630:, and quoted unnamed sources, who said "ES&S has in the past sometimes sold its election-management system with remote-access software preinstalled." This was used by ES&S technicians to remotely access the systems via modem to troubleshoot and provide maintenance to systems they sold. The company denied this, saying "none of the employees...including long-tenured employees, has any knowledge that our voting systems have ever been sold with remote-access software."
386:
242:
347:
637:, Election Systems & Software acknowledged that some of the election management systems the company sold for voting actually did have remote access software installed. The letter to Wyden had been in response to a question from the senator requesting clarification of the information on remote-access software in the
535:
withdrew approval of the ES&S InkaVote Plus after announcing a "top-to-bottom review" of the voting machines certified for use in
California in March 2007. However, the InkaVote Plus was never included in the review process conducted by Bowen's office. Bowen then approved InkaVote Plus for use by
416:
Shortly after the BRC-AIS merger, ES&S acquired the rights to
Votronic, which they renamed iVotronic, and made major cosmetic changes to it. In their sales presentations, ES&S emphasized that the iVotronic was essentially the same machine as the Votronic except for features added to bring it
272:
salesman, formed Data Mark
Systems to sell and service Westinghouse voter tabulation equipment. Data Mark and Westinghouse ballot tabulation equipment had limited success through the late 1970s. As Westinghouse withdrew from the voting business, the Urosevich brothers and several former Westinghouse
644:
While election management systems are not the voting machines voters use to cast their ballots, they are used to program the voting machines used in a county and to count and tabulate the results from the voting machines. By installing remote access software allowing the machines to be accessed via
463:
As of June 2019, ES&S was wholly owned by
Government Systems, Software & Services, Inc. McCarthy Group held a controlling ownership. Those with over 5% share investments in the company, as of June 2019, included Tom Burt and Tom O'Brien. Those with over 5% ownership stakes in McCarthy Group
400:
American
Information Systems acquired the Election Services Division of Business Records Corporation and was reincorporated as Election Systems & Software, Inc. in December 1997. At the time, AIS had about 750 customers and BRC had around 1200; customers were typically county election offices.
128:
In 2014, ES&S was the largest manufacturer of voting machines in the United States, claiming customers in 4,500 localities in 42 states and two U.S. territories. As of 2014, the company had more than 450 employees, over 200 of whom are located in its Omaha headquarters. ES&S is a subsidiary
713:
was released in 2015, and it was not immediately clear how long it would take to updates and associated federal and possible state certifications and to roll out updates. The company was not at the time sure that it could be done prior to the state's primaries, which began in
February 2020. Kevin
564:
Four years later, during the 2012 elections, ES&S added wireless modem technology so officials could make secure reports via cell phones. This upgrade was designed to improve the transparency and accuracy of
Oakland County's election night reporting. The wireless technology used by Oakland
293:
was the Gyrex MTB-1, which came to market around 1974. The MTB-1 evolved into the MTB-2, and corporate ownership shifted from Gyrex
Corporation to Valtec, in 1977, and then to Major Data Concepts, in 1979. Computer Election Systems Incorporated (CESI), the manufacturer of Votomatic punched-card
450:
In March 2010, the
Department of Justice filed a civil antitrust lawsuit against ES&S, seeking it to divest voting equipment systems assets it purchased in September 2009 from Premier Election Solutions in order to restore sufficient competition. The company later sold the assets to
435:
In
January 2008, ES&S acquired AutoMARK Technical Systems. Under ES&S's ownership, AutoMARK's use expanded considerably. Eight years after its acquisition by ES&S, in the 2016 elections, it was used statewide in ten states, and widely used in 19 additional states.
708:
will cease providing technical support for the system, including patches to fix software vulnerabilities. For jurisdictions that already purchased systems running on Windows 7, ES&S said it would work with Microsoft to provide support until jurisdictions can update them.
132:
In 2014, ES&S claimed that "in the past decade alone," it had installed more than 260,000 voting systems, more than 15,000 electronic poll books, and provided services to more than 75,000 elections. The company has installed statewide voting systems in
560:
reported instances of malfunctioning machines, complaining that they voted for one candidate and their vote was switched to another candidate. The Oakland County county clerk reported inconsistent results with some machines during testing in October.
522:
reached an agreement with ES&S to provide more than 2,100 ExpressPoll voter check-in and verification devices to support Chicago's 1.6 million registered voters. The electronic poll books were first used in Chicago's 2014 primary elections.
