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recall random dot patterns with such fidelity as to combine two patterns from memory into a stereoscopic image. She remains the only person documented to have passed such a test. However, the methods used in the testing procedures could be considered questionable (especially given the extraordinary nature of the claims being made), as is the fact that the researcher married his subject. Additionally, the fact that the tests have never been repeated (Elizabeth has consistently refused to repeat them) raises further concerns for journalist
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includes auditory memories as well as various sensory aspects across a range of stimuli associated with a visual image." Author Andrew Hudmon commented: "Examples of people with a photographic-like memory are rare. Eidetic imagery is the ability to remember an image in so much detail, clarity, and accuracy that it is as though the image were still being perceived. It is not perfect, as it is subject to distortions and additions (like episodic memory), and vocalization interferes with the memory."
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achieve until at least adolescence) at the age of three, which showed different perspectives on an image she was looking at. For example, when at the age of three, she was obsessed with horses. After seeing a horse in a story book, she generated images of what a horse should look like in any posture. She could draw other animals, objects, and parts of human bodies accurately, but represented human faces as jumbled forms. Others have not been thoroughly tested, though savant
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335:. In fact, Price's unusual autobiographical memory has been attributed as a byproduct of compulsively making journal and diary entries. Hyperthymestic patients may additionally have depression stemming from the inability to forget unpleasant memories and experiences from the past. It is a misconception that hyperthymesia suggests any eidetic ability.
1259:...we often hear about people with 'photographic memories' that enable them to quickly memorise all the fine details of a complicated picture or a page of text in a few seconds. So far as I can tell, all of these tales are unfounded myths, and only professional magicians or charlatans can produce such demonstrations.
276:
Eidetikers' memories are clearly remarkable, but they are rarely perfect. Their memories often contain minor errors, including information that was not present in the original visual stimulus. So even eidetic memory often appears to be reconstructive" (referring to the theory of memory recall known as
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are able to remember very intricate details of their own personal lives, but the ability seems not to extend to other, non-autobiographical information. They may have vivid recollections such as who they were with, what they were wearing, and how they were feeling on a specific date many years in the
290:
reviewed the literature on the subject of both eidetic and photographic memory in 2016 and concluded that there is "a lack of compelling evidence that eidetic memory exists at all among healthy adults, and no evidence that photographic memory exists. But there's a common theme running through many of
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By contrast, photographic memory may be defined as the ability to recall pages of text, numbers, or similar, in great detail, without the visualization that comes with eidetic memory. It may be described as the ability to briefly look at a page of information and then recite it perfectly from memory.
121:
referring to the ability to recall pages of text or numbers, or similar, in great detail. When the concepts are distinguished, eidetic memory is reported to occur in a small number of children and is generally not found in adults, while true photographic memory has never been demonstrated to exist.
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to memorize complex positions of chess pieces on a chessboard. Initially, it was found that these experts could recall surprising amounts of information, far more than nonexperts, suggesting eidetic skills. However, when the experts were presented with arrangements of chess pieces that could never
239:
Skepticism about the existence of eidetic memory was fueled around 1970 by
Charles Stromeyer, who studied his future wife, Elizabeth, who claimed that she could recall poetry written in a foreign language that she did not understand years after she had first seen the poem. She also could seemingly
365:
can look at a subject once and then produce, often before an audience, an accurate and detailed drawing of it, and has drawn entire cities from memory, based on single, brief helicopter rides; his six-metre drawing of 305 square miles of New York City is based on a single twenty-minute helicopter
360:
and other, non-eidetic memory-enhancement. "Nadia", who began drawing realistically at the age of three, is autistic and has been closely studied. During her childhood, she produced highly precocious, repetitive drawings from memory, remarkable for being in perspective (which children tend not to
170:
are commonly used interchangeably, but they are also distinguishable. Scholar
Annette Kujawski Taylor stated, "In eidetic memory, a person has an almost faithful mental image snapshot or photograph of an event in their memory. However, eidetic memory is not limited to visual aspects of memory and
1429:
Rebecca
Chamberlain, I. C. McManus, Howard Riley, Qona Rankin & Nicola Brunswick (2013) Local processing enhancements associated with superior observational drawing are due to enhanced perceptual functioning, not weak central coherence, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66:7,
199:
Eidetic memory is typically found only in young children, as it is virtually nonexistent in adults. Hudmon stated, "Children possess far more capacity for eidetic imagery than adults, suggesting that a developmental change (such as acquiring language skills) may disrupt the potential for eidetic
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Lilienfeld et al. stated: "Some psychologists believe that eidetic memory reflects an unusually long persistence of the iconic image in some lucky people". They added: "More recent evidence raises questions about whether any memories are truly photographic (Rothen, Meier & Ward, 2012).
