565:
31:
54:
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475:. However, the project was never completed even though the masonry foundations of the first dam were laid at the same time the Elan Valley dams were being constructed. The work had to be done in advance because the water level of the Caban Coch would have submerged the site once the reservoir was full. The three-dam project became redundant when newer materials and superior engineering allowed the construction of the single larger Claerwen dam higher up the valley in the 1940/50s.
792:
506:
819:. It was not until 1946 that work began on damming the Claerwen. Plans to build the Dol-y-mynach, Ciloerwynt and Pant-y-beddau dams were dropped because of improvements in civil engineering and materials. Instead, work began on a single, much larger, concrete dam higher up the valley. As its designers wanted the Claerwen dam to visually match the earlier dams in the Elan Valley, Italian stonemasons were contracted to decorate the facade in a mock Victorian
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and examined for infectious diseases before being admitted. To keep order, a man and his wife shared a terrace house with eight single men. A school was provided for under-11-year-olds, who were expected to work on attaining that age. The camp also had a hospital for injuries, an isolation hospital
712:
The railway was required because the core of the Caban-coch, Pen-y-garreg and Craig-goch dams were built from large irregular stone blocks ("plums") embedded in concrete. The rock was mined locally from
Cigfran and Craig-cnwch quarries by the Elan River and the Aberdeuddwr quarry on Cerrig Gwynion,
703:
to the main work site at the Caban-coch dam. This depot included a cement cooling shed, general stores, coal storage, workshops for carpenters, smiths, fitters and wagon builders, and sawmills. Further branches were eventually built to all the other dam sites. Engines and trucks reached the top of
642:
of the total water catchment area of the Elan and
Claerwen valleys (approximately 180 square kilometres (69 sq mi). The Act also gave Birmingham Corporation powers to move more than 100 people living in the Elan Valley. All the buildings were demolished; these included three manor houses
358:. A gradient of 1:2,300 maintains a flow of less than 2 miles per hour (3.2 km/h); water takes one and a half to two days to reach Birmingham. The aqueduct, which was started in 1896 and opened in 1906, crosses several valleys and features numerous brick tunnels, pipelines, and valve houses.
708:
dam). At its height, the railway had a total length of 45 kilometres (28 mi) with six locomotives transporting up to 1,000 tons of materials a day. Following the completion of the lower dams, the entire Elan Valley
Railway had been entirely lifted by 1916. Road transport was used when the
904:
valley. This scheme would have created a huge reservoir dwarfing all others in Mid Wales, and flooding miles of wild upland valleys. The proposals were eventually abandoned in the face of reducing projections for industrial water demand and an increasing awareness of the
1372:
1165:
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on 21 July 1904. As the first four dams provided enough drinking water to meet
Birmingham's needs in the early 20th century, it was proposed not to proceed with the damming of the River Claerwen at Dol-y-mynach, Ciloerwynt and Pant-y-beddau until the 1930s.
922:(published by Faber & Faber, 1969) an account of Welsh hill farming life in the valley between the two main periods of construction. Many references are made to the dams, as well as an account of the later enquiry from the hill farmers' point of view.
779:. A century later, small-scale hydro-generation was again introduced as a by-product of some of the Elan Valley reservoirs. As of 2013, a renewable-energy firm, Infinis, is operating five water turbines in the district with a combined capacity of about 4
899:
In the early 1970s, it was proposed that the Craig-goch reservoir should be substantially increased in size with a new and higher downstream dam together with another dam to the north-west, impounding water that would otherwise have flowed down the
744:
The cost of the Elan valley scheme ran over budget because of the failure to find suitable building stone near any of the dams apart from Caban-coch, as well as the necessity of bringing in facing stone from other quarries in mid and south Wales.
