Elaine massacre - Knowledge

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clothing, and necessities at excessive prices from the plantation store owned by the planter. It was not a practice of the landowner and share-croppers to go together to a market to dispose of the cotton when it was ready. Rather the landowner sold the crop whenever and however he saw fit. At the time of settlement neither an itemized statement of accounts owed nor an accounting of the money received for cotton and seed was, in most cases, given or shown the Negroes. The total amount owed was stated, and the Negroes then given a settlement which inevitably kept many Negroes in debt with the landlord. The Negroes were afraid, because of intimidation and possible bodily harm, to protest openly the disadvantages of the system. This procedure of accounting led to alleged abuses of padding and peonage by unscrupulous landowners and their agents. Many Negroes were utterly helpless in the face of "vicious exploitation." It was an unwritten law of the cotton country that they could not "quit" and leave a plantation until their debts were paid. Many Negroes in Phillips County whose cotton was sold in October, 1918, did not get a settlement before July of the following year.

1558:) being targeted by white mobs. Competition for jobs and housing in crowded markets following World War I as veterans returned to the work force, stirring racial tensions. Having served their country in the Great War, many African-American veterans were no longer willing to tolerate racial discrimination and were now prepared to use violence in self defense against white mobs and terrorism. In 1919 African-Americans vigorously fought back when their communities came under attack. Labor unrest and strikes took place in several cities as workers tried to organize. Industries often hired blacks as strikebreakers, increasing or creating resentment against them by white workers. 579: 2123: 1279: 1385: 1395: 2030:"It is documented that five whites, including a soldier died at Elaine, but estimates of African American deaths, made by individuals writing about the Elaine affair between 1919 and 1925, range from 20 to 856; if accurate, these numbers would make it by far the most deadly conflict in the history of the United States. The 2027:'s risk-taking investigation and report contributed to his advancing in the organization. He later was selected as executive secretary of the NAACP, essentially the chief operating officer, and served in this position for decades, leading the organization in additional legal challenges and civil rights activism. 1520:(PFHUA). He worked with farmers throughout Phillips County. Its purpose was "to obtain better payments for their cotton crops from the white plantation owners who dominated the area during the Jim Crow era. Black sharecroppers were often exploited in their efforts to collect payment for their cotton crops." 1587:

over a hundred African Americans and five white men were killed. Some estimates of the black death toll range in the hundreds. Allegations surfaced that the white posse and even U.S. soldiers who were brought in to put down the so called "rebellion" had massacred defenseless black men, women and children.

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assisted the defendants in the appeals process, raising money to hire a defense team, which it helped direct. For a time, the NAACP tried to conceal its role in the appeals, given the hostile reception to its reports on the rioting and the trials. Once it undertook to organize the defense, it went to

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It had been impossible for the negroes to obtain itemized statements of accounts, or in fact to obtain statements at all, and that the manager was preparing to ship their cotton, they being sharecroppers and having a half interest therein, off without settling with them or allowing them to sell their

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of black people throughout the South, especially if times were poor economically. As an example, many black sharecroppers in Phillips County, whose cotton was sold in October 1918, did not get a settlement before July of the following year. They often amassed considerable debt at the plantation store

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to inform him that indefinite furloughs had been issued for the remaining defendants. He freed these six men in 1925 in the closing days of his administration. Jones used the furloughs to obtain release of the prisoners under cover of darkness. He arranged for these men to be quickly escorted out of

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Scipio Jones had to carry most of the responsibility for the remaining trials. The all-white juries quickly convicted the six defendants of second-degree murder and sentenced them to 12 years each in prison. Jones appealed these convictions, which were overturned by the State Supreme Court. It found

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defendants. The grounds were that the jury had failed to specify whether the defendants were guilty of murder in the first or second degree; those cases (known as Ware et al.) were sent back to the lower court for retrial. The lower court retried the defendants beginning on May 3, 1920. On the third

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by all-white juries for the murder of a white deputy at the Adkins church. Others were convicted of lesser charges and sentenced to prison. The lawyer of one defendant did not interview any witnesses, ask for a change of venue, nor challenge any jurors. The trials of these twelve lasted less than an

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by the defendants, many of the prisoners had been beaten, whipped or tortured by electric shocks to extract testimony or confessions. They were threatened with death if they recanted their testimony. A total of 73 suspects were charged with murder; other charges included conspiracy and insurrection.

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Additional evidence has been obtained of the activities of propagandists among the negroes, and it is thought that a plot existed for a general uprising against the whites." A white man had been arrested and was "alleged to have been preaching social equality among the negroes". Part of the headline

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to capture suspects in the killing. The county sheriff organized the posse and whites gathered to put down what was rumored as a "black insurrection". Additional armed white men entered the county from outside to support the hunt and a mob of 500 to 1,000 armed men formed. They attacked black people

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spoke with author Grif Stockley, who has published a book on the riot. He said that in 2000, there were still two versions of the riot, which he characterized as the "white" version, related to their idea that the union planned an attack on whites, and a "black" version, related to farmers' efforts

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Those blacks willing to testify against others and to work without shares for terms as determined by their landlords, were set free. Those who refused to comply with those conditions, or were labeled as ringleaders or were judged unreliable, were indicted. According to the affidavits later supplied

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Arkansas Governor Charles Hillman Brough appointed a Committee of Seven to investigate. The group was composed of prominent local white businessmen. Without talking to any of the black farmers, they concluded that the Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America was a socialist enterprise and

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Although official records of the time count eleven black men and five white men killed, there are estimates from 100 to 237 African Americans killed, and more wounded. At least two and possibly more victims were killed by Federal troops. The exact number of black people killed is unknown because of

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and requested Federal troops. After considerable delay, nearly 600 U.S. troops arrived, finding the area in chaos. White men roamed the area randomly attacking and killing black people. Fighting in the area lasted for three days before the troops ended the violence. The federal troops disarmed both

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The Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America had organized chapters in the Elaine area in 1918–19. On September 29, representatives met with about 100 black farmers at a church near Elaine to discuss how to obtain fairer settlements from landowners. Whites had resisted union organizing by

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attorney who visited Elaine shortly after the incident, stated "... twenty-five Negroes killed, although some place the Negro fatalities as high as one hundred". More recent estimates in the 21st century of the number of black people killed during this violence are higher than estimates provided by

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Since the late 20th century, researchers have begun to investigate the Elaine race riot more thoroughly. For decades, the riot and numerous murders were too painful to be discussed openly in the region. The wide-scale violence ended union organizing among black farmers. White oppression continued,

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The Negroes had been having trouble in getting settlements for the cotton they raised on land owned by whites. Both the Negroes and the white owners were to share the profits when the crop was sold at the end of the year. Between the time of planting and selling the share-croppers "took up" food,

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The black trustee raced back to Helena, the county seat of Phillips County, and alerted officials. A posse was dispatched and within a few hours hundreds of white men, many of them the "low down" variety, began to comb the area for blacks they believed were launching an insurrection. In the end,

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A 1961 article, "Underlying Causes of the Elaine Riot", claimed that blacks were planning an insurrection, based on interviews with whites who had been alive at the time, and that they were fairly treated by planters of the area. It repeated rumors of 1919 that certain planters were targeted for

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alleging that the proceedings that took place in the Arkansas state court, while ostensibly complying with trial requirements, in fact complied only in form. They argued that the accused had not been adequately defended and were convicted under the pressure of the mob, with blatant disregard for

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nigger passing for white and the boys are going to get him." When White asked what the boys would do to the man, the conductor told White that "when they get through with him he won't pass for white no more!" Biographer Kenneth Robert Janken writes of this description: "It is likely that White

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After those convictions, 36 of the remaining defendants chose to plead guilty to second-degree murder rather than face trial. Sixty-seven other defendants were convicted of various charges and sentenced to terms up to 21 years. When the cases were remanded to the state court, the six "Moore"

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At the time of settlement, landowners generally never gave an itemized statement to the black sharecroppers of accounts owed, nor details of the money received for cotton and seed. The farmers were disadvantaged as many were illiterate. It was an unwritten law of the cotton country that the

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The Supreme Court's decision marked the beginning of an era in which the Supreme Court gave closer scrutiny to criminal justice cases and reviewed state actions against the Due Process Clause and the Bill of Rights. A decade later, the Supreme Court reviewed the case of the

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The whole trouble, as I understand it, started because a Mr. Bratton, a white lawyer from Little Rock, Ark., was employed by sixty or seventy colored families to go to Elaine to represent them in a dispute with the white planters relative to the sale price of

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In September 2019, 100 years after the event, an Elaine Massacre Memorial was unveiled. A Memorial Willow Tree planted at the memorial in April 2019 was cut down in August, and a "memorial tag" stolen. Local residents wanted the vandalism investigated as a

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exaggerated the dramatic manner of his escape, much in the way he did his childhood experiences in the Atlanta riot...surviving documents reveal several inconsistencies between what White wrote at the time and what he later recalled having happened."

