419:
437:
428:
1306:, occurs when the ulnar nerve is irritated and becomes inflamed. This can often happen where the ulnar nerve is most superficial, at the elbow. The ulnar nerve passes over the elbow, at the area known as the "funny bone". Irritation can occur due to constant, repeated stress and pressure at this area, or from a trauma. It can also occur due to bone deformities, and oftentimes from sports. Symptoms include tingling, numbness, and weakness, along with pain. First line pain management techniques include the use of
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47:
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1245:(also known as "the elbow"). Pain occurs, often radiating from the lateral forearm. Weakness, numbness, and stiffness are also very common, along with tenderness upon touch. A non-invasive treatment for pain management is rest. If achieving rest is an issue, a wrist brace can also be worn. This keeps the wrist in flexion, thereby relieving the
450:. In most people, the groove running across the trochlea is vertical on the anterior side but it spirals off on the posterior side. This results in the forearm being aligned to the upper arm during flexion, but forming an angle to the upper arm during extension — an angle known as the carrying angle.
1158:
Elbow dislocations constitute 10% to 25% of all injuries to the elbow. The elbow is one of the most commonly dislocated joints in the body, with an average annual incidence of acute dislocation of 6 per 100,000 persons. Among injuries to the upper extremity, dislocation of the elbow is second only to
970:
at ages 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 years. These apophyseal centers then fuse during adolescence, with the internal epicondyle and olecranon fusing last. The ages of fusion are more variable than ossification, but normally occur at 13, 15, 17, 13, 16 and 13 years, respectively. In addition, the presence of
780:
Triceps is maximally efficient with the elbow flexed 20–30°. As the angle of flexion increases, the position of the olecranon approaches the main axis of the humerus which decreases muscle efficiency. In full flexion, however, the triceps tendon is "rolled up" on the olecranon as on a pulley which
1253:
can also help alleviate pain. After the pain has been reduced, exercise therapy is important to prevent injury in the future. Exercises should be low velocity, and weight should increase progressively. Stretching the flexors and extensors is helpful, as are strengthening exercises. Massage can also
908:
at the elbow, normally located above the medial epicondyle — the deep and superficial cubital nodes (also called epitrochlear nodes). The lymphatic drainage at the elbow is through the deep nodes at the bifurcation of the brachial artery, the superficial nodes drain the forearm and the ulnar
741:
Active flexion is limited to 145° by the contact between the anterior muscles of the upper arm and forearm, more so because they are hardened by contraction during flexion. Passive flexion (forearm is pushed against the upper arm with flexors relaxed) is limited to 160° by the bony projections on
1058:
The carrying angle permits the arm to be swung without contacting the hips. Women on average have smaller shoulders and wider hips than men, which tends to produce a larger carrying angle (i.e., larger deviation from a straight line than that in men). There is, however, extensive overlap in the
1018:
With the elbow extended, the long axis of the humerus and that of the ulna coincide. At the same time, the articular surfaces on both bones are located in front of those axes and deviate from them at an angle of 45°. Additionally, the forearm muscles that originate at the elbow are grouped at the
553:
Several synovial folds project into the recesses of the joint. These folds or plicae are remnants of normal embryonic development and can be categorized as either anterior (anterior humeral recess) or posterior (olecranon recess). A crescent-shaped fold is commonly present between the head of the
1318:
and irritation in the future. Protective equipment can also be very helpful. Examples of this include a protective elbow pad, and an arm splint. More serious cases often involve surgery, in which the nerve or the surrounding tissue is moved to relieve the pressure. Recovery from surgery can take
1274:
of the elbow. It can cause pain, stiffness, loss of sensation, and weakness radiating from the inside of the elbow to the fingers. Rest is the primary intervention for this injury. Ice, pain medication, steroid injections, strengthening exercises, and avoiding any aggravating activities can also
513:
On the posterior side, the capsule is thin and mainly composed of transverse fibres. A few of these fibres stretch across the olecranon fossa without attaching to it and form a transverse band with a free upper border. On the ulnar side, the capsule reaches down to the posterior part of the
613:
on either side. These are triangular bands which blend with the joint capsule. They are positioned so that they always lie across the transverse joint axis and are, therefore, always relatively tense and impose strict limitations on abduction, adduction, and axial rotation at the elbow.
1134:
There are three bones at the elbow joint, and any combination of these bones may be involved in a fracture of the elbow. Patients who are able to fully extend their arm at the elbow are unlikely to have a fracture (98% certainty) and an X-ray is not required as long as an
1489:. In these taxa, the oval head of the radius lies in front of the ulnar shaft so that the former overlaps the latter by half its width. With this forearm configuration, the ulna supports the radius and maximum stability is achieved when the forearm is fully pronated.
561:
adjacent to the three articular fossae. These pads fill the radial and coronoid fossa anteriorly during extension, and the olecranon fossa posteriorly during flexion. They are displaced when the fossae are occupied by the bony projections of the ulna and radius.
1290:. It results in pain, stiffness, and deformities. There are many different treatments for rheumatoid arthritis, and there is no one consensus for which methods are best. Most common treatments include wrist splints, surgery, physical and occupational therapy, and
1062:
The angle is greater in the dominant limb than the non-dominant limb of both sexes, suggesting that natural forces acting on the elbow modify the carrying angle. Developmental, aging and possibly racial influences add further to the variability of this parameter.
953:
growth centers being crucial in assessment of the pediatric elbow on radiograph, in order to distinguish a traumatic fracture or apophyseal separation from normal development. The order of appearance can be understood by the mnemonic CRITOE, referring to the
788:, tension in the anterior ligament, and resistance in flexor muscles. Forced extension results in a rupture in one of the limiting structures: olecranon fracture, torn capsule and ligaments, and, though the muscles are normally left unaffected, a bruised
1382:
as in the
English measure could also be taken to come from the letter L, being bent at right angles, as an elbow. The ell as a measure was taken as six handbreadths; three to the elbow and three from the elbow to the shoulder. Another measure was the
1269:
is very similar to tennis elbow, but less common. It is caused by overuse and repetitive motions like a golf swing. It can also be caused by trauma. Wrist flexion and pronation (rotating of the forearm) causes irritation to the tendons near the
1014:
In humans, the main task of the elbow is to properly place the hand in space by shortening and lengthening the upper limb. While the superior radioulnar joint shares joint capsule with the elbow joint, it plays no functional role at the elbow.