505:
753:
During the ten-year project to build the Elan Valley dams, the navvies lived in a village of wooden huts near the site. This settlement, which was strictly controlled to keep order and health, would eventually become Elan
Village (see
493:
The Garreg-ddu dam – although looking like a viaduct, it is actually a submerged dam. Its role is to maintain a sufficient level in the Garreg-ddu reservoir so water can enter the Foel Tower and the gravity-driven aqueduct to the
361:
Work to build the Elan Valley reservoirs was undertaken because the rapid growth of the industrial city of
Birmingham in the late 19th century had led to a lack of available clean water. Numerous outbreaks of disease prompted
670:
feed with a gradient of 1 in 2,300. The schedule for the project was to build the four lower Elan Valley dams first. The
Claerwen would then be built later (work was expected to begin in 1939 but was delayed by the
704:
the dams on wooden trestle scaffolds supported by concrete parapets. The line went as far as the site where the foundations of the Dol-y-mynach dam were being built (lower down the valley from the later
478:
The Nant-y-Gro dam – this small dam was constructed in the early stages of the project to supply water to the navvies' village at the site; it was used during the Second World War by Sir
471:
The Dol-y-mynach dam – it was to be one of a series of three dams that would be built to contain the waters of Afon
Claerwen. They were to be constructed in accordance with the growth of
763:
for infectious cases, and a bath house. Men were allowed to drink beer at a pub, though women were not. Other facilities included a library, public hall, shop and canteen.
858:
to collapse a dam wall. The test proved successful as a significant breach in the middle of the 11-metre (36 ft) dam wall was caused by a charge placed at its base.
717:. The central cores of the dams were encased with a 2-metre (6 ft 7 in) concrete lining. The outside walls were faced with cut stone brought from quarries at
432:
Garreg-ddu dam seen at low water, summer 2003. Its job is to maintain a constant level in the reservoir during drought conditions so water can still enter the
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440:
There are four main dams and reservoirs (constructed 1893–1904 in Elan Valley, and 1946–1952 at
Claerwen) with a potential total capacity of nearly 100,000
1649:
883:
After the Dam
Busters raid, steel cables were strung across the valley above the Caban-coch reservoir as a precautionary measure against German reprisals.
648:
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101:
1307:
City of Birmingham Waterworks: A Short History of the Development of the Undertaking, with a Description of the Existing Works and Sources of Supply
713:
just to the south of Rhayader. The shaped stones were hauled by locomotive to the dam sites on flatbed trucks. They were then lowered into place by
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there was no need for pumping stations because the reservoirs in Wales would be 52 metres (171 ft) above the water cisterns in Birmingham.
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The remains of the breached Nant-y-Gro dam are in much the same state as it was left in 1942, although partly obscured by trees.
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606:, began a campaign to get clean water from the Elan and Claerwen valleys in mid Wales. The area, which had been identified by
1278:
662:. Due to the height above sea level of the Elan Valley, water would be fed to Birmingham along a 116-kilometre (72 mi)
1346:
1225:
758:). Guards controlled access in and out; this was done to reduce illness and to stop liquor smuggling. All new workers were
691:
line, was built by Birmingham Corporation especially for the project. It ran through the Elan Valley from a junction near
528:, October 2007. The two reservoirs are separated by a submerged dam that maintains water levels during drought conditions.
3013:
53:
579:
The Elan dam scheme was developed in the 19th century following rapid growth of the population of Birmingham due to the
401:, contrasting with water from local supplies in the West Midlands, not served by the Elan aqueduct, which are noted for
390:
during the construction of the first four dams at the turn of the 20th century. In 1952, the Claerwen dam was opened by
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In 1942, the Nant-y-Gro dam, which had been originally built to provide water for the navvies' village, was used by
3000:
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30:
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International Engineering Congress 1901: Glasgow. Report of the Proceedings and Abstracts of the Papers Read
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583:. The city's expansion resulted in regular outbreaks of water-borne diseases and major epidemics such as
1979:
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which passed the Birmingham Corporation Water Act in 1892. It allowed the corporation to acquire by
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1899:
1814:
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692:
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In 1892, Parliament passed the Birmingham Corporation Water Act allowing the Corporation to effect
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1959:
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699:. The first section to be built was a 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) branch from the main line at
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the following year in 1893. Construction was overseen by James Mansergh, on behalf of the
8:
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officially opened Claerwen Reservoir in 1952 in one of her first engagements as monarch.