1955:(1915). It did not dispute the defendants' evidence of torture used to obtain confessions nor of mob intimidation at the trial, but the state argued that, even if true, these elements did not amount to a denial of due process. The 1803:. Mobs of armed whites milled around the courthouse. Some of the white audience in the courtroom also carried arms. The lawyers for the defense did not subpoena witnesses for the defense and did not allow their clients to testify. 1491:

White landowners often underpaid sharecroppers for their crops and paid when they saw fit. Between the prices of goods purchased from the plantation store and the crop underpayments, many were kept in debt to their landlords.

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African Americans outnumbered whites in the area around Elaine by a ten-to-one ratio, and by three-to-one in the county overall. White landowners controlled the economy, selling cotton on their own schedule, running high-priced

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to gain fair settlements of their crops. Stockley said there "was plenty of evidence to say whites attacked blacks indiscriminately". Local electoral offices were divided between the races in West Helena and the county.

1634:, datelined October 1, said: "Returning members of the posse brought numerous stories and rumors, through all of which ran the belief that the rioting was due to propaganda distributed among the negroes by white men." 1978: (1923), the United States Supreme Court vacated these six convictions on the grounds that the mob-dominated atmosphere of the trial and the use of testimony coerced by torture denied the defendants' 1949:

U.S. District Judge Jacob Trieber issued another writ. The State of Arkansas defended the convictions from a narrowly legalistic position, based on the US Supreme Court's earlier decision in

3247: 1890:, due to exclusion of blacks from the juries. The lower courts failed to retry the men within the two years required by Arkansas law, and the defense finally gained their release in 1923. 1858:, descended from Boston abolitionists and founding president of the NAACP since 1909, became part of the team when the Moore cases went to the Supreme Court. He had been president of the 41: 1457:. In the early 20th century the county's population was still predominantly black, because most freedmen and their descendants had stayed on the land as illiterate farm workers and 1728:

White had time to talk with both black and white residents in Elaine. He reported that local people said that up to 100 blacks had been killed. White published his findings in the

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laws that established racial segregation and institutionalized efforts to impose white supremacy. The decades around the turn of the century were the period of the highest rate of

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requesting that he find a way to release the remaining defendants if they agreed to plead guilty to second-degree murder. Rose's letter was an attempt to prevent Governor-Elect

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rendered verdicts on the defendants in trials following the Elaine race riot. The only men prosecuted for these events were 122 African Americans, with 73 charged with murder.

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as untimely, and found that the mob atmosphere and use of coerced testimony did not deny the defendants the due process of law. Those defendants unsuccessfully petitioned the

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According to his own account, White had been in Phillips County for a brief time when he learned there were rumors floating about him. He quickly took the first train back to

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and many poor whites in the 1890s by creating barriers to voter registration. It excluded them from the political system via the more complicated Election Law of 1891 and a

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issued the writ. Although the writ was later overturned by the Arkansas Supreme Court, his action postponed the execution date long enough to permit the defendants to seek

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He gained an interview with Governor Charles Hillman Brough, who gave him a letter of recommendation for other meetings with whites, as well as an autographed photograph.

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parties and arrested 285 black residents, putting them in stockades for investigation, and according to them, protection, until they were vouched for by their employers.

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Black farmers began to organize in 1919 to try to negotiate better conditions, including fair accounting and timely payment of monies due them by white landowners.

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by Arkansas' 1891 Election Law and 1892 poll tax amendment, which created barriers to voter registration, blacks as non-voters were excluded from juries.

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half of the crop and pay up their accounts.... If it's a crime to represent people in an effort to make honest settlements, then he has committed a crime.

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The defendants originally intended to file their petition in Federal district court, but the only sitting judge was assigned to other judicial duties in

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Twelve of the defendants (who became known as the "Arkansas Twelve" or "Elaine Twelve") were convicted, most of them as "accomplices", and sentenced to

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agreed, denying the writ, but it found there was probable cause for an appeal and allowed the defendants to take their case to the U.S. Supreme Court.

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Holland, Thomas D., and Michael R. Dolski. " 'A Solemn Promise Kept': The 1919 Elaine Race Riot and the Broadening of Habeas Corpus 100 Years Later."

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men were killed. Estimates of deaths made in the immediate aftermath of the Elaine Massacre by eyewitnesses range from 50 to "more than a hundred".

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began to be active in Arkansas in 1921, concentrating in black-majority areas. It used intimidation and attacks to keep blacks suppressed. Author

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He wrote that when he questioned his mother about why their people did not fight back, "the fear that was in her made her slap me into silence".

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The defendants' lawyers obtained reversal of the verdicts by the Arkansas Supreme Court in six of the twelve death penalty cases, known as the

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hour in many cases; the juries took fewer than ten minutes to deliberate before pronouncing each man guilty and sentencing them to death. The

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The NAACP promptly released a statement from a contact in Arkansas providing another account of the origins of the violence noting efforts by

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Lancaster, Guy. "The Elaine Massacre and Memory: An Informed Polemic on Commemoration and Contestation Regarding the Nature of Atrocity."

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McCarty, J. (1978). The Red Scare in Arkansas: A Southern State and National Hysteria. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 37(3), 264-277.

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In October and November 1919, an all-white Arkansas state grand jury returned indictments against 122 blacks. Since most blacks had been

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to represent the black farmers in getting fair settlements for their labors during the 1919 cotton harvest. The firm was headed by

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the eyewitnesses, and have ranged into the hundreds. The white mobs were aided by federal troops (requested by Arkansas governor

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During appeals, the death penalty cases were separated. The NAACP took on the task of organizing the defendants' appeals. The

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where farmers had to buy seed and supplies, and settling accounts with sharecroppers in lump sums, without listing items.

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and others reported that an "insurrection" was occurring, and that black people had planned to murder white leaders.

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says, "As with many racial histories of this kind," it was "one of those shameful events best not talked about".

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where African Americans were organizing against peonage and abuses in tenant farming. As many as several hundred

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until their debts were paid. The period of the year around accounts settlement was frequently the time of most

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the farmers and often spied on or disrupted such meetings. Approximately 100 African-American farmers, led by

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Whites tried to disrupt such organizing and threatened farmers. The PFHUA retained a white law firm based in

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A new monument will honor the victims of a century-old racist massacre. Some say it's not where it should be

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Years later, White said in his memoir that people in Elaine told him that up to 200 blacks had been killed.

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After the massacre, state officials concocted an elaborate cover-up, claiming that blacks were planning an

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Waterman, J. S., & Overton, E. E. (1932). The Aftermath of Moore v. Dempsey. . Louis L. Rev., 18, 117.

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at the time and would not return to Arkansas until after the defendants' scheduled execution date. Judge

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Charles C. Alexander, "Defeat, Decline, Disintegration: the Ku Klux Klan in Arkansas, 1924 and After",

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murder. This view has been generally discounted by historians publishing since the late 20th century.

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Whayne, Jeannie M. "Low villains and wickedness in high places: Race and class in the Elaine riots."

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defendants settled with the lower court on lesser charges and were sentenced to time already served.

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A few days later a Western Newspaper Union dispatch was captioned, "Captive Negro Insurrectionists".

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Rogers, O. A. (1960). The Elaine Race Riots of 1919. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 19 (2): 142.

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upheld the death sentences of Moore and the other five defendants. It rejected the challenge to the

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He "characterized the violence as an extreme response by white landowners to black unionization".

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Stockley, Grif, and Jeannie M. Whayne. "Federal Troops and the Elaine Massacres: A Colloquy."

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applauded the trials as the triumph of the "rule of law", because none of the defendants were

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On the Laps of Gods: The Red Summer of 1919 and the Struggle for Justice That Remade a Nation

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Race, Labor, and Violence in the Delta: Essays to Mark the Centennial of the Elaine Massacre

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occurred on September 30 – October 2, 1919, at Hoop Spur in the vicinity of

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Desmarais, Ralph H. (1974). "Military Intelligence Reports on Arkansas Riots: 1919-1920".

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before that time, as they had to buy supplies, including seed, to start the next season.

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All Hell Broke Loose: American Race Riots from the Progressive Era through World War II.

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Elaine massacre: how a Black labor movement was met with a violent white mob – 360 video

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Note: The author of this article was President of Arkansas Baptist College, Little Rock.

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state to prevent them from being lynched. The NAACP helped them leave the state safely.

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Because of the widespread attacks which white mobs committed against blacks during the

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Butts, J. W., and Dorothy James. "The Underlying Causes of the Elaine Riot of 1919"

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Butts, J. W., and Dorothy James. "The Underlying Causes of the Elaine Riot of 1919"

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Associated Press, "Conference to dredge up bloody past of 1919 Arkansas race riot"

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The Elaine Massacre and Arkansas: A Century of Atrocity and Resistance, 1819-1919

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Vol. 48, No. 3 (Autumn, 1989), pp. 289-91, via JSTOR; accessed February 13, 2017.