633:. These two bands are separated by a thinner intermediate part and their distal attachments are united by a transverse band below which the synovial membrane protrudes during joint movements. The anterior band is closely associated with the
733:
Brachialis is the main muscle used when the elbow is flexed slowly. During rapid and forceful flexion all three muscles are brought into action assisted by the superficial forearm flexors originating at the medial side of the elbow. The
2665:
2579:
Awaya, Hitomi; Schweitzer, Mark E.; Feng, Sunah A.; Kamishima, Tamotsu; Marone, Phillip J.; Farooki; Shella; Trudell, Debra J.; Haghighi, Parviz; Resnick, Donald L. (December 2001). "Elbow
Synovial Fold Syndrome: MR Imaging Findings".
1187:
Elbow arthritis is usually seen in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis or after fractures that involve the joint itself. When the damage to the joint is severe, fascial arthroplasty or elbow joint replacement may be considered.
1224:
Elbow pain can occur for a multitude of reasons, including injury, disease, and other conditions. Common conditions include tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, distal radioulnar joint rheumatoid arthritis, and cubital tunnel syndrome.
1019:
sides of the joint in order not to interfere with its movement. The wide angle of flexion at the elbow made possible by this arrangement — almost 180° — allows the bones to be brought almost in parallel to each other.
2013:
501:
On the anterior side, the capsule consists mainly of longitudinal fibres. However, some bundles among these fibers run obliquely or transversely, thickening and strengthening the capsule. These bundles are referred to as the
716:
is the main elbow flexor but, as a biarticular muscle, also plays important secondary roles as a stabiliser at the shoulder and as a supinator. It originates on the scapula with two tendons: That of the long head on the
1236:
is a very common type of overuse injury. It can occur both from chronic repetitive motions of the hand and forearm, and from trauma to the same areas. These repetitions can injure the tendons that connect the extensor
1446:, on the other hand, the elbow has to deal with large vertical loads passing through extended forearms and the joint is therefore more expanded to provide larger articular surfaces perpendicular to those forces.
1851:
Lee, YJ; Han, D; Koh, YH; Zo, JH; Kim, SH; Kim, DK; Lee, JS; Moon, HJ; Kim, JS; Chun, EJ; Youn, BJ; Lee, CH; Kim, SS (February 2008). "Adult sail sign: radiographic and computed tomographic features".
1438:, the large forearm muscles originating on the epicondyles of the humerus generate significant transverse forces on the elbow joint. The structure to resist these forces is a pronounced keel on the
1406:
are humorously used to describe the posterior and anterior regions of the elbow, respectively. The terms entered the slang lexicon in the 1990s and proliferated as an
Internet meme. Specifically,
1319:
awhile, but the prognosis is often a good one. Recovery often includes movement restrictions, and range of motion activities, and can last a few months (cubital and radial tunnel syndrome, 2).
2695:
Paraskevas, G; Papadopoulos, A; Papaziogas, B; Spanidou, S; Argiriadou, H; Gigis, J (2004). "Study of the carrying angle of the human elbow joint in full extension: a morphometric analysis".
498:
The elbow joint and the superior radioulnar joint are enclosed by a single fibrous capsule. The capsule is strengthened by ligaments at the sides but is relatively weak in front and behind.
738:
of the flexor muscles increases dramatically as the elbow is brought into midflexion (flexed 90°) — biceps reaches its angle of maximum efficiency at 80–90° and brachialis at 100–110°.
2918:
Zampagni, M; Casino, D; Zaffagnini, S; Visani, AA; Marcacci, M (2008). "Estimating the elbow carrying angle with an electrogoniometer: acquisition of data and reliability of measurements".
684:
acts exclusively as an elbow flexor and is one of the few muscles in the human body with a single function. It originates low on the anterior side of the humerus and is inserted into the
777:. Triceps originates with two heads posteriorly on the humerus and with its long head on the scapula just below the shoulder joint. It is inserted posteriorly on the olecranon.
2536:
Appelboam, A; Reuben, A D; Benger, J R; Beech, F; Dutson, J; Haig, S; Higginson, I; Klein, J A; Le Roux, S; Saranga, S S M; Taylor, R; Vickery, J; Powell, R J; Lloyd, G (2008).
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compensates for the loss of efficiency. Because triceps' long head is biarticular (acts on two joints), its efficiency is also dependent on the position of the shoulder.
1275:
help. Surgery is a last resort, and rarely used. Exercises should focus on strengthening and stretching the forearm, and utilizing proper form when performing movements.
2322:
Speed, C., Hazleman, B., & Dalton, S. (2006). Fast Facts : Soft Tissue
Disorders (2nd Edition). Abingdon, Oxford, GBR: Health Press Limited. Retrieved from
761:
A small accessory muscle, so called epitrochleoanconeus muscle, may be found on the medial aspect of the elbow running from the medial epicondyle to the olecranon.
132:
3904:
2538:"Elbow extension test to rule out elbow fracture: multicentre, prospective validation and observational study of diagnostic accuracy in adults and children"
2831:
Tukenmez, M; Demirel, H; Perçin, S; Tezeren, G (2004). "Measurement of the carrying angle of the elbow in 2,000 children at ages six and fourteen years".
949:
The elbow undergoes dynamic development of ossification centers through infancy and adolescence, with the order of both the appearance and fusion of the
660:. Less distinct than the ulnar collateral ligament, this ligament blends with the annular ligament of the radius and its margins are attached near the
3881:
1216:
Elbow pain occurs when the tenderness of the tissues in the elbow become inflamed. Frequent exercise of the inflamed elbow will assist with healing.
3967:
2969:
2889:
Yilmaz, E; Karakurt, L; Belhan, O; Bulut, M; Serin, E; Avci, M (2005). "Variation of carrying angle with age, sex, and special reference to side".
1055:) are not perfectly aligned. The deviation from a straight line occurs in the direction of the thumb, and is referred to as the "carrying angle".
3419:
1716:"Surgical Approach to Ulnar Nerve Compression at the Elbow Caused by the Epitrochleoanconeus Muscle and a Prominent Medial Head of the Triceps"
2733:
1460:(a hole in the distal humerus), a non-translatory (rotation-only) humeroulnar joint, and a more robust ulna with a shortened trochlear notch.
510:
insert anteriorly into the capsule and act to pull it and the underlying membrane during flexion in order to prevent them from being pinched.
256:
The elbow joint has three different portions surrounded by a common joint capsule. These are joints between the three bones of the elbow, the
108:
1310:. These help to reduce inflammation, pressure, and irritation of the nerve and around the nerve. Other simple fixes include learning more
1154:
of ventral dislocation of the radial head. There is calcification of annular ligament, which can be seen as early as 2 weeks after injury.
1202:
Olecranon bursitis, tenderness, warmth, swelling, pain in both flexion and extension-in chronic case great flexion-is extremely painful.