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A scale model of the reservoir network, in the form of ornamental ponds, is located in
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in Birmingham. The dam is only required to operate during times of extreme drought.
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52 metres (171 ft) along its 73-mile (117 km) length from its source to
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1994:
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1158:"The Birmingham Waterworks" Lecture by James Mansergh, President of the Congress"
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The Elan Valley Railway: The Railway of the Birmingham Corporation Waterworks
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However, that phase of construction was postponed due to the outbreak of the
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In addition to the four main dams, there are three other dams at the site:
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1082:"How do I know if the hardness of my water is detrimental to my plumbing?"
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to prove his theory that an underwater explosion could create sufficient
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The project to supply water to Birmingham was officially opened by King
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1279:"Cannon Hill Park's scale model of the Elan Valley has sprung a leak"
592:
397:
Drinking water from the Elan Valley is noted for being exceptionally
339:
316:
138:
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it had an average annual rainfall of 1,830 millimetres (72 in).
568:
Men and women in buses and cars visiting a reservoir in Elan Valley
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The lessons learned at Nant-y-Gro green lit the development of the
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in 1812), 18 farms, a school and a church (which was replaced with
460:
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1939:
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during trials of the explosive charges he intended to use in the
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1309:. Birmingham: City of Birmingham, Water Committee. 1955.
386:(workers) and their families lived in the purpose-built
335:, Craig-goch, Pen-y-garreg, Garreg-ddu, and Caban-coch.
1006:"Powys Digital History Project: Elan Valley Reservoirs"
846:
Remains of the breached Nant-y-Gro dam as seen in 2008.
643:(two of which had links with the English Romantic poet
928:
researched the Elan Valley as the basis for his novel
394:
in one of her first official engagements as monarch.
709:
Claerwen dam was built in the late 1940s and 1950s.
932:imagining how the scene may have appeared in 1887.
1027:"Powys Digital History Project: Elan Valley Dams"
620:dams could be easily built in the narrow valleys.
3117:
1322:. (OL 71) Headington: The Oakwood Press. (1997:
94:
613:, would be ideal for water reservoirs because:
350:. Pumping is not required because the network
60:
1400:
1368:Abandoned Communities ... Reservoirs of Wales
786:
299:) are a chain of man-made lakes created from
1250:at Infinis website. Accessed 11 October 2013
982:. Elan Valley Visitor Centre. Archived from
651:). Only landowners were given compensation.
408:The reservoirs are now owned and managed by
331:of England. The five lakes are known as the
1311:(Note: Published July 1954, on the 50 year
886:
775:in the construction village was powered by
741:and brought by railway to the Elan Valley.
1407:
1393:
1373:Report of a 1901 lecture by James Mansergh
1260:Gazprom Energy in hydroelectric power deal
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
319:. The reservoirs, which were built by the
266:Between 250–368 m (820–1,207 ft)
3151:Water supply in Birmingham, West Midlands
943:Reservoirs and dams in the United Kingdom
873:breached and damaged several dams in the
1188:"The Elan Valley dams: The Claerwen dam"
1136:"The Elan Valley dams: Nantgwyllt House"
890:
841:
790:
563:
543:
427:
1276:
959:
540:Birmingham Corporation Water Department
451:Pen-y-garreg – 6,055 megalitre capacity
321:Birmingham Corporation Water Department
258:99,499,000 m (80,665 acre⋅ft)
3118:
1150:
448:Caban-coch – 35,530 megalitre capacity
1388:
912:
909:that such an expansion might create.
660:City of Birmingham's Water Department
3141:History of Birmingham, West Midlands
766:
748:
323:, provide clean drinking water for
13:
1680:Forden with Leighton and Trelystan
1214:Elan Valley Trust official website
1108:Elan Valley Trust official website
729:. The cement, which was made near
678:
416:further down the valley is run by
14:
3162:
2436:Heartsease (Llanddewi Ystradenni)
2411:Four Crosses, Llanfair Caereinion
1334:
1048:"Valve house hidden in the woods"
3066:
3054:
1523:
1277:Haywood, Bob (9 November 2015).
