: 679: 634: 605: 600: 590: 585: 575: 494: 460: 358: 353: 328: 7323:(2001). "Cults: Animal Cults". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). 7206:. Translated by G. M. Goshgarian. Cornell University Press. 6190: 6178: 6072: 6070: 6028: 5681: 5245: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4810: 4764: 4762: 4525: 4417: 4407: 4405: 3967: 3084:

The daily rituals in most temples included two sequences of

2534:, or spirit, came to inhabit its cult image just as a human 2389:, were used in smaller amounts for individual elements like 9219: 9174: 9104: 9074: 9069: 9039: 9024: 8993: 8942: 8937: 8875: 8838: 8778: 8658: 8513: 8196: 8171: 8156: 8121: 8081: 8021: 8011: 7958: 7836: 7545:"Taxation (until the End of the Third Intermediate Period)" 7027:"Taxation (until the End of the Third Intermediate Period)" 6748: 6344: 5968: 5872: 5751: 5749: 5645: 5609: 5464: 5452: 5416: 5404: 5322: 5320: 5269: 5257: 5230: 5155: 5143: 5128: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5085: 5025: 4974: 4938: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4711: 4597: 4375: 4315: 4156: 3955: 3398: 3271: 3259: 3119: 3110: 3097: 2543: 2256: 2131: 2100: 2059: 1980:. Despite the impermanence of these early buildings, later 1969: 1957: 1767: 1732: 1625: 1430: 1370: 1285: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1205: 1195: 1129: 1090: 1028: 902: 753: 418: 393: 378: 343: 303: 257: 247: 194: 94: 89: 26: 7615:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 326–332. 7577:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 340–345. 7509:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 521–525. 7327:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 345–348. 7187:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 336–339. 7125:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 609–612. 7106:. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. pp. 243–246. 6965:. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. pp. 319–324. 6858:. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. pp. 363–379. 6734:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 564–569. 6462:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–125. 5896: 5821: 5669: 5549: 5500: 5488: 4989: 4880: 4853: 4786: 4684: 4585: 4537: 4303: 4264: 4240: 3798: 3796: 3769: 3709: 3193:, when Amun of Karnak visited the mortuary temples of the 2115:, eventually became the largest of all temples, and whose 2038:

The expansion of funerary monuments began in the reign of

8583: 8418: 8408: 8403: 8241: 8016: 7263:(1997a). "Editorial Foreword". In Quirke, Stephen (ed.). 6350: 6286: 6274: 6067: 5848: 5836: 5512: 5368: 5344: 5332: 5305: 4904: 4892: 4774: 4759: 4747: 4453: 4429: 4402: 4390: 4351: 4216: 4192: 4132: 4108: 4071: 3943: 3919: 3895: 2727:, which may have served as a symbolic tomb for the king. 823: 654: 644: 639: 465: 252: 7409:. Translated by David Lorton. Cornell University Press. 7084:

Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilisation, Second Edition

6696:. Translated by David Lorton. Cornell University Press. 6674:. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–73. 6106: 5932: 5908: 5746: 5621: 5573: 5476: 5428: 5317: 5097: 5013: 4950: 4834: 4723: 4561: 4252: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3885: 3883: 3844: 3781: 3685: 3625: 2524:

The traditional design was a highly symbolic variety of

8688: 7368:. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. 6576:"The New Kingdom 'Divine' Temple: The Example of Luxor" 6226: 5944: 5785: 5773: 5761: 5717: 5585: 5561: 5392: 5049: 4735: 4660: 4633: 4465: 4363: 4327: 4168: 4059: 3931: 3793: 3745: 3106: 2826:, both in modern languages and in ancient ones such as 2643:

to provide dim light. The epitome of this style is the

2004: 1995:

following a single general pattern, with a rectangular

1782:

Because he was credited with divine power himself, the

936: 6326: 6202: 6154: 5956: 5809: 5705: 5657: 5380: 5356: 5281: 5206: 5194: 5116: 4822: 4798: 4120: 4094:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 208–227, 253–257. 2685:

walls were fully fortified in case of invasion by the

6406:"Royal Cult Complexes of the Old and Middle Kingdoms" 5797: 5182: 4699: 4501: 4477: 4023: 3999: 3982: 3880: 3856: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3757: 3237:, depicted on a coffin. Eleventh to tenth century BC. 3013:, even supplanted the High Priest of Amun during the 7008:

Egyptological Studies in Honour of Richard A. Parker

6817:

Religion in Roman Egypt: Assimilation and Resistance

5218: 5170: 4339: 4228: 3673: 181: 6606:

Egyptian Festivals: Enactments of Religious Renewal

5992: 4672: 2723:incorporates an unusual underground structure, the 2182:In the Third Intermediate Period and the following 2119:may have wielded considerable political influence. 7723: 7366:The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice 5535:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 1–6, 249–257. 3697: 7202:Meeks, Dimitri; Favard-Meeks, Christine (1996) . 7201: 6982:State and Temple Economy in the Ancient Near East 6837:State and Temple Economy in the Ancient Near East 6688: 6480:The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture 6148: 6124: 6088: 6061: 6010: 5986: 5740: 5639: 5067: 5043: 4932: 4874: 4150: 3739: 3727: 3655: 3637: 3355:at Dendera or the hypostyle hall at Philae, were 9878: 7058:(1973). "Temple and Town in Ancient Egypt". In 6895: 4555: 2576:, the object of ritual was the sun itself or a 2251:conquered the Ptolemaic kingdom in 30 BC, 2159:, beginning the political fragmentation of the 1809:had temples dedicated to them. Many demons and 6946:. Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabĳe Oosten. 3475:from the harmful effects of tourist activity. 2597:: a statue of the temple god which that god's 2194:, beginning a long tradition of sophisticated 1837: 1779:, and it was the purpose of a temple as well. 1640:The most important part of the temple was the 9470: 7806: 7792: 3406:(fourteenth century BC), from whose interior 2969:at Karnak, as a pharaoh. Eleventh century BC. 2889:Painted relief on doorframes and ceilings at 1757:, means "mansion (or enclosure) of a god". A 1573: 7526:The Egyptian Temple: A Lexicographical Study 7303:The Cult of Ra: Sun Worship in Ancient Egypt 3374:The situation changed dramatically with the 2498:, the sacred precinct dedicated to the god. 1703:that contribute significantly to the modern 6813: 6631: 6049: 6022: 4531: 2659:Beyond the hypostyle hall were one or more 1595:were built for the official worship of the 9477: 9463: 7799: 7785: 7344:The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple 7142:The Archaeology of Late Antique 'Paganism' 7062:; Tringham, Ruth; Dimbleby, G. W. (eds.). 6653:The Archaeology of Late Antique 'Paganism' 6636:. British Museum Press. pp. 112–131. 6612: 6559:. British Museum Press. pp. 216–241. 6452:Arnold, Dieter (2001). "Architecture". In 6387:Building in Egypt: Pharaonic Stone Masonry 4615: 3402:Reconstruction work on the Ninth Pylon at 2790:The most important form of decoration was 2317:A rock-cut chamber in the Great Temple of 2126:In the middle of the New Kingdom, Pharaoh 1580: 1566: 7670: 7504: 7467: 7407:The Priests of Ancient Egypt, New Edition 7267:. British Museum Press. pp. viii–x. 7239: 6786: 6694:Gods and Men in Egypt: 3000 BCE to 395 CE 6368: 6316: 6304: 6268: 6220: 6136: 6100: 5878: 5866: 5854: 5627: 5482: 5458: 5422: 5410: 5374: 5338: 5263: 5239: 5164: 5149: 5091: 5079: 4983: 4956: 4741: 4717: 4693: 4666: 4654: 4639: 4627: 4495: 4471: 4423: 4285: 4273: 4246: 3961: 3937: 3874: 3751: 3715: 3213:, the temple of her mythological consort 3051:, were overseen by the same high priest. 2054:who, beginning with his first pyramid at 9484: 7613:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 7610: 7575:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 7507:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 7401: 7325:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 7286:. British Museum Press. pp. 24–48. 7185:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 7123:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 7120: 7104:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 6963:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 6856:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 6853: 6834: 6732:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 6672:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 6650: 6459:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt 6184: 6172: 6037: 5890: 5755: 5699: 5687: 5675: 5603: 5555: 5506: 5494: 5434: 5326: 5299: 5251: 4603: 4579: 4384: 4369: 4321: 4297: 4162: 4053: 3901: 3397: 3306: 3270:, for instance, could be depicted as an 3228: 3161: 3072: 2978: 2909:, or rearing cobras, atop a wall at the 2777: 2691: 2625: 2554: 2446: 2442: 2312: 2300: 2200: 2085: 2021: 1868: 1719: 20: 7542: 7523: 7341: 7281: 7259: 7101: 6998: 6979: 6729: 6600: 6525: 6497: 6208: 5974: 5962: 5950: 5902: 5842: 5815: 5779: 5767: 5651: 5518: 5470: 5287: 5031: 4968: 4915: 4705: 4591: 4519: 3889: 3838: 3814: 3787: 3775: 3667: 3631: 3063: 2752:might be used for specific ceremonies. 1637:guidance from the god dwelling within. 9879: 7771:Ancient Egyptian architecture: temples 7648: 7629: 7591: 7572: 7423: 7382: 7360: 7300: 7220: 7158: 7024: 6941: 6547: 6476: 6451: 6430: 6403: 6384: 6332: 6160: 6112: 5938: 5914: 5830: 5803: 5711: 5663: 5615: 5579: 5530: 5446: 5386: 5362: 5275: 5212: 5200: 5188: 5176: 5137: 5122: 5110: 5019: 5007: 4995: 4898: 4886: 4862: 4847: 4828: 4816: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4768: 4753: 4729: 4678: 4507: 4483: 4459: 4447: 4435: 4411: 4396: 4357: 4345: 4234: 4222: 4210: 4198: 4174: 4138: 4114: 4089: 4077: 4041: 4029: 4017: 4005: 3993: 3949: 3925: 3913: 3862: 3826: 3763: 3703: 3679: 3619: 3254:worshipped as a manifestation of the 9458: 7780: 7677:The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt 7448: 7430:. Cornell University Press. pp. 7182: 7139: 6960: 6923:. Cornell University Press. pp. 6914: 6795:. Cornell University Press. pp. 6764: 6710: 6669: 6582:. Cornell University Press. pp. 6412:. Cornell University Press. pp. 6356: 6292: 6280: 6256: 6244: 6232: 6196: 6076: 5791: 5723: 5591: 5567: 5398: 5350: 5311: 5224: 5055: 4944: 4543: 4309: 4126: 3850: 3802: 3691: 3643: 2868:and the statue of Ramesses II at the 2814:The text on the walls was the formal 9839: 7594:Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt 7080: 7054: 6872: 6573: 5926: 4567: 4333: 4258: 4186: 4065: 3976: 3389:decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs 3346:Decline of ancient Egyptian religion 3339: 3315:. Thirteenth to eleventh century BC. 2333:, as well as at Egyptian-controlled 2305:Stone construction in a wall of the 2177: 1947: 9859: 7319: 6787:Finnestad, Ragnhild Bjerre (1997). 6692:; Zivie-Coche, Christiane (2004) . 6504:The Search for God in Ancient Egypt 5998: 2621: 2593:In most temples, the focus was the 2263:were built in a style derived from 13: 7696: 3376:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 3302: 3209:was brought annually to visit the 2026:Reconstruction of the Old Kingdom 14: 9923: 9587:Ancient Egyptian race controversy 9310:Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld 9305:The Contendings of Horus and Seth 7773:at Digital Egypt for Universities 7764: 6749:Egypt State Information Service. 3459:, which is a major sector of the 3378:in 1798, which brought with it a 3224: 2550: 9858: 9848: 9838: 9829: 9828: 9817: 9780: 9437: 9353:Beautiful Festival of the Valley 7875: 5524: 3589: 3490:List of ancient Egyptian temples 3191:Beautiful Festival of the Valley 3068: 2954: 2934: 2918: 2898: 2882: 2866:mortuary temple of Amenhotep III 2818:. Some texts were written in a " 1884:at Abydos. Thirteenth century BC 1549: 63: 9849: 7634:. Duckworth. pp. 721–734. 7549:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology 7470:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 7346:. Manchester University Press. 7204:Daily Life of the Egyptian Gods 7066:. Duckworth. pp. 657–678. 7031:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology 6345:Egypt State Information Service 4083: 4011: 3907: 3868: 3570: 3561: 3539: 3521: 2411:cutting chambers in living rock 2290: 2046:under which he was buried: the 1847:, meaning "house" or "estate". 1731:performing rituals for the god 1662:patterns of religious symbolism 1537:Church of the Most High Goddess 7707:(in German). Bechtermünz Vlg. 7596:. Cambridge University Press. 7547:. In Wendrich, Willeke (ed.). 7225:. Cambridge University Press. 7029:. In Wendrich, Willeke (ed.). 6820:. Princeton University Press. 6533:. Princeton University Press. 6507:. Translated by David Lorton. 6377: 3661: 3507: 3221:reversion of these offerings. 2850:Large, free-standing sculpture 2844:last ancient hieroglyphic text 2488:courts, and towering entrance 2325:Temples were built throughout 2103:, whose main cult center, the 2081: 1942: 1644:, which typically contained a 1619:to the gods, reenacting their 1: 9892:Ancient Egyptian architecture 6919:. In Shafer, Byron E. (ed.). 6791:. In Shafer, Byron E. (ed.). 6617:. Peeters. pp. 499–506. 6578:. In Shafer, Byron E. (ed.). 6408:. In Shafer, Byron E. (ed.). 6307:, pp. 219–220, 230, 242. 6247:, pp. 103, 126, 179–181. 