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407:. This showed the new Duke's policy of "creating an organic relationship between artists and the principality." The couple had a peaceful domestic life: surprisingly for the era, her husband was faithful throughout their long marriage. The ducal couple served as an example of a traditional couple, which served to strengthen Cosimo's various reforms and separate their association with the former Duke, who was assassinated by another member of the Medici family without leaving legitimate heirs and consolidating the dynasty's strength in Tuscany after years of politically damaging speculation about his excesses and sexual irregularities. He was reputed to have been the son of a black serving woman and
376:, illegitimate daughter of Charles V and Alessandro's widow, but she displayed enormous reluctance at the idea to serve her father's own plans for her. Not wanting to antagonize Cosimo though, the Emperor offered him one of the daughters of the rich Viceroy of Naples. The bride would provide the Medici with a powerful link to Spain, at that time ultimately in control of Florence, offering the opportunity to show sufficient loyalty and trust to Spain so that its troops would retire from the province. Remembering Eleanor, Cosimo firmly refused the Viceroy's first offer of his eldest and duller daughter, Isabella. Her father agreed and provided a large amount of money for Eleanor as dowry.
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Roselli. Scholars are unsure if
Eleanora created the recipe or if her name was merely attached to Roselli's product for marketing purposes. Nevertheless, attaching people of nobility to products became standard practice among producers. Scholars also argue that Eleanora could be responsible for the introduction of a perfume named 'The Queen of Naples's Angel Water' to the Medici court. All perfumes at this time were meant to protect and strengthen the brain from malignant humors, but this one was also good for the heart because it contained myrtle and
751:
transnational and international economy of Italy and Europe. Holding this position allowed her to receive and exchange new pharmaceuticals making their way through Europe alongside other luxury goods. The inclusion of new medicinals amongst diplomatic gifts helped transform them into forms of political currency, as some medicinals and pharmaceuticals were more difficult to obtain due to political conflict, price, or availability. For example, a medicinal clay known as
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the brim with satisfaction, and I want to assure of this." Riccio then added that when
Eleanor received letters from her fiancé "she took pride in having understood them on her own, without anyone's help." She was quickly working on her reading knowledge of Italian, something she probably hadn't been interested in developing while living in a Spanish court. On 11 June 17 years-old Eleanor set sail from Naples, accompanied by her brother Garcia with seven
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38:
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families inaugurated another era of stability and strength in
Tuscany. Their royal ancestors provided the Medici with the blue blood they had lacked and began the process of placing them on equal footing with other European sovereigns. The couple had eleven children, though only five sons and three daughters reached maturity:
867:
For centuries after her death, the myth pervaded that Garzia had murdered his brother
Giovanni following a dispute in 1562. Cosimo was said to then have murdered Garzia with his own sword and the distraught Eleanor died a week later from grief. The truth, proven by modern-day exhumations and forensic
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Contemporary accounts of
Eleanor give a different picture than her cold, stern portraits might lead people to assume. Much like her husband, the Duchess was realistic, practical, and determined, quietly but surely making important actions. Though Eleanor was sick for much of her adult life, suffering
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that eventually led to the first Jesuit school in
Florence. LaĂnez eventually gained her affection, to the point that she became a constant intercessor to Cosimo on the order's behalf and founded many new churches in the city. However, she didn't completely embrace the entire Jesuit society nor their
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Eleanor's founding of
Santissima Concezione contributed to her legacy since the convent's artistic commissions further reinforce the fact that she was the patron. They include "a bust of and the coat of arms of the Duke and Duchess painted on the communion window between the sisters and the altar".