1147:
3863:
2752:
1175:) is uncommon. It may occur spontaneously, but may also occur in relation to surgery or infection elsewhere in the body (for example,
2852:
Van Roy, P; Baeyens, JP; Fauvart, D; Lanssiers, R; Clarijs, JP (2005). "Arthro-kinematics of the elbow: study of the carrying angle".
3743:
3603:
975:, a structure that is normally physiologically present, but pathologic when elevated by fluid, and always pathologic when posterior.
649:
2334:
MacAuley, D., & Best, T. (Eds.). (2008). Evidence-Based Sports
Medicine. Chichester, GBR: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from
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1163:. A full dislocation of the elbow will require expert medical attention to re-align, and recovery can take approximately 6 weeks.
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posteriorly. Distally, it is prolonged down to the neck of the radius and the superior radioulnar joint. It is supported by the
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Though the elbow is similarly adapted for stability through a wide range of pronation-supination and flexion-extension in all
3503:
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1996:
1967:
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In any position of flexion or extension, the radius, carrying the hand with it, can be rotated in it. This movement includes
2414:
Cubital and Radial Tunnel
Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment. (29 September 2014). Retrieved February 17, 2015, from
385:, on the side closest to the body (medial) and on the side away from the body (lateral) surfaces. The third landmark is the
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carrying angle between individual men and women, and a sex-bias has not been consistently observed in scientific studies.
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The function of the elbow joint is to extend and flex the arm. The range of movement in the elbow is from 0 degrees of
2685:
2346:
Thomson, B. (1 January 2015). (5) Tennis Elbow
Treatment By Trigger Point Massage. Retrieved February 17, 2015, from
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653:
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relates closely to the elbow. This becomes especially visible when considering the
Germanic origins of both words,
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1119:
866:
846:
842:
622:
378:
185:
2618:
Drapeau, MS (July 2008). "Articular morphology of the proximal ulna in extant and fossil hominoids and hominins".
3953:
2955:
2480:
2146:"The fat pad sign following elbow trauma in adults: its usefulness and reliability in suspecting occult fracture"
862:
2380:
Lee, Steve K.; Hausman, Michael R. (2005). "Management of the Distal
Radioulnar Joint in Rheumatoid Arthritis".
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3672:
3405:
1893:
Dimon, T. (2011). The Body of Motion: its
Evolution and Design (pp. 39-42). Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.
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of the elbow joint is very extensive. On the humerus, it extends up from the articular margins and covers the
2253:
Rausch V, von Glinski A, Rosteius T, Königshausen M, Schildhauer TA, Seybold D, Gessmann J (18 January 2020).
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below the annular ligament where it also forms a fold which gives the head of the radius freedom of movement.
882:
755:
127:
758:. Passive flexion is further limited by tension in the posterior capsular ligament and in triceps brachii.
629:, while the posterior band stretches from posterior side of the medial epicondyle to the medial side of the
3777:
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1311:
1122:(the "inside" of the elbow). Tennis elbow is the equivalent injury, but at the common extensor origin (the
751:
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3725:
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769:
Elbow extension is simply bringing the forearm back to anatomical position. This action is performed by
703:
625:. Its anterior band stretches from the anterior side of the medial epicondyle to the medial edge of the
17:
4453:
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in the forearm which allows the forearm and hand to be moved towards and away from the body. The term
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is a chronic disease that affects joints. It is very common in the wrist, and is most common at the
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1988:
1959:
1255:
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854:
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326:
91:
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Soma, DB (March 2016). "Opening the Black Box: Evaluating the Pediatric Athlete With Elbow Pain".
1786:
1393:). This was taken to be the length of a man's arm from the elbow to the end of the middle finger.
1378:(elbow). It is unknown when or why the second "l" was dropped from English usage of the word. The
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Dhami, S., & Sheikh, A. (2002). At A Glance - Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow). Factiva.
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2012:
Gossage, James; Bultitude, Matthew; Corbett, Steven; Burnand, Katherine; Lahiri, Rajiv (2021).
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Normal radiograph; right picture of the straightened arm shows the carrying angle of the elbow
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http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/golfers-elbow/basics/prevention/con-20027964
1954:
Azar, Frederick; Canale, S.; Beaty, James (2016). "12 - Shoulder And Elbow Arthroplasty".
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377:
there are four main bony landmarks of the elbow. At the lower part of the humerus are the
8:
3796:
1533:
1250:
1160:
1118:. Golfer's elbow involves the tendon of the common flexor origin which originates at the
963:
447:
374:
302:
2631:
2255:"Secondary purulent infections of the elbow joint: a retrospective, single-center study"
2199:
Earwaker J (1992). "Posttraumatic calcification of the annular ligament of the radius".
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2734:"First Hominoid From the Miocene of Ethiopia and the Evolution of the Catarrhine Elbow"
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descend from above to reconnect on the joint capsule, where they also connect with the
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the radius and ulna as they reach to shallow depressions on the humerus; i.e. the
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O'Dwyer H, O'Sullivan P, Fitzgerald D, Lee MJ, McGrath F, Logan PM (July 2004).
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on the ulna, which is more flattened in, for example, humans and gorillas. In
992:
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Richmond, Brian G; Fleagle, John G; Kappelman, John; Swisher, Carl C (1998).
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937:, and posteriorly from the ulnar nerve and the branch of the radial nerve to
901:
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458:
261:
205:
177:
2454:
1374:(ell, defined as the length of a male forearm from elbow to fingertips) and
120:
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4070:
4055:
3909:
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3644:
3295:
2939:
2910:
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2716:
2666:"Total elbow joint replacement for rheumatoid arthritis: A Patient's Guide"
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2401:
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1940:
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fracture is ruled out. Acute fractures may not be easily visible on X-ray.
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10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199803)105:3<257::AID-AJPA1>3.0.CO;2-P
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found at the head of the ulna. These lie on a horizontal line called the
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2348:
http://www.easyvigour.net.nz/fitness/hOBP5_TriggerPoint_Tennis_Elbow.htm
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The types of disease most commonly seen at the elbow are due to injury.
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tendon which prevents the capsule from being pinched during extension.
364:
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distally on the humerus and is inserted distally on the radius at the
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acts essentially as an elbow flexor but also supinates during extreme
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2019:
2015:
Browse's Introduction to the Symptoms & Signs of Surgical Disease
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Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System
2416:
http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/cubital-radial-tunnel-syndrome
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1110:
Two of the most common injuries at the elbow are overuse injuries:
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610:
503:
492:
Capsule of elbow-joint (distended). Anterior and posterior aspects.
