101:
445:, an illegitimate daughter of Erik the Red, then emerges from her hut, heavily pregnant, and pursues them, berating them as cowards; when the Skrælings surround her, she pulls a sword from a dead man's hand, bares one breast, and slaps the sword against it, which frightens the Skrælings into leaving. The group realize that some of the attacking force were an illusion. Having lost two of their number, they decide the place is not safe and sail back north to Straumfjord, on the way encountering five sleeping men with containers of deer
327:
converts many people, including his mother, who builds a church, but not his father Erik, as a result of which Erik's wife leaves him. His brother
Thorstein then organizes an expedition to explore the new country. In addition to both brothers, the group is to include their father, but Erik falls from his horse and is injured riding to the ship. (One of the two versions suggests he nonetheless goes.) The expedition is unsuccessful; after being blown in different directions by storms all summer, they return to Eiriksfjord in the fall.
467:, born in the new land, is three years old when they leave. In Markland, they encounter five Skrælings; the three adults sink into the ground and escape, but they capture the two boys and baptize them; they learn from them that the Skrælings are cave-dwellers ruled by two kings named Avaldamon and Avaldidida, and that a nearby country is inhabited by people who go about in white, carrying poles with cloth attached, and shouting; the saga writer says that this was thought to be the legendary
1125:
1108:
385:, in mountainous country with tall grass; an island at the mouth of the fjord is full of nesting birds. Despite having brought grazing animals, they are unprepared for the harshness of winter there, and run short of food. Thorhall the Hunter, a pagan friend and servant of Erik's, then disappears and they find him after three days lying on a cliff-top, mumbling and pinching himself. Soon a strange kind of
294:(warding songs); Gudrid, although reluctant because she is Christian (her father has left while the heathen practice is going on), learned them from her foster mother and does so beautifully. Thorbjorg prophesies that the famine will soon end and that Gudrid will make two good marriages, one in Greenland and a second in Iceland, from which will come a great family. In the spring Thorbjorn sails to
33:
194:
437:(refusing to also trade swords and spears) until the Skrælings take fright and leave at the sight of a bull that has got loose. Three weeks later they return in still larger numbers, whirling the sticks counterclockwise rather than clockwise and howling. Battle is joined, and the Skrælings use something like a
574:
had accidentally sighted land to the west approximately fifteen years before Leif organized an exploratory voyage. This last is thought to stem from the saga having been written to incorporate a story that Leif evangelized in
Greenland on behalf of Olaf Tryggvason, which appears to have been invented
416:
The larger expedition, led by
Karlsefni, discovers a place they call Hop ("tidal river"), where a river flows through a lake to the sea; the country is rich in wildlife, fishing is excellent, wheat and grapes grow plentifully, and it does not snow that winter. They have a first encounter with natives
326:
when he returns to
Greenland. On the return voyage, storms take him to an unknown land where he discovers wild wheat, vines, maple trees (and in one version of the saga, very large trees). Leif also rescues shipwrecked sailors, whom he looks after and converts to Christianity. Back in Greenland, he
267:
Thorbjorn, a son of a well-born thrall who had accompanied Aud the Deep-Minded and been given land by her, has a daughter named Gudrid. One autumn, he proudly rejects a marriage proposal for her from Einar, a wealthy merchant who is also the son of a freedman. However, he is in financial
1111:
1128:
407:
In spring, most of the expedition decide to go south in search of
Vinland. Thorhall wants to go north and is joined on one ship by nine others, but the wind drives the ship east across the Atlantic to Ireland, where they are beaten and made slaves and Thorhall dies.
462:
that shoots him in the groin with a bow and arrow. Karlsefni buries him in
Vinland, in the area of what is present day Nova Scotia, Canada. The ship returns to Straumfjord, but amid increasing dissension they decide to return home. Karlsefni's son
380:
and a promontory they call
Kjalarness. They put in at a bay and have two fast-running Scottish thralls, gifts from King Olaf to Leif Erikson, scout the land and they bring back grapes and wheat. They overwinter inland from a fjord that they call
102:
250:
start a landslide that destroys a farm, leading to a feud that results in Erik's banishment first from the district and then from
Iceland; he sails in search of land that had been reported to lie to the north, and explores and names
268:
difficulties; the following spring he announces he will leave
Iceland and go to Greenland. The ship carrying his family and friends encounters bad weather and they reach Greenland only in autumn, after half have died of disease.
