United States Electoral College

3160: 1600: 13100: 2137:'It was desirable that the sense of the people should operate in the choice of the person to whom so important a trust was to be confided. This end will be answered by committing the right of making it, not to any pre-established body, but to men chosen by the people for the special purpose, and at the particular conjuncture... It was equally desirable, that the immediate election should be made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station, and acting under circumstances favorable to deliberation, and to a judicious combination of all the reasons and inducements which were proper to govern their choice. A small number of persons, selected by their fellow citizens from the general mass, will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations.' 13231:, responded to public concerns over the disparity between the popular vote and electoral vote by introducing House Joint Resolution 681, a proposed Constitutional amendment that would have replaced the Electoral College with a simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote. With this system, the pair of candidates (running for president and vice-president) who had received the highest number of votes would win the presidency and vice presidency provided they won at least 40% of the national popular vote. If no pair received 40% of the popular vote, a runoff election would be held in which the choice of president and vice president would be made from the two pairs of persons who had received the highest number of votes in the first election. 2593:, a free-soil majority in the college maintained over this early republic and Antebellum period. Scholars further conclude that the three-fifths clause had low impact on sectional proportions and factional strength, until denying the North a pronounced supermajority, as to the Northern, federal initiative to abolish slavery. The seats that the South gained from such "slave bonus" were quite evenly distributed between the parties. In the First Party System (1795–1823), the Jefferson Republicans gained 1.1 percent more adherents from the slave bonus, while the Federalists lost the same proportion. At the Second Party System (1823–1837) the emerging Jacksonians gained just 0.7% more seats, versus the opposition loss of 1.6%. 12655: 2323:

with beforehand to prostitute their votes ; but they have referred it in the first instance to an immediate act of the people of America, to be exerted in the choice of persons for the temporary and sole purpose of making the appointment. And they have EXCLUDED from eligibility to this trust, all those who from situation might be suspected of too great devotion to the President in office ... Thus without corrupting the body of the people, the immediate agents in the election will at least enter upon the task free from any sinister bias . Their transient existence, and their detached situation, already taken notice of, afford a satisfactory prospect of their continuing so, to the conclusion of it."

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College, it is always possible that the winner of the popular vote will not be elected. This has already happened in three elections, 1824, 1876, and 1888. In the last election, the result could have been changed by a small shift of votes in Ohio and Hawaii, despite a popular vote difference of 1.7 million. I do not recommend a Constitutional amendment lightly. I think the amendment process must be reserved for an issue of overriding governmental significance. But the method by which we elect our President is such an issue. I will not be proposing a specific direct election amendment. I prefer to allow the Congress to proceed with its work without the interruption of a new proposal.

2580:, the college composition, in theory, amounted to 49 votes for northern states (in the process of abolishing slavery) and 42 for slave-holding states (including Delaware). In the event, the first (i.e. 1788) presidential election lacked votes and electors for unratified Rhode Island (3) and North Carolina (7) and for New York (8) which reported too late; the Northern majority was 38 to 35. For the next two decades, the three-fifths clause led to electors of free-soil Northern states numbering 8% and 11% more than Southern states. The latter had, in the compromise, relinquished counting two-fifths of their slaves and, after 1810, were outnumbered by 15.4% to 23.2%. 12552:, overall, for one party. Winner-take-all systems ignore thousands of votes; in Democratic California there are Republican districts, in Republican Texas there are Democratic districts. Because candidates have an incentive to campaign in competitive districts, with a district plan, candidates have an incentive to actively campaign in over thirty states versus about seven "swing" states. Opponents of the system, however, argue candidates might only spend time in certain battleground districts instead of the entire state and cases of gerrymandering could become exacerbated as political parties attempt to draw as many safe districts as they can. 2350:, without the slightest control from the body of the people. That this intention has failed of its object in every election, is a fact of such universal notoriety that no one can dispute it. Electors, therefore, have not answered the design of their institution. They are not the independent body and superior characters which they were intended to be. They are not left to the exercise of their own judgment: on the contrary, they give their vote, or bind themselves to give it, according to the will of their constituents. They have degenerated into mere agents, in a case which requires no agency, and where the agent must be useless... 2928: 10875: 13580:, Allen Guelzo argues, "it is worthwhile to deal directly with three popular arguments against the Electoral College. The first, that the Electoral College violates the principle of "one man, one vote". In assigning electoral college votes by winner-take-all, the states themselves violate the one-person-one-vote principle. Hillary Clinton won 61.5% of the California vote, and she received all 55 of California's electoral votes as a result. The disparity in Illinois was "even more dramatic". Clinton won that state's popular vote 3.1 million to 2.1 million, and that 59.6% share granted her Illinois's 20 electoral votes. 1901:, published on March 12, 1788, laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College. The electors come directly from the people and them alone, for that purpose only, and for that time only. This avoided a party-run legislature or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election. Hamilton explained that the election was to take place among all the states, so no corruption in any state could taint "the great body of the people" in their selection. The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College, as majority rule is critical to the principles of 12979:

College. A related argument is the Electoral College may have a dampening effect on voter turnout: there is no incentive for states to reach out to more of its citizens to include them in elections because the state's electoral count remains fixed in any event. According to this view, if elections were by popular vote, then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally. Critics contend the electoral college system insulates states from negative publicity as well as possible federal penalties for disenfranchising subgroups of citizens.

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states. If the presidential election were decided by a national popular vote, in contrast, campaigns and parties would have a strong incentive to work to increase turnout everywhere. Individuals would similarly have a stronger incentive to persuade their friends and neighbors to turn out to vote. The differences in turnout between swing states and non-swing states under the current electoral college system suggest that replacing the Electoral College with direct election by popular vote would likely increase turnout and participation significantly.

12944:(BPI) which argued that a voter in the state of New York had, on average, 3.3 times as much voting power in presidential elections as the average voter outside New York. Mark Livingston used a similar method and estimated that individual voters in the largest state (based on 1990 census) had 3.3 times more individual power to choose a president than voters of Montana. However, others argue that Banzhaf's method ignores the demographic makeup of the states and for treating votes like independent coin-flips. Critics of Banzhaf's method say 12899: 12303:. The general ticket is quite similar to the current system and is often confused with it. In the general ticket, voters cast ballots for individuals running for presidential elector (while in the short ballot, voters cast ballots for an entire slate of electors). In the general ticket, the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector, a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill. Both the general ticket and the short ballot are often considered 219: 15860:, Chapter III in "A Century of Population Growth from the first Census", volume 900, United States Census Office, 1909 In the 1790, Virginia's...population was 747,610, Pennsylvania was 433,633. (p. 8). Virginia had 59.1 percent white and 1.7 percent free black counted whole