221:
1249:
and allowing rest. Ice, heat, ultrasound, steroid injections, and
1039:, with the palm facing forward or up, the bones of the upper arm (
3663:
3265:
3211:
3157:
3147:
3033:
2367:
Golfer's elbow. (9 October 2012). Retrieved March 14, 2015, from
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257:
217:
204:; more specifically between the humerus in the upper arm and the
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58:
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just above the shoulder joint and that of the short head on the
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with the elbow joint but plays no functional role at the elbow.
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1765:
1682:
1680:
446:
At the surface of the humerus where it faces the joint is the
3713:
3428:
3360:
3340:
3290:
3270:
3216:
3162:
3152:
3138:
3095:
3023:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1456:(apes and Old World monkeys), elbows include the loss of the
1398:
1385:
1342:
1085:
225:
79:
2830:
2578:
2086:
1653:
3704:
3365:
3355:
3345:
3275:
3128:
3110:
3028:
3013:
3008:
1762:
1677:
1427:
1052:
1027:
354:
297:
265:
220:, and in other vertebrates it is not used. In those cases,
209:
2535:
2132:
1616:
1599:
1563:
971:
a joint effusion can be inferenced by the presence of the
814:
805:
584:
575:
483:
474:
311:, and allows for movements of flexion and extension only.
3436:
3370:
3335:
3242:
3080:
3075:
3058:
2888:
2104:
Walker, Brad (2018). "8 - Sports Injuries of the Elbow".
2074:
1985:
Anatomy and Human Movement E-Book: Structure and function
1367:
1076:
725:
at the top of the scapula. Its main insertion is at the
197:
161:
2335:
2323:
1410:
refers to the loose flap of skin under the elbow, while
925:
The elbow is innervated anteriorly by branches from the
645:
crosses the intermediate part as it enters the forearm.
180:(also called the chelidon, or the elbow pit), and the
2775:
Ross, Lawrence M.; Lamperti, Edward D., eds. (2006).
2515:
2513:
1475:
on the ulna; the primitive form being represented by
823:
The anastomosis and deep veins around the elbow-joint
172:. The elbow includes prominent landmarks such as the
1697:
1695:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
991:. Muscles contributing to function are all flexion (
3427:
2657:
The Physiology of the Joints: Volume One Upper Limb
784:Extension is limited by the olecranon reaching the
2678:Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function
2510:
833:supplying the joint are derived from an extensive
677:There are three main flexor muscles at the elbow:
27:Joint between the upper and lower parts of the arm
1692:
1658:
1575:
4430:
3671:
2675:
2659:(5th ed.). New York: Churchill Livingstone.
1773:
1686:
1641:
1610:
1569:
1302:Cubital tunnel syndrome, more commonly known as
3975:
1953:
1902:
1713:
1094:Left: Lateral X ray of a dislocated right elbow
913:from the elbow proceed to the lateral group of
3563:Glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior)
2795:
2050:
892:The blood is brought back by vessels from the
3961:
3413:
2963:
2099:
2097:
2095:
1308:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory oral medicines
1241:(which rotate and extend the forearm) to the
2774:
2498:
1581:
518:. The posterior capsule is attached to the
2833:Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica
2192:
2005:
1850:
1096:Right: AP X ray of a dislocated right elbow
239:is used in some elbow-related terms, as in
3968:
3954:
3420:
3406:
2977:
2970:
2956:
2379:
2198:
2092:
1976:
1297:
57:
45:
2813:
2741:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2676:Palastanga, Nigel; Soames, Roger (2012).
2561:
2481:"What is a 'Weenus' ('Wenis,' 'Weenis')?"
2288:
2270:
1930:
1920:
1714:Gervasio, Olga; Zaccone, Claudio (2008).
637:of the forearm, even being the origin of
603:posterior and radial collateral ligaments
554:radius and the capitulum of the humerus.
2654:
2608:
2241:
1983:Soames, Roger (2018). "2 - Upper limb".
1956:Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics E-Book
1947:
1701:
1671:
1593:
1557:
1430:, there are some minor differences. In
1219:
1146:
1026:
635:tendon of the superficial flexor muscles
2617:
2504:
2150:Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography
1503:
1501:
1278:
598:anterior and ulnar collateral ligaments
557:On the humerus there are extrasynovial
14:
4431:
2663:
2311:
2103:
1982:
1322:
3949:
3401:
2951:
1903:Thomas, B. P.; Sreekanth, R. (2012).
1483:, and by fossil catarrhines, such as
2455:"Are Wenis And Wagina "Real" Words?"
1807:
1526:
1498:
1326:
1254:be useful, focusing on the extensor
525:
2655:Kapandji, Ibrahim Adalbert (1982).
231:The name for the elbow in Latin is
24:
2473:
1905:"Distal radioulnar joint injuries"
1732:10.1227/01.neu.0000317392.29551.aa
867:posterior ulnar recurrent branches
847:inferior ulnar collateral branches
773:with a negligible assistance from
609:The elbow, like other joints, has
397:, they form a triangle called the
25:
4465:
3864:Superficial transverse metacarpal
2582:American Journal of Roentgenology
1471:in the location and shape of the
1421:
1414:refers to the skin crease of the
1261:
1124:lateral epicondyle of the humerus
1022:
3691:Interosseous membrane of forearm
2162:10.1097/00004728-200407000-00021
1331:
1120:medial epicondyle of the humerus
1084:
1075:
841:and its terminal branches. The
813:
804:
583:
574:
482:
473:
464:
435:
426:
417:
2796:Steel, F; Tomlinson, J (1958).
2697:Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2408:
2373:
2361:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2316:
2305:
2246:
2235:
2137:
2126:
2080:
2064:
2044:
1896:
1887:
1844:
1801:
1779:
1707:
1228:
920:
849:of the brachial artery and the
795:
3509:Inferior transverse of scapula
2609:Blakeney, W G (January 2010).
2106:The Anatomy of Sports Injuries
1909:Indian Journal of Orthopaedics
1647:
1587:
1551:
1171:Infection of the elbow joint (
1142:
984:
944:
639:flexor digitorum superficialis
411:Left elbow extended and flexed
13:
1:
2903:10.3928/0147-7447-20051101-16
2798:"The 'carrying angle' in man"
2664:Matsen, Frederick A. (2012).
2528:
2259:BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
1366:The now obsolete length unit
1314:habits that can help prevent
1205:
1105:
883:interosseous recurrent branch
3504:Superior transverse scapular
2932:10.3928/01477447-20080401-39
2640:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.005
1774:Palastanga & Soames 2012
1687:Palastanga & Soames 2012
1642:Palastanga & Soames 2012
1611:Palastanga & Soames 2012
1570:Palastanga & Soames 2012
1182:
1166:
1129:
1066:
764:
698:and pronates during extreme
565:
246:
7:
1340:It has been suggested that
1191:
978:
704:lateral supracondylar ridge
10:
4470:
3859:Deep transverse metacarpal
3467:Posterior sternoclavicular
2680:(6th ed.). Elsevier.