815:
Although she didn't support the
Spaniards gaining control of Florence, Eleanor showed pride in her birthplace and preferred to write in Spanish than Italian, which sometimes causes communication problems in letters with her husband. Jesuits sent Spanish priests to negotiate with the Duchess, as "she
746:
Eleanora made household medicine political by bartering healthcare for favors both within and outside the court, contributing to the long-established patronage system. How medicine was employed at the court reinforced a ranking system marked by status, but
Eleanora also extended access to healthcare
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Although
Florentines initially thought of her as a Spanish barbarian and enemy to her husband's homeland, Eleanor not only made solid donations to Florentine charities but to their policies. She financially supported Cosimo's policies to restore the duchy's independence from foreign lands and helped
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Eleanore and Cosimo were married by proxy on 29 March 1539. No sooner was the agreement reached than the couple began to correspond. In May, Florencian agent Jacobo de' Medici was in Naples and informed the ducal secretary, Pierfrancesco Riccio, that "The Lady Duchess says she is happy and filled to
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In May 1534, two years after her father's appointment as Viceroy of Naples, Eleanor, her mother, and siblings joined him in Italy. The children were brought up in the strict and closed surroundings of the Spanish viceregal court. 13-year-old Eleanor seems not to have attracted much attention, except
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court. Eleanora was instrumental in constructing a formal medical court denoted by a system of hierarchy. Her knowledge and rank often put her in regular contact with court physicians and allowed her to influence important medical decisions. In 1544, Eleanora adeptly instructed Andrea Pasquali, the
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Eleanor was remembered for her majestic facial features shown in portraits. She was very fashion-conscious and continually employed both gold and silver weavers for her clothes. On the other hand, this may not have been done out of simple vanity. Twenty-first century forensic examinations revealed
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An emphasis on domestic healthcare, largely spearheaded by women, was common practice during the early modern period until the nineteenth century. Women acquired both practical and technical medical knowledge through hands on experience and the oral tradition of passing down medical knowledge. Not
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manifested through skin lesions and abnormalities, clear skin increasingly became the standard of beauty. As a result, clear skin became tied to one's social and economic status or nobility. Eleanora's name is attached to a popular face tonic made and distributed by the court provisioner Stefano
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Since her death, historians have tended to overlook Eleanor's importance to Florentine history and today she is often thought of as just another consort. This is probably due to the numerous portraits painted of her extravagant dresses and the bad press she received from her Florentine subjects
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Before her marriage, the Medici line had been in danger of extinction. Both Eleanor and Cosimo heard reports of their children's progress and offered directions for their education, living arrangements, and clothing. The birth of male heirs and daughters who could be married into other ruling
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Similar to her mother-in-law, Eleanora demonstrated proficient pharmaceutical ability and knowledge, as a number of correspondences indicate her proclivity for ordering or instructing the creation of medicinal remedies and recipes. Due to her status as Duchess, Eleanora was exposed to the
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Eventually, Eleanor gained considerable influence in Florence through her involvement in politics, to the point that Cosimo often consulted with her. So great was his trust in her political skills that in his frequent absences, the Duke made his wife
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Eleanor's high profile in Florence as ducal consort was initially a public relations exercise promoted by her husband, who needed to reassure the public of the stability and respectability of not only his family, but the new reign. Her motto was
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of Florence during his frequent absences: Eleanor ruled during Cosimo's military campaigns in Genoa in 1541 and 1543, his illness from 1544 to 1545, and again at times during the war for the conquest of Siena (1551â1554). She founded many
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Part of Eleanor's final will and testament was the creation and funding of the prestigious but exclusive convent Santissima Concezione, the daughter house of one of her favorite convents, Le Murate. It was built around the
677:. It is thought that the redecorations were a concerted effort on the middle age Eleanor's part to reshape her public persona away from fecundity and towards other her virtues â wisdom, valour, and prudence.
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Three years later, Cosimo, now Duke of Florence, was searching for a wife who could help strengthen his political position since the Medici were still new to their ducal status. He initially asked to marry
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by Agnolo Bronzino, 1545. It is considered the first state portrait to depict a ruler's wife with his heir. The picture was intended to demonstrate the wealth, domesticity, and continuity of the Medici.
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made it difficult to produce and procure throughout Europe. Her possession of the valuable clay solidified her status as a noblewoman with the power to influence wider medicinal networks of exchange.
747:
for many relatives, visitors, and courtiers. The early Medici court held an account at the Canto del Giglio apothecary for the benefit of its courtiers, which helped secure future political support.
900:. The palazzo is now the largest museum complex in Florence as later generations amassed paintings, jewelry, and luxurious possessions. Her iconic dress is today in the care of Pitti's
820:
she had a significant calcium deficiency, a consequence of constant pregnancies. This medical condition may have caused her much ill health, dental pain, and a poor overall appearance.
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Knowledgeable in daily care routines and rituals, standard medical practices, and newer medicines originating in Asia, Eleanora could be found at the center of medicine in the early
1890:
COX-REARICK, JANET. "Power-Dressing at the Courts of Cosimo De' Medici and François I: The 'Moda Alla Spagnola' of Spanish Consorts Eléonore D'Autriche and Eleonora Di Toledo".
860:, Eleanor died after on 17 December, in the presence of her disconsolate husband and a Jesuit confessor. Her funeral was held in 28 December, before she was buried in the
696:, which possess an openness and expansive view unconventional for its time. The gardens were very lavish and no access was allowed to anyone outside the immediate Medici.