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Material and website for Conference, February 10-11, 2000, Delta Cultural Center

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Smith, C. Calvin, ed. "The Elaine, Arkansas, Race Riots, 1919." Special Issue.

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on sight across the county. Local whites requested help from Arkansas Governor

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Jason McCollom, "Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America (PFHUA)"

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notes that estimates of African-American deaths range into the "hundreds".

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Damaged Heritage: The Elaine Race Massacre And A Story Of Reconciliation.

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White, Walter F. (December 6, 1919). "'Massacring Whites' in Arkansas".

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in its 2015 report on the lynching of African Americans in the South.

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VHS Documentary. Little Rock: Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation, 2002.

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Just hours before Governor McRae left office in 1925, he contacted

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that the exclusion of blacks from the juries resulted in a lack of

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Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America.

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23 miles (37 km) from Hoop Spur in rural Phillips County, Arkansas

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greater credibility as the champion of African Americans' rights.

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amendment passed in 1892. The white-dominated legislature enacted

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grew up in Phillips County and discusses it in his autobiography

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The trials were held in 1920 in the county courthouse in Elaine,

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Bullets and Fire: Lynching and Authority in Arkansas, 1840–1950.

2461:"History of Lynchings in the South Documents Nearly 4,000 Names" 1580:

Revolution in the Land: Southern Agriculture in the 20th Century

3255: 2955:"Arkansas: tree honoring 1919 Elaine Massacre victims cut down" 2064:

In early 2000, a conference on the Elaine riot was held at the

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Union, Reaction, and Riot: The Biography of a Rural Race Riot.

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Elaine Massacre, Arkansas Encyclopedia of History and Culture

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Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching

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A Mob Intent On Death: The NAACP and the Arkansas Riot Cases

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A Mob Intent on Death: The NAACP and the Arkansas Riot Cases

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headline read, "Planned Massacre of Whites Today", and the

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Jazz Composition. New York: Jazz at Lincoln Center, 2021.

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National Museum of African American History and Culture

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work vigorously, raising more than $ 50,000 and hiring

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Blood in their Eyes: The Elaine Race Massacres of 1919

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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States

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Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

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day of the trials, Murphy collapsed in the courtroom.

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Racially motivated violence against African Americans

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Blood in Their Eyes: The Elaine Race Massacre of 1919

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Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press, 2018.

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A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White

2118: 1846:, a highly respected African-American attorney from 3190:

Race Riots & Resistance: The Red Summer of 1919

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Habeas Corpus: Rethinking the Great Writ of Liberty