2620:Journal of Human Evolution
2051:Steel & Tomlinson 1958
1822:10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.01.002
1209:
1195:
966:, olecranon, and external
887:common interosseous artery
855:middle collateral branches
754:being pressed against the
746:being pressed against the
672:
667:
650:radial collateral ligament
260:of the upper arm, and the
160:is the region between the
29:
4400:
4348:
4328:
4305:Lunotriquetral shear test
4282:
4259:
4205:
4198:
4151:
4125:
4046:
3991:
3984:
3918:
3895:
3872:
3849:
3810:
3752:
3712:
3703:
3662:
3630:
3612:
3594:
3585:
3543:
3485:
3462:Anterior sternoclavicular
3452:
3443:
3321:
3241:
3232:
3137:
3109:
2999:
2985:
2866:10.1080/00140130500101361
2709:10.1007/s00276-003-0185-z
2594:10.2214/ajr.177.6.1771377
2426:O.D.E>2nd edition 2005
2394:10.1016/j.hcl.2005.08.009
2272:10.1186/s12891-020-3046-6
1865:10.1080/02841850701675677
1465:proximal radioulnar joint
1357:Proposed since July 2024.
1003:) and extension muscles (
619:ulnar collateral ligament
455:superior radioulnar joint
341:Proximal radioulnar joint
218:humans and other primates
216:is specifically used for
138:
126:
114:
102:
90:
78:
73:
68:
56:
44:
39:
3783:Interosseous intercarpal
2613:. Life in the Fast Lane.
2435:O.D.E. 2nd edition 2005,
1989:Elsevier Health Sciences
1960:Elsevier Health Sciences
1922:10.4103/0019-5413.101031
1582:Ross & Lamperti 2006
1492:
1467:is similarly derived in
1292:antirheumatic medication
904:. There are two sets of
702:. It originates at the
327:capitulum of the humerus
251:
4367:Lower back flexibility
2781:. Thieme. p. 240.
2444:O.D.E. 2nd edition 2005
1298:Cubital tunnel syndrome
962:, internal epicondyle,
909:side of the hand. The
875:radial recurrent branch
859:profunda brachii artery
835:circulatory anastomosis
192:. The elbow joint is a
3825:Palmar carpometacarpal
3820:Dorsal carpometacarpal
2979:Human regional anatomy
2071:Paraskevas et al. 2004
1720:Operative Neurosurgery
1458:entepicondylar foramen
1312:ergonomically friendly
1155:
1032:
911:efferent lymph vessels
686:tuberosity of the ulna
658:common extensor tendon
506:. Deep fibres of the
140:Anatomical terminology
32:Elbow (disambiguation)
4227:Neer impingement test
4095:Ligament and meniscus
2336:http://www.ebrary.com
2324:http://www.ebrary.com
2133:Appelboam et al. 2008
2028:10.1201/9780429447891
1220:Clinical significance
1150:
1030:
719:supraglenoid tubercle
401:, which resembles an
333:ball-and-socket joint
4274:Elbow extension test
4244:Hawkins–Kennedy test
4207:Shoulder examination
4038:Trendelenburg's sign
2522:, Discussion, p. 267
2520:Richmond et al. 1998
2110:North Atlantic Books
2087:Tukenmez et al. 2004
2059:Zampagni et al. 2008
2057:, pp. 1645–56;
1816:(3 Suppl): S101-12.
1726:(suppl_1): 186–193.
1350:into this section. (
1284:Rheumatoid arthritis
1279:Rheumatoid arthritis
915:axillary lymph nodes
621:has its apex on the
403:equilateral triangle
393:. When the elbow is
30:For other uses, see
4133:Hubscher's maneuver
3874:Metacarpophalangeal
3632:Proximal radioulnar
2632:2008JHumE..55...86D
2611:"Elbow Dislocation"
2055:Van Roy et al. 2005
1323:Society and culture
1161:dislocated shoulder
652:is attached to the
542:anteriorly and the
383:lateral epicondyles
375:anatomical position
303:trochlea of humerus
168:that surrounds the
4449:Upper limb anatomy
4295:Finkelstein's test
4186:Unequal leg length
4181:Straight leg raise
4169:Trendelenburg gait
4117:Valgus stress test
3778:Palmar intercarpal
3773:Dorsal intercarpal
3726:Palmar radiocarpal
3722:Dorsal radiocarpal
3568:Transverse humeral
2860:(11–14): 1645–56.
2802:Journal of Anatomy
2213:10.1007/BF00242127
2112:. pp. 36–37.
2075:Yilmaz et al. 2005
2073:, pp. 19–23;
2053:, pp. 315–7;
1198:Olecranon bursitis
1156:
1033:
987:to 150 degrees of
654:lateral epicondyle
346:head of the radius
322:head of the radius
317:Humeroradial joint
235:, and so the word
186:medial epicondyles
85:articulatio cubiti
4454:Medical mnemonics
4426:
4425:
4344:
4343:
4261:Elbow examination
4215:Apprehension test
4194:
4193:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3836:Radial collateral
3744:Radial collateral
3735:Palmar ulnocarpal
3731:Dorsal ulnocarpal
3714:Wrist/radiocarpal
3699:
3698:
3686:Dorsal radioulnar
3681:Palmar radioulnar
3673:Distal radioulnar
3658:
3657:
3604:Radial collateral
3581:
3580:
3520:Acromioclavicular
3487:Acromioclavicular
3395:
3394:
3391:
3390:
2554:10.1136/bmj.a2428
2119:978-1-623-17283-1
2077:, pp. 1360–3
2037:978-0-429-44789-1
1998:978-0-702-07259-8
1969:978-0-323-39257-0
1654:Awaya et al. 2001
1538:meshb.nlm.nih.gov
1513:meshb.nlm.nih.gov
1477:New World monkeys
1364:
1363:
1359:
1316:nerve impingement
1272:medial epicondyle
1243:olecranon process
1239:supinator muscles
727:radial tuberosity
623:medial epicondyle
548:quadrate ligament
532:synovial membrane
526:Synovial membrane
508:brachialis muscle
504:capsular ligament
371:
370:
289:Humeroulnar joint
154:
153:
149:
16:(Redirected from
4461:
4203:
4202:
4159:Gait abnormality
4112:Pivot-shift test
4083:Apley grind test
4048:Knee examination
3989:
3988:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3841:Ulnar collateral
3740:Ulnar collateral
3710:
3709:
3669:
3668:
3622:Ulnar collateral
3592:
3591:
3525:Coracoclavicular
3454:Sternoclavicular
3450:
3449:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3239:
3238:
3170:Vertebral column
2972:
2965:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2914:
2885:
2848:
2827:
2817:
2792:
2771:
2769:
2763:. Archived from
2738:
2728:
2691:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2651:
2614:
2605:
2575:
2565:
2523:
2517:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2292:
2274:
2250:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2141:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2101:
2090:
2089:, pp. 274–6
2084:
2078:
2068:
2062:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1853:Acta Radiologica
1848:
1842:
1841:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1760:
1759:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1690:
1684:
1675:
1674:, pp. 88–91
1669:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1644:, pp. 131–2
1639:
1614:
1613:, pp. 127–8
1608:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1505:
1355:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1304:ulnar neuropathy
1288:radioulnar joint
1247:extensor muscles
1173:septic arthritis
1088:
1079:
1035:When the arm is
927:musculocutaneous
817:
808:
752:coronoid process
723:coracoid process
627:coronoid process
593:Left elbow-joint
587:
578:
516:annular ligament
486:
477:
439:
430:
421:
271:
270:
268:of the forearm.