6149:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 6125:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 6089:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 6062:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 6011:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 5987:Meeks & Favard-Meeks 1996 5741:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 5640:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 5068:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 5044:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 4933:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 4875:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 4556:Hahn, Emmel & Gotter 2008 4151:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 3740:Meeks & Favard-Meeks 1996 3728:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 3656:Dunand & Zivie-Coche 2004 3602: 3534:Festival Hall of Thutmose III 2786:at Karnak. Twelfth century BC 2763: 2734:Especially important was the 2465:ancient Egyptian architecture 2297:Ancient Egyptian architecture 2213:. First to second century AD. 1937:Egypt became a Roman province 1914: 1749:were meant as places for the 1658:ancient Egyptian architecture 7632:Man, Settlement and Urbanism 7528:. Kegan Paul International. 7385:Egyptian Painting and Relief 7064:Man, Settlement and Urbanism 6434:Temples of the Last Pharaohs 6151:, pp. 119–120, 135–136. 4582:, pp. 398–409, 423–425. 4498:, pp. 524–529, 545–547. 4189:, pp. 113–114, 134–135. 3607: 3513:Many Egyptologists, such as 3149: 2974: 2679: 2567:. Fourth to third century BC 1715: 1710: 1599:and in commemoration of the 7: 9907:Ancient Egyptian technology 9772:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations 9592:Population history of Egypt 9295:Book of Traversing Eternity 7245:. Brill. pp. 506–554. 6881:. Brill. pp. 335–365. 6814:Frankfurter, David (1998). 6655:. Brill. pp. 389–436. 6437:. Oxford University Press. 6389:. Oxford University Press. 5082:, pp. 70, 82, 178–179. 3483: 3395:as a scholarly discipline. 3125:Egyptological pronunciation 2913:. Twenty-eighth century BC. 2272:crisis of the third century 1838:Economic and administrative 1633:, give offerings, and seek 1611:, the central functions of 10: 9928: 9320:Litany of the Eye of Horus 7873: 7524:Spencer, Patricia (1984). 7342:Reymond, E. A. E. (1969). 7144:. Brill. pp. xv–lxv. 5010:, pp. 64–65, 88, 159. 4213:, pp. 18–19, 230–231. 3343: 3285: 2767: 2614:associated with kingship. 2309:. Twenty-sixth century BC. 2294: 1775:was the entire purpose of 9897:Ancient Egyptian religion 9812: 9789: 9778: 9516: 9493: 9432: 9386: 9363:Coronation of the pharaoh 9343: 9335:Spell of the Twelve Caves 9248: 9058: 9017: 8986: 8928: 8072: 8060: 8002: 7949: 7940: 7884: 7814: 7808:Ancient Egyptian religion 7010:. Brown. pp. 70–84. 6942:Haring, B. J. J. (1997). 6877:; Gotter, Ulrich (eds.). 6711:Eaton, Katherine (2013). 5531:Sippel, Benjamin (2020). 4630:, pp. 100, 233, 234. 4090:Sippel, Benjamin (2020). 3622:, pp. 119, 162, 221. 3473:protect ancient monuments 3457:Egyptian tourist industry 3007:Third Intermediate Period 2911:pyramid complex of Djoser 2717:Mortuary Temple of Seti I 2696:Brick storehouses at the 2574:traditional solar shrines 2345:, and at outposts in the 2168:Third Intermediate Period 2161:Third Intermediate Period 1737:mortuary temple at Abydos 296: 238: 185: 9824:Ancient Egypt portal 9444:Ancient Egypt portal 9290:Book of the Heavenly Cow 7543:Stadler, Martin (2008). 7427:Temples of Ancient Egypt 7301:Quirke, Stephen (2001). 6921:Temples of Ancient Egypt 6900:. Brill. pp. 1–22. 6793:Temples of Ancient Egypt 6580:Temples of Ancient Egypt 6509:Cornell University Press 6477:Arnold, Dieter (2003) . 6410:Temples of Ancient Egypt 6271:, pp. 161, 240–242. 6223:, pp. 29, 102, 114. 6175:, pp. 405–406, 427. 6139:, pp. 245, 249–250. 6025:, pp. 116–120, 123. 5929:, pp. 158, 174–176. 5702:, pp. 176–177, 186. 5302:, pp. 369, 371–372. 4522:, pp. 261, 267–268. 4450:, pp. 282–286, 298. 4288:, pp. 245, 247–249. 4056:, pp. 169–170, 182. 4044:, pp. 389, 394–396. 3979:, pp. 661, 666–667. 3730:, pp. 103, 111–112. 3500: 3432:. A major effort by the 3297:indicate the god's reply 3030:within the precinct, or 2700:. Thirteenth century BC. 2321:. Thirteenth century BC. 2015:in his honor near their 1683:in 30 BC. With the 1556:Ancient Egypt portal 9145:Horus on the Crocodiles 7703:Arnold, Dieter (1992). 7221:Monson, Andrew (2012). 6915:Haeny, Gerhard (1997). 6751:"Tourism: Introduction" 6531:Egypt in Late Antiquity 6431:Arnold, Dieter (1999). 6404:Arnold, Dieter (1997). 6385:Arnold, Dieter (1991). 6259:, pp. xi, 160–162. 6023:Davies & Smith 1997 5449:, pp. 62, 134–135. 4300:, pp. 52, 174–176. 3157:Egyptian civil calendar 2949:. Twentieth century BC. 2803:substituted for paint. 2307:Valley Temple of Khafre 2163:(c. 1070–664 BC). 1816:Egyptian creation myths 1739:. Thirteenth century BC 9315:Great Hymn to the Aten 9095:Crown of justification 8819:Souls of Pe and Nekhen 8097:Amenhotep, son of Hapu 7932:Veneration of the dead 7592:Teeter, Emily (2011). 7453:. Shire Publications. 7449:Snape, Steven (1996). 7387:. Shire Publications. 7025:Katary, Sally (2011). 6371:, pp. 7, 240–242. 6199:, pp. 27–29, 179. 4657:, pp. 36–37, 226. 3417: 3391:and the beginnings of 3316: 3238: 3207:Dendera Temple complex 3167: 3081: 2984: 2787: 2782:Painted relief in the 2701: 2635: 2568: 2460: 2322: 2310: 2244:for nearly 300 years. 2214: 2211:Dendera Temple complex 2137:Akhenaten's revolution 2095: 2035: 1885: 1740: 1685:coming of Christianity 1069:Souls of Pe and Nekhen 319:Amenhotep, son of Hapu 38: 9498:Glossary of artifacts 7745:Vörös, Győző (2007). 7722:Oakes, Lorna (2003). 7680:. Thames and Hudson. 7672:Wilkinson, Richard H. 7362:Ritner, Robert Kriech 7305:. Thames and Hudson. 7168:. Thames and Hudson. 7165:The Complete Pyramids 6103:, pp. 62–64, 99. 5893:, pp. 92–94, 96. 5606:, pp. 60, 70–71. 4971:, pp. 38, 43–44. 4947:, pp. 44–51, 56. 4819:, pp. 80–81, 86. 4546:, pp. xxii–xxiv. 4312:, pp. 29–33, 41. 3401: 3357:adapted into churches 3310: 3232: 3165: 3076: 2982: 2893:. Twelfth century BC. 2781: 2768:Further information: 2695: 2629: 2558: 2450: 2443:Design and decoration 2316: 2304: 2295:Further information: 2282:and other temples in 2204: 2089: 2025: 1989:Early Dynastic Period 1898:built to support it. 1872: 1723: 1689:temple cults died out 24: 7917:Opening of the mouth 7383:Robins, Gay (1986). 7081:Kemp, Barry (2006). 6574:Bell, Lanny (1997). 6064:, pp. 107, 110. 5618:, pp. 220, 232. 5278:, pp. 227, 252. 5140:, pp. 113, 180. 4570:, pp. 344, 353. 3694:, pp. 126, 281. 3469:World Heritage Sites 3064:Religious activities 2770:Art of ancient Egypt 2645:Great Hypostyle Hall 2538:came to inhabit its 2192:native land of Nubia 1895:Richard H. Wilkinson 1854:, when Egypt was an 1677:loss of independence 9912:Egyptian inventions 9644:Cursive hieroglyphs 9050:The Indestructibles 8854:Hermes Trismegistus 6359:, pp. 252–253. 6295:, pp. 250–251. 6283:, pp. 177–181. 6187:, pp. 420–421. 6127:, pp. 116–118. 6091:, pp. 112–113. 6079:, pp. 337–338. 6052:, pp. 148–152. 6040:, pp. 609–611. 5989:, pp. 129–130. 5977:, pp. 513–514. 5869:, pp. 257–258. 5833:, pp. 247–249. 5690:, pp. 105–107. 5654:, pp. 121–124. 5642:, pp. 306–310. 5473:, pp. 242–245. 5353:, pp. 320–322. 5314:, pp. 28, 121. 5254:, pp. 132–142. 5034:, pp. 242–243. 4998:, pp. 169–171. 4889:, pp. 113–114. 4865:, pp. 730–731. 4795:, pp. 115–122. 4783:, pp. 144–145. 4771:, pp. 120–122. 4756:, pp. 109–113. 4618:, pp. 505–506. 4606:, pp. 421–430. 4594:, pp. 261–267. 4462:, pp. 143–144. 4438:, pp. 65, 308. 4426:, pp. 188–189. 4399:, pp. 46, 308. 4387:, pp. 183–184. 4360:, pp. 334–341. 4336:, pp. 299–300. 4324:, pp. 182–183. 4261:, p. 144, 147. 4225:, pp. 228–229. 4201:, pp. 118–119. 4165:, pp. 121–124. 4141:, pp. 32, 258. 4117:, pp. 511–515. 4080:, pp. 136–141. 4068:, pp. 297–299. 3952:, pp. 372–379. 3928:, pp. 142–143. 3853:, pp. 123–126. 3778:, pp. 323–327. 3742:, pp. 126–128. 3416:are being retrieved 3280:Serapeum of Saqqara 2967:High Priest of Amun 2905:Frieze of sculpted 2816:hieroglyphic script 2634:. First century AD. 2526:sacred architecture 2170:, such as those at 2149:High Priest of Amun 2105:Precinct of Amun-Re 1701:tourist attractions 1229:Symbols and objects 1216:The Indestructibles 1106:Hermes Trismegistus 9617:Funerary practices 9263:Books of Breathing 8282:Four sons of Horus 6772:. Westview Press. 6454:Redford, Donald B. 5905:, pp. 25, 40. 4901:, pp. 28, 46. 4732:, pp. 27, 36. 4720:, pp. 19, 42. 4414:, p. 256–257. 4020:, pp. 392–395 3964:, pp. 50, 75. 3805:, pp. 89–102. 3634:, pp. 22, 43. 