1518:Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America 3948: 2630:"Electronic History Resources, online since 1990" 2019:. The victory for the Elaine defendants gave the 1825:. These men became known as the "Elaine Twelve". 1618:the wide rural area in which they were attacked. 6350: 5569:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN) 2093: 1768:to Arkansas, while local officials attempted to 1535:and former assistant federal district attorney. 2045:Another reason for silence was that the second 1878:for the defendants, based on violations of the 3141:Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1970. 2774:, October 13, 1919; accessed January 27, 2010. 2745:, October 12, 1919; accessed January 27, 2010. 2090:, but the case was still unsolved as of 2021. 27:Anti-black violence in Elaine Arkansas in 1919 3963:List of lynching victims in the United States 3934: 3894:Riots and civil disorder in the United States 3241: 2729:, October 3, 1919; accessed January 27, 2010. 2608: 2606: 2268: 2266: 2221: 2219: 1919:The defendants next petitioned for a writ of 1642:was: "Trouble Traced to Socialist Agitators." 1418: 1145: 146: 3219:Reconsidering the Elaine Race Riots of 1919, 2823:, June 22, 2008; accessed February 17, 2016. 2800:Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture 2713:, October 2, 1919; accessed January 27, 2010 2032:Arkansas Encyclopedia of History and Culture 1916:from the Arkansas Supreme Court's decision. 5999:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act 3257:Racial Incidents during the 1919 Red Summer 3162:Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies 3118:Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies 2922:Reconsidering the Elaine Race Riots of 1919 2812: 2810: 2808: 2505: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 1685:on October 3 that quoted Bratton's father: 1445:had historically been developed for cotton 5970: 5815:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore 5545:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken 3941: 3927: 3248: 3234: 2914: 2711:"Nine Killed in Fight with Arkansas Posse" 2603: 2299: 2297: 2263: 2216: 2038:threatening every black family. Historian 1538:The postwar summer of 1919, also known as 1425: 1411: 1152: 1138: 153: 139: 6424:White American riots in the United States 6291:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain) 5751:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes 4529:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner 3899:White American riots in the United States 2662: 2459:Robertson, Campbell (February 10, 2015). 2458: 2143:Mass racial violence in the United States 1496:sharecroppers could not quit and leave a 1244:classified the black deaths at Elaine as 1124:Mass racial violence in the United States 6429:Massacres committed by the United States 6404:Massacres of protesters in North America 3697:Texarkana, Texas riot of 1919 (August 6) 3084:Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina, 2006; 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2805: 2758:(New York University Press, 2001), p. 68 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2417: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2303: 2256: 2254: 2213:Press, Athens, GA reprint, 1995, pg. 49. 449:Texarkana, Texas riot of 1919 (August 6) 6120:National Memorial for Peace and Justice 3094: 2723:"Six More are Killed in Arkansas Riots" 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2294: 2101:The Elaine Riot: Tragedy & Triumph. 1998:, from getting involved in the matter. 1201:, with a 12-gun machine gun battalion. 14: 6351: 2999: 2844: 2786:"Walter White: Mr. NAACP, 2003, p. 52" 1706:. He was granted credentials from the 1449:, and its land was worked by enslaved 993:1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County 115:Residents of Phillips County, Arkansas 5757:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels 5663:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA 5354: 3960: 3922: 3877: 3824: 3789: 3742: 3668: 3507: 3451: 3368: 3327: 3292: 3267: 3229: 2933: 2931: 2841:Moore v. Dempsey, 261 U.S. 86 (1923) 2826: 2789: 2782: 2780: 2632:. Historical Text Archive. 1956-11-04 2550: 2281: 2251: 134: 6414:Riots and civil disorder in Arkansas 6374:History of Phillips County, Arkansas 6369:African-American history of Arkansas 6332:Lynching deaths in the United States 5462:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman 5355: 3173:University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 3157:(University of Arkansas Press, 2022) 3095:Krugler, David (February 16, 2015). 3038:20 (Spring 1961): 95–104, via JSTOR. 2432: 2359: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 1758:United States Post Office Department 1653: 5993:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act 5769:O'Day Short, wife, and two children 5551:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey 2854:. oldstatehouse.com. Archived from 2619:20 (Spring 1961): 95–104, via JSTOR 24: 2993: 2928: 2777: 2506:Rogers, Jr., O. A. (Summer 1960). 2479: 25: 6440: 5893:American Crusade Against Lynching 5539:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer 3211: 3062:Dillard, Tom. "Scipio A. Jones." 3045:Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2012. 2665:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 2578:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 2570:Walter L. Brown, "Reviewed Work: 2512:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 2328: 1621: 1119:Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 1114:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 745:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer 6105:America's Black Holocaust Museum 5888:American anti-lynching activists 5860:Nadir of American race relations 5450:Steve Long and two half-brothers 5386:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX 3005:"Arkansas Delta, 40 Years Later" 2743:"Captive Negro Insurrectionists" 2148:Nadir of American race relations 2121: 1746:as well as the NAACP's magazine 1591:The parish sheriff called for a 1393: 1384: 1383: 1277: 805:Frazier B. Baker and Julia Baker 577: 66: 60:Nadir of American race relations 6359:1919 riots in the United States 6311:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 5945:National Conference on Lynching 5503:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya 5380:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre 4721:Mary Turner and her unborn baby 3386:National Conference on Lynching 2978: 2967: 2947: 2898: 2885: 2870: 2817:JAY JENNINGS, "12 Innocent Men" 2761: 2748: 2732: 2716: 2700: 2691: 2656: 2643: 2622: 2592: 2583: 2508:"The Elaine Race Riots of 1919" 2499: 2473: 2452: 2433:Krug, Teresa (18 August 2019). 1893: 1760:to prohibit the mailing of the 1662:to assist African Americans in 958:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 948:Spring Valley Race Riot of 1895 668:Expulsions of African Americans 6394:Massacres in the United States 5427:Gallatin County, KY, race riot 3878: 2275: 2172:Racial Equality Proposal, 1919 1609:Governor Brough contacted the 1472:The all-white legislature had 160: 13: 1: 6379:History of racism in Arkansas 6327:Lynching in the United States 5628:Springfield race riot of 1908 4046:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer 3950:Lynching in the United States 3743: 3202:Arkansas Historical Quarterly 3180:Arkansas Historical Quarterly 3148:New York: St. Martin's, 2011. 3064:Arkansas Historical Quarterly 3036:Arkansas Historical Quarterly 2911:; accessed February 13, 2017. 2879:Arkansas Historical Quarterly 2617:Arkansas Historical Quarterly 2187: 2094:Representation in other media 1927:their constitutional rights. 1637:The next day's report added: 1251: 983:Springfield race riot of 1908 6221:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson 6152:And you are lynching Negroes 6004:Emmett Till Antilynching Act 5739:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith 5645:Harris County, GA, lynchings 5587:Wilmington, NC, insurrection 5433:New Orleans massacre of 1866 3825: 3468:Memphis, Tennessee (June 13) 3339:Morgan County, West Virginia 3268: 3052:; Wesleyan University Press 2882:, XXII (Winter 1963), p. 317 2802:; accessed February 18, 2016 2099:Wormser, Richard, director. 2009: 1957:United States district court 1023:Washington race riot of 1919 258:Memphis, Tennessee (June 13) 7: 6384:Lynching deaths in Arkansas 6130:Southern Poverty Law Center 5775:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings 5403:? Lachenais and four others 4841:James Harvey and Joe Jordan 4158:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson 3790: 3120:(Aug 2023) 54#2 pp,130-139. 2153:Racism in the United States 2114: 2080: 1908:United States Supreme Court 1675:It referred to a report in 1474:disenfranchised most blacks 910:James Harvey and Joe Jordan 10: 6445: 5611:1906 Atlanta race massacre 5581:Phoenix, SC, election riot 5557:New Orleans 1891 lynchings 5509:Benjamin and Mollie French 3669: 3651:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 3561:Garfield Park riot of 1919 3531:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 3398:Charleston, South Carolina 3066:31 (Autumn 1972): 201–219. 