146:edit on Wikidata
143:
61:
49:
37:
36:
21:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4418:Range of motion
4408:Codman triangle
4396:
4376:Waddell's signs
4358:Gaenslen's test
4340:
4324:
4310:Phalen maneuver
4278:
4255:
4232:Yergason's test
4190:
4147:
4121:
4042:
4001:Barlow maneuver
3993:Hip examination
3980:
3977:Musculoskeletal
3974:
3944:
3935:
3914:
3897:Interphalangeal
3891:
3868:
3851:Intermetacarpal
3845:
3812:Carpometacarpal
3806:
3748:
3695:
3654:
3626:
3608:
3577:
3539:
3481:
3477:Costoclavicular
3472:Interclavicular
3439:
3426:
3396:
3387:
3317:
3228:
3133:
3105:
2995:
2981:
2976:
2946:
2789:
2767:
2736:
2688:
2668:
2531:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2485:Merriam-Webster
2479:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2306:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2201:Skeletal Radiol
2197:
2193:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2102:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2069:
2065:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1991:. p. 102.
1981:
1977:
1970:
1962:. p. 599.
1958:(13 ed.).
1952:
1948:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1849:
1845:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1787:"Cubital nodes"
1785:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1763:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1659:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1617:
1609:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1560:, pp. 74–7
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1495:
1486:Aegyptopithecus
1469:higher primates
1444:knuckle-walkers
1440:trochlear notch
1424:
1360:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1300:
1281:
1264:
1231:
1222:
1214:
1208:
1200:
1194:
1185:
1169:
1145:
1132:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1069:
1025:
1001:brachioradialis
985:elbow extension
981:
947:
923:
906:lymphatic nodes
839:brachial artery
827:
826:
825:
824:
820:
819:
818:
810:
809:
798:
790:brachial artery
786:olecranon fossa
771:triceps brachii
767:
708:styloid process
692:Brachioradialis
675:
670:
607:
606:
605:
604:
599:
594:
590:
589:
588:
580:
579:
568:
544:olecranon fossa
528:
496:
495:
494:
493:
489:
488:
487:
479:
478:
467:
444:
443:
442:
441:
440:
432:
431:
423:
422:
413:
412:
399:Hueter triangle
294:trochlear notch
254:
249:
150:
64:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4467:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4371:Schober's test
4365:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4300:Froment's sign
4297:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4283:Hand and wrist
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4211:
4209:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4164:Lasègue's sign
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4126:Foot and ankle
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4028:Patrick's test
4025:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3950:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3802:Pisometacarpal
3799:
3793:Pisiform joint
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3768:Radiate carpal
3765:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3737:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3573:Glenoid labrum
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3531:
3522:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3499:Coracoacromial
3491:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3144:
3142:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2952:
2945:
2944:
2915:
2897:(11): 1360–3.
2886:
2849:
2828:
2793:
2788:978-3131420817
2787:
2772:
2770:on 2013-05-17.
2729:
2692:
2686:
2673:
2671:. UW Medicine.
2661:
2652:
2615:
2606:
2588:(6): 1377–81.
2576:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2509:
2497:
2472:
2461:. 1 March 2018
2459:Dictionary.com
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2407:
2388:(4): 577–589.
2372:
2360:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2304:
2245:
2234:
2191:
2156:(4): 562–565.
2136:
2125:
2118:
2108:(2 ed.).
2091:
2079:
2063:
2043:
2036:
2022:. p. 29.
2018:(6 ed.).
2004:
1997:
1987:(7 ed.).
1975:
1968:
1946:
1915:(5): 493–504.
1895:
1886:
1843:
1800:
1778:
1761:
1706:
1691:
1676:
1657:
1646:
1615:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1534:"MeSH Browser"
1525:
1509:"MeSH Browser"
1496:
1494:
1491:
1479:, such as the
1450:Derived traits
1423:
1422:Other primates
1420:
1362:
1361:
1339:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1299:
1296:
1280:
1277:
1267:Golfer's elbow
1263:
1262:Golfer's elbow
1260:
1256:trigger points
1230:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1210:Main article:
1207:
1204:
1196:Main article:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1168:
1165:
1144:
1141:
1131:
1128:
1116:golfer's elbow
1107:
1104:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1024:
1023:Carrying angle
1021:
993:biceps brachii
980:
977:
946:
943:
922:
919:
902:brachial veins
822:
821:
812:
811:
803:
802:
801:
800:
799:
797:
794:
766:
763:
756:coronoid fossa
744:head of radius
731:
730:
729:on the radius.
714:Biceps brachii
711:
689:
674:
671:
669:
666:
592:
591:
582:
581:
573:
572:
571:
570:
569:
567:
564:
527:
524:
491:
490:
481:
480:
472:
471:
470:
469:
468:
466:
463:
434:
433:
425:
424:
416:
415:
414:
410:
409:
408:
407:
369:
368:
357:
348:
343:
337:
336:
329:
324:
319:
313:
312:
305:
300:
291:
285:
284:
281:
278:
275:
253:
250:
248:
245:
152:
151:
142:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
118:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
71:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4466:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4391:
4390:Larrey's sign
4388:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4363:Low back pain
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4320:Watson's test
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:Durkan's test
4288:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4251:Watson's test
4249:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4143:Thompson test
4141:
4139:
4138:Mulder's sign
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4100:Unhappy triad
4098:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4088:McMurray test
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4061:Clarke's test
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Ortolani test
4021:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:Galeazzi test
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Carpal tunnel
3924:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:Coracohumeral
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:(3): 257–77.