297:
CESI developed its own family of precinct-count and later central-count scanners, under the Optech brand name. The Optech I precinct-count scanner came to market in 1983, and saw successful use in several states. Cronus Industries, Inc., a
718:, said county election officials point to Election Assistance Commission and state certifications as "rock-solid proof" that their systems are secure, but do not realize that vendors are certifying systems under dated 2005 standards.
684:'s Voting System Technical Oversight Program examined the reporting errors, and a preliminary report concluded that ES&S failed to report several anomalies that occurred prior to election day in violation of
1286:
484:
certified ES&S' EVS 5.0 election management system as meeting the commission's 2005 Voluntary Voting Systems Guidelines (VVSG). Products included in EVS 5.0 are ES&S' DS200 and DS850 vote tabulators.
657:, the site that originally published the story, reported that the remote access software installation was "the worst decision for security short of leaving ballot boxes on a Moscow street corner."
609:
In May 2013, however, the Election Assistance Commission certified the DS200 as part of ES&S' EVS 5.0 election management system as meeting its 2005 Voluntary Voting Systems Guidelines (VVSG).
610:
602:"When a 17” ballot was inserted at an angle, the DS200 did not consistently count the mark properly. The mark registered either as a different selection than intended or did not register at all."
24:
762:
1578:
715:
704:
or an older operating system to create ballots, program voting machines, tally votes and report counts." Windows 7 reaches its "end of life" on January 14, 2020, meaning that
660:
According to its April 2018 letter, ES&S claims to have stopped installing remote access software as of December 2007, which is required under the standards of the U.S.
496:
443:, formerly known as Diebold Election Systems. Following the acquisition, the Department of Justice and 14 individual states launched investigations into the transaction on
1600:
1337:"Rescission and Withdrawal of Approval of the Election Systems and Software InkaVote Plus Precinct Ballot Counting System, Version 2.1, as Approved on April 21, 2006"
1297:
294:
voting equipment, marketed the MTB-2 as the Tally-II scanner in the early 1980s, pairing it with its own Precinct-Ballot-Conut punched-card ballot reader, the PBC.
1662:
503:. This election system combines paper-based voting with touch screen technology that's designed to serve every eligible voter, including those with disabilities.
334:, and was no larger than a laptop computer at the time. Votronic was first used in the 1996 primary elections; one commentator said the machine resembled a large
676:
were required to wait in line for hours as technical glitches and computer crashes caused issues throughout the county. A preliminary repor] prepared for the
1393:
1367:
1336:
268:
could be used to scan voting ballots. This led Westinghouse to briefly enter the ballot scanning business, and Urosevich and his brother Tod, a former
599:"The DS200 accepts a voted ballot but does not record the ballot on its internal counter. In addition the marks of the second ballot are not recorded."
866:
1063:
1620:
788:
1637:
424:
ES&S was one of the top four providers of voting equipment used in the November 2004 election. The other three were Diebold Election Systems,
605:
The system randomly freezes and does not record the freeze in its log files. There are other events not logged, such as touch screen calibration.
492:
for allowing voters with disabilities to cast ballots. In October 2012, the EAC certified ES&S' Unity 3.4.0.0 election management software.
369:. Cummings, along with Joseph Vaneck founded Automark Technical Systems LLC to develop and manufacture the machine. Prior to this machine, the
982:
Douglas W. Jones and Barbara Simons, Broken Ballots, CSLI Publications, 2012; see Section 5.5, pages 111-115, and Section 9.3, pages 218-221.
1733:
1491:
1256:
1424:
803:
570:
553:
489:
418:
850:
Describe, Analize and Compare the Currently Available Methods of Vote Counting Equipment and to make Appropriate Recommendations
302:-based company, purchased CESI in 1985 and merged it with their ballot printing subsidiary, Business Records Corporation (BRC).
1738:
1551:
1080:
917:
1743:
1230:
1438:
1127:
737:
510:, purchased ExpressVote Universal Voting System. which it used for the first time in its November 2014 general election.
402:
401:
With the merger, ES&S became the largest voting system vendor in the United States. The merger was delayed by the
565:
County was tested by a federally accredited voting system test laboratory and subsequently tested and approved by the
970:
488:
EVS 5.0 also saw enhancements to the company's AutoMARK software, which is designed to be compliant with the federal
1048:
394:
373:, passed in 2002, required jurisdictions in the United States that used optical scan systems install at least one
213:. As of 2019 ES&S claimed a U.S. market share of more than 60 percent in customer voting system installations.