2942:Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, 2772:"Lays Riots to Cotton Row" 2406:. Encyclopedia of Arkansas 2137:Lynching of William Turner 1832: 1756:Governor Brough asked the 1698:sent its Field Secretary, 585:1906 Atlanta race massacre 6319: 6138: 6097: 6016: 5918:William O'Connell Bradley 5878: 5832: 5828: 5657:East St. Louis, IL, riots 5409:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre 5392:New York City draft riots 5361: 5350: 5099: 4368: 3973: 3969: 3956: 3884: 3873: 3831: 3820: 3796: 3785: 3749: 3738: 3675: 3664: 3537:Coatesville, Pennsylvania 3514: 3503: 3458: 3447: 3375: 3364: 3334: 3328: 3323: 3299: 3293: 3288: 3274: 3263: 2599:ODMP memorial W.D. Adkins 2248:; accessed April 3, 2008. 1946:relief in Federal court. 1779: 1573:Missouri Pacific Railroad 1561: 1174:Phillips County, Arkansas 1018:Chicago race riot of 1919 170: 119: 111: 103: 97:Phillips County, Arkansas 91: 83: 65: 53: 6182:Deaths in police custody 5669:Jenkins County, GA, riot 5480:Chinese massacre of 1871 5398:Detroit race riot (1863) 5033:Lynching of Raymond Gunn 4825:Dick Rowland (attempted) 3774:(September 30–October 1) 3692:Hattiesburg, Mississippi 3633:Newberry, South Carolina 3508: 3452: 3113:New York: Pegasus, 2020. 3082:Walter White: Mr. NAACP. 3080:Janken, Kenneth Robert. 3015:(5): 128. Archived from 2909:Encyclopedia of Arkansas 2486:Encyclopedia of Arkansas 2106:Evans, Josh, composer. 1994:, a known member of the 1888:Civil Rights Act of 1875 1860:American Bar Association 1238:Equal Justice Initiative 1207:Encyclopedia of Arkansas 978:Atlanta Massacre of 1906 503:(September 30–October 1) 444:Hattiesburg, Mississippi 401:Newberry, South Carolina 6163:Battle of Liberty Place 6158:Attack on John Shillady 6146:James Allen (collector) 5979:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill 5763:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot 5687:Omaha race riot of 1919 5675:Longview, TX, race riot 5651:Newberry, FL, lynchings 5593:Julia and Frazier Baker 5575:Porter and Spencer (MS) 5527:Thibodeax, LA, massacre 5485:Meridian, MS, race riot 5468:Opelousas, LA, massacre 4441:Paul Reed and Will Cato 4126:Big Nose George Parrott 3754:Clarksdale, Mississippi 3701:New York City, New York 3585:New York City, New York 3434:Monticello, Mississippi 3428:New London, Connecticut 3369: 3345:Jenkins County, Georgia 2653:headlines on this page) 1992:Thomas Jefferson Terral 1660:Ulysses Simpson Bratton 1091:Back to Africa movement 638:Anti-miscegenation laws 483:Clarksdale, Mississippi 247:Monticello, Mississippi 29: 6297:United States v. Shipp 6049:Rebecca Latimer Felton 5880:Anti-lynching movement 5797:Freedom Summer Murders 5727:Rosewood, FL, massacre 5692:Knoxville riot of 1919 4561:Laura and L. D. Nelson 3597:New Orleans, Louisiana 3204:58.3 (1999): 285-313. 3182:61.3 (2002): 272-283. 3130:Lancaster, Guy (ed.), 3123:Lancaster, Guy (ed.), 2574:by Richard C. Cortner" 2482:"Election Law of 1891" 2226:Arkansas Assembly 2017 2205:Walter Francis White, 2068:in the county seat of 1938:of the Pulaski County 1900:Arkansas Supreme Court 1844:Scipio Africanus Jones 1692: 1673: 1644: 1598:Charles Hillman Brough 1589: 1512:, a black farmer from 1195:Charles Hillman Brough 1061:Anti-lynching movement 998:1917 Chester race riot 988:Johnson–Jeffries riots 855:Laura and L. D. Nelson 371:New Orleans, Louisiana 42:considered for merging 6419:September 1919 events 6268:Summer in Mississippi 6215:Mississippi Cold Case 6169:The Birth of a Nation 6110:Civil Rights Memorial 6039:Sidney Johnston Catts 6017:Defenders of lynching 5703:Duluth, MN, lynchings 5681:Elaine, AR, race riot 5639:Laura and L.D. Nelson 5605:Watkinsville lynching 5563:Ruggles Brothers (CA) 5521:Hamburg, SC, massacre 5497:Election riot of 1874 5444:Camilla, GA, massacre 5366:Death of Joseph Smith 3990:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 3639:Bloomington, Illinois 3153:Pierce, Michael, ed. 3109:Johnson, J. Chester, 2211:University of Georgia 2066:Delta Cultural Center 1687: 1678:The Commercial Appeal 1668: 1639: 1584: 953:Phoenix election riot 938:Rock Springs massacre 595:Historical background 407:Bloomington, Illinois 123:100–237 black people, 5986:Costigan-Wagner Bill 5923:Ella Barksdale Brown 5721:Perry, FL, race riot 5633:Slocum, TX, massacre 5533:Mart and Tom Horrell 5491:Colfax, LA, massacre 5474:Bear River City riot 5324:James Craig Anderson 5124:Robert "Bobbie" Hall 4729:Hazel "Hayes" Turner 3854:Wilmington, Delaware 3719:Knoxville, Tennessee 3621:Hobson City, Alabama 3472:Bibb County, Alabama 3380:Pickens, Mississippi 3192:(Peter Lang, 2008). 3144:McWhirter, Cameron. 2858:on November 14, 2012 2177:List of ethnic riots 2129:United States portal 1936:John Ellis Martineau 1880:Fourteenth Amendment 1772:distribution of the 1514:Winchester, Arkansas 1186:Walter Francis White 1003:East St. Louis riots 973:Evansville race riot 968:Robert Charles riots 389:Hobson City, Alabama 299:Dublin, Georgia riot 262:Bibb County, Alabama 199:Pickens, Mississippi 6399:October 1919 events 6228:The Ox-Bow Incident 6208:Mississippi Burning 6059:John Trotwood Moore 5715:Tulsa race massacre 5709:Ocoee, FL, massacre 5204:Mack Charles Parker 5132:Willie James Howard 3801:Baltimore, Maryland 3766:Montgomery, Alabama 3725:Bogalusa, Louisiana 3603:Darby, Pennsylvania 3573:Louise, Mississippi 3555:Baltimore, Maryland 3543:Tuscaloosa, Alabama 3478:Annapolis, Maryland 3410:El Dorado, Arkansas 3167:Stockley, Grif Jr. 3009:National Geographic 2352:The Washington Post 1982:as required by the 1315:Reconstruction Era 1271:History of Arkansas 1242:Montgomery, Alabama 1066:Exodusters movement 1033:Tulsa race massacre 927:Massacres and riots 495:Montgomery, Alabama 477:Bogalusa, Louisiana 347:Louise, Mississippi 317:Tuscaloosa, Alabama 223:El Dorado, Arkansas 50: 6242:Reconstruction era 6054:John Temple Graves 5898:Jessie Daniel Ames 5845:Indiana White Caps 5515:Ellenton, SC, riot 5438:Reno Brothers Gang 5188:Judge Edward Aaron 4385:Ballie Crutchfield 3848:Magnolia, Arkansas 3645:Syracuse, New York 3567:Port Arthur, Texas 3484:Macon, Mississippi 3404:Sylvester, Georgia 3351:Sylvester, Georgia 3310:Memphis, Tennessee 3137:McCool, B. Boren. 3048:Cortner, Richard. 2963:. August 26, 2019. 2905:"Elaine race riot" 2852:"Thomas J. Terral" 2754:Eric M. Freedman, 2466:The New York Times 2313:Random House, Inc. 1884:Due Process Clause 1709:Chicago Daily News 1683:Memphis, Tennessee 1632:The New York Times 1529:Ulysses S. Bratton 1516:, had founded the 1488:across the South. 1306:Territorial period 1071:Atlanta Compromise 943:Thibodaux massacre 933:Opelousas massacre 707:Indiana White Caps 678:Lynching postcards 623:Compromise of 1877 601:Reconstruction era 531:Magnolia, Arkansas 465:Laurens County, GA 397:(July 27–August 3) 274:Macon, Mississippi 217:Sylvester, Georgia 193:Sylvester, Georgia 87:September 30, 1919 48: 6389:Massacres in 1919 6344: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6285:They Won't Forget 6202:Lynching postcard 6115:The Legacy Museum 6084:James K. Vardaman 6024:Theodore G. Bilbo 6012: 6011: 5903:Martin C. Ansorge 5824: 5823: 5809:Michael Schwerner 5616:Kemper County, MS 5456:Pulaski, TN, riot 5346: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5049:Shedrick Thompson 4929:Bernice Raspberry 4649:Name unknown (MS) 4553:Name unknown (TX) 4174:Joseph Vermillion 4142:John Wesley Heath 3916: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3869: 3868: 3816: 3815: 3781: 3780: 3762:(September 28–29) 3734: 3733: 3713:Ocmulgee, Georgia 3686:Lincoln, Arkansas 3660: 3659: 3627:Chicago, Illinois 3591:Norfolk, Virginia 3499: 3498: 3443: 3442: 3422:Putnam County, GA 3360: 3359: 3319: 3318: 3284: 3283: 3277:Blakeley, Georgia 3164:32 (August 2001). 3075:. 57 (2021): 65+. 3003:(November 2012). 2404:"Elaine Massacre" 2321:978-0-307-33982-9 1654:NAACP involvement 1467:plantation stores 1451:African-Americans 1435: 1434: 1204:According to the 1178:African Americans 1162: 1161: 1043:Rosewood massacre 606:Voter suppression 569:Nadir of American 553: 552: 491:(September 28–29) 438:Lincoln, Arkansas 426:August – November 335:Garfield Park, IN 235:Putnam County, GA 181:Morgan County, WV 129: 128: 78:, October 3, 1919 16:(Redirected from 6436: 6364:1919 in Arkansas 6139:Related articles 6089:Thomas E. 