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et al. stated, "People with eidetic memory can supposedly hold a visual image in their mind with such clarity that they can describe it perfectly or almost perfectly ..., just as we can describe the details of a painting immediately in front of us with near perfect accuracy."
303:
To constitute photographic or eidetic memory, the visual recall must persist without the use of mnemonics, expert talent, or other cognitive strategies. Various cases have been reported that rely on such skills and are erroneously attributed to photographic memory.
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imagery." Eidetic memory has been found in two to ten percent of children aged six to twelve. It has been hypothesized that language acquisition and verbal skills allow older children to think more abstractly and thus rely less on
272:(1988), considered reports of photographic memory to be an "unfounded myth", and that there is no scientific consensus regarding the nature, the proper definition, or even the very existence of eidetic imagery, even in children.
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A few adults have had phenomenal memories (not necessarily of images), but their abilities are also unconnected with their intelligence levels and tend to be highly specialized. In extreme cases, like those of
319:
occur in a game, their recall was no better than that of the nonexperts, suggesting that they had developed an ability to organize certain types of information, rather than possessing innate eidetic ability.
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If a person had iconic memory that did not fade with time, he or she would have what is sometimes called photographic memory (also called eidetic memory), the ability to recall entire images with extreme
518:
Eidetic memory is sometimes called photographic memory because individuals who possess eidetic memory can reproduce information from memory in exactly the format in which it was provided during encoding.
182:, eidetic images are externally projected, experienced as "out there" rather than in the mind. Vividness and stability of the image begin to fade within minutes after the removal of the visual stimulus.
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systems. Extensive research has failed to demonstrate consistent correlations between the presence of eidetic imagery and any cognitive, intellectual, neurological, or emotional measure.
342:, the world's best memorizers compete for prizes. None of the world's best competitive memorizers in these competitions has claimed to have a photographic memory.
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There are a number of individuals whose extraordinary memory has been labeled "eidetic", but it is not established conclusively whether they use
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to assert that, of the people rigorously scientifically tested, no one claiming to have long-term eidetic memory had this ability proven.
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626:...eidetic imagery, sometimes popularly (but in the view of many theoreticians inaccurately) referred to as 'photographic memory'.
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that lingers in the visual field with their eyes appearing to scan across the image as it is described. Contrary to ordinary
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An example of extraordinary memory abilities being ascribed to eidetic memory comes from the popular interpretations of
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Scott
Lilienfeld; Steven Jay Lynn; Laura Namy; Nancy Woolf; Graham Jamieson; Anthony Marks; Virginia Slaughter (2014).
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Iconic memory may help to explain the remarkable phenomenon of eidetic imagery, popularly called 'photographic memory'.
524:
Scott
Lilienfeld; Steven Jay Lynn; Laura Namy; Nancy Woolf; Graham Jamieson; Anthony Marks; Virginia Slaughter (2014).
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220:, not an eidetic memoriser, and there are no studies that confirm whether Kim Peek had true eidetic memory.
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1987:
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Blakemore, C., Braddick, O., & Gregory, R.L. (1970). Detailed
Texture of Eidetic Images: A Discussion.
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410:– particularly in Buddhism where adepts gain capacity to know "the three times" (past, present, and future)
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1036:"Behavioral and Brain Sciences – Abstract – Twenty years of haunting eidetic imagery: where's the ghost?"