2746:
2742:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2687:9780702040535
2683:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2626:(1): 86–102.
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2243:
2242:Blakeney 2010
2238:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:(3): 149–54.
2206:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2129:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2061:, p. 370
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1788:
1782:
1776:, p. 133
1775:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1702:Kapandji 1982
1698:
1696:
1689:, p. 136
1688:
1683:
1681:
1673:
1672:Kapandji 1982
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1595:
1594:Kapandji 1982
1590:
1584:, p. 240
1583:
1578:
1572:, p. 138
1571:
1566:
1559:
1558:Kapandji 1982
1554:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1481:howler monkey
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:apes such as
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1416:cubital fossa
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1087:
1078:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:elbow flexion
986:
976:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
918:
916:
912:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
879:radial artery
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
816:
807:
793:
791:
787:
782:
778:
776:
772:
762:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
739:
737:
728:
724:
720:
715:
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:
687:
683:
680:
679:
678:
665:
664:of the ulna.
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
612:
602:
597:
586:
577:
563:
560:
555:
551:
549:
545:
541:
540:radial fossae
537:
533:
523:
521:
517:
511:
509:
505:
499:
485:
476:
465:Joint capsule
462:
460:
459:joint capsule
456:
451:
449:
438:
429:
420:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
366:
362:
358:
356:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
334:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
310:
306:
304:
301:
299:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
282:
279:
276:
273:
272:
269:
267:
263:
259:
244:
243:for example.
242:
241:cubital nodes
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:cubital fossa
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
147:
141:
137:
134:
131:
129:
125:
122:
119:
117:
113:
110:
107:
105:
101:
98:
95:
93:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
72:
67:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
4384:Sacroiliitis
4382:
4336:Bethlem sign
4269:Cozen's test
4238:Rotator cuff
4236:
4176:Gower's sign
4107:Patellar tap
4094:
4075:
4071:Lachman test
4056:Ballottement
3829:
3788:Scapholunate
3645:Oblique cord
3596:Humeroradial
3586:
3545:Glenohumeral
3260:
3119:Adam's apple
2923:
2919:
2894:
2890:
2857:
2853:
2839:(4): 274–6.
2836:
2832:
2808:(2): 315–7.
2805:
2801:
2777:
2765:the original
2744:
2740:
2703:(1): 19–23.
2700:
2696:
2677:
2656:
2623:
2619:
2585:
2581:
2545:
2541:
2505:Drapeau 2008
2500:
2488:. Retrieved
2484:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2458:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2410:
2385:
2382:Hand Clinics
2381:
2375:
2363:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2307:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2237:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2128:
2105:
2082:
2066:
2046:
2014:
2007:
1984:
1978:
1955:
1949:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1889:
1859:(1): 37–40.
1856:
1852:
1846:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1789:. Inner Body
1781:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1704:, p. 86
1649:
1596:, p. 84
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1512:
1484:
1473:radial notch
1462:
1448:
1425:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1356:
1341:
1301:
1282:
1265:
1234:Tennis elbow
1232:
1229:Tennis elbow
1223:
1215:
1201:
1186:
1177:endocarditis
1170:
1157:
1133:
1112:tennis elbow
1109:
1101:
1061:
1057:
1034:
1017:
1013:
982:
973:fat pad sign
948:
935:radial nerve
924:
921:Nerve supply
891:
871:ulnar artery
837:between the
828:
796:Blood supply
783:
779:
768:
760:
748:radial fossa
740:
732:
676:
662:radial notch
647:
616:
608:
600:
595:
556:
552:
529:
512:
500:
497:
452:
445:
398:
390:
372:
351:radial notch
307:Is a simple
283:Description
255:
240:
236:
232:
230:
213:
196:between the
169:
157:
155:
109:A01.1.00.023
84:
4220:Jobe's test
4066:Drawer test
4033:Thomas test
4018:Ober's test
3979:examination
3931:Ulnar canal
3754:Intercarpal
3614:Humeroulnar
3495:Syndesmoses
2920:Orthopedics
2891:Orthopedics
2312:Matsen 2012
1251:compression
1143:Dislocation
960:radial head
945:Development
643:ulnar nerve
457:shares the
391:Hueter line
309:hinge-joint
194:hinge joint
170:elbow joint
74:Identifiers
63:Elbow joint
51:Human elbow
18:Elbow joint
4433:Categories
4315:Tinel sign
4011:Allis test
3905:Collateral
3882:Collateral
3797:Pisohamate
3286:Fingernail
2926:(4): 370.
2854:Ergonomics
2529:References
2507:, Abstract
1454:catarrhini
1436:orangutans
1396:The words
1212:elbow pain
1206:Elbow pain
1106:Tendonitis
997:brachialis
968:epicondyle
956:capitellum
951:apophyseal
881:; and the
736:efficiency
700:supination
682:Brachialis
656:below the
365:supination
4413:Palpation
3759:Midcarpal
3529:trapezoid
3433:ligaments
3202:Genitalia
2548:: a2428.
2281:1471-2474
2265:(1): 38.
2170:0363-8715
2020:CRC Press
1740:2332-4252
1543:8 January
1518:8 January
1183:Arthritis
1167:Infection
1137:olecranon
1130:Fractures
1067:Pathology
765:Extension
696:pronation
631:olecranon
611:ligaments
566:Ligaments
387:olecranon
361:pronation
247:Structure
228:is used.