3418: 3317: 3239: 3187:funerary character 3168: 3082: 3011:God's Wife of Amun 2985: 2788: 2702: 2636: 2630:Hypostyle hall of 2569: 2515:Temple of Kom Ombo 2461: 2405:, usually without 2323: 2311: 2276:Christian emperors 2265:Roman architecture 2215: 2096: 2090:Entrance pylon of 2066:The rulers of the 2036: 1999:enclosure. In the 1886: 1741: 1478:Books of Breathing 512:Four sons of Horus 39: 9872: 9871: 9627:Great Royal Wives 9597:Prehistoric Egypt 9452: 9451: 9414:Mysteries of Isis 9387:Related religions 9280:Book of the Earth 8924: 8923: 7756:978-963-662-084-4 7687:978-0-500-05100-9 7663:978-977-416-563-4 7641:978-0-7156-0589-9 7622:978-0-19-510234-5 7603:978-0-521-61300-2 7584:978-0-19-510234-5 7535:978-0-7103-0065-2 7516:978-0-19-510234-5 7460:978-0-7478-0327-0 7441:978-0-8014-3399-3 7416:978-0-8014-8654-8 7394:978-0-85263-789-0 7375:978-0-918986-75-7 7353:978-0-7190-0311-0 7334:978-0-19-510234-5 7312:978-0-500-05107-8 7293:978-0-7141-0993-0 7274:978-0-7141-0993-0 7252:978-90-04-15420-9 7232:978-1-107-01441-1 7213:978-0-8014-8248-9 7194:978-0-19-510234-5 7175:978-0-500-05084-2 7151:978-0-7546-3603-8 7132:978-0-19-510234-5 7113:978-0-19-510234-5 7094:978-0-415-01281-2 7073:978-0-7156-0589-9 7017:978-0-87451-321-9 7004:Lesko, Leonard H. 7000:Johnson, Janet H. 6991:978-90-70192-03-7 6972:978-0-19-510234-5 6934:978-0-8014-3399-3 6907:978-90-04-13141-5 6888:978-90-04-13141-5 6865:978-0-19-510234-5 6846:978-90-70192-03-7 6827:978-0-691-07054-4 6806:978-0-8014-3399-3 6779:978-0-8133-4061-6 6741:978-0-19-510234-5 6722:978-0-415-83298-4 6703:978-0-8014-8853-5 6690:Dunand, Françoise 6681:978-0-19-510234-5 6662:978-0-7546-3603-8 6643:978-0-7141-0993-0 6624:978-90-429-2323-2 6593:978-0-8014-3399-3 6566:978-0-7141-0993-0 6540:978-0-691-06986-9 6527:Bagnall, Roger S. 6518:978-0-8014-3786-1 6490:978-0-691-11488-0 6469:978-0-19-510234-5 6444:978-0-19-512633-4 6423:978-0-8014-3399-3 6396:978-0-19-511374-7 6235:, pp. 55–57. 6115:, pp. 87–90. 5941:, pp. 66–73. 5917:, pp. 17–18. 5881:, pp. 95–96. 5845:, pp. 49–51. 5794:, pp. 24–25. 5743:, pp. 90–91. 5726:, pp. 41–49. 5678:, pp. 53–54. 5594:, pp. 71–72. 5582:, pp. 25–26. 5570:, pp. 69–70. 5558:, pp. 35–43. 5542:978-3-447-11485-1 5521:, pp. 81–82. 5509:, pp. 43–47. 5497:, pp. 32–35. 5461:, pp. 57–60. 5425:, pp. 46–47. 5413:, pp. 44–46. 5401:, pp. 16–17. 5266:, pp. 54–55. 5242:, pp. 74–75. 5167:, pp. 60–62. 5152:, pp. 65–66. 5113:, pp. 77–84. 5094:, pp. 69–70. 5070:, pp. 86–87. 5058:, pp. 26–27. 5022:, pp. 71–72. 4986:, pp. 76–79. 4935:, pp. 79–82. 4918:, pp. 31–33. 4877:, pp. 77–79. 4850:, pp. 20–25. 4696:, pp. 43–44. 4534:, pp. 72–76. 4276:, pp. 24–25. 4249:, pp. 22–23. 4177:, pp. 84–90. 4129:, pp. 15–17. 4101:978-3-447-11485-1 3904:, pp. 52–53. 3790:, pp. 19–25. 3718:, pp. 8, 86. 3658:, pp. 89–91. 3380:corps of scholars 3340:After abandonment 3334:ritual incubation 3195:Theban Necropolis 2862:Colossi of Memnon 2687:Achaemenid Empire 2242:ruled as pharaohs 2178:Later development 2130:promoted the god 2048:Pyramid of Djoser 1948:Early development 1922:Theban Necropolis 1777:Egyptian religion 1650:Prehistoric Egypt 1613:Egyptian religion 1590: 1589: 1533:Kemetic Orthodoxy 1508:Related religions 1490:Book of the Earth 1180: 1179: 9919: 9887:Egyptian temples 9862: 9861: 9852: 9851: 9842: 9841: 9832: 9831: 9822: 9821: 9820: 9784: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9456: 9455: 9442: 9441: 9440: 9274:Book of the Dead 9110:Egyptian obelisk 8499:Kothar-wa-Khasis 7947: 7946: 7912:Offering formula 7907:Mortuary temples 7897:Embalming ritual 7879: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7778: 7777: 7760: 7741: 7729: 7718: 7691: 7667: 7650:Verner, Miroslav 7645: 7626: 7607: 7588: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7539: 7520: 7501: 7464: 7451:Egyptian Temples 7445: 7420: 7398: 7379: 7357: 7338: 7316: 7297: 7278: 7256: 7236: 7217: 7198: 7179: 7155: 7136: 7117: 7098: 7077: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7021: 6995: 6976: 6957: 6938: 6911: 6892: 6869: 6850: 6831: 6810: 6783: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6745: 6726: 6707: 6685: 6666: 6647: 6628: 6609: 6597: 6570: 6544: 6522: 6494: 6473: 6448: 6427: 6400: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6050:Frankfurter 1998 6047: 6041: 6035: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5744: 5738: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4919: 4913: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4851: 4845: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4532:Frankfurter 1998 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3980: 3974: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3878: 3877:, pp. 90–93 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3559: 3543: 3537: 3525: 3519: 3511: 3461:Egyptian economy 3442:Temple of Taffeh 3438:Temple of Dendur 3412:blocks from the 3199:ritual marriages 2958: 2938: 2922: 2902: 2886: 2784:Temple of Khonsu 2713:Mortuary temples 2622:Halls and courts 2469:Cavetto cornices 2226:styles, and the 2188:Kushite pharaohs 1919: 1916: 1827:mortuary temples 1744:Ancient Egyptian 1705:Egyptian economy 1693:wave of interest 1593:Egyptian temples 1582: 1575: 1568: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1486:Book of the Dead 1291:Egyptian obelisk 737:Kothar-wa-Khasis 183: 182: 149:Offering formula 67: 56: 55:Ancient Egyptian 41: 40: 9927: 9926: 9922: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9917: 9916: 9877: 9876: 9873: 9868: 9818: 9816: 9808: 9785: 9776: 9512: 9489: 9483: 9453: 9448: 9438: 9436: 9428: 9382: 9339: 9268:Book of Caverns 9244: 9090:Crook and flail 9061: 9054: 9013: 8982: 8920: 8272:Dionysus-Osiris 8068: 8056: 7998: 7936: 7880: 7871: 7810: 7805: 7767: 7757: 7744: 7738: 7721: 7715: 7702: 7699: 7697:Further reading 7694: 7688: 7664: 7642: 7623: 7604: 7585: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7536: 7517: 7461: 7442: 7417: 7403:Sauneron, Serge 7395: 7376: 7354: 7335: 7313: 7294: 7275: 7261:Quirke, Stephen 7253: 7233: 7214: 7195: 7176: 7152: 7133: 7114: 7095: 7074: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7018: 6992: 6973: 6954: 6935: 6908: 6889: 6866: 6847: 6828: 6807: 6780: 6755: 6753: 6742: 6723: 6704: 6682: 6663: 6644: 6625: 6594: 6567: 6553:Quirke, Stephen 6541: 6519: 6491: 6470: 6445: 6424: 6397: 6380: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6315: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6291: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6267: 6263: 6255: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6219: 6215: 6207: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6183: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6036: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6009: 6005: 5997: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5973: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5953:, pp. 4–6. 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5853: 5849: 5841: 5837: 5829: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5802: 5798: 5790: 5786: 5778: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5754: 5747: 5739: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5325: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5238: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5109: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4982: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4922: 4914: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4616:Cruz-Uribe 2010 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4558:, pp. 3–5. 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3996:, pp. 4–7. 3992: 3983: 3975: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3865:, pp. 2–3. 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3829:, pp. 3–4. 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3682:, pp. 1–2. 