449:
and blood, whom they kill on the assumption they are outlaws. Karlsefni then takes one ship north in search of
Thorhall, finding a desolate forested area where they lay up on the bank of a river that flows westward to the sea.
495:, but can carry only half those aboard. At Bjarni's suggestion, they draw lots, but on request he gives up his seat in the boat to a young Icelander. Bjarni and the rest left on the ship drown; those in the boat reach land.
541:, it is closer in subject matter to medieval travel narratives than to either the sagas about families and regions of Iceland or those that are biographies of one person, and also unusual in its focus on a woman, Gudrid.
606:
as described in the scene with Thorbjorg, but is often described as unreliable. One scholar has described it as "a polemical attack on the pagan practices still supposedly prevalent around the year 1000 in Greenland".
335:
Thorstein marries Gudrid, but soon after dies in an epidemic at the farm where they are living with the joint owner, another Thorstein, and his wife Sigrid. Shortly before his death, Sigrid, who has died, rises as a
348:, and predicts a great future for her but warns her not to marry another Greenlander and asks her to give their money to the church. He then died soon after in his old cottage house made of human remains.
314:. Leif sails to Norway but is blown off course to the Hebrides, where he conceives a son, Thorgils, by a well-born woman whom he declines to marry; when Thorgils is grown, his mother sends him to
356:
Thorfinn Karlsefni, a wealthy Icelandic merchant, visits Greenland as part of a trading party in two ships. They spend the winter at Brattahlid and assist Erik the Red in providing a magnificent
340:
and tries to climb into bed with him. After his death, he himself reanimates and asks to speak to Gudrid; he tells her to end the Greenland Christian practise of burying people in
1025:, Volume 2, Grundriss der germanischen Philologie 12.II, rev. ed. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1957, 3rd ed. 1970, p. 354 skeptically on Thorhall and his relationship with Thor
503:
After a year and a half in Greenland, Karlsefni and Gudrid return to Iceland, where they have a second son; their grandchildren become the parents of three bishops.
550:, including recurring characters and accounts of the same expeditions and events, but differs in describing two base camps, at Straumfjord and Hop, whereas in the
368:
A group of 160 people in two ships, including Karlsefni and other Icelanders but mostly Greenlanders, set out to find the land to the west, now dubbed
558:
describes only one expedition, led by Karlsefni, and has combined into it those Erik's son Thorvald and daughter Freydis, which are recounted in the
288:" to come to the winter feast and prophesy so that the people of the locality will know when conditions will improve. She asks for someone to sing
1292:
965:, Histories of Scandinavian Literature 5, The American-Scandinavian Foundation, Lincoln, Nebraska / London: University of Nebraska Press, 2006,
118:. The original saga is thought to have been written in the 13th century. It is preserved in somewhat different versions in two manuscripts:
1545:
1535:
1530:
399:(patron deity). So they throw the rest over the cliff and pray to God; the weather then clears and they have good fishing and enough food.
1162:
276:
Famine is raging in Greenland that winter; Thorkel, the prominent farmer with whom Thorbjorn's group is staying, asks a wandering
1540:
1500:
17:
1362:
1021:, Volume 1, Grundriss der germanischen Philologie 12.I, rev. ed. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1956, 3rd ed. 1970, p. 221 on the
566:, Leif Erikson discovers it accidentally when he is blown off course on the way back to Greenland from Norway, while in the
389:
washes up on-shore; the meat sickens them all, and then Thorhall claims credit for it as an answer to his making a poem for
219:
483:
The ship with the rest of the expedition, under another Icelander, Bjarni Grimolfsson, is blown off-course into either the
1347:
487:
or the sea west of Ireland, depending on the saga version, where it is attacked by marine worms and starts to sink. The
1490:
1017:
115:
1515:
1272:
1192:
1047:
970:
732:
Eirik the Red's Saga: A Translation Read before the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, January 12, 1880
624:
The Norse Atlantic Saga: Being the Norse Voyages of Discovery and Settlement to Iceland, Greenland, and North America
878:, "Here begins the saga of Thorfinn Karlsefni and Snorri Thorbrandsson"; Arthur Middleton Reeves, (ed. and trans.),
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818:
1182:
580:
344:
and to bury him at the church, blames recent hauntings on the farm overseer, Gardi, whose body he says should be
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1008:
941:
784:
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Thorfinn Karlsefni and those with him settle in a place that is referred to simply as Vinland. Conversely, the
537:
version appears to be a faithful but somewhat careless copy of the original. Although classified as one of the
531:
and his assistants are thought to have revised the text, making it less colloquial and more stylish, while the
1480:
1287:
1155:
579:
in his now lost Latin life of King Olaf (c. 1200), in order to add another country to the list of those
281:
1485:
982:
Magnusson and Pálsson, "Introduction", pp. 32–35, citing Jón Jóhannesson, "Aldur Grænlendinga Sögu",
598:
contains an unusual amount of pagan practise, sorcery, and ghost stories. It has been used as a source on
442:
1495:
1367:
823:
1051:
527:, appear to derive from a common original written in the 13th century but vary considerably in details.