595:due to the lack of clean water.
504:
59:
52:
29:
1343:at official Elan Valley website
1299:
1270:
1253:
1234:
1202:
1190:. Powys Digital History Project
1180:
1138:. Powys Digital History Project
559:
444:. The dams and reservoirs are:
1128:
1096:
1074:
1040:
1019:
998:
837:
423:
1:
2406:Four Crosses, Montgomeryshire
1347:Dam Busters at Nant-y-Gro dam
948:
865:. They were used in the 1943
675:; it was completed in 1952).
569:
549:
36:
3021:Registered parks and gardens
2971:Parliamentary constituencies
1353:Nant-y-Gro dam in March 2000
1071:55 & 56 Vict. c. clxxiii
895:Caban-coch dam, summer 2009.
654:Work began to construct the
281:, Elan Valley Visitor Centre
7:
1315:of the Elan Supply Scheme).
1104:"Elan dams: Specifications"
936:
463:– 48,694 megalitre capacity
16:Man-made lakes in Mid Wales
10:
3167:
1980:Newtown and Llanllwchaiarn
787:Opening and later progress
537:
533:
457:– 9,220 megalitre capacity
222:0.5 km (0.31 mi)
3049:
2963:
2917:
2839:
2093:
1532:
1521:
1422:
1414:
1318:Judge, Colin W. (1997).
1267:, 2 October 2013 Accessed
930:The House under the Water
486:which later targeted the
342:is carried by gravity to
274:
270:
262:
252:
244:
240:41.5 m (136 ft)
236:
232:606 ha (1,500 acres)
226:
218:
214:5.9 km (3.7 mi)
210:
206:
198:
190:
180:
162:
144:
132:
93:
78:
47:
28:
23:
2581:Llansanffraid-ym-Mechain
1555:Abermule with Llandyssil
1358:Aerial Photo of Claerwen
1122:20 February 2013 at the
953:
887:Aborted expansion scheme
777:hydroelectric generators
374:all the land within the
2571:Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant
1960:Mochdre with Penstrowed
1895:Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant
1363:Elan Historic Landscape
1349:at thedambusters.org.uk
1264:Manchester Evening News
1246:14 October 2013 at the
1210:"Dams & Reservoirs"
918:Elizabeth Clarke wrote
863:"Upkeep" bouncing bombs
604:Birmingham City Council
364:Birmingham City Council
248:56 m (184 ft)
2940:Elan Valley Reservoirs
2511:Llanfihangel Nant Bran
1820:Llanfihangel Rhydithon
1378:17 August 2016 at the
1164:. 1901. Archived from
896:
847:
800:
576:
556:
437:
414:water filtration works
346:in Birmingham via the
296:
289:Elan Valley Reservoirs
67:Elan Valley Reservoirs
24:Elan Valley Reservoirs
2516:Llanfihangel Talyllyn
2431:Heartsease (Knighton)
1565:Bausley with Criggion
1423:Principal settlements
1341:Dams & Reservoirs
1228:24 March 2011 at the
894:
845:
795:Part of the model in
794:
737:, was sent by sea to
598:Victorian politician
581:Industrial Revolution
567:
547:
431:
410:Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water
185:Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water
35:Caban-coch Reservoir
3102:52.27222°N 3.68889°W
2918:Reservoirs and lakes
1770:Llanddewi Ystradenny
1655:Disserth and Trecoed
1084:. Aqua-Nouveau. 2009
907:environmental issues
856:hydrostatic pressure
645:Percy Bysshe Shelley
434:Elan Valley aqueduct
376:water catchment area
117:52.27222°N 3.68889°W
3146:Reservoirs in Powys
3098: /
2996:Scheduled Monuments
2501:Llanfair Caereinion
1805:Llanfair Caereinion
1460:Llanfair Caereinion
986:on 20 February 2013
926:Francis Brett Young
685:Elan Valley Railway
640:compulsory purchase
372:compulsory purchase
113: /
3107:52.27222; -3.68889
2955:Talybont Reservoir
2935:Clywedog Reservoir
2531:Llangammarch Wells
2094:Towns and villages
1885:Llanidloes Without
1650:Cwmdu and District
913:In popular culture
897:
871:RAF Bomber Command
848:
825:Queen Elizabeth II
801:
600:Joseph Chamberlain
577:
557:
548:Pen-y-garreg dam,
496:Frankley Reservoir
438:
418:Severn Trent Water
368:British government
344:Frankley Reservoir
311:rivers within the
297:Cronfeydd Cwm Elan
122:52.27222; -3.68889
3081:
3080:
3005:Listed buildings
2930:Cantref Reservoir
2925:Beacons Reservoir
2894:Montgomery Castle
1780:Llandrindod Wells
1750:Llanbadarn Fynydd
1620:Castle Caereinion
1455:Llandrindod Wells
1168:on 17 August 2016
1050:. geograph.org.uk
767:Hydro-electricity
697:Mid-Wales Railway
649:Nantgwyllt Church
285:
284:
263:Surface elevation
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3026:Lord Lieutenants