3678: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3544: 3540: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3486: 3446:Temple of Debod 3348: 3342: 3305: 3303:Popular worship 3288: 3227: 3152: 3071: 3066: 2977: 2970: 2959: 2950: 2939: 2930: 2923: 2914: 2903: 2894: 2887: 2858:Lateran Obelisk 2772: 2766: 2682: 2624: 2553: 2482:hypostyle halls 2445: 2347:Sinai Peninsula 2341:as far west as 2299: 2293: 2180: 2084: 1950: 1945: 1917: 1876:of personified 1840: 1759:divine presence 1718: 1713: 1586: 1550: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1509: 1501: 1500: 1482:Book of Caverns 1464: 1456: 1455: 1276:Crook and flail 1231: 1221: 1220: 1191: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1176: 292: 234: 179: 164: 163: 135: 127: 126: 75: 54: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9925: 9915: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9870: 9869: 9867: 9866: 9856: 9846: 9836: 9826: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9721: 9720: 9715: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9669: 9668: 9663: 9653: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9636: 9635: 9634: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9578: 9577: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9556: 9555: 9545: 9544: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9523: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9482: 9481: 9474: 9467: 9459: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9446: 9433: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9390: 9388: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9349: 9347: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9254: 9252: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9066: 9064: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9021: 9019: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8990: 8988: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8934: 8932: 8926: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8469:Khenti-Amentiu 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8385: 8384: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8257:Cavern deities 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8062: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8008: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7955: 7953: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7888: 7886: 7882: 7881: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7827:Creation myths 7824: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7811: 7804: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7766: 7765:External links 7763: 7762: 7761: 7755: 7742: 7736: 7730:. Southwater. 7719: 7713: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7692: 7686: 7668: 7662: 7646: 7640: 7627: 7621: 7608: 7602: 7589: 7583: 7570: 7558:978-0615214030 7557: 7540: 7534: 7521: 7515: 7502: 7482:10.1086/468651 7476:(4): 241–260. 7465: 7459: 7446: 7440: 7421: 7415: 7399: 7393: 7380: 7374: 7358: 7352: 7339: 7333: 7317: 7311: 7298: 7292: 7279: 7273: 7257: 7251: 7237: 7231: 7218: 7212: 7199: 7193: 7180: 7174: 7156: 7150: 7137: 7131: 7118: 7112: 7099: 7093: 7078: 7072: 7060:Ucko, Peter J. 7052: 7040:978-0615214030 7039: 7022: 7016: 6996: 6990: 6977: 6971: 6958: 6952: 6939: 6933: 6912: 6906: 6893: 6887: 6875:Emmel, Stephen 6870: 6864: 6851: 6845: 6832: 6826: 6811: 6805: 6784: 6778: 6762: 6746: 6740: 6727: 6721: 6708: 6702: 6686: 6680: 6667: 6661: 6648: 6642: 6629: 6623: 6610: 6602:Bleeker, C. J. 6598: 6592: 6571: 6565: 6545: 6539: 6523: 6517: 6495: 6489: 6474: 6468: 6449: 6443: 6428: 6422: 6401: 6395: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6373: 6369:Wilkinson 2000 6361: 6349: 6337: 6335:, p. 226. 6325: 6317:Wilkinson 2000 6309: 6305:Wilkinson 2000 6297: 6285: 6273: 6269:Wilkinson 2000 6261: 6249: 6237: 6225: 6221:Wilkinson 2000 6213: 6201: 6189: 6177: 6165: 6163:, p. 234. 6153: 6141: 6137:Spalinger 1998 6129: 6117: 6105: 6101:Wilkinson 2000 6093: 6081: 6066: 6054: 6042: 6027: 6015: 6003: 6001:, p. 346. 5991: 5979: 5967: 5955: 5943: 5931: 5919: 5907: 5895: 5883: 5879:Wilkinson 2000 5871: 5867:Spalinger 1998 5859: 5857:, p. 521. 5855:Spalinger 2001 5847: 5835: 5820: 5808: 5796: 5784: 5782:, p. 512. 5772: 5770:, p. 566. 5760: 5758:, p. 328. 5745: 5728: 5716: 5714:, p. 220. 5704: 5692: 5680: 5668: 5666:, p. 175. 5656: 5644: 5632: 5628:Wilkinson 2000 5620: 5608: 5596: 5584: 5572: 5560: 5548: 5541: 5523: 5511: 5499: 5487: 5483:Wilkinson 2000 5475: 5463: 5459:Wilkinson 2000 5451: 5439: 5437:, p. 423. 5427: 5423:Wilkinson 2000 5415: 5411:Wilkinson 2000 5403: 5391: 5389:, p. 205. 5379: 5377:, p. 194. 5375:Finnestad 1997 5367: 5365:, p. 149. 5355: 5343: 5341:, p. 191. 5339:Finnestad 1997 5331: 5329:, p. 371. 5316: 5304: 5292: 5280: 5268: 5264:Wilkinson 2000 5256: 5244: 5240:Wilkinson 2000 5229: 5217: 5215:, p. 169. 5205: 5203:, p. 256. 5193: 5181: 5169: 5165:Wilkinson 2000 5154: 5150:Wilkinson 2000 5142: 5127: 5125:, p. 251. 5115: 5096: 5092:Wilkinson 2000 5084: 5080:Wilkinson 2000 5072: 5060: 5048: 5036: 5024: 5012: 5000: 4988: 4984:Wilkinson 2000 4973: 4961: 4957:Wilkinson 2000 4949: 4937: 4920: 4903: 4891: 4879: 4867: 4852: 4833: 4831:, p. 213. 4821: 4809: 4807:, p. 148. 4797: 4785: 4773: 4758: 4746: 4742:Wilkinson 2000 4734: 4722: 4718:Wilkinson 2000 4710: 4698: 4694:Wilkinson 2000 4683: 4671: 4667:Wilkinson 2000 4659: 4655:Wilkinson 2000 4644: 4640:Wilkinson 2000 4632: 4628:Wilkinson 2000 4620: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4524: 4512: 4510:, p. 227. 4500: 4496:Naerebout 2007 4488: 4486:, p. 226. 4476: 4472:Wilkinson 2000 4464: 4452: 4440: 4428: 4424:Finnestad 1997 4416: 4401: 4389: 4374: 4372:, p. 379. 4362: 4350: 4338: 4326: 4314: 4302: 4290: 4286:Spalinger 1998 4278: 4274:Wilkinson 2000 4263: 4251: 4247:Wilkinson 2000 4239: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4191: 4179: 4167: 4155: 4143: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4100: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4046: 4034: 4032:, p. 168. 4022: 4010: 4008:, p. 395. 3998: 3981: 3966: 3962:Wilkinson 2000 3954: 3942: 3938:Wilkinson 2000 3930: 3918: 3916:, pp. 7–8 3906: 3894: 3879: 3875:Wilkinson 2000 3867: 3855: 3843: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3792: 3780: 3768: 3766:, p. 340. 3756: 3752:Wilkinson 2000 3744: 3732: 3720: 3716:Wilkinson 2000 3708: 3696: 3684: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3588: 3569: 3560: 3538: 3520: 3515:Wolfgang Helck 3505: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3495:Minoan palaces 3492: 3485: 3482: 3477:Archaeological 3434:United Nations 3344:Main article: 3341: 3338: 3304: 3301: 3287: 3284: 3226: 3225:Sacred animals 3223: 3211:Temple of Edfu 3151: 3148: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2971: 2960: 2953: 2951: 2940: 2933: 2931: 2924: 2917: 2915: 2904: 2897: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2765: 2762: 2681: 2678: 2623: 2620: 2565:Temple of Edfu 2559:Shrine in the 2552: 2551:Inner chambers 2549: 2511:Deir el-Bahari 2451:The temple of 2444: 2441: 2292: 2289: 2253:Roman emperors 2179: 2176: 2083: 2080: 2068:Middle Kingdom 2032:Djedkare Isesi 2028:pyramid temple 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1926:Deir el-Medina 1856:imperial power 1839: 1836: 1831:Stephen Quirke 1811:household gods 1735:, from Seti's 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1584: 1577: 1570: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1469:Funerary texts 1465: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1133: 1132: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 980: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 928: 927: 922: 917: 906: 905: 900: 895: 890: 879: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 827: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 740: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 707:Khenti-Amentiu 704: 699: 688: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 626: 625: 620: 615: 614: 613: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 527: 526: 515: 514: 503: 502: 497: 486: 485: 483:Cavern deities 474: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 422: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 297: 294: 293: 291: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 244: 242: 236: 235: 233: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 191: 189: 180: 170: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161: 156: 151: 142: 136: 133: 132: 129: 128: 125: 124: 119: 114: 109: 108: 107: 97: 92: 87: 82: 76: 73: 72: 69: 68: 60: 59: 50: 49: 25:The Temple of 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9924: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9884: 9882: 9875: 9865: 9857: 9855: 9847: 9845: 9837: 9835: 9827: 9825: 9815: 9814: 9811: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9799:Egyptologists 9797: 9795: 9792: 9791: 9788: 9783: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9658: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9576: 9573: 9572: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9554: 9551: 9550: 9549: 9546: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9515: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9495: 9492: 9487: 9486:Ancient Egypt 9480: 9475: 9473: 9468: 9466: 9461: 9460: 9457: 9445: 9435: 9434: 9431: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9419:Temple of Set 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9385: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9373:Opet Festival 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9342: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9330:Pyramid Texts 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9285:Book of Gates 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9275: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9230:Vulture