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Dempsey 2131: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2074:Associated Press 2070:Helena, Arkansas 1965:Moore v. Dempsey 1904:all-white juries 1856:Moorfield Storey 1852:George W. Murphy 1818:Arkansas Gazette 1790:All-white juries 1762:Chicago Defender 1735:Chicago Defender 1628:Helena, Arkansas 1626:A dispatch from 1603:Arkansas Gazette 1552:Washington, D.C. 1427: 1420: 1413: 1397: 1387: 1386: 1344:African American 1281: 1256: 1255: 1226:Arkansas Gazette 1154: 1147: 1140: 1076:Niagara Movement 880:Anthony Crawford 870:Jesse Washington 810:John Henry James 800:Stephen Williams 785:Ephraim Grizzard 780:People's Grocery 696:Vigilante groups 611:Disfranchisement 583:Violence in the 581: 556: 555: 165: 155: 148: 141: 132: 131: 75:Arkansas Gazette 72:Headline in the 70: 51: 47: 45: 21: 18:Elaine race riot 6444: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6336: 6315: 6252:Scottsboro Boys 6134: 6093: 6008: 5966: 5874: 5820: 5785:Harriette Moore 5745:Tate County, MS 5357: 5338: 5330: 5322: 5314: 5306: 5298: 5292:Arthur McDuffie 5290: 5282: 5274: 5266: 5258: 5250: 5242: 5234: 5226: 5218: 5210: 5202: 5194: 5186: 5178: 5170: 5162: 5154: 5146: 5138: 5130: 5122: 5114: 5106: 5095: 5089:Elbert Williams 5087: 5081:Austin Callaway 5079: 5071: 5063: 5055: 5047: 5039: 5031: 5023: 5015: 5007: 4999: 4991: 4985:Thomas Williams 4983: 4975: 4969:Thomas Bradshaw 4967: 4961:Albert Williams 4959: 4951: 4945:Joseph Upchurch 4943: 4935: 4927: 4919: 4911: 4903: 4895: 4887: 4879: 4871: 4863: 4855: 4847: 4839: 4831: 4823: 4815: 4807: 4799: 4791: 4783: 4775: 4767: 4759: 4751: 4743: 4735: 4727: 4719: 4711: 4703: 4695: 4687: 4679: 4671: 4663: 4655: 4647: 4639: 4631: 4623: 4615: 4607: 4601:George Saunders 4599: 4591: 4583: 4575: 4567: 4559: 4551: 4543: 4535: 4527: 4519: 4511: 4503: 4495: 4487: 4479: 4471: 4463: 4455: 4449:Bunk Richardson 4447: 4439: 4431: 4423: 4415: 4407: 4399: 4391: 4383: 4375: 4364: 4358:Benjamin Thomas 4356: 4348: 4340: 4332: 4324: 4318:Joseph H. McCoy 4316: 4310:William Andrews 4308: 4300: 4292: 4284: 4278:Richard Puryear 4276: 4268: 4260: 4252: 4244: 4236: 4228: 4220: 4212: 4204: 4196: 4188: 4180: 4172: 4164: 4156: 4148: 4140: 4134:Charles Thurber 4132: 4124: 4118:Joseph Standing 4116: 4108: 4100: 4092: 4084: 4076: 4068: 4060: 4052: 4044: 4038:Clubfoot George 4036: 4028: 4020: 4012: 4004: 3996: 3988: 3980: 3965: 3952: 3947: 3917: 3908: 3880: 3865: 3827: 3812: 3792: 3777: 3760:Omaha, Nebraska 3745: 3730: 3671: 3656: 3629:(July 27–Aug 3) 3549:Longview, Texas 3525:Dublin, Georgia 3519:Bisbee, Arizona 3510: 3495: 3454: 3439: 3371: 3356: 3330: 3315: 3295: 3280: 3270: 3259: 3254: 3214: 3022: 3020: 3019:on May 28, 2013 3001:Bowden, Charles 2996: 2994:Further reading 2991: 2990: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2968: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2936: 2929: 2919: 2915: 2903: 2899: 2891:Grif Stockley, 2890: 2886: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2827: 2815: 2806: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2766: 2762: 2753: 2749: 2737: 2733: 2721: 2717: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2661: 2657: 2648: 2644: 2635: 2633: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2611: 2604: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2568: 2551: 2536: 2534: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2480:Branam, Chris. 2478: 2474: 2457: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2431: 2418: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2360: 2345: 2344: 2329: 2322: 2302: 2295: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2264: 2259: 2252: 2244: 2231: 2224: 2217: 2204: 2195: 2190: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2096: 2083: 2040:Robert Whitaker 2025:Walter F. White 2017:Scottsboro boys 2012: 1952:Frank v. Mangum 1896: 1835: 1801:Phillips County 1786:disenfranchised 1782: 1700:Walter F. White 1656: 1624: 1564: 1556:Omaha, Nebraska 1443:Phillips County 1437:Located in the 1431: 1376: 1375: 1339: 1331: 1330: 1301:Pre-territorial 1289: 1265: 1254: 1166:Elaine massacre 1158: 1129: 1128: 1104: 1096: 1095: 1086:Great Migration 1056: 1048: 1047: 1038:Perry race riot 1008:Elaine massacre 928: 920: 919: 735:Andrew Richards 730: 722: 721: 658: 650: 649: 645:Convict leasing 596: 588: 587: 570: 554: 549: 548: 353:Washington D.C. 341:Port Arthur, TX 311:Coatesville, PA 166: 161: 159: 124: 107:Elaine Massacre 79: 49:Elaine massacre 46: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6442: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6300: 6293: 6288: 6281: 6271: 6264: 6262:Stone Mountain 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6231: 6224: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6184: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6148: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6074:Goodloe Sutton 6071: 6066: 6064:John T. Morgan 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6034:Julian S. Carr 6031: 6029:Cole L. Blease 6026: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5974: 5972: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5913:Flossie Bailey 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5884: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5836: 5834: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5812: 5805:Andrew Goodman 5794: 5788: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5599:Pana, IL, riot 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5328: 5320: 5316:James Byrd Jr. 5312: 5304: 5300:Michael Donald 5296: 5288: 5280: 5272: 5264: 5256: 5248: 5240: 5232: 5224: 5216: 5208: 5200: 5196:Willie Edwards 5192: 5184: 5176: 5168: 5160: 5152: 5144: 5136: 5128: 5120: 5116:Johannes Kunze 5112: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5085: 5077: 5069: 5061: 5057:George Armwood 5053: 5045: 5037: 5029: 5021: 5013: 5005: 4997: 4989: 4981: 4977:Winston Pounds 4973: 4965: 4957: 4949: 4941: 4933: 4925: 4917: 4909: 4901: 4893: 4885: 4877: 4869: 4861: 4853: 4845: 4837: 4829: 4821: 4813: 4805: 4797: 4789: 4785:John Hartfield 4781: 4777:Wesley Everest 4773: 4765: 4761:Wallace Baynes 4757: 4753:Olli Kinkkonen 4749: 4745:Jim McIlherron 4741: 4733: 4725: 4717: 4709: 4701: 4693: 4685: 4677: 4669: 4661: 4653: 4645: 4637: 4629: 4625:Charles Fisher 4621: 4613: 4605: 4597: 4589: 4581: 4573: 4565: 4557: 4549: 4541: 4533: 4525: 4517: 4509: 4501: 4493: 4485: 4477: 4469: 4461: 4453: 4445: 4437: 4433:Marie Thompson 4429: 4421: 4413: 4409:J. D. Mayfield 4405: 4397: 4389: 4381: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4354: 4346: 4338: 4330: 4322: 4314: 4306: 4298: 4290: 4282: 4274: 4266: 4258: 4250: 4246:Samuel J. Bush 4242: 4234: 4226: 4218: 4210: 4202: 4194: 4186: 4182:George Meadows 4178: 4170: 4162: 4154: 4146: 4138: 4130: 4122: 4114: 4106: 4098: 4090: 4082: 4074: 4070:Alexander Boyd 4066: 4058: 4050: 4042: 4034: 4026: 4018: 4010: 4002: 3998:Josefa Segovia 3994: 3986: 3977: 3975: 3967: 3966: 3954: 3953: 3946: 3945: 3938: 3931: 3923: 3914: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3844:(November 2–3) 3839: 3836:Macon, Georgia 3832: 3829: 3828: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3804: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3769: 3768:(September 29) 3763: 3757: 3756:(September 10) 3750: 3747: 3746: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3722: 3721:(August 30–31) 3716: 3715:(August 27–29) 3710: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3490:New London, CT 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3416:Milan, Georgia 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3362: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3321: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3313: 3307: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3261: 3260: 3253: 3252: 3245: 3238: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3213: 3212:External links 3210: 3209: 3208: 3197: 3196: 3186: 3176: 3165: 3158: 3150: 3149: 3142: 3135: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3092: 3077: 3076: 3068: 3067: 3060: 3046: 3039: 3029: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2977: 2966: 2946: 2927: 2913: 2897: 2884: 2869: 2843: 2825: 2821:New York Times 2804: 2788: 2776: 2768:New York Times 2760: 2747: 2739:New York Times 2731: 2727:New York Times 2715: 2707:New York Times 2699: 2690: 2671:(2): 175–191. 2655: 2642: 2621: 2602: 2591: 2582: 2549: 2498: 2472: 2451: 2416: 2358: 2327: 2320: 2293: 2274: 2262: 2250: 2229: 2215: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2161: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2133: 2132: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2104: 2095: 2092: 2082: 2079: 2051:Richard Wright 2011: 2008: 1940:chancery court 1910:for a writ of 1895: 1892: 1850:, and Colonel 1834: 1831: 1812:electric chair 1781: 1778: 1704:pass for white 1655: 1652: 1623: 1622:Press coverage 1620: 1611:War Department 1569:Robert L. Hill 1563: 1560: 1531:, a native of 1510:Robert L. Hill 1439:Arkansas Delta 1433: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1422: 1415: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1391: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1274: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1259: 1253: 1250: 1220:New York Times 1160: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1149: 1142: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1109:Black genocide 1105: 1103:Related topics 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1028:Ocoee massacre 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 929: 926: 925: 922: 921: 918: 917: 912: 907: 902: 900:John Hartfield 897: 892: 890:Jim McIlherron 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 830:Marie Thompson 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 795:Samuel J. Bush 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 765:Joe Vermillion 762: 760:George Meadows 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 731: 728: 727: 724: 723: 720: 719: 714: 709: 704: 698: 697: 693: 692: 687: 682: 681: 680: 670: 664: 663: 662:Common actions 659: 656: 655: 652: 651: 648: 647: 642: 641: 640: 635: 625: 620: 615: 614: 613: 603: 597: 594: 593: 590: 589: 582: 574: 573: 571:race relations 565: 564: 551: 550: 547: 546: 540: 537:Wilmington, DE 534: 528: 527:(November 2–3) 522: 519:Macon, Georgia 516: 510: 504: 498: 497:(September 29) 492: 486: 485:(September 10) 480: 474: 473:(August 30–31) 468: 467:(August 27–29) 462: 456: 450: 447: 441: 435: 428: 427: 423: 422: 