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Gillian J. Furniss (2008) Celebrating the
Artmaking of Children with Autism, Art Education, 61:5, 8-12,
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with high precision—at least for a brief period of time—after seeing it only once and without using a
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referring to the ability to see an object for a few minutes after it is no longer present and
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Joshua Foer - Moonwalking with
Einstein: The Art and Science of Remembering Everything, 2011
689:"Mental Imagery > Other Quasi-Perceptual Phenomena (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)"
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magazine concentrating on cases of unconscious plagiarism, expanding the discussion in
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these research papers, and that's that the difference between ordinary memory and
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216:, memory skills can reportedly hinder social skills. Shereshevsky was a trained
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Stromeyer, C. F.; Psotka, J. (1970). "The detailed texture of eidetic images".
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whose performance in short-term memory tests is higher than university students
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603:"How well do we know our own conscious experience? the case of visual imagery"
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174:"Eidetikers", as those who possess this ability are called, report a vivid
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This article is about the precise recall of memories. For other uses, see
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are popularly used interchangeably, they are also distinguished, with
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Nadia: a case of extraordinary drawing ability in an autistic child
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New
Scientist, 1 Dec 1977, Vol. 76, No. 1080 p.577 ISSN 0262-4079
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ride. Another less thoroughly investigated instance is the art of
1792:
1528:
1075:"Remembering everything? Memory searchers suffer from amnesia!"
95:
1189:
312:
231:
was able to recall from memory every book he had ever read.
1385:
Nadia
Revisited: A Longitudinal Study of an Autistic Savant
1382:
1333:"When Memories Never Fade, The Past Can Poison The Present"
725:
The Roving Mind: A Modern Approach to Cognitive Enhancement
60:
51:
1127:
404:– the ability to create exceptionally vivid mental imagery
66:
1409:(2017) An ideal disorder? Autism as a psychiatric kind,
1349:
1179:
Thomas, N.J.T. (2010). Other Quasi-Perceptual Phenomena.
16:
Ability to recall an image from memory after one viewing
903:
488:
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Individuals identified as having a condition known as
1518:
K. V. Parish, 'The remarkable art of Winnie Bamara',
191:
This type of ability has never been proven to exist.
78:
69:
839:
837:
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681:
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1315:"People with Extraordinary Autobiographical Memory"
453:
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior
352:
List of people claimed to possess an eidetic memory
54:
941:
834:
676:
31:. For Sri Lankan action thriller short film, see
2520:
907:Encyclopedia of Human Memory [3 volumes]
492:Encyclopedia of Human Memory [3 volumes]
416:– ability of the strength of a synapse to change
370:, an Australian indigenous artist of the 1950s.
483:is more often used to describe eidetic imagery.
942:Searleman, Alan; Herrmann, Douglas J. (1994).
721:
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802:
434:
432:
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398:discussing the consequences of eidetic memory
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331:, show brain scans that resemble those with
1675:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
1107:. Princeton University Press. p. 167.
449:
311:'s classic experiments into the ability of
151:
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427:
244:who pursued the case in a 2006 article in
1196:
1099:
999:Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding
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527:Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding
94:, is the ability to recall an image from
1191:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
798:
796:
794:
792:
717:
715:
713:
1264:
1105:The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann
35:. For the method in phenomenology, see
2521:
1492:"Like a Skyline Is Etched in His Head"
1383:Selfe, Lorna; ProQuest (Firm) (2012),
1237:
1072:
1027:
897:
859:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0113-70a
662:
660:
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1247:. Simon & Schuster. p. 153.
1034:Haber, Ralph Norman (December 1979).
1033:
970:"The Truth About Photographic Memory"
789:
710:
298:
137:
1276:"Skeptoid #452: Photographic Memory"
768:
641:"Eidetic imagery: visual phenomenon"
327:past. Patients under study, such as
23:. For the video game developer, see
1350:Selfe, Lorna; Selfe, Lorna (1977),
1270:
1073:Barber, Nigel (December 22, 2010).
657:
13:
1295:
865:
14:
2570:
1956:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
1464:"Unlocking the brain's potential"
945:Memory from a Broader Perspective
845:"Does Photographic Memory Exist?"
345:
2501:
2489:
1558:
904:Annette Kujawski Taylor (2013).