2879:Dolforwyn Castle
2849:Aberysgir Castle
2676:Old Church Stoke
2666:Newbridge-on-Wye
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991:
980:"Specifications"
976:
867:Dam Busters raid
832:Cannon Hill Park
817:Second World War
797:Cannon Hill Park
749:Workers' village
673:Second World War
666:that employed a
602:, the leader of
574:
571:
554:
551:
527:
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490:dams in Germany.
366:to petition the
166:
165:Primary outflows
148:
128:
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111:
110:
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96:
63:
62:
56:
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2909:Tretower Castle
2869:Cefnllys Castle
2835:
2826:Van, Llanidloes
2786:Talybont-on-Usk
2606:Llanwrtyd Wells
2211:Bettws Cedewain
2089:
2060:Vale of Grwyney
2025:Talybont-on-Usk
1995:Pen-y-bont-fawr
1920:Llanwrtyd Wells
1745:Llanbadarn Fawr
1528:
1519:
1475:Llanwrtyd Wells
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1380:Wayback Machine
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809:Queen Alexandra
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773:street lighting
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679:Mineral railway
572:
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531:
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382:. Thousands of
338:Water from the
181:Managing agency
173:
155:
147:Primary inflows
121:
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107:
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1283:birminghammail
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1241:Our operations
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799:in Birmingham.
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689:standard-gauge
687:, which was a
680:
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611:James Mansergh
608:civil engineer
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336:
334:
330:
329:West Midlands
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
280:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
237:Average depth
235:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
199:First flooded
197:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
176:
172:
171:Elan aqueduct
169:
167:
161:
158:
154:
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143:
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137:
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131:
126:
98:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
55:
46:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3083:
2939:
2904:Powis Castle
2831:Ystradfellte
2591:Llanwchaiarn
2471:Llanbrynmair
2316:Commins Coch
2291:Church Stoke
2286:Cemmaes Road
2266:Capel-y-ffin
2236:Builth Wells
2106:Aber Clydach
2080:Ystradfellte
1815:Llanfihangel
1760:Llanbrynmair
1540:Abbey Cwmhir
1435:Builth Wells
1319:
1306:
1300:Bibliography
1286:. Retrieved
1282:
1272:
1262:
1255:
1236:
1217:. Retrieved
1213:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:the original
1161:
1152:
1140:. Retrieved
1130:
1111:. Retrieved
1107:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1076:
1052:. Retrieved
1042:
1030:. Retrieved
1021:
1009:. Retrieved
1000:
988:. Retrieved
984:the original
929:
919:
898:
882:
879:
860:
849:
829:
814:
802:
770:
752:
743:
723:Builth Wells
711:
682:
653:
637:
597:
578:
560:Construction
522:
515:
466:
439:
407:
396:
392:Elizabeth II
388:Elan Village
380:Elan Valleys
360:
337:
288:
286:
254:Water volume
228:Surface area
18:
3105: /
2950:Lake Vyrnwy
2899:Painscastle
2791:Three Cocks
2751:Sennybridge
2736:Pontdolgoch
2726:Plas Esgair
2681:Painscastle
2616:Llanymynech
2506:Llanfechain
2491:Llandysilio
2321:Crickhowell
2101:Abbeycwmhir
1990:Painscastle
1935:Machynlleth
1840:Llangattock
1835:Llangamarch
1825:Llanfrynach
1810:Llanfechain
1790:Llandysilio
1725:Honddu Isaf
1705:Glyn Tarell
1645:Crickhowell
1625:Churchstoke
1533:Communities
1480:Machynlleth
1440:Crickhowell
1219:27 November
1172:17 November
1113:27 November
1054:12 November
990:12 November
877:, Germany.