138:
1459:
587:
often associates the same events, such as Erik's fall from his horse, with different voyages than the
1357:
1277:
1262:
1148:
546:
143:
74:
1312:
1042:, 2 vols., Folklore Fellows Communications 296–97, Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2009,
1012:
680:
1247:
1377:
813:
715:). Variants are thoroughly listed. Editions and facsimiles of both manuscripts also included (
909:
880:
The Saga of Eric the Red, also Called the Saga of Thorfinn Karlsefni and Snorri Thorbrandsson
847:
685:
The Saga of Eric the Red, also Called the Saga of Thorfinn Karlsefni and Snorri Thorbrandsson
376:, where there are large slabs of stone and many foxes, then south to a wooded area they call
1342:
615:
There have been numerous translations of the saga, some of the most prominent of which are:
571:
1387:
1297:
1267:
1237:
1080:
1337:
791:
360:
feast; Karlsefni then asks to marry Gudrid, and the feast is extended as a wedding feast.
8:
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1207:
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255:, choosing an attractive name to encourage colonists. Where he settles becomes known as
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223:
126:
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562:. It also has a very different account of the original discovery of Vinland; in the
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884:
The Finding of Wineland the Good: The History of the Icelandic Discovery of America
689:
The Finding of Wineland the Good: The History of the Icelandic Discovery of America
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382:
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to hurl a large, heavy sphere over the Norsemen's heads, causing them to retreat.
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1187:
319:
295:
1332:
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The Skrælings return in a larger group and the Norse trade red cloth for animal
238:, where she had relatives and gave extensive land grants to those in her party.
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1222:
1212:
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421:, who use boats covered in animal skins and wave sticks in the air that make a
318:, where Leif recognizes him. In Norway, Leif becomes part of the court of King
215:
222:, who became a Christian. Following Olaf's death in battle, she and their son
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763:
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472:
230:, where Thorstein became a great warrior king. Upon his death, she sailed to
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53:
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626:, new ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 207–35. Based on
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174:
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891:
863:
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133:
Despite its title, the saga mainly chronicles the life and expedition of
418:
120:
1438:
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1101:
876:
Her hefr upp sǫgu þeirra Þorfinnz Karlsefnis oc Snorra Þorbrandzsonar
858:, Islandica 1, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Libraries, 1908,
422:
373:
345:
315:
252:
170:
49:
37:
645:(London: Penguin, 2001), pp. 653–74. Apparently translates the
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1117:
904:
438:
377:
227:
182:
61:
57:
1001:
Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs
961:
Sverrir Tómasson, "Old Icelandic Prose", in: Daisy Neijmann, ed.,
285:
277:
492:
369:
235:
178:
41:
1076:
The saga with standardized Old Norse spelling at heimskringla.no
475:. They sail back to Greenland and overwinter with Erik the Red.
234:, where she married off Thorstein's daughter, Groa, and then to
691:(London: Henry Frowde, 1890), pp. 28–52, available online
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459:
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sound; the Norsemen display a white shield as a sign of peace.
337:
247:
231:
603:
159:
wrote that title in the blank space at the top of the saga in
936:, Penguin Classics, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1965,
386:
583:
by the king; as a result of incorporating this episode, the
32:
665:(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965), pp. 73–105. Based on
434:
390:
357:
165:. It also details the events that led to the banishment of
111:
27:
Icelandic saga about the Norse exploration of North America
36:
Graphical description of the different sailing routes to
491:
is resistant, having been treated with tar made of seal
1003:, , Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press, 2002,
298:, where Erik the Red welcomes him and gives him land.