416: 410: 404: 398: 392: 386: 380: 374: 368: 362: 356: 350: 344: 338: 332: 326: 320: 314: 308: 302: 296: 289: 288: 284: 283: 280:New London, CT 277: 271: 265: 259: 256: 250: 244: 241:New London, CT 238: 232: 229:Milan, Georgia 226: 220: 214: 211:Charleston, SC 208: 202: 196: 190: 184: 177: 176: 172: 171: 168: 167: 158: 157: 150: 143: 135: 127: 126: 125:5 white people 121: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 105: 101: 100: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 71: 63: 62: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6441: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6347: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6318: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6257:Silent Parade 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6196:Hang 'Em High 6193: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5956:Strange Fruit 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5929: 5928:Father Divine 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5850:Jim Crow laws 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5622:Walker family 5620: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5360: 5353: 5349: 5333: 5332:Ahmaud Arbery 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5308:Yusef Hawkins 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5284:Betty Gardner 5281: 5277: 5276:Marian Pyszko 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5260:Carol Jenkins 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5244:Vernon Dahmer 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5172:George W. Lee 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5025:James Cameron 5022: 5018: 5017:George Hughes 5014: 5010: 5009:J. C. Collins 5006: 5002: 5001:Leonard Woods 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4937:Owen Flemming 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4889:Fred N. Selak 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4737:George Taylor 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4713:Robert Prager 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4697:Charles Jones 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4513:"Mose" Creole 4510: 4506: 4505:Matthew Chase 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4473:William Burns 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4377:Fred Rochelle 4374: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4342:F. W. Stewart 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4326:John Anderson 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4262:Alfred Blount 4259: 4255: 4254:John Peterson 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4110:Michael Green 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4022:Henry Plummer 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4006:Pancho Daniel 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3939: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3925: 3924: 3921: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3883: 3876: 3872: 3862:(November 22) 3861: 3858: 3856:(November 13) 3855: 3852: 3850:(November 11) 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3823: 3819: 3808: 3805: 3803:(October 1–2) 3802: 3799: 3798: 3795: 3788: 3784: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3748: 3741: 3737: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3667: 3663: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3609:Gilmer, Texas 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3506: 3502: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3450: 3446: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3367: 3363: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3326: 3322: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3304:Pace, Florida 3302: 3301: 3298: 3291: 3287: 3278: 3273: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3090:0-807-85780-7 3087: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3059: 3058:0-8195-5161-9 3055: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2986: 2981: 2975: 2970: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2950: 2944:February 2009 2943: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2924: 2923: 2917: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2894: 2888: 2881: 2880: 2873: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2783: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2751: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2649:(See scanned 2646: 2631: 2625: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2600: 2595: 2586: 2579: 2575: 2573: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2545: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2405: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2289: 2285: 2278: 2269: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2193: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2119: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2007: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1947: 1945: 1944:habeas corpus 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1922:habeas corpus 1917: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1578:According to 1576: 1574: 1570: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1533:Searcy County 1530: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1462: 1460: 1459:sharecroppers 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1311:Civil War Era 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1236:of 1919, the 1235: 1230: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1208: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1133: 1132: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 930: 924: 923: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 895:George Taylor 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 850:Walker family 848: 846: 845:William Burns 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 790:Alfred Blount 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 740:Michael Green 738: 736: 733: 732: 726: 725: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 699: 695: 694: 691: 688: 686: 683: 679: 676: 675: 674: 671: 669: 666: 665: 661: 660: 654: 653: 646: 643: 639: 636: 634: 631: 630: 629: 628:Jim Crow laws 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 612: 609: 608: 607: 604: 602: 599: 598: 592: 591: 586: 580: 576: 575: 572: 567: 566: 562: 558: 557: 545:(November 22) 544: 541: 539:(November 13) 538: 535: 533:(November 11) 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 509:(October 1–2) 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 460: 457: 454: 453:New York City 451: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 433: 430: 429: 425: 424: 420: 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 359:New York City 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 324: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 290: 286: 285: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 266: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 227: 224: 221: 218: 215: 212: 209: 206: 203: 200: 197: 194: 191: 188: 185: 182: 179: 178: 174: 173: 169: 164: 156: 151: 149: 144: 142: 137: 136: 133: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 104:Also known as 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 77: 76: 69: 64: 61: 57: 52: 43: 39: 38: 37:Infobox event 34: 19: 6346: 6303: 6295: 6283: 6274:Sundown town 6266: 6234: 6226: 6213: 6206: 6194: 6187: 6176:The Clansman 6174: 6167: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5962:Ida B. Wells 5950:Paul Robeson 5855:Ku Klux Klan 5801:James Chaney 5791:Anniston, AL 5415:Plummer Gang 5370:Joseph Smith 5268:Henry Marrow 5228:Frank Morris 5156:Willie Earle 5065:Cordie Cheek 4993:Henry Choate 4913:Dan Anderson 4873:Raymond Byrd 4857:Samuel Smith 4809:Willie Baird 4689:Frank Little 4681:Paulo Boleta 4609:Robert Perry 4585:Mary Jackson 4545:King Johnson 4497:James Hodges 4417:George White 4401:Walker Davis 4302:Jacob Henson 4230:Robert Lewis 4190:Ellen Watson 4078:Jim Williams 4054:Wyatt Outlaw 3860:Bogalusa, LA 3838:(November 2) 3809:(October 31) 3615:Newberry, SC 3581:(July 19–24) 3551:(July 10–12) 3392:Philadelphia 3279:(February 8) 3218: 3201: 3189: 3188:Voogd, Jan. 3179: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3145: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3110: 3100: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3049: 3042: 3035: 3021:. Retrieved 3017:the original 3012: 3008: 2980: 2969: 2960:The Guardian 2958: 2949: 2941: 2921: 2916: 2908: 2900: 2892: 2887: 2877: 2872: 2860:. Retrieved 2856:the original 2846: 2820: 2799: 2791: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2750: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2718: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2650: 2645: 2634:. Retrieved 2624: 2616: 2594: 2585: 2577: 2571: 2542: 2535:. Retrieved 2515: 2511: 2501: 2489:. Retrieved 2485: 2475: 2464: 2454: 2442:. Retrieved 2439:The Guardian 2438: 2408:. Retrieved 2350: 2311:. New York: 2308: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2206: 2163: 2107: 2100: 2084: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2047:Ku Klux Klan 2044: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2013: 2003:Scipio Jones 2000: 1996:Ku Klux Klan 1988:Thomas McRae 1963: 1961: 1950: 1948: 1943: 1929: 1920: 