610:Journal of Consciousness Studies
489:Annette Kujawski Taylor (2013).
446:are often used interchangeably:
47:
27:. For the 2011 documentary, see
1512:
1484:
1456:
1440:
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1400:
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1216:Stromeyer III, Charles (1970).
1209:
1121:
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962:
935:
2166:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
2039:Memory and social interactions
1452:10.1080/00043125.2008.11518990
633:
295:appears to be one of degree."
1:
1419:10.1080/13869795.2017.1312500
1040:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
420:
333:obsessive–compulsive disorder
234:
194:
1875:Retrieval-induced forgetting
1436:10.1080/17470218.2012.750678
948:. McGraw-Hill. p. 313.
878:American Heritage Dictionary
7:
769:Foer, Joshua (2006-04-27).
373:
10:
2575:
2213:Levels of Processing model
2138:World Memory Championships
1971:Lost in the mall technique
1818:dissociative (psychogenic)
1411:Philosophical Explorations
667:Eidetic image | psychology
622:10.5840/philtopics20002824
349:
340:World Memory Championships
129:comes from the Greek word
29:Photographic Memory (film)
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1052:10.1017/S0140525X00064542
728:. ST Press. p. 117.
253:Moonwalking with Einstein
2251:The Seven Sins of Memory
2196:Intermediate-term memory
2001:Indirect tests of memory
1978:Recovered-memory therapy
1928:Misattribution of memory
1522:, February 14, 1959, p.7
1004:Pearson Higher Education
645:Encyclopaedia Britannica
565:Principles of Psychology
532:Pearson Higher Education
1938:Source-monitoring error
722:Anthony Simola (2015).
671:Encyclopædia Britannica
570:Oxford University Press
2345:George Armitage Miller
2305:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
1387:, Taylor and Francis,
882:. 2000. Archived from
803:Andrew Hudmon (2009).
2508:Philosophy portal
2496:Psychology portal
2360:Henry L. Roediger III
1961:False memory syndrome
1933:Misinformation effect
1913:Imagination inflation
278:reconstructive memory
1865:Motivated forgetting
450:Dennis Coon (2005).
227:, the mathematician
210:Solomon Shereshevsky
2375:Arthur P. Shimamura
2275:Richard C. Atkinson
2092:Effects of exercise
1966:Memory implantation
1850:Interference theory
1766:Selective retention
1746:Meaningful learning
1339:. 27 December 2013.
1142:1970Natur.225..346S
850:Scientific American
811:Infobase Publishing
806:Learning and Memory
481:photographic memory
444:photographic memory
414:Synaptic plasticity
394:– a short story by
391:Funes the Memorious
269:The Society of Mind
261:cognitive scientist
168:photographic memory
119:photographic memory
111:photographic memory
105:Although the terms
88:photographic memory
33:EIDETIC (2016 film)
2549:Visual arts theory
2534:Exceptional memory
2472:Andriy Slyusarchuk
2295:Hermann Ebbinghaus
2201:Involuntary memory
2102:Memory improvement
2087:Effects of alcohol
2049:Transactive memory
2027:Politics of memory
1996:Exceptional memory
1497:The New York Times
1407:Daniel A. Weiskopf
1354:, Academic Press,
1184:2007-06-09 at the
693:plato.stanford.edu
599:Schwitzgebel, Eric
560:Breedlove, S. Marc
299:Trained mnemonists
293:exceptional memory
284:Scientific skeptic
148:) "visible form".