174:olecranon
162:upper arm
4077:Meniscus
3650:Quadrate
3516:Synovial
3445:Shoulder
3331:Buttocks
3251:Shoulder
3086:Mandible
3019:Forehead
2940:19292279
2911:16295195
2882:13317929
2874:16338730
2845:15618770
2824:13525245
2725:24369552
2717:14648036
2648:18472143
2602:11717088
2572:19066257
2402:16274868
2299:31954400
2229:43615869
2178:15232392
1941:23162140
1873:18210313
1838:30934706
1830:26972259
1810:PM&R
1756:22925073
1748:18424985
1432:arboreal
1376:Ellbogen
1192:Bursitis
1037:extended
1009:anconeus
979:Function
964:trochlea
939:anconeus
863:anterior
843:superior
831:arteries
775:anconeus
750:and the
559:fat pads
536:coronoid
448:trochlea
373:When in
264:and the
222:forelimb
200:and the
184:and the
164:and the
4329:General
4152:General
3664:Forearm
3553:Capsule
3435:of the
3376:Toenail
3266:Forearm
3212:Scrotum
3158:Midriff
3148:Abdomen
3141:(Trunk)
3091:Occiput
3034:Eyebrow
2815:1249704
2761:9545073
2628:Bibcode
2563:2600962
2290:6969974
2221:1604339
2186:8631113
1932:3491781
1881:2031763
1793:30 June
1391:cubital
1352:Discuss
1045:forearm
1041:humerus
1005:triceps
885:of the
877:of the
869:of the
857:of the
673:Flexion
668:Muscles
641:. The
520:triceps
353:of the
296:of the
258:humerus
237:cubital
233:cubitus
202:forearm
190:humerus
188:of the
182:lateral
166:forearm
97:D004550
69:Details
4444:Joints
3910:Palmar
3887:Palmar
3640:Anular
3534:conoid
3429:Joints
3311:Little
3301:Middle
3281:Finger
3256:Axilla
3197:Pelvis
3190:Nipple
3185:Breast
3180:Thorax
3124:Throat
3101:Temple
3064:Tongue
3044:Eyelid
2938:
2909:
2880:
2872:
2843:
2822:
2812:
2785:
2759:
2723:
2715:
2684:
2646:
2600:
2570:
2560:
2490:29 May
2465:29 May
2400:
2297:
2287:
2279:
2227:
2219:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2116:
2034:
1995:
1966:
1939:
1929:
1879:
1871:
1836:
1828:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1412:wagina
1404:wagina
1389:(from
1348:merged
1049:radius
1043:) and
999:, and
933:, and
931:median
900:, and
894:radial
873:; the
851:radial
601:Right:
395:flexed
379:medial
262:radius
206:radius
176:, the
4439:Elbow
4401:Other
4350:Spine
3919:Other
3831:thumb
3587:Elbow
3361:Ankle
3341:Thigh
3296:Index
3291:Thumb
3271:Wrist
3261:Elbow
3234:Limbs
3217:Vulva
3207:Penis
3163:Navel
3153:Waist
3139:Torso
3096:Scalp
3069:Tooth
3054:Mouth
3024:Cheek
2878:S2CID
2768:(PDF)
2737:(PDF)
2721:S2CID
2669:(PDF)
2225:S2CID
2182:S2CID
1877:S2CID
1834:S2CID
1752:S2CID
1493:Notes
1408:wenis
1399:wenis
1386:cubit
1343:Wenis
1152:X-ray
898:ulnar
596:Left:
331:Is a
274:Joint
252:Joint
226:joint
224:plus
214:elbow
158:elbow
144:[
133:24901
80:Latin
40:Elbow
3705:Hand
3431:and
3381:Sole
3366:Heel
3356:Foot
3351:Calf
3346:Knee
3306:Ring
3276:Hand
3224:Anus
3175:Back
3129:Nape
3111:Neck
3049:Nose
3029:Chin
3014:Face
3009:Hair
3001:Head
2993:Skin
2987:Body
2936:PMID
2907:PMID
2870:PMID
2841:PMID
2820:PMID
2783:ISBN
2757:PMID
2713:PMID
2682:ISBN
2644:PMID
2598:PMID
2568:PMID
2492:2024
2467:2024
2398:PMID
2295:PMID
2277:ISSN
2217:PMID
2174:PMID
2166:ISSN
2114:ISBN
2032:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1937:PMID
1869:PMID
1826:PMID
1795:2012
1744:PMID
1736:ISSN
1545:2022
1520:2022
1463:The
1428:apes
1402:and
1372:Elle
1114:and
1053:ulna
1051:and
1007:and
865:and
853:and
845:and
829:The
648:The
617:The
538:and
530:The
453:The
381:and
363:and
355:ulna
298:ulna
277:From
266:ulna
210:ulna
208:and
156:The
104:TA98
92:MeSH
4199:Arm
3985:Leg
3437:arm
3371:Toe
3336:Hip
3323:Leg
3243:Arm
3081:Jaw
3076:Ear
3059:Lip
3039:Eye
2928:doi
2899:doi
2862:doi
2810:PMC
2749:doi
2745:105
2705:doi
2636:doi
2590:doi
2586:177
2558:PMC
2550:doi
2546:337
2542:BMJ
2390:doi
2285:PMC
2267:doi
2209:doi
2158:doi
2024:doi
1927:PMC
1917:doi
1861:doi
1818:doi
1728:doi
1452:in
1380:ell
1368:ell
1346:be
1179:).
1126:).
1011:).
198:arm
128:FMA
121:145
116:TA2
4435::
3518::
3497::
2934:.
2924:31
2922:.
2905:.
2895:28
2893:.
2876:.
2868:.
2858:48
2856:.
2837:38
2835:.
2818:.
2806:92
2804:.
2800:.
2755:.
2743:.
2739:.
2719:.
2711:.
2701:26
2699:.
2642:.
2634:.
2624:55
2622:.
2596:.
2584:.
2566:.
2556:.
2544:.
2540:.
2512:^
2483:.
2457:.
2396:.
2386:21
2384:.
2293:.
2283:.
2275:.
2263:21
2261:.
2257:.
2223:.
2215:.
2205:21
2203:.
2180:.
2172:.
2164:.
2154:28
2152:.
2148:.
2094:^
2030:.
1935:.
1925:.
1913:46
1911:.
1907:.
1875:.
1867:.
1857:49
1855:.
1832:.
1824:.
1812:.
1764:^
1750:.
1742:.
1734:.
1724:62
1722:.
1718:.
1694:^
1679:^
1660:^
1618:^
1601:^
1536:.
1511:.
1500:^
1418:.
1294:.
1258:.
1159:a
995:,
958:,
941:.
929:,
917:.
896:,
889:.
792:.
405:.
367:.
335:.
280:To
3969:e
3962:t
3955:v
3833::
3804:)
3795:(
3742:/
3733:/
3724:/
3536:)
3527:(
3421:e
3414:t
3407:v
2971:e
2964:t
2957:v
2942:.
2930::
2913:.
2901::
2884:.
2864::
2847:.
2826:.
2791:.
2751::
2727:.
2707::
2690:.
2650:.
2638::
2630::
2604:.
2592::
2574:.
2552::
2494:.
2469:.
2404:.
2392::
2301:.
2269::
2231:.
2211::
2188:.
2160::
2122:.
2040:.
2026::
2001:.
1972:.
1943:.
1919::
1883:.
1863::
1840:.
1820::
1814:8
1797:.
1758:.
1730::
1547:.
1522:.
1354:)
1047:(
710:.
688:.
148:]
34:.
20:)
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