521:(and 17th-century paper copies) and the 15th-century
1097:
The saga with standardized modern Icelandic spelling
1070:, English translation at the Icelandic Saga Database
856:
Bibliography of the Icelandic Sagas and Minor Tales
458:Thorvald, traveling with Karlsefni, is killed by a
852:Þorfinns saga karlsefnis ok Snorra Þorbrandssonar"
64:) travelled by different Viking characters in the
1102:A treatment of the nationality of Leifr Eiríksson
934:The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery of America
701:text (which Reeves refers to in the apparatus as
641:Kunz, Keneva (trans.), "Erik the Red's Saga", in
471:, and one version adds that that was also called
1472:
734:(Liverpool: Marples, 1880), available online at
705:), though the text does draw some readings from
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149:
147:. For this reason it was formerly also called
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822:. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.).
602:and belief, in particular on the practice of
591:, which apparently predates Gunnlaug's work.
372:. The wind carries them to a place they call
306:This chapter introduces Erik the Red's sons,
173:and the preaching of Christianity by his son
610:
742:. Passages in square brackets are based on
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1149:
842:
840:
192:
31:
1170:
1011:, p. 265 on the seid ceremony; by
544:The saga has numerous parallels to the
14:
1473:
837:
811:
768:, public domain audiobook at Librivox.
1144:
622:(trans.), "Eirik the Red's Saga", in
738:(closer to the printed version) and
643:The Sagas of Icelanders: A Selection
1546:Norse colonization of North America
1536:Cultural depictions of Leif Erikson
1531:Cultural depictions of Erik the Red
816:. In Brown, George Williams (ed.).
24:
1018:Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte
116:Norse exploration of North America
25:
1557:
1061:
1040:Shamanism in Norse Myth and Magic
963:A History of Icelandic Literature
322:, who charges him with preaching
1123:
1106:
819:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
814:"Thorfinnr Karlsefni Thordarson"
886:, London: Henry Frowde, 1890,
1541:Norse settlements in Greenland
1363:Þorsteins saga Síðu-Hallssonar
1090:The Norse Discovery of America
1032:
989:
976:
955:
919:
913:, retrieved December 1, 2019.
897:
869:
805:
754:, but with some readings from
748:; other passages are based on
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1:
1501:10th century in North America
798:
661:(trans.), 'Eirik's Saga', in
632:, showing some variants from
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478:
453:
428:
411:
1273:Gunnars saga Keldugnúpsfífls
1213:Egils saga Skalla-Grímssonar
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363:
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271:
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177:as well as his discovery of
7:
1348:Reykdæla saga ok Víga-Skútu
1133:public domain audiobook at
1116:public domain audiobook at
824:University of Toronto Press
772:
711:(which Reeves refers to as
677:are occasionally preferred.
506:
188:
10:
1562:
1460:Icelandic Literary Society
1491:10th century in Greenland
1447:
1401:
1198:Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa
1178:
1079:Arthur Middleton Reeves,
944:, pp. 30–31, citing
611:Translations into English
581:converted to Christianity
201:(13th-century manuscript)
1516:10th century in Scotland
1293:Hávarðar saga Ísfirðings
1288:Harðar saga ok Hólmverja
1278:Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu
1183:Auðunar þáttr vestfirzka
986:, 1956, pp. 149–58.
681:Reeves, Arthur Middleton
589:Saga of the Greenlanders
568:Saga of the Greenlanders
560:Saga of the Greenlanders
552:Saga of the Greenlanders
547:Saga of the Greenlanders
511:The two versions of the
210:The Viking conqueror of
151:Þorfinns saga karlsefnis
144:Saga of the Greenlanders
141:, also recounted in the
75:Saga of the Greenlanders
1511:10th century in Ireland
1506:10th century in Iceland
1193:Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss
756:
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740:Icelandic Saga Database
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671:, though readings from
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395:
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812:Oleson, T.J. (1979) .
730:Sephton, J. (trans.),
515:, in the 14th-century
202:
185:was blown off course.
79:
1526:Viking Age in Ireland
1521:Scandinavian Scotland
1120:(Sephton Translation)
910:Store norske leksikon
846:Halldór Hermannsson,
226:left Ireland for the
196:
35:
1481:Viking Age in Canada
1358:Þorsteins saga hvíta
1137:(Reeves Translation)
1130:Saga of Erik the Red
1113:Eirik the Red's Saga
1081:North Ludlow Beamish
1068:Saga of Erik the Red
973:, pp. 127, 135.