2554:Visual perception
2516:
2515:
2480:
2479:
2467:Cosmos Rossellius
2315:Marcia K. Johnson
2186:Exosomatic memory
2171:Context-dependent
2161:Absent-mindedness
2044:Memory conformity
2022:Collective memory
1923:Memory conformity
1860:Memory inhibition
1779:
1778:
1771:Tip of the tongue
1500:. 27 October 2009
1413:, 20:2, 175-190,
1394:978-0-203-82576-1
1361:978-0-12-635750-9
1254:978-0-671-65713-0
1218:"Adult Eidetiker"
1101:Goldstine, Herman
1013:978-1-4860-1640-2
955:978-0-07-028387-9
921:978-1-4408-0026-9
820:978-1-4381-1957-1
771:"Kaavya Syndrome"
735:978-0-692-40905-3
579:978-0-19-932936-6
541:978-1-4860-1640-2
506:978-1-4408-0026-9
396:Jorge Luis Borges
363:Stephen Wiltshire
338:Each year at the
86:), also known as
37:Eidetic reduction
2566:
2506:
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2493:
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2447:Jonathan Hancock
2400:Robert Stickgold
2370:Richard Shiffrin
2325:Elizabeth Loftus
2265:
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2181:Childhood memory
1988:Research methods
1870:Repressed memory
1845:Forgetting curve
1833:transient global
1704:Autobiographical
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1136:(5230): 346–49.
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853:. January 2013.
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458:Cengage Learning
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309:Adriaan de Groot
229:John von Neumann
225:Herman Goldstine
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2457:Dominic O'Brien
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2385:Susumu Tonegawa
2365:Daniel Schacter
2340:Eleanor Maguire
2330:Geoffrey Loftus
2285:Stephen J. Ceci
2280:Robert A. Bjork
2256:
2175:state-dependent
2149:
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2034:Cultural memory
2010:
2006:Memory disorder
1982:
1942:
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1520:The Sunday Mail
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1472:. 10 March 2001
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139:[êːdos]
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1908:Hindsight bias
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1855:Memory erasure
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1813:post-traumatic
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1751:Personal-event
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1681:Working memory
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1651:Motor learning
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1567:Basic concepts
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1239:Minsky, Marvin
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1046:(4): 583–594.
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813:. p. 52.
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616:(5–6): 35–53.
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440:eidetic memory
425:
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402:Hyperphantasia
399:
387:
375:
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350:Main article:
347:
346:Notable claims
344:
300:
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266:, in his book
236:
233:
196:
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180:mental imagery
164:eidetic memory
159:
150:
115:eidetic memory
107:eidetic memory
43:Eidetic memory
21:Perfect recall
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2395:Endel Tulving
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2390:Anne Treisman
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2335:James McGaugh
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2223:Muscle memory
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2070:Art of memory
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1761:Rote learning
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1736:Hyperthymesia
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1699:Active recall
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1596:Consolidation
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1114:0-691-02367-0
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886:on 2001-03-17
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699:on 2007-06-09
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368:Winnie Bamara
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324:hyperthymesia
320:
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310:
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296:
294:
289:
288:Brian Dunning
285:
281:
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273:
271:
270:
265:
264:Marvin Minsky
262:
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254:
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243:
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223:According to
221:
219:
215:
211:
205:
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202:visual memory
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44:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2462:Ben Pridmore
2380:Larry Squire
2290:Susan Clancy
2249:
2133:Memory sport
2058:Other topics
1948:False memory
1903:Cryptomnesia
1880:Weapon focus
1840:Decay theory
1630:
1601:Neuroanatomy
1560:Human memory
1519:
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1495:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1467:
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1442:
1425:
1410:
1402:
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1369:
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1327:
1318:
1309:
1285:. Retrieved
1279:
1266:
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1233:
1224:
1211:
1204:Nature, 226,
1203:
1198:
1190:
1174:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1104:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1078:
1068:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1017:. Retrieved
998:
977:. Retrieved
973:
964:
944:
937:
925:. Retrieved
906:
899:
888:. Retrieved
884:the original
876:
867:
848:
824:. Retrieved
805:
780:. Retrieved
774:
739:. Retrieved
724:
701:. Retrieved
697:the original
692:
670:
648:. Retrieved
644:
635:
625:
613:
609:
590:
583:. Retrieved
564:
552:
545:. Retrieved
526:
517:
510:. Retrieved
491:
480:
478:
471:. Retrieved
452:
443:
439:
389:
355:
337:
321:
316:grandmasters
306:
302:
282:
274:
267:
258:
251:
245:
238:
222:
206:
198:
189:
173:
167:
163:
161:
157:photographic
156:
152:
143:
126:
124:
118:
114:
110:
106:
104:
92:total recall
91:
87:
42:
41:
25:Eidetic, Inc
2320:Eric Kandel
2268:Researchers
2240:Prospective
2191:Free recall
2145:Shas Pollak
1798:anterograde
1714:Declarative
1504:23 February
1430:1448-1466,
408:Omniscience
242:Joshua Foer
2539:Giftedness
2523:Categories
2355:Lynn Nadel
2233:intertrial
2218:Metamemory
2206:flashbacks
2126:In society
1823:retrograde
1785:Forgetting
1756:Procedural
1666:Short-term
1636:Eyewitness
1476:8 November
1287:30 October
1206:1267–1268.