crown 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9115:Egyptian pool 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9057: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9016: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8985: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8953:Hieracosphinx 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8927: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8719:Renpetneferet 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 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7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7883: 7878: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7802: 7797: 7795: 7790: 7788: 7783: 7782: 7779: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7758: 7752: 7748: 7743: 7739: 7737:1-84215-757-4 7733: 7728: 7727: 7720: 7716: 7714:3-86047-215-1 7710: 7706: 7701: 7700: 7689: 7683: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7618: 7614: 7609: 7605: 7599: 7595: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7576: 7571: 7560: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7527: 7522: 7518: 7512: 7508: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7422: 7418: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7390: 7386: 7381: 7377: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7345: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7308: 7304: 7299: 7295: 7289: 7285: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7248: 7244: 7238: 7234: 7228: 7224: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7205: 7200: 7196: 7190: 7186: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7143: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7115: 7109: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7090: 7087:. Routledge. 7086: 7085: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7023: 7019: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6983: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6964: 6959: 6955: 6953:90-6258-212-5 6949: 6945: 6940: 6936: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6899: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6871: 6867: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6838: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6785: 6781: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6737: 6733: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6715:. Routledge. 6714: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6677: 6673: 6668: 6664: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6635: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6475: 6471: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6388: 6383: 6382: 6370: 6365: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6322: 6318: 6313: 6306: 6301: 6294: 6289: 6282: 6277: 6270: 6265: 6258: 6253: 6246: 6241: 6234: 6229: 6222: 6217: 6211:, p. ix. 6210: 6205: 6198: 6193: 6186: 6185:Dijkstra 2011 6181: 6174: 6173:Dijkstra 2011 6169: 6162: 6157: 6150: 6145: 6138: 6133: 6126: 6121: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6097: 6090: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6071: 6063: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6039: 6038:Kruchten 2001 6034: 6032: 6024: 6019: 6013:, p. 21. 6012: 6007: 6000: 5995: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5971: 5965:, p. 22. 5964: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5923: 5916: 5911: 5904: 5899: 5892: 5891:Sauneron 2000 5887: 5880: 5875: 5868: 5863: 5856: 5851: 5844: 5839: 5832: 5827: 5825: 5818:, p. 44. 5817: 5812: 5806:, p. 54. 5805: 5800: 5793: 5788: 5781: 5776: 5769: 5764: 5757: 5756:Thompson 2001 5752: 5750: 5742: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5725: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5701: 5700:Sauneron 2000 5696: 5689: 5688:Sauneron 2000 5684: 5677: 5676:Sauneron 2000 5672: 5665: 5660: 5653: 5648: 5641: 5636: 5630:, p. 92. 5629: 5624: 5617: 5612: 5605: 5604:Sauneron 2000 5600: 5593: 5588: 5581: 5576: 5569: 5564: 5557: 5556:Sauneron 2000 5552: 5544: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5515: 5508: 5507:Sauneron 2000 5503: 5496: 5495:Sauneron 2000 5491: 5485:, p. 70. 5484: 5479: 5472: 5467: 5460: 5455: 5448: 5443: 5436: 5435:Dijkstra 2011 5431: 5424: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5400: 5395: 5388: 5383: 5376: 5371: 5364: 5359: 5352: 5347: 5340: 5335: 5328: 5327:Gundlach 2001 5323: 5321: 5313: 5308: 5301: 5300:Gundlach 2001 5296: 5290:, p. 43. 5289: 5284: 5277: 5272: 5265: 5260: 5253: 5252:Sauneron 2000 5248: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5227:, p. 47. 5226: 5221: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5191:, p. 93. 5190: 5185: 5178: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5151: 5146: 5139: 5134: 5132: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5093: 5088: 5081: 5076: 5069: 5064: 5057: 5052: 5046:, p. 80. 5045: 5040: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5016: 5009: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4985: 4980: 4978: 4970: 4965: 4959:, p. 76. 4958: 4953: 4946: 4941: 4934: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4900: 4895: 4888: 4883: 4876: 4871: 4864: 4859: 4857: 4849: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4830: 4825: 4818: 4813: 4806: 4801: 4794: 4789: 4782: 4777: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4755: 4750: 4744:, p. 40. 4743: 4738: 4731: 4726: 4719: 4714: 4708:, p. 30. 4707: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4680: 4675: 4669:, p. 38. 4668: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4642:, p. 16. 4641: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4617: 4612: 4605: 4604:Dijkstra 2011 4600: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4580:Dijkstra 2011 4576: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4528: 4521: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4485: 4480: 4474:, p. 27. 4473: 4468: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4425: 4420: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4398: 4393: 4386: 4385:Sauneron 2000 4381: 4379: 4371: 4370:Gundlach 2001 4366: 4359: 4354: 4348:, p. 28. 4347: 4342: 4335: 4330: 4323: 4322:Sauneron 2000 4318: 4311: 4306: 4299: 4298:Sauneron 2000 4294: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4255: 4248: 4243: 4237:, p. 15. 4236: 4231: 4224: 4219: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4163:Goedicke 1978 4159: 4153:, p. 78. 4152: 4147: 4140: 4135: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4111: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4079: 4074: 4067: 4062: 4055: 4054:Sauneron 2000 4050: 4043: 4038: 4031: 4026: 4019: 4014: 4007: 4002: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3978: 3973: 3971: 3963: 3958: 3951: 3946: 3940:, p. 88. 3939: 3934: 3927: 3922: 3915: 3910: 3903: 3902:Sauneron 2000 3898: 3892:, p. 17. 3891: 3886: 3884: 3876: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3852: 3847: 3841:, p. 46. 3840: 3835: 3828: 3823: 3817:, p. 25. 3816: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3797: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3754:, p. 82. 3753: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3729: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3681: 3676: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3592: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3578:Amarna period 3573: 3564: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3542: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3516: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3414:Amarna Period 3411: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3309: 3300: 3298: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3236: 3231: 3222: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179:Opet Festival 3175: 3173: 3164: 3160: 3158: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3079: 3078:Amenhotep III 3075: 3069:Daily rituals 3061: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3023:lector priest 3018: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2999:ritual purity 2994: 2991: 2981: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820:cryptographic 2817: 2812: 2810: 2804: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2688: 2677: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2633: 2628: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507:Wadi es-Sebua 2504: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339:Libyan Desert 2336: 2332: 2328: 2320: 2315: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2196:Nubian temple 2193: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2147:made himself 