1132:"Justice Department Requires Key Divestiture in Election Systems & Software/Premier Election Solutions Merger"
895:, D. L. Chaum, M. Jacobsson, R. L. Rivest, et al, eds, Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol 6000 (2010).
1400:
595:
recommended decertification of the ES&S voting machines if they could not be fixed. The investigation found:
1343:
661:
592:
537:
481:
327:
1509:
1183:
945:
Douglas W. Jones and Barbara Simons, Broken Ballots, CSLI Publications, 2012; see Section 5.3.1 on, page 102.
853:
677:
286:
870:
274:
273:
employees founded a new company in August 1979, American Information Systems. AIS came out with a line of
1322:
1060:
991:
Section 4A: Status Report Concerning Recertification of Business Records Corporation PC/BT Voting System,
907:
Douglas W. Jones and Barbara Simons, Broken Ballots, CSLI Publications, 2012; see Section 4.2 on, page 66.
849:
839:
Douglas W. Jones and Barbara Simons, Broken Ballots, CSLI Publications, 2012; see Section 4.1 on, page 64.
314:-based election service company. In the early 1990s, the company contracted with ILJ Corporation based in
1556:
1530:
1106:
444:
1467:
626:, reported that remote-access software had been found on an election management computer system used in
467:
As of 2020, Burt is president and chief executive officers ES&S, and O'Brien is vice president/CFO.
440:
366:
246:
766:
1638:"FOX59 Exclusive: Scathing report finds Johnson County software vendor violated state election laws"
557:
507:
323:
290:
261:
257:
1601:
Voting Machine Vendor Changes Story, Admits They Put Remote-Access Software on Machines for Years"
216:
The company maintains ten facilities in the United States, two field offices in Canada located in
673:
452:
1579:"Top Voting Machine Vendor Admits It Installed Remote-Access Software on Systems Sold to States"
1264:
583:
499:
certified EVS 5201, the first state to certify an election management system that features the
425:
410:
892:
681:
588:
500:
370:
358:
351:
1131:
634:
413:, while retaining the right to sell and service Optech products to its existing customers.
225:
146:
1005:
8:
1155:
1084:
591:’s voting machines... failed a pre-election test." After 20 months of investigation, the
121:, voter registration and election management systems, ballot-marking devices, electronic
1156:"Dominion Voting Systems, Inc. Acquires Premier Election Solutions Assets From ES&S"
622:
390:
374:
319:
315:
217:
118:
1687:
1418:
827:
782:
732:
727:
265:
23:
1368:"EDITORIAL PANIC ATTACK DECERTIFICATION DOESN'T MEAN ANYTHING'S WRONG WITH INKAVOTE"
697:
700:
reported that, "the vast majority of 10,000 election jurisdictions nationwide use
1206:
1067:
930:
646:
429:
253:
110:
69:
57:
1442:
742:
198:
186:
114:
1446:
956:
1727:
1663:"Report: Company's Johnson County voting 'work-around' violated election law"
1160:
891:
Douglas W. Jones, On Optical Mark Scanning, Section 6: Second Chance Voting,
210:
125:, ballot on demand printing services, and absentee voting-by-mail services.
992:
627:
335:
202:
194:
190:
1510:"10 percent of Cuyahoga County's voting machines fail pre-election tests"
541:
532:
331:
326:
that was marketed under the same name in 1960. This voting machine had a
170:
117:
equipment and services. The company's offerings include vote tabulators,
1439:"Early Voting Sees Reports of Voter Intimidation, Machine Malfunctions"
710:
506:
The same month, following the certification of EVS 5201 was certified,
362:
322:
that would be marketed as the Votronic, unrelated to an earlier ballot
182:
122:
1004:
Section 3: Demonstration of the ES&S iVotronic DRE Voting System,
763:"What Are the Companies That Manufacture Electronic Voting Machines?"
705:
701:
672:
During the general election in November 2018, thousands of voters in
409:
grounds until ES&S agreed to transfer the Optech product line to
406:
221:
166:
649:" remotely, allowing the counting to be altered surreptitiously, or
1718:
1126:
1024:
566:
311:
206:
178:
162:
142:
138:
893:
Towards Trustworthy Elections: New Directions in Electronic Voting
252:
In October 1974, Robert J. Urosevich of Klopp Printing Company in
804:"Are election tech vendors making the right cybersecurity moves?"