875:Ruhr Valley
838:Dam Busters
756:Elan Valley
739:Aberystwyth
715:steam crane
629:impermeable
573: 1910
553: 2004
424:Description
313:Elan Valley
211:Max. length
120: /
95:Coordinates
83:Elan Valley
40: 1963
3120:Categories
3090:52°16′20″N
3041:Public art
2889:Mediomanum
2864:Castell Du
2806:Trefeglwys
2766:Staylittle
2741:Pontrobert
2696:Partrishow
2691:Pant-y-Dwr
2661:New Radnor
2626:Llawryglyn
2601:Llanwrthwl
2551:Llangynidr
2536:Llangedwyn
2526:Llangadfan
2521:Llanfyllin
2496:Llanelwedd
2486:Llandrinio
2441:Heol Senni
2426:Hay-on-Wye
2336:Cwmdauddwr
2331:Crossgates
2246:Buttington
2171:Abertridwr
2151:Aberhafesp
2146:Abergwydol
2141:Abergwesyn
2111:Aberbechan
2040:Trefeglwys
2030:Tawe-Uchaf
2005:Presteigne
1985:Old Radnor
1975:New Radnor
1965:Montgomery
1915:Llanwrthwl
1880:Llanidloes
1870:Llangyniew
1865:Llangynidr
1855:Llangunllo
1845:Llangedwyn
1830:Llanfyllin
1795:Llanelwedd
1785:Llandrinio
1755:Llanbister
1710:Guilsfield
1690:Glantwymyn
1675:Felin-fach
1615:Carreghofa
1550:Aberhafesp
1495:Presteigne
1485:Montgomery
1470:Llanidloes
1465:Llanfyllin
1445:Hay-on-Wye
1088:5 February
949:References
920:The Valley
805:Edward VII
727:Pontypridd
719:Llanelwedd
656:reservoirs
538:See also:
523:Caban-coch
516:Garreg-ddu
473:Birmingham
455:Craig-goch
442:megalitres
340:reservoirs
325:Birmingham
275:References
245:Max. depth
219:Max. width
175:River Elan
153:River Elan
139:Reservoirs
105:52°16′20″N
3093:3°41′20″W
3061:Geography
3014:Grade II*
2801:Trecastle
2776:Talerddig
2761:St Harmon
2671:Newchurch
2656:Nant Glas
2646:Milebrook
2611:Llanwrtyd
2586:Llansilin
2561:Llangynyw
2556:Llangynog
2546:Llangurig
2481:Llandinam
2416:Gladestry
2361:Derwenlas
2276:Cathedine
2256:Caehopkin
2226:Boughrood
2196:Bacheldre
2176:Aberyscir
2156:Aberhosan
2121:Abercegir
2065:Welshpool
2015:St Harmon
1910:Llanwddyn
1905:Llansilin
1875:Llangynog
1860:Llangurig
1800:Llanerfyl
1775:Llandinam
1715:Gwernyfed
1685:Gladestry
1510:Welshpool
771:Electric
631:to water.