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The rebuilding of the Pitti Palace was only partially completed at the time of Eleanor's death, but eventually became the principal residence of the grand rulers of
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after she received a gash on her head while playing. Using substances like human fat for medical remedies was common practice in Iberia and utilized by the
1791:
Barker, Sheila (2016). "The Contributions of Medici Women to Medicine in Grand Ducal Tuscany and Beyond". In Assonitis, Alessio; Sandberg, Brian (eds.).
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was gifted to Eleanora from Istanbul in 1553. The clay could be used as an antidote for poison and cure for general maladies. However, conflict with the
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1985:
Landini, Roberta Orsi and Niccola Bruna, "Moda a Firenze 1540-1580: Lo stile di Eleonora di Toledo e la sua influenza", Mauro Pagliai, Italy (2005).
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542:, a station which established her position as more than just a pretty bearer of children. Eleanor ruled during Cosimo's military campaigns in
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Konrad Eisenbichler (2004). The Cultural World of Eleonora di Toledo: Duchess of Florence and Siena. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
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river in 1549 as a summer retreat for the Medici. In 1550, she commissioned and supervised Tribolo to create the Pitti's famous
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Siena, Kevin; Reinarz, Jonathan (2013). "Scratching the Surface: An Introduction". In Reinarz, Jonathan; Siena, Kevin (eds.).
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and halfway through, met Cosimo. After a short stay in Pisa, the couple left for Florence, stopping for a few days at the
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327:, Viceroy of Naples, and Maria Osorio y Pimentel, 2nd Marquise of Villafranca. Her father was the lieutenant-governor of
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335:. On her paternal side, Eleanor was the third cousin of the Emperor since their great-grandmothers were daughters of
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in her apartments about famous women whose actions, in his words, have equalled or surpassed men, such as Queen
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278:. A keen businesswoman, she financed many of her husband's political campaigns and important buildings like the
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science, was that Eleanor and her sons, as the Medici family had always claimed, died together from malaria.
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Like her husband, Eleanor was a notable patron to many of the most artists of the age like Agnolo Bronzino,
470:(7 June 1545 â 21 April 1561): Married Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara and Modena. Died at the age of 16.
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while travelling to Pisa in 1562. Her sons died before her and within weeks of each other. Weakened by her
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Her proximity to medicine and pharmaceuticals extended to the developing field of cosmetics and beauty. As
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1993:. Translated by Chojnacka, Monica. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies. p. 70.
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In the earlier part of her marriage, the Medici family lived in Florence's Via Larga at what is now the
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played an influential role in court medicine, bringing family recipes to the courts they married into.
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A pious woman, Eleanor made donations to and visited several convents. In 1547, Juan Polanco, sent by
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court physician, to formulate and administer a salve made out of distilled human fat to her daughter
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in 1541 and 1543, his illness from 1544 to 1545, and again at times when the war for the conquest of
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40-year-old Eleanor and two of her sons, 19-year-old Giovanni and 15-year-old Garzia, got sick from
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Eleanor was very keen and interested in business, especially regarding agriculture. She owned great
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and later at the Palazzo Vecchio. Raised in the luxurious courts of Naples, Eleanor purchased the
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provided festive decor, the first instance for artistic renewal in Florence after the disastrous
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to create and distribute more perfumes throughout the Florentine and other Renaissance courts.
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following. They arrived at Livorno on the morning of 22 June. That same morning, she left for
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This article is about the wife of Cosimo I de' Medici. For the wife of Pietro de' Medici, see
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were shipped as far as Spain. The Duchess managed and sold her goods wisely, which helped to
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farming. An additional business she took part in was mining. Her harvests were plentiful and
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in its composition. Scholars believe it was the introduction of this perfume that inspired
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29 June 1539 marked Eleanor and Cosimo's grandiose entrance from the Porta al Prato to the
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in their colonies, highlighting the wide breadth of medical knowledge Eleanora possessed.
8:
780:
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confined to the common household however, noblewomen like Eleanora and her mother-in-law
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with the Duke realize that through the Duchess their causes could at least be pleaded.
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139:
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was decorated by Bronzino. From 1559 to 1564, she commissioned Vasari to make a new
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Marburg, Germany: Verlag von J. A. Stargardt, vol. 3. pt. 3, 1985, tables 532bâ533.