685:
650:
519:
464:
were Nancy McCarthy and Kenneth Stinson, both passive investors.
385:
174:
134:
1621:
Voting equipment maker sold systems with remote-access software"
241:
256:
approached Westinghouse Learning Corporation, a subsidiary of
299:
158:
150:
1688:"AP Exclusive: New election systems use vulnerable software"
1468:"Letter from Ruth Johnson to Election Assistance Commission"
1098:
1713:
1342:. California Secretary of State. 2007-08-03. Archived from
526:
346:
154:
269:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
848:
Analytic Systems Inc., Section 4.4, Gyrex Corporation,
954:
Eugene Cummings, Ballot Marking System and Apparatus,
277:
ballot scanners that entered the marketplace in 1982.
1564:
1263:. U.S. Election Assistance Commission. Archived from
830:, see particularly the catalog description of box 36.
691:
245:
An ES&S DS850 8000-ballot-per-hour central-count
95:
645:
the internet, the machines are vulnerable to being "
1049:
Company Overview of AutoMARK Technical Systems, LLC
941:
939:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1061:Election Systems and Software (ES&S) AutoMARK
995:, Indiana Election Commission, November 25, 1997.
531:On August 3, 2007, California Secretary of state
341:
107:Election Systems & Software (ES&S or ESS)
1725:
1296:. Election Assistance Commission. Archived from
936:
903:
901:
380:
1615:
1613:
1107:"U.S. opens probe of Diebold unit sale -report"
828:University of Iowa Library, Special Collections
765:. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Archived from
761:Patrick, John R., DHA, LLB (January 30, 2017).
475:
280:
236:
1588:
969:Kate Ryan, Firm unveils new voter technology,
653:to be installed to affect an election result.
393:with a real-time audit log printer, a type of
357:In 2003, Eugene Cummings filed a patent for a
1544:
1008:, Indiana Election Commission, August 7, 2001
898:
1610:
1552:The Myth of the Hacker-Proof Voting Machine"
1184:"Ownership of Election Systems and Software"
869:. Verified Voting Foundation. Archived from
787:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
615:
1104:
547:
458:
113:-based company that manufactures and sells
1531:"Election System Alert: ES&S Machines"
1523:
667:
22:
1257:"2005 Voluntary Voting System Guidelines"
1181:
929:The Present and Future Ballot, page 9 of
576:
305:
1685:
1070:, Verified Voting, accessed August 2016.
856:under Contract No. GA-924, October 1974.
527:Withdrawal and Reinstatement of InkaVote
513:
384:
345:
240:
760:
490:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
419:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
224:, British Columbia, and a warehouse in
1726:
1627:July 17, 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
1607:July 17, 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
1585:, Jul 17 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
1561:Feb. 21, 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
1423:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1175:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1237:. U.S. Election Assistance Commission
439:In September 2009, ES&S acquired
1512:. Cleveland Plain Dealer. 2010-04-14
1199:
801:
587:reported that, "about 10 percent of
28:Election Systems & Software logo
1502:
1128:United States Department of Justice
1011:
916:Voting Becomes More sophisticated,
795:
738:Voting technology in New York State
501:ExpressVote Universal Voting System
310:Election Products Inc. was a small
13:
1734:Companies based in Omaha, Nebraska
1051:, Bloomberg, accessed August 2016.
692:Operating software vulnerabilities
14:
1755:
1707:
1182:Jablonski, Richard (2019-06-21).
328:flat panel liquid crystal display
1533:. The Moderate Voice. 2012-01-03
933:, Smithsonian Institution, 2004.
931:Vote, the Machinery of Democracy
852:, final report prepared for the
714:Skoglund, chief technologist at
633:In an April 2018 letter sent to
470:
395:voter-verified paper audit trail
1679:
1655:
1630:
1484:
1460:
1431:
1386:
1360:
1329:
1315:
1279:
1249:
1223:
1211:Election Systems & Software
1148:
1120:
1073:
1054:
1042:
998:
985:
976:
963:
948:
923:
554:2008 U.S. presidential election
17:Election Systems & Software
1029:Voting Fiasco, Part 279.236(a)
910:
885:
859:
842:
833:
820:
754:
662:Election Assistance Commission
593:Election Assistance Commission
482:Election Assistance Commission
342:Automark Technical Systems LLC
264:Westinghouse was building for
1:
1739:Election technology companies
1686:Abdollah, Tami (2019-07-13).