593:dysentery
317:Mid Wales
134:Lake type
108:3°41′20″W
2811:Tregynon
2781:Talgarth
2771:Sycharth
2716:Penybont
2711:Penwyllt
2701:Penegoes
2596:Llanwrin
2541:Llangors
2476:Llanddew
2451:Knucklas
2421:Glasbury
2396:Felindre
2346:Cwmtwrch
2326:Criggion
2311:Coelbren
2281:Cefnllys
2241:Burgedin
2231:Bronllys
2201:Beguildy
2166:Abernant
2161:Abermule
2126:Abercraf
2116:Aberbran
2050:Tregynon
2035:Trallong
2020:Talgarth
2010:Rhayader
2000:Penybont
1890:Llanigon
1850:Llangors
1765:Llanddew
1735:Knighton
1695:Glasbury
1600:Cadfarch
1590:Bronllys
1570:Beguildy
1505:Talgarth
1500:Rhayader
1450:Knighton
1376:Archived
1244:Archived
1226:Archived
1120:Archived
937:See also
760:deloused
706:Claerwen
701:Rhayader
693:Rhayader
664:pipeline
461:Claerwen
403:hardness
356:Frankley
333:Claerwen
309:Claerwen
79:Location
3136:Elenydd
3036:Museums
3009:Grade I
2986:Schools
2841:Castles
2816:Trewern
2796:Tirabad
2721:Pilleth
2706:Pennant
2631:Llyswen
2621:Llanyre
2456:Libanus
2376:Dolyhir
2371:Dolfach
2366:Dolanog
2351:Cwmwysg
2301:Clatter
2296:Cilmery
2261:Caersws
2206:Berriew
2191:Arddlin
2186:Aithnen
2136:Aberedw
2070:Whitton
2055:Trewern
2045:Treflys
1970:Nantmel
1945:Manafon
1940:Maescar
1925:Llanyre
1700:Glascwm
1630:Cilmery
1605:Caersws
1575:Berriew
1545:Aberedw
1490:Newtown
1313:Jubilee
1288:9 March
1194:11 July
1142:10 July
902:Ystwyth
731:Chatham
695:on the
668:gravity
625:bedrock
589:cholera
585:typhoid
534:History
526:(right)
384:navvies
378:of the
327:in the
301:damming
89:, Wales
2981:Places
2964:Topics
2821:Tylwch
2651:Morben
2641:Meifod
2636:Llywel
2386:Erwood
2381:Dylife
2216:Beulah
1950:Meifod
1930:Llywel
1670:Erwood
1665:Dwyriw
1660:Duhonw
1595:Builth
1585:Brecon
1580:Bettws
1430:Brecon
1326:
821:ashlar
519:(left)
412:. The
3073:Wales
2991:SSSIs
2686:Pandy
2446:Kerry
2401:Forge
2341:Cwmdu
2306:Clyro
2271:Carno
2251:Bwlch
2075:Yscir
1730:Kerry
1635:Clyro
1610:Carno
1560:Banwy
1416:Powys
1032:9 May
1011:9 May
954:Notes
869:when
721:near
352:drops
293:Welsh
191:Built
87:Powys
2756:Soar
2746:Sarn
2461:Llan
2181:Adfa
1640:Cray
1324:ISBN
1290:2017
1221:2013
1196:2012
1174:2011
1144:2012
1115:2013
1090:2009
1056:2012
1034:2012
1013:2012
992:2012
807:and
735:Kent
725:and
683:The
627:was
623:the
591:and
521:and
488:Ruhr
399:soft
307:and
305:Elan
303:the
287:The
202:1896
194:1893
1720:Hay
733:in
315:in
85:in
3122::
1330:).
1281:.
1212:.
1160:.
1106:.
1064:^
961:^
823:.
783:.
781:MW
587:,
570:c.
550:c.
420:.
405:.
295::
37:c.
1408:e
1401:t
1394:v
1292:.
1223:.
1198:.
1176:.
1146:.
1117:.
1092:.
1058:.
1036:.
1015:.
994:.
575:.
555:.
436:.
291:(
42:.
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