420:
412:
263:
255:
1724:
Nunsâ Chronicles and Convent Culture in Renaissance and Counter-Reformation Italy,
492:(30 July 1549 â 17 February 1609): Succeeded his brother as Grand Duke of Tuscany.
776:
752:
731:
705:
658:
444:(25 March 1541 â 19 October 1587): Succeeded his father as Grand Duke of Tuscany.
400:
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243:
43:
606:
530:(meaning "happy fruitfulness with chastity"), making reference to the plentiful
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724:
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college. She refused Polanco's petition, but later undertook negotiations with
316:
106:
79:
75:
2042:, Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1995, pp. 150â151, 333.
1915:
Katherine Turner, "Il Monastero Nuovo: Cloistered Women of the Medici Court,â
1772:
550:(1551â1554) required either his absence or greater focus on military matters.
2145:
2072:
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756:
578:
of the vast Medici estates. Through her charitable interests, the lot of the
473:
Pietro (10 August 1546 â 10 June 1547): Known as "Pedricco". Died in infancy.
296:
1750:
Forgotten healers women and the pursuit of health in Late Renaissance Italy
1748:
685:
631:
627:
279:
270:; 11 January 1522 â 17 December 1562) was a Spanish noblewoman who became
2008:
Eleonora di Toledo - Renaissance and Reformation - Oxford Bibliographies
1595:
The Cultural World of Eleonora di Toledo: Duchess of Florence and Sienna
876:
1853:
The Cultural World of Eleonora di Toledo: Duchess of Florence and Siena
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The Cultural World of Eleonora di Toledo: Duchess of Florence and Siena
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The Cultural World of Eleonora di Toledo: Duchess of Florence and Siena
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The Cultural World of Eleonora di Toledo: Duchess of Florence and Siena
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The Cultural World of Eleonora di Toledo: Duchess of Florence and Siena
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The Cultural World of Eleonora di Toledo: Duchess of Florence and Siena
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The Cultural World of Eleonora di Toledo: Duchess of Florence and Siena
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37:
1204:
6. Luis Pimentel y Pacheco, 1st Marquis of Villafranca del Bierzo (
805:
767:
763:
670:
601:, approached the Duchess and asked for her patronage to founding a
571:
563:
559:
2026:: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europaischen Staaten, Neue Folge,
1808:
Consuming Grief: Compassionate Cannibalism in an Amazonian Society
804:" and recurring fever, she was considered very charming, loved to
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853:
623:
598:
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480:
208:
2040:
Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
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12. Rodrigo Alonso Pimentel y Quiñones, 4th Count of Benavente (
1323:
7. Juana Osorio y BazĂĄn, 1st Marquise of Villafranca del Bierzo
1262:
MarĂa Osorio y Pimentel, 2nd Marquise of Villafranca del Bierzo
945:
GarcĂa Ălvarez de Toledo y Carrillo de Toledo, 1st Duke of Alba
772:
666:
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602:
539:
381:
288:
283:
1559:
816:
doesn't wish to speak with any of our men who isn't Spanish."
547:
543:
501:(3 June 1554 â 25 April 1604): Murdered his wife and cousin,
311:
Eleanor's father, Pedro Ălvarez de Toledo, Viceroy of Naples.
1991:
Medici Women: the making of a dynasty in grand ducal Tuscany
1825:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 130â31.
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and was a devoted traveler, moving endlessly throughout her
630:, depicts the Palazzo Pitti before its extensions, with the
323:, Spain, on 11 January 1522. She was the second daughter of
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of her lands, her marital fidelity, and numerous children.
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91:
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for their wedding in a grand, lavish celebration. Painter
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14. Pedro Ălvarez Osorio y EnrĂquez, 1st Count of Lemos (
714:, which once functioned as quarters for visiting popes.
642:
Detail of a Bronzino fresco in the Cappella di Eleonora.
971:
Fadrique Ălvarez de Toledo y EnrĂquez, 2nd Duke of Alba
1823:
A Renaissance Court: Milan Under Galeazzo Maria Sforza
1624:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 1â2, 7, 10.
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1543 portrait of Eleanor de Toledo by Agnolo Bronzino.
495:
Anna (19 March 1553 â 6 August 1553): Died in infancy.
291:
churches. She is credited with being the first modern
2035:
New York: Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 165.
1536:
1534:
884:
20th-century photograph of the famous Palazzo Pitti,
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of grain crops and livestock, such as beekeeping and
1810:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 10â11.
1793:
The Grand Ducal Medici and Their Archive (1537-1743)
1989:Brown, Judith C.; Benadusi, Giovanna, eds. (2015).