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2093: 2088: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1912: 1911:Sixth Dynasty 1908: 1904: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605:ancient Egypt 1602: 1598: 1594: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1547: 1546: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1496: 1495: 1494:Book of Gates 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1331:Hieracosphinx 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1296:Egyptian pool 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1261:Book of Thoth 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 986: 985: 984: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 967:Renpetneferet 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 934: 933: 932: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 912: 911: 910: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 885: 884: 883: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 833: 832: 831: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 746: 745: 744: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 694: 693: 692: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 632: 631: 630: 624: 621: 619: 616: 612: 609: 608: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 532: 531: 525: 522: 521: 520: 519: 513: 510: 509: 508: 507: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 490: 484: 481: 480: 479: 478: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 428: 427: 426: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 301: 300: 295: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 243: 241: 237: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 192: 190: 188: 184: 177: 173: 168: 167: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 146: 143: 141: 138: 137: 131: 130: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 77: 71: 70: 66: 62: 61: 58: 52: 51: 47: 43: 42: 36: 32: 28: 23: 19: 9874: 9526:Architecture 9378:Sed festival 9368:Min festival 9358:Cattle count 9325:Litany of Re 9300:Coffin Texts 9272: 9215:Solar barque 9155:Imiut fetish 9150:Hypocephalus 9135:Hemhem crown 9120:Eye of Horus 9045:Land of Manu 8999:Djadjaemankh 8880: 8870: 8823: 8733: 8683: 8663: 8638: 8594:Nebethetepet 8588: 8503: 8474:Khenti-kheti 8453: 8393: 8296: 8292:Gate deities 8286: 8276: 8261: 8251: 8201: 8076: 8066:Theban Triad 7926: 7892:Canopic jars 7746: 7725: 7704: 7676: 7653: 7631: 7612: 7593: 7574: 7562:. Retrieved 7548: 7525: 7506: 7473: 7469: 7450: 7426: 7406: 7384: 7365: 7343: 7324: 7321:Ray, John D. 7302: 7283: 7264: 7242: 7222: 7203: 7184: 7164: 7160:Lehner, Mark 7141: 7122: 7103: 7083: 7063: 7044:. Retrieved 7030: 7007: 6981: 6962: 6943: 6920: 6897: 6878: 6855: 6836: 6816: 6792: 6769: 6766:Fagan, Brian 6754:. Retrieved 6731: 6712: 6693: 6671: 6652: 6633: 6614: 6605: 6579: 6556: 6549:Baines, John 6530: 6503: 6499:Assmann, Jan 6479: 6458: 6433: 6409: 6386: 6364: 6352: 6340: 6328: 6320: 6312: 6300: 6288: 6276: 6264: 6252: 6240: 6228: 6216: 6209:Quirke 1997a 6204: 6192: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6144: 6132: 6120: 6108: 6096: 6084: 6057: 6045: 6018: 6006: 5994: 5982: 5975:Janssen 1978 5970: 5963:Bleeker 1967 5958: 5951:Stadler 2008 5946: 5934: 5922: 5910: 5903:Bleeker 1967 5898: 5886: 5874: 5862: 5850: 5843:Assmann 2001 5838: 5816:Bleeker 1967 5811: 5799: 5787: 5780:Janssen 1978 5775: 5768:Englund 2001 5763: 5719: 5707: 5695: 5683: 5671: 5659: 5652:Janssen 1978 5647: 5635: 5623: 5611: 5599: 5587: 5575: 5563: 5551: 5532: 5526: 5519:Johnson 1986 5514: 5502: 5490: 5478: 5471:Kozloff 2001 5466: 5454: 5442: 5430: 5418: 5406: 5394: 5382: 5370: 5358: 5346: 5334: 5307: 5295: 5288:Assmann 2001 5283: 5271: 5259: 5247: 5220: 5208: 5196: 5184: 5179:, p. 5. 5172: 5145: 5118: 5087: 5075: 5063: 5051: 5039: 5032:Kozloff 2001 5027: 5015: 5003: 4991: 4969:Assmann 2001 4964: 4952: 4940: 4916:Assmann 2001 4894: 4882: 4870: 4824: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4749: 4737: 4725: 4713: 4706:Assmann 2001 4701: 4681:, p. 4. 4674: 4662: 4635: 4623: 4611: 4599: 4592:Bagnall 1993 4587: 4575: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4520:Bagnall 1993 4515: 4503: 4491: 4479: 4467: 4455: 4443: 4431: 4419: 4392: 4365: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4317: 4305: 4293: 4281: 4254: 4242: 4230: 4218: 4206: 4194: 4182: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4110: 4091: 4085: 4073: 4061: 4049: 4037: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3957: 3945: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3890:Spencer 1984 3870: 3858: 3846: 3839:Quirke 1997b 3834: 3822: 3815:Spencer 1984 3810: 3788:Assmann 2001 3783: 3776:Reymond 1969 3771: 3759: 3747: 3735: 3723: 3711: 3706:, p. 3. 3699: 3687: 3675: 3668:Assmann 2001 3663: 3651: 3646:, p. 9. 3639: 3632:Spencer 1984 3627: 3615: 3591: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3541: 3530:Luxor Temple 3523: 3509: 3453:Middle Egypt 3450: 3423: 3419: 3407: 3373: 3352: 3349: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3289: 3264: 3242: 3240: 3219: 3189:, as in the 3183:Luxor Temple 3176: 3169: 3153: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3057:Thutmose III 3053: 3041:Sed festival 3037: 3019: 2995: 2986: 2891:Medinet Habu 2875:lapis lazuli 2848: 2842:include the 2813: 2805: 2789: 2773: 2754: 2735: 2733: 2711: 2703: 2683: 2674: 2658: 2637: 2616: 2612: 2598: 2592: 2585: 2578:Benben stone 2570: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2500: 2493: 2462: 2457:Medinet Habu 2453:Ramesses III 2439: 2431: 2399: 2374:use of stone 2371: 2363: 2355:Jebel Barkal 2324: 2291:Construction 2269: 2246: 2227: 2220:animal cults 2216: 2181: 2165: 2152: 2125: 2121: 2117:high priests 2097: 2092:Luxor Temple 2072:Medinet Madi 2065: 2044:step pyramid 2037: 1986: 1982:Egyptian art 1951: 1934: 1930: 1900: 1887: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1820: 1804: 1796: 1791: 1781: 1772: 1766: 1754: 1742: 1681:Roman Empire 1674: 1670: 1639: 1624: 1621:mythological 1592: 1591: 1472: 1341:Imiut fetish 1336:Hypocephalus 1321:Hemhem crown 1301:Eye of Horus 1211:Land of Manu 1135: 1134: 1123: 1122: 1074: 1073: 982: 981: 930: 929: 908: 907: 881: 880: 836:Nebethetepet 829: 828: 742: 741: 712:Khenti-kheti 690: 689: 628: 627: 529: 528: 524:Gate deities 517: 516: 505: 504: 488: 487: 476: 475: 424: 423: 298: 153: 18: 9864:WikiProject 9678:Mathematics 9639:Hieroglyphs 9553:Portraiture 9521:Agriculture 9508:Main topics 9404:Hermeticism 9235:Was-sceptre 9062:and objects 8539:Mehet-Weret 8382:Harpocrates 8212:Banebdjedet 8177:Arensnuphis 7857:Osiris myth 7056:Kemp, Barry 6378:Works cited 6333:Baines 1997 6161:Baines 1997 6113:Teeter 2011 5939:Teeter 2011 5915:Verner 2013 5831:Ritner 1993 5804:Quirke 2001 5712:Monson 2012 5664:Haring 1997 5616:Ritner 1993 5580:Teeter 2011 5447:Quirke 2001 5387:Arnold 2003 5363:Arnold 1999 5276:Arnold 2003 5213:Arnold 2003 5201:Arnold 2003 5189:Arnold 1999 5177:Shafer 1997 5138:Arnold 2003 5123:Arnold 1999 5111:Teeter 2011 5020:Arnold 1997 5008:Quirke 2001 4996:Arnold 1999 4899:Arnold 2003 4887:Arnold 2001 4863:Uphill 1973 4848:Robins 1986 4829:Arnold 1991 4817:Arnold 1991 4805:Arnold 1991 4793:Arnold 1991 4781:Arnold 1999 4769:Arnold 1991 4754:Arnold 1991 4730:Arnold 1991 4679:Arnold 1991 4508:Monson 2012 4484:Arnold 1999 4460:Arnold 1999 4448:Arnold 1999 4436:Arnold 1999 4412:Arnold 1999 4397:Arnold 1999 4358:Verner 2013 4346:Arnold 1999 4235:Lehner 1997 4223:Lehner 1997 4211:Lehner 1997 4199:Quirke 2001 4175:Quirke 2001 4139:Arnold 1997 4115:Verner 2013 4078:Monson 2012 4042:Haring 1997 4030:Quirke 2001 4018:Haring 1997 4006:Haring 1997 3994:Katary 2011 3950:Haring 1997 3926:Haring 1997 3914:Katary 2011 3863:Shafer 1997 3827:Shafer 1997 3764:Teeter 2001 3704:Shafer 1997 3680:Shafer 1997 3670:, p. 4 3620:Arnold 1999 3556:Justinian I 3430:Lake Nasser 3385:Egyptomania 3365:Elephantine 3252:sacred bull 3015:Late Period 2941:Obelisk of 2632:Esna Temple 2427:natural gum 2397:elsewhere. 