785:Eiríks saga víðförla
765:Saga of Erik the Red
596:Saga of Erik the Red
585:Saga of Erik the Red
564:Saga of Eric the Red
556:Saga of Eric the Red
513:Saga of Erik the Red
393:, whom he calls his
342:unconsecrated ground
85:Saga of Erik the Red
70:Saga of Erik the Red
1486:Sagas of Icelanders
1233:Finnboga saga ramma
1208:Droplaugarsona saga
1172:Sagas of Icelanders
905:"Eirik Raudes saga"
848:"Eiríks saga rauða
539:Sagas of Icelanders
220:Aud the Deep-Minded
124:(14th century) and
1496:13th-century books
1419:Contemporary sagas
1085:Rasmus B. Anderson
950:Sagorna om Vinland
932:, "Introduction",
683:(ed. and trans.),
600:Old Norse religion
572:Bjarni Herjolfsson
203:
135:Thorfinn Karlsefni
80:
1468:
1467:
1402:Other saga genres
1378:Vápnfirðinga saga
1368:Þórðar saga hreðu
1338:Ljósvetninga saga
1308:Hrana saga hrings
1263:Grœnlendinga saga
1218:Eiríks saga rauða
1203:Brennu-Njáls saga
1074:Eiríks saga rauða
952:, Volume 1, 1944.
946:Sven B.F. Jansson
894:, pp. 21–22.
792:Grœnlendinga saga
727:pp. 122–39).
721:pp. 104–21,
663:The Vinland Sagas
655:Magnusson, Magnus
577:Gunnlaug Leifsson
224:Thorstein the Red
199:Eiríks saga rauða
95:Eiríks saga rauða
18:Eiríks saga rauða
16:(Redirected from
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1373:Valla-Ljóts saga
1318:Kjalnesinga saga
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1298:Heiðarvíga saga
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1424:Kings' sagas
1333:Laxdæla saga
1323:Kormáks saga
1258:Grettis saga
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167:Erik the Red
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46:Newfoundland
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1448:Publication
1439:Short tales
1052:p. 488
1027:(in German)
997:John Lindow
829:December 1,
620:Jones, Gwyn
489:ship's boat
383:Straumfjord
257:Eiriksfjord
197:A sheet of
1475:Categories
1253:Gísla saga
1023:varðlokkur
1009:0195153820
942:0140441549
799:References
499:Chapter 14
479:Chapter 13
454:Chapter 12
429:Chapter 11
417:they call
412:Chapter 10
296:Brattahlid
291:varðlokkur
278:seidworker
181:after his
892:461045740
864:604126691
423:threshing
419:Skrælings
403:Chapter 9
374:Helluland
364:Chapter 8
352:Chapter 7
331:Chapter 6
316:Greenland
312:Thorstein
302:Chapter 5
282:Thorbjorg
272:Chapter 4
263:Chapter 3
253:Greenland
242:Chapter 2
206:Chapter 1
171:Greenland
110:), is an
91:Old Norse
50:Helluland
38:Greenland
1135:LibriVox
1118:LibriVox
773:See also
757:Hauksbók
745:Hauksbók
718:Hauksbók
698:Hauksbók
674:Hauksbók
635:Hauksbók
604:prophecy
518:Hauksbók
507:Analysis
439:ballista
396:fulltrúi
378:Markland
228:Hebrides
189:Synopsis
183:longship
162:Hauksbók
121:Hauksbók
62:Labrador
58:Markland
984:Nordœla
493:blubber
443:Freydis
370:Vinland
280:called
248:thralls
236:Iceland
179:Vinland
114:on the
56:), and
42:Vinland
1092:(1906)
1083:, and
1046:
1007:
969:
940:
890:
862:
465:Snorri
460:uniped
447:marrow
346:burned
338:draugr
232:Orkney
212:Dublin
139:Gudrid
104:listen
687:, in
651:text.
435:pelts
387:whale
286:völva
88:, in
1044:ISBN
1005:ISBN
967:ISBN
938:ISBN
928:and
888:OCLC
860:OCLC
831:2019
594:The
391:Thor
358:Yule
310:and
308:Leif
82:The
72:and
713:EsR
703:ÞsK
169:to
48:),
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1164:e
1157:t
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60:(
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