748:
716:Citizens for Better Elections
381:Mergers and antitrust actions
1445:. 2008-10-22. Archived from
1023:Lundin, Leigh (2008-08-17).
476:Voting system certifications
281:Business Records Corporation
237:American Information Systems
7:
1744:Electronic voting companies
1557:The New York Times Magazine
1083:. Omaha.com. Archived from
721:
497:Virginia Board of Elections
367:optical-scan voting systems
47:; 45 years ago
10:
1760:
1231:"Certified Voting Systems"
1105:Ben Klayman (2009-12-19).
1081:"ES&S buys competitor"
678:Indiana Secretary of State
620:In February 2018 article,
571:2012 presidential election
441:Premier Election Solutions
403:U.S. Department of Justice
231:
37:Voting machine manufacture
854:General Accounting Office
802:Otto, Greg (2019-04-24).
616:Remote access controversy
417:into compliance with the
90:
80:
64:
41:
33:
21:
1719:McCarthy Capital website
1374:. Los Angeles Daily News
611:Image of EAC certificate
558:Oakland County, Michigan
548:Oakland County, Michigan
508:Fairfax County, Virginia
459:Ownership and management
258:Westinghouse Corporation
129:of the McCarthy Group.
1287:"EAC Unity Certificate"
960:, issued July 25, 2006.
688:'s state election law.
674:Johnson County, Indiana
668:Johnson County, Indiana
581:On April 14, 2010, the
569:for pilot usage in the
453:Dominion Voting Systems
377:in each polling place.
361:designed to provide an
1372:Los Angeles Daily News
584:Cleveland Plain Dealer
577:2010 election problems
426:Sequoia Voting Systems
411:Sequoia Voting Systems
397:
354:
306:Election Products Inc.
249:
1492:"More financial news"
973:, September 22, 2004.
957:U.S. patent 7,080,779
918:Washington Technology
826:Jon McMillin papers,
682:Ball State University
518:In January 2014, the
514:Electronic poll books
388:
371:Help America Vote Act
365:voting interface for
359:ballot marking device
352:ballot marking device
349:
260:, asking whether the
244:
769:on November 11, 2020
552:Early voters in the
544:on January 2, 2008.
226:Jackson, Mississippi
1303:on 26 February 2013
971:ChicagoBusiness.com
119:DRE voting machines
82:Number of employees
18:
1066:2016-08-12 at the
696:In July 2019, the
623:The New York Times
538:Los Angeles County
495:In June 2014, the
398:
391:DRE voting machine
375:DRE voting machine
355:
320:DRE voting machine
316:Richmond, Virginia
250:
218:Pickering, Ontario
16:
1667:Indianapolis Star
1599:Kalmbacher, C., "
1207:"Management Team"
1130:(March 8, 2010).
1109:. Thomson Reuters
1025:"Dangerous Ideas"
733:Electronic voting
728:Election security
567:State of Michigan
480:In May 2013, the
266:educational tests
104:
103:
86:450+ (as of 2014)
1751:
1714:Official website
1702:
1701:
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1496:The Boston Globe
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1429:
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1399:. Archived from
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1031:. Criminal Brief
1020:
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1002:
996:
989:
983:
980:
974:
967:
961:
959:
952:
946:
943:
934:
927:
921:
920:, March 7, 1996.
914:
908:
905:
896:
889:
883:
882:
880:
878:
863:
857:
846:
840:
837:
831:
824:
818:
817:
815:
814:
799:
793:
792:
786:
778:
776:
774:
758:
698:Associated Press
540:and the city of
100:
97:
55:
53:
48:
45:August 1979
26:
19:
15:
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1636:
1635:
1631:
1619:Chalfant, M., "
1618:
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1565:
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1529:
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1452:
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1416:
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1403:
1396:
1394:"Archived copy"
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1268:
1267:on 24 June 2013
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1074:
1068:Wayback Machine
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1473:. Wired.com
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1261:www.eac.gov
1235:www.eac.gov
1136:justice.gov
867:"Votamatic"
655:Motherboard
542:Los Angeles
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1728:Categories
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183:New Mexico
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