979:2016-04-30
890:2007-12-12
782:2022-02-07
703:2016-04-30
650:2023-01-06
438:The terms
421:References
384:chimpanzee
329:Jill Price
235:Skepticism
195:Prevalence
184:Lilienfeld
176:afterimage
162:The terms
135:pronounced
2529:Cognition
2107:Nutrition
2015:In groups
1828:selective
1803:childhood
1731:Flashbulb
1691:Long-term
1591:Attention
1060:145663980
873:"Eidetic"
479:The term
358:mnemonics
259:American
218:mnemonist
125:The term
2409:Patients
2080:mnemonic
2075:chunking
1741:Implicit
1724:Semantic
1719:Episodic
1709:Explicit
1574:Encoding
1469:BBC News
1281:Skeptoid
1241:(1998).
1227:: 76–80.
1182:Archived
1103:(1980).
1085:July 10,
1081:. Sussex
912:ABC-CLIO
880:, 4th ed
601:(2002).
562:(2015).
497:ABC-CLIO
374:See also
214:Kim Peek
2228:Priming
2154:Related
2097:Emotion
1793:Amnesia
1631:Eidetic
1618:Sensory
1579:Storage
1337:NPR.org
1166:4161578
1158:5411116
1138:Bibcode
1019:May 10,
927:May 10,
826:May 10,
741:May 10,
592:detail.
585:May 10,
547:May 10,
512:May 10,
473:May 10,
286:author
153:Eidetic
127:eidetic
2544:Memory
2261:People
2246:memory
2177:memory
2117:Trauma
1656:Visual
1646:Iconic
1641:Haptic
1626:Echoic
1584:Recall
1391:
1358:
1251:
1164:
1156:
1130:Nature
1111:
1058:
1010:
952:
918:
817:
732:
673:online
576:
538:
503:
464:
96:memory
2440:Other
2112:Sleep
2065:Aging
1610:Types
1221:(PDF)
1162:S2CID
1056:S2CID
776:Slate
606:(PDF)
380:Ayumu
313:chess
247:Slate
145:eidos
131:εἶδος
2242:and
2173:and
1506:2013
1478:2007
1389:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1289:2016
1249:ISBN
1154:PMID
1109:ISBN
1087:2013
1021:2016
1008:ISBN
950:ISBN
929:2016
916:ISBN
828:2016
815:ISBN
743:2016
730:ISBN
587:2016
574:ISBN
549:2016
536:ISBN
514:2016
501:ISBN
475:2016
462:ISBN
442:and
382:– a
212:and
166:and
155:vs.
109:and
90:and
79:eye-
1448:doi
1432:doi
1415:doi
1188:In
1146:doi
1134:225
1048:doi
855:doi
618:doi
280:).
102:.
83:-ik
81:DET
2525::
2426:NA
2421:KC
2416:HM
1494:.
1466:.
1335:.
1317:.
1297:^
1278:.
1274:.
1257:.
1223:.
1160:.
1152:.
1144:.
1132:.
1077:.
1054:.
1042:.
1038:.
1002:.
988:^
972:.
910:.
875:.
847:.
836:^
809:.
791:^
773:.
751:^
712:^
691:.
678:^
669:,
659:^
643:.
624:.
612:.
608:.
589:.
568:.
551:.
530:.
516:.
495:.
477:.
456:.
429:^
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1508:.
1480:.
1450::
1434::
1417::
1321:.
1291:.
1168:.
1148::
1140::
1117:.
1089:.
1062:.
1050::
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