2331:Lower Egypt 2261:Ras el-Soda 2184:Late Period 2157:Upper Egypt 2141:Ramesses II 2082:New Kingdom 2013:sun temples 2001:Old Kingdom 1974:Upper Egypt 1962:Lower Egypt 1943:Development 1918: 2255 1882:Ramesses II 1874:Sunk relief 1852:New Kingdom 1807:all deities 1788:sacred king 1654:New Kingdom 1519:Hermeticism 1446:Was-sceptre 1401:Seqtet boat 779:Mehet-Weret 611:Harpocrates 436:Banebdjedet 399:Arensnuphis 9881:Categories 9794:Egyptology 9762:Technology 9725:Philosophy 9673:Literature 9565:Chronology 9399:Gnosticism 9240:Winged sun 9085:Corn mummy 8987:Characters 8911:Werethekau 8749:Sebiumeker 8559:Meretseger 8424:Ikhemu-sek 8362:Hermanubis 7862:Philosophy 7852:Numerology 6756:January 6, 6357:Fagan 2004 6319:, Part V, 6293:Fagan 2004 6281:Fagan 2004 6257:Fagan 2004 6245:Fagan 2004 6233:Fagan 2004 6197:Fagan 2004 6077:Lesko 2001 5792:Eaton 2013 5724:Eaton 2013 5592:Doxey 2001 5568:Doxey 2001 5399:Eaton 2013 5351:Hölzl 2001 5312:Eaton 2013 5225:Snape 1996 5056:Eaton 2013 4945:Snape 1996 4544:Lavan 2011 4310:Snape 1996 4127:Snape 1996 3851:Haeny 1997 3803:Haeny 1997 3692:Haeny 1997 3644:Snape 1996 3603:References 3393:Egyptology 2963:Pinedjem I 2961:Statue of 2947:Heliopolis 2943:Senusret I 2927:winged sun 2764:Decoration 2641:clerestory 2595:cult image 2584:where his 2582:false door 2359:Abu Simbel 2319:Abu Simbel 2284:Alexandria 2240:kings who 2205:Roman-era 2009:Heliopolis 1798:community 1725:Low relief 1697:Egyptology 1646:cult image 1529:Kemeticism 1451:Winged sun 1416:Set animal 1356:Matet boat 1271:Corn mummy 1167:Werethekau 999:Sebiumeker 799:Meretseger 660:Ikhemu-sek 596:Hermanubis 500:Duau (god) 117:Philosophy 112:Numerology 9698:Mythology 9622:Geography 9612:Dynasties 9560:Astronomy 9345:Festivals 9210:Shen ring 9190:Ouroboros 9125:Eye of Ra 9080:Cartouche 9018:Locations 8963:Serpopard 8930:Creatures 8861:Tjenenyet 8844:Ta-Bitjet 8789:Shesmetet 8709:Renenutet 8694:Raet-Tawy 8614:Nehmetawy 8564:Meskhenet 8332:Hedjhotep 8187:Assessors 7885:Practices 7847:Mythology 7842:Maa Kheru 7822:Afterlife 7652:(2013) . 7564:6 January 7498:161279885 7405:(2000) . 7046:6 January 6501:(2001) . 5927:Bell 1997 4568:Hahn 2008 4334:Kemp 2006 4259:Bell 1997 4187:Kemp 2006 4066:Kemp 2006 3977:Kemp 1973 3608:Citations 3552:Procopius 3426:Aswan Dam 3274:and as a 3205:from the 3150:Festivals 3049:Letopolis 2975:Personnel 2870:Ramesseum 2852:included 2809:registers 2750:granaries 2742:astronomy 2729:Sanatoria 2698:Ramesseum 2680:Enclosure 2661:peristyle 2519:Akhetaten 2486:peristyle 2463:Like all 2383:sandstone 2379:limestone 2234:Ptolemies 2218:oracles, 2155:ruler of 2128:Akhenaten 2076:sanctuary 1878:provinces 1823:afterlife 1716:Religious 1711:Functions 1642:sanctuary 1617:offerings 1615:: giving 1421:Shen ring 1411:Serpopard 1386:Ouroboros 1306:Eye of Ra 1266:Cartouche 1190:Locations 1113:Tjenenyet 1096:Ta-Bitjet 1039:Shesmetet 957:Renenutet 942:Raet-Tawy 856:Nehmetawy 804:Meskhenet 566:Hedjhotep 409:Assessors 145:Offerings 134:Practices 100:Mythology 85:Cosmology 80:Afterlife 9834:Category 9755:District 9750:Capitals 9735:Religion 9718:Titulary 9708:Pharaohs 9688:Military 9683:Medicine 9666:Hieratic 9656:Language 9582:Clothing 9536:Obelisks 9409:Kemetism 9250:Writings 9160:Khepresh 9004:Rededjet 8906:Wepwawet 8891:Wadj-wer 8609:Nehebkau 8604:Nefertem 8524:Mandulis 8459:Kebechet 8449:Iusaaset 8367:Heryshaf 8317:Hatmehit 8152:Apedemak 8027:Nephthys 7922:Pyramids 7902:Funerals 7674:(2000). 7364:(1993). 7162:(1997). 6768:(2004). 6608:. Brill. 6604:(1967). 6529:(1993). 5999:Ray 2001 3532:and the 3484:See also 3256:Memphite 3086:offering 3032:recluses 3003:celibate 2854:obelisks 2824:graffiti 2746:medicine 2725:Osireion 2706:mammisis 2435:anathema 2395:quarries 2391:obelisks 2349:such as 2287:ceased. 2280:Serapeum 2153:de facto 2151:and the 2017:pyramids 1997:mudbrick 1978:mudbrick 1891:farmland 1860:military 1635:oracular 1601:pharaohs 1346:Khepresh 1162:Wepwawet 1147:Wadj-wer 851:Nehebkau 846:Nefertem 759:Mandulis 697:Kebechet 685:Iusaaset 618:Heryshaf 556:Hatmehit 374:Apedemak 263:Nephthys 159:Pyramids 140:Funerals 57:religion 46:a series 44:Part of 9902:Temples 9854:Outline 9844:Commons 9804:Museums 9740:Scribes 9730:Pottery 9661:Demotic 9651:History 9602:Cuisine 9531:Revival 9424:Thelema 9394:Atenism 9225:Ushabti 9195:Pschent 9185:Neshmet 9100:Deshret 9060:Symbols 9009:Ubaoner 8948:Griffin 8834:Taweret 8829:Tatenen 8764:Serapis 8759:Sekhmet 8729:Resheph 8674:Qed-her 8624:Nekhbet 8599:Nebtuwi 8464:Khensit 8434:Imhotep 8429:Imentet 8327:Hedetet 8192:Astarte 8127:Andjety 8102:Amesemi 7942:Deities 7927:Temples 7815:Beliefs 7006:(ed.). 6797:185–237 6584:127–184 6555:(ed.). 6456:(ed.). 3583:talatat 3547:papyrus 3409:talatat 3353:mammisi 3292:oracles 3286:Oracles 3045:Memphis 2864:at the 2836:Demotic 2801:faience 2676:"god". 2654:papyrus 2563:of the 2503:hypogea 2495:temenos 2484:, open 2473:molding 2419:gilding 2415:reliefs 2403:courses 2387:granite 2337:in the 2229:mammisi 2207:mammisi 2145:Herihor 2052:Sneferu 1987:In the 1909:in the 1907:Harkhuf 1800:shrines 1786:, as a 1784:pharaoh 1755:ḥwt-nṯr 1747:temples 1679:to the 1609:rituals 1524:Thelema 1514:Atenism 1441:Ushabti 1391:Pschent 1381:Neshmet 1311:Griffin 1281:Deshret 1086:Taweret 1081:Tatenen 1014:Serapis 1004:Sekhmet 977:Resheph 920:Qed-her 871:Nekhbet 841:Nebtuwi 702:Khensit 670:Imhotep 665:Imentet 561:Hedetet 414:Astarte 349:Andjety 324:Amesemi 172:Deities 154:Temples 74:Beliefs 33:, with 9703:People 9570:Cities 9488:topics 9258:Amduat 9205:Serekh 9200:Scarab 9130:Hedjet 9035:Benben 8978:Uraeus 8973:Sphinx 8958:Medjed 8916:Wosret 8901:Wepset 8886:Wadjet 8809:Sopdet 8794:Shezmu 8774:Seshat 8769:Serket 8714:Renpet 8699:Rekhyt 8679:Qetesh 8644:Pakhet 8574:Mnevis 8549:Menhit 8529:Medjed 8519:Mafdet 8509:Maahes 8494:Khonsu 8484:Kherty 8479:Khepri 8347:Hemsut 8322:Hauron 8312:Hathor 8247:Buchis 8232:Ba-Pef 8217:Bastet 8147:Anuket 8142:Anubis 8117:Amu-Aa 8112:Am-heh 8061:Triads 8052:Tefnut 8037:Osiris 8004:Ennead 7989:Naunet 7979:Kauket 7969:Hauhet 7964:Amunet 7951:Ogdoad 7753: 7734: 7711: 7684: 7660: 7638: 7619: 7600: 7581: 7555: 7532: 7513: 7496: 7490:545450 7488: 7457: 7438: 7413: 7391: 7372: 7350: 7331: 7309: 7290: 7271: 7249: 7229: 7210: 7191: 7172: 7148: 7129: 7110: 7091: 7070: 7037: 7014: 6988: 6969: 6950: 6931: 6925:86–126 6904: 6885: 6862: 6843: 6824: 6803: 6776: 6738: 6719: 6700: 6678: 6659: 6640: 6621: 6590: 6563: 6537: 6515: 6487: 6466: 6441: 6420: 6393: 6321:passim 5539: 4098: 3465:UNESCO 3444:, and 3404:Karnak 3313:Osiris 3276:baboon 3203:Hathor 3140:Osiris 3028:asylum 2990:vizier 2965:, the 2840:Philae 2834:, and 2796:stelae 2792:relief 2757:sphinx 2744:, and 2737:pr ꜥnḫ 2721:Abydos 2607:barque 2490:pylons 2477:batter 2407:mortar 2367:corvée 2247:After 2224:column 2113:Thebes 2109:Karnak 2056:Meidum 2040:Djoser 1993:Abydos 1970:Coptos 1966:Nekhen 1903:corvée 1864:slaves 1763:ritual 1729:Seti I 1666:pylons 1474:Amduat 1436:Uraeus 1426:Sphinx 1406:Serekh 1396:Scarab 1361:Medjed 1316:Hedjet 1201:Benben 1172:Wosret 1157:Wepset 1142:Wadjet 1059:Sopdet 1044:Shezmu 1024:Seshat 1019:Serket 962:Renpet 947:Rekhyt 925:Qetesh 888:Pakhet 814:Mnevis 789:Menhit 769:Mafdet 764:Medjed 749:Maahes 732:Khonsu 722:Kherty 717:Khepri 581:Hemsut 551:Hathor 546:Hauron 471:Buchis 456:Ba-Pef 441:Bastet 369:Anuket 364:Anubis 339:Amu-Aa 334:Am-heh 288:Tefnut 273:Osiris 240:Ennead 225:Naunet 215:Kauket 205:Hauhet 200:Amunet 187:Ogdoad 35:pylons 31:Philae 9767:Trade 9745:Sites 9693:Music 9607:Dance 9541:Pylon 9503:Index 9180:Nemes 9170:Menat 9165:Kneph 9140:Hennu 9030:Akhet 8896:Weneg 8849:Thoth 8814:Sopdu 8804:Sobek 8754:Seker 8744:Satis 8724:Repyt 8669:Qebui 8654:Petbe 8649:Perit 8634:Neper 8629:Nemty 8619:Neith 8579:Montu 8554:Meret 8544:Mehit 8534:Mehen 8514:Ma'at 8489:Khnum 8444:Iunit 8399:Iabet 8377:Horus 8372:Hesat 8357:Heqet 8352:Henet 8342:Hemen 8267:Dedun 8237:Bennu 8137:Anput 8132:Anhur 8107:Ammit 8092:Akhty 7832:Isfet 7494:S2CID 7486:JSTOR 6414:31–85 3501:Notes 3361:Khnum 3268:Thoth 3215:Horus 3144:Horus 3132:magic 2907:uraei 2832:Latin 2828:Greek 2670:Akhet 2666:pylon 2650:lotus 2561:cella 2540:mummy 2423:inlay 2351:Timna 2335:oases 2327:Upper 2238:Greek 2172:Tanis 1935:Once 1463:Texts 1376:Nemes 1366:Menat 1351:Kneph 1326:Hennu 1152:Weneg 1101:Thoth 1064:Sopdu 1054:Sobek 1009:Seker 994:Satis 972:Repyt 915:Qebui 898:Petbe 893:Perit 876:Neper 866:Nemty 861:Neith 819:Montu 794:Meret 784:Mehit 774:Mehen 754:Ma'at 727:Khnum 680:Iunit 635:Iabet 606:Horus 601:Hesat 591:Heqet 586:Henet 576:Hemen 495:Dedun 461:Bennu 359:Anput 354:Anhur 329:Ammit 314:Akhty 105:Index 95:Ma'at 9713:List 9632:List 9575:List 9220:Tyet 9175:Nebu 9105:Djed 9075:Atef 9070:Ankh 9040:Duat 9025:Aaru 8994:Dedi 8943:Abtu 8938:Aani 8876:Unut 8866:Tutu 8839:Tayt 8784:Shed 8779:Shai 8659:Ptah 8414:Igai 8337:Heka 8307:Hapi 8227:Bata 8207:Babi 8197:Aten 8172:Aqen 8162:Apis 8157:Apep 8122:Anat 8087:Aker 8082:Aati 8022:Isis 8012:Atum 7959:Amun 7867:Soul 7837:Maat 7751:ISBN 7732:ISBN 7709:ISBN 7682:ISBN 7658:ISBN 7636:ISBN 7617:ISBN 7598:ISBN 7579:ISBN 7566:2015 7553:ISBN 7530:ISBN 7511:ISBN 7455:ISBN 7436:ISBN 7432:1–30 7411:ISBN 7389:ISBN 7370:ISBN 7348:ISBN 7329:ISBN 7307:ISBN 7288:ISBN 7269:ISBN 7247:ISBN 7227:ISBN 7208:ISBN 7189:ISBN 7170:ISBN 7146:ISBN 7127:ISBN 7108:ISBN 7089:ISBN 7068:ISBN 7048:2015 7035:ISBN 7012:ISBN 6986:ISBN 6967:ISBN 6948:ISBN 6929:ISBN 6902:ISBN 6883:ISBN 6860:ISBN 6841:ISBN 6822:ISBN 6801:ISBN 6774:ISBN 6758:2011 6736:ISBN 6717:ISBN 6698:ISBN 6676:ISBN 6657:ISBN 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