1917:
Contested Spaces of Nobility in Early Modern Europe
486:
Antonio (1 July 1548 â July 1548): Died in infancy.
1934:
1874:
1872:
1531:
1060:10. Ălvaro de ZĂșñiga y GuzmĂĄn, 1st Duke of BĂ©jar (
1838:A Medical History of Skin: Scratching the Surface
1702:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 12â13.
1677:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 14â15.
654:and very notable buildings still standing today.
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1840:. London: Pickering & Chatto. pp. 1â15.
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
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1726:(Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 219â20.
1545:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 2â3.
1459:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. xix.
1457:The Cultural Politics of Duke Cosimo de' Medici
460:(28 September 1543 â 20 November 1562): Became
1652:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. p. 185.
1441:
1439:
1437:
717:
434:(3 April 1540 â 19 November 1557): Engaged to
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1577:
1565:
1525:
1513:
1417:Her husband wasn't elevated to the status of
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347:for the furtive glances of the visiting page
2054:Letters to from and about Eleonora di Toledo
1855:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. p. 1.
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1835:
1697:
1672:
1647:
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1592:
1540:
1493:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. p. 2.
1488:
1454:
1597:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. p. 9.
1434:
888:which Eleanor bought for the Medici family.
582:obtained many economical benefits as well.
479:(5 July 1547 â 12 December 1562): Died of
450:(31 August 1542 â 16 July 1576): Married,
260:Leonor Ălvarez de Toledo y Pimentel-Osorio
199:Leonor Ălvarez de Toledo y Pimentel-Osorio
36:
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835:
827:
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351:in 1535, when he accompanied his cousin
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519:Eleanor of Toledo with her son Giovanni
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2021:Karl, Wilhelm and Isenburg, Prinz zu,
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1795:. Brepols Publishers. pp. 101â16.
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1237:13. MarĂa Luisa Pacheco y Portocarrero
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1001:9. MarĂa EnrĂquez de Quiñones y Toledo
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1919:, (Ashgate Publishing, 2011), p. 134.
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1894:, vol. 30, no. 60, 2009, pp. 39â69.
176:Ferdinando I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
13:
2059:Eleonora di Toledo's funeral dress
2014:
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1779:
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156:Francesco I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
14:
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2115:29 March 1539 â 17 December 1562
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1482:
367:Cosimo I de' Medici, her husband.
2187:Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
1026:Pedro Ălvarez de Toledo y ZĂșñiga
864:in the Basilica of San Lorenzo.
657:Eleanor's private chapel in the
61:29 March 1539 â 17 December 1562
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1884:
1829:
1814:
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438:, but died before the marriage.
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1956:Giusti, Laura Baldini (2001).
1448:
1411:
1087:5. Isabel de ZĂșñiga y Pimentel
920:Ancestors of Eleanor of Toledo
634:and the Boboli Gardens behind.
419:, who was assassinated in the
161:Isabella, Duchess of Bracciano
1:
1851:Eisenbichler, Konrad (2004).
1747:Strocchia, Sharon T. (2019).
1698:Eisenbichler, Konrad (2004).
1673:Eisenbichler, Konrad (2004).
1648:Eisenbichler, Konrad (2004).
1620:Eisenbichler, Konrad (2004).
1593:Eisenbichler, Konrad (2004).
1541:Eisenbichler, Konrad (2004).
1489:Eisenbichler, Konrad (2004).
1455:Eisenbichler, Konrad (2001).
1399:
832:Cardinale Giovanni de' Medici
423:against the reigning family.
2133:as Grand Duchess of Tuscany
2003:– via Scholars Portal.
1753:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1428:
1404:
1116:11. Leonor Pimentel y ZĂșñiga
503:Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo
353:Alessandro, Duke of Florence
337:Fadrique EnrĂquez de Mendoza
302:
166:Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici
18:Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo
7:
2217:Mothers of Italian monarchs
2111:Duchess consort of Florence
911:
718:Influence on Court Medicine
528:cum pudore laeta fecunditas
358:
339:, a great-grandson of King
171:Lucrezia, Duchess of Modena
52:Duchess consort of Florence
25:Duchess consort of Florence
10:
2233:
2212:16th-century businesswomen
2172:16th-century women regents
2167:16th-century Italian women
2162:16th-century Spanish women
1960:. Livorno: Sillabe s.r.l.
1941:. Firenze: La Mandragora.