1918: 1911: 1897: 1894:Moore et al. 1882:(especially 1872: 1866: 1864: 1836: 1827: 1816: 1805: 1798: 1794: 1783: 1773: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1747: 1740: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1715: 1707: 1693: 1688: 1676: 1674: 1669: 1657: 1648: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1625: 1616: 1608: 1601: 1590: 1585: 1579: 1577: 1565: 1537: 1522: 1507: 1494: 1490: 1471: 1463: 1436: 1348: 1326:1900–present 1293: 1231: 1224: 1218: 1215:insurrection 1212: 1205: 1203: 1165: 1163: 1007: 875:Newberry Six 860:King Johnson 835:Watkinsville 712:Ku Klux Klan 702:Black Legion 690:Whitecapping 685:Sundown town 543:Bogalusa, LA 521:(November 2) 515:(October 31) 500: 419:Syracuse, NY 413:Philadelphia 383:Newberry, SC 355:(July 19–24) 325:(July 10–12) 323:Longview, TX 305:Philadelphia 205:Philadelphia 175:April – June 112:Participants 73: 54:Part of the 35: 6306:(1999 film) 6190:(1936 film) 6069:James Rolph 5971:Legislation 5934:Flag Salute 5374:Hyrum Smith 5220:Lemuel Penn 5212:Louis Allen 5180:Emmett Till 5164:Lamar Smith 5140:Recy Taylor 5073:Claude Neal 4921:Will Sherod 4905:John Carter 4881:James Clark 4833:Henry Lowry 4705:Ell Persons 4593:Rob Edwards 4569:Will Porter 4425:David Wyatt 4393:George Ward 4270:Henry Smith 4166:Amos Miller 4150:Eliza Woods 4086:David Jones 4030:Bill Sketoe 4014:Joshua Boyd 3974:Before 1900 3727:(August 31) 3709:(August 22) 3703:(August 21) 3424:(May 27–28) 3102:Daily Beast 3023:November 2, 1980:due process 1876:due process 1718:Little Rock 1525:Little Rock 1453:before the 1447:plantations 905:1920 Duluth 885:Ell Persons 825:David Wyatt 820:George Ward 755:Amos Miller 750:Eliza Woods 633:Segregation 479:(August 31) 461:(August 22) 455:(August 21) 432:Whatley, AL 365:Norfolk, VA 237:(May 27–28) 187:Jenkins, GA 95:Hoop Spur, 31:‹ The 6409:Red Summer 6353:Categories 6320:Categories 6247:Red Summer 5940:N.A.A.C.P. 5865:Red Shirts 5697:Red Summer 5236:James Reeb 5108:Felix Hall 5100:After 1940 4849:Joe Pullen 4817:Roy Belton 4769:Will Brown 4673:Jeff Brown 4633:John Evans 4617:? Anderson 4521:"Pie" Hill 4489:Jim Miller 4465:Slab Pitts 4457:Ed Johnson 4294:Amos Hicks 4214:Dick Lundy 4206:Jim Taylor 3889:Red Summer 3879:Categories 3707:Austin, TX 3694:(August 4) 3688:(August 3) 3682:(August 1) 3353:(April 14) 3347:(April 13) 3341:(April 10) 3312:(March 14) 3306:(March 12) 2636:2012-07-07 2410:2012-07-07 2284:The Nation 2188:References 2158:Red Summer 2088:hate crime 2055:Black Boy. 1913:certiorari 1886:) and the 1749:The Crisis 1742:The Nation 1730:Daily News 1540:Red Summer 1498:plantation 1252:Background 1234:Red Summer 1013:Red Summer 915:Joe Pullen 865:John Evans 840:Ed Johnson 770:Jim Taylor 717:Red Shirts 513:Corbin, KY 501:Elaine, AR 459:Austin, TX 446:(August 4) 440:(August 3) 434:(August 1) 293:Bisbee, AZ 195:(April 14) 189:(April 13) 183:(April 10) 163:Red Summer 56:Red Summer 6237:(musical) 4953:Joe Smith 4897:Tom Payne 4865:L. Q. Ivy 4793:Jay Lynch 4641:Leo Frank 4369:1900–1940 3842:Ocoee, FL 3744:September 3653:(July 31) 3647:(July 31) 3641:(July 31) 3635:(July 28) 3623:(July 26) 3617:(July 24) 3611:(July 24) 3605:(July 23) 3599:(July 23) 3593:(July 21) 3587:(July 20) 3575:(July 15) 3569:(July 15) 3563:(July 14) 3557:(July 11) 3492:(June 29) 3486:(June 27) 3480:(June 27) 3474:(June 18) 3463:Macon, MS 3388:(May 5–6) 2862:April 14, 2537:27 August 2491:3 October 2444:19 August 2272:(1920). . 2010:Aftermath 1932:Minnesota 1862:in 1895. 1774:Defender. 1548:Knoxville 1502:lynchings 1486:lynchings 1455:Civil War 1371:By county 1354:1957–1958 1246:lynchings 1199:Camp Pike 1180:and five 1172:in rural 1055:Reactions 963:Pana riot 729:Lynchings 673:Lynchings 657:Practices 618:Redeemers 525:Ocoee, FL 507:Baltimore 471:Knoxville 421:(July 31) 415:(July 31) 409:(July 31) 403:(July 28) 391:(July 26) 385:(July 24) 379:(July 23) 377:Darby, PA 373:(July 23) 367:(July 21) 361:(July 20) 349:(July 15) 343:(July 15) 337:(July 14) 331:(July 11) 329:Baltimore 282:(June 29) 276:(June 27) 270:(June 27) 268:Annapolis 264:(June 18) 253:Macon, MS 40:is being 6304:Vendetta 5840:Lynching 5811:) (1964) 5376:) (1844) 4350:Sam Hose 3826:November 3545:(July 9) 3539:(July 8) 3533:(July 7) 3527:(July 6) 3521:(July 3) 3465:(June 7) 3436:(May 31) 3430:(May 30) 3418:(May 26) 3412:(May 21) 3406:(May 10) 3400:(May 10) 3269:February 2798:, 2015, 2685:40038126 2532:40025496 2307:(2008). 2115:See also 2081:Memorial 1848:Arkansas 1482:Jim Crow 1478:poll tax 1389:Category 1366:Military 1338:By topic 1288:Timeline 1262:a series 1260:Part of 815:Sam Hose 561:a series 559:Part of 319:(July 9) 313:(July 8) 307:(July 7) 301:(July 6) 295:(July 3) 255:(June 7) 249:(May 31) 243:(May 30) 231:(May 26) 225:(May 21) 219:(May 10) 213:(May 10) 92:Location 58:and the 44:. › 33:template 5833:General 4222:Joe Coe 4094:Jo Reed 3791:October 3394:(May 9) 3382:(May 5) 3175:, 2001. 2651:Gazette 2355:. 2020. 2290:(2840). 2108:Elaine. 1833:Appeals 1823:lynched 1810:in the 1671:cotton. 1664:peonage 1544:Chicago 1361:Culture 1295:By year 775:Joe Coe 395:Chicago 207:(May 9) 201:(May 5) 6235:Parade 6223:(1965) 6098:Memory 5817:(1964) 5793:(1961) 5787:(1952) 5777:(1946) 5771:(1945) 5765:(1943) 5759:(1937) 5753:(1933) 5747:(1932) 5741:(1930) 5735:(1927) 5729:(1923) 5723:(1922) 5717:(1921) 5711:(1920) 5705:(1920) 5699:(1919) 5683:(1919) 5677:(1919) 5671:(1919) 5665:(1918) 5659:(1917) 5653:(1916) 5647:(1912) 5641:(1911) 5635:(1910) 5624:(1908) 5618:(1906) 5607:(1905) 5601:(1899) 5595:(1898) 5589:(1898) 5583:(1898) 5577:(1897) 5571:(1892) 5565:(1892) 5559:(1891) 5553:(1880) 5547:(1879) 5541:(1879) 5535:(1878) 5529:(1878) 5523:(1876) 5517:(1876) 5511:(1876) 5505:(1874) 5493:(1873) 5487:(1871) 5476:(1868) 5470:(1868) 5464:(1868) 5458:(1868) 5452:(1868) 5446:(1868) 5440:(1868) 5429:(1866) 5423:(1866) 5417:(1864) 5411:(1864) 5405:(1863) 5394:(1863) 5388:(1862) 5382:(1858) 5334:(2020) 5326:(2011) 5318:(1998) 5310:(1989) 5302:(1981) 5294:(1979) 5286:(1978) 5278:(1975) 5270:(1970) 5262:(1968) 5254:(1967) 5246:(1966) 5238:(1965) 5230:(1964) 5222:(1964) 5214:(1964) 5206:(1959) 5198:(1957) 5190:(1957) 5182:(1955) 5174:(1955) 5166:(1955) 5158:(1947) 5150:(1946) 5142:(1944) 5134:(1944) 5126:(1943) 5118:(1943) 5110:(1941) 5091:(1940) 5083:(1940) 5075:(1934) 5067:(1933) 5059:(1933) 5051:(1932) 5043:(1931) 5035:(1931) 5027:(1930) 5019:(1930) 5011:(1928) 5003:(1927) 4995:(1927) 4987:(1927) 4979:(1927) 4971:(1927) 4963:(1927) 4955:(1927) 4947:(1927) 4939:(1927) 4931:(1927) 4923:(1927) 4915:(1927) 4907:(1927) 4899:(1927) 4891:(1926) 4883:(1926) 4875:(1926) 4867:(1925) 4859:(1924) 4851:(1923) 4843:(1922) 4835:(1921) 4827:(1921) 4819:(1920) 4811:(1920) 4803:(1919) 4795:(1919) 4787:(1919) 4779:(1919) 4771:(1919) 4763:(1919) 4755:(1918) 4747:(1918) 4739:(1918) 4731:(1918) 4723:(1918) 4715:(1918) 4707:(1917) 4699:(1917) 4691:(1917) 4683:(1916) 4675:(1916) 4667:(1916) 4659:(1916) 4651:(1915) 4643:(1915) 4635:(1914) 4627:(1914) 4619:(1913) 4611:(1913) 4603:(1912) 4595:(1912) 4587:(1912) 4579:(1911) 4571:(1911) 4563:(1911) 4555:(1911) 4547:(1911) 4539:(1910) 4531:(1909) 4523:(1909) 4515:(1909) 4507:(1909) 4499:(1909) 4491:(1909) 4483:(1907) 4475:(1907) 4467:(1906) 4459:(1906) 4451:(1906) 4443:(1904) 4435:(1904) 4427:(1903) 4419:(1903) 4411:(1903) 4403:(1903) 4395:(1901) 4387:(1901) 4379:(1901) 4360:(1899) 4352:(1899) 4344:(1898) 4336:(1898) 4328:(1898) 4320:(1897) 4312:(1897) 4304:(1896) 4296:(1894) 4288:(1894) 4280:(1894) 4272:(1893) 4264:(1893) 4256:(1893) 4248:(1893) 4240:(1892) 4232:(1892) 4224:(1891) 4216:(1891) 4208:(1891) 4200:(1890) 4192:(1889) 4184:(1889) 4176:(1889) 4168:(1888) 4160:(1886) 4152:(1886) 4144:(1884) 4136:(1882) 4128:(1881) 4120:(1879) 4112:(1878) 4104:(1877) 4096:(1875) 4088:(1872) 4080:(1871) 4072:(1870) 4064:(1870) 4056:(1870) 4048:(1868) 4040:(1864) 4032:(1864) 4024:(1864) 4016:(1863) 4008:(1858) 4000:(1851) 3992:(1837) 3984:(1836) 3670:August 3206:online 3194:online 3184:online 3127:(2018) 3088: 3056: 2683: 2530: 2318: 2168:(1923) 2160:(1919) 1780:Trials 1770:enjoin 1766:Crisis 1732:, the 1722:yellow 1562:Events 1554:, and 1399:Portal 1264:on the 1170:Elaine 563:on the 120:Deaths 99:, U.S. 5781:Harry 3329:April 3294:March 2681:JSTOR 2528:JSTOR 2021:NAACP 1971: 1839:NAACP 1808:death 1696:NAACP 1593:posse 1190:NAACP 1188:, an 1182:white 1081:NAACP 489:Omaha 6278:list 6188:Fury 5870:Jews 5783:and 5499:(AL) 3509:July 3453:June 3086:ISBN 3054:ISBN 3025:2012 2864:2012 2539:2023 2493:2023 2446:2019 2316:ISBN 1973:U.S. 1898:The 1867:Ware 1764:and 1739:and 1694:The 1349:1919 1319:1874 1164:The 287:July 84:Date 3370:May 3013:222 2673:doi 2520:doi 2288:CIX 1969:261 1962:In 1681:of 1630:to 1240:of 6355:: 5807:, 5803:, 5372:, 3171:, 3099:. 3034:, 3011:. 3007:. 2957:. 2940:, 2930:^ 2907:, 2828:^ 2819:, 2807:^ 2779:^ 2770:: 2741:: 2725:, 2709:: 2679:. 2669:33 2667:. 2615:, 2605:^ 2576:, 2552:^ 2541:. 2526:. 2516:19 2514:. 2510:. 2484:. 2463:. 2437:. 2419:^ 2361:^ 2349:. 2330:^ 2296:^ 2286:. 2265:^ 2253:^ 2232:^ 2218:^ 2209:, 2196:^ 1976:86 1666:: 1550:, 1546:, 1461:. 1441:, 6280:) 6276:( 6154:" 6150:" 5958:" 5954:" 5936:" 5932:" 5799:( 5368:( 3942:e 3935:t 3928:v 3249:e 3242:t 3235:v 3105:. 3027:. 2866:. 2687:. 2675:: 2639:. 2522:: 2495:. 2469:. 2448:. 2413:. 2324:. 1924:, 1751:. 1744:, 1737:, 1711:. 1426:e 1419:t 1412:v 1153:e 1146:t 1139:v 154:e 147:t 140:v 20:)

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