1925:
1352:15. MarĂa BazĂĄn y Quiñones
1271:
1156:
1035:
932:
787:Personality and appearance
89:17 December 1562 (aged 40)
15:
2117:
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2100:
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1806:Conklin, Beth A. (2001).
1578:Brown & Benadusi 2015
1566:Brown & Benadusi 2015
1526:Brown & Benadusi 2015
1514:Brown & Benadusi 2015
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1331:
1306:
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673:, and Florentine heroine
411:Giulio de' Medici, later
272:Grand Duchess of Florence
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2182:Ălvarez de Toledo family
1821:Lubkin, Gregory (1994).
1755:Harvard University Press
823:
355:, on a visit to Naples.
224:Pedro de Toledo y ZĂșñiga
2024:EuropÀische Stammtafeln
1933:Cesati, Franco (1999).
846:National Gallery of Art
682:Palazzo Medici-Riccardi
452:Paolo Giordano I Orsini
325:Pedro Ălvarez de Toledo
234:MarĂa Osorio y Pimentel
1421:until after her death.
889:
858:pulmonary tuberculosis
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415:, illegitimate son of
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1419:Grand Duke of Tuscany
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397:Church of San Lorenzo
366:
341:Alfonso XI of Castile
310:
274:as the first wife of
2177:16th-century regents
1904:Tales From The Crypt
1892:Artibus et Historiae
902:Galleria del Costume
454:, Duke of Bracciano.
315:Eleanor was born in
2192:Deaths from malaria
1607:Landini, pp. 70â74.
712:Santa Maria Novella
626:painted in 1599 by
572:considerably expand
554:Political Influence
510:Duchess of Florence
417:Giuliano de' Medici
374:Margaret of Austria
276:Cosimo I de' Medici
120:Cosimo I de' Medici
2122:Title next held by
2068:Eleanor of Toledo
1568:, pp. 64, 81.
890:
886:La Residenza Reale
850:
840:Adriaen Haelwegh,
834:
797:
644:
636:
595:Ignatius de Loyola
523:
405:Siege in 1529â1530
369:
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268:Eleonora di Toledo
2207:Renaissance women
2140:
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2126:Joanna of Austria
2104:Margaret of Parma
2033:Isabel the Queen,
1764:978-0-674-24344-6
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1141:Eleanor of Toledo
842:Garzia dei Medici
704:of the prominent
614:Patronage of Arts
574:and increase the
483:at the age of 15.
436:Alfonso II d'Este
349:Cosimo de' Medici
331:and the uncle of
329:Emperor Charles V
252:Eleanor of Toledo
249:
248:
244:Roman Catholicism
203:
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181:Pietro de' Medici
96:Duchy of Florence
31:Eleanor of Toledo
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2017:
2015:Further reading
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390:Poggio a Caiano
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2038:Roth, Norman.
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251:
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42:Portrait by
22:
2157:1562 deaths
2152:1522 births
1906:, CBS News.
688:across the
2146:Categories
1773:1130229612
1400:References
610:devotion.
490:Ferdinando
293:first lady
1429:Citations
1405:Footnotes
709:monastery
706:Dominican
675:Gualdrada
588:audiences
580:peasantry
321:Salamanca
303:Childhood
912:Ancestry
800:from a "
768:smallpox
764:syphilis
671:Penelope
568:products
564:silkworm
532:harvests
468:Lucrezia
458:Giovanni
448:Isabella
442:Franceso
409:Cardinal
359:Marriage
240:Religion
1926:Sources
898:Tuscany
880:Early,
854:malaria
810:palazzi
741:Spanish
624:lunette
599:Pistoia
481:malaria
382:galleys
297:consort
264:Italian
256:Spanish
133:
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2119:Vacant
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872:Legacy
806:gamble
773:neroli
732:Medici
667:Esther
663:fresco
650:, and
603:Jesuit
560:tracts
540:regent
499:Pietro
477:Garzia
289:Jesuit
284:regent
230:Mother
220:Father
114:Spouse
102:Burial
58:Tenure
2086:Died:
2079:Born:
824:Death
737:Maria
548:Siena
544:Genoa
432:Maria
209:House
194:Names
140:Issue
127:(
123:
80:Spain
1995:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1943:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1769:OCLC
1759:ISBN
1704:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1461:ISBN
766:and
690:Arno
386:Pisa
92:Pisa
86:Died
70:Born
1260:3.
1139:1.
1024:2.
969:4.
943:8.
295:or
2148::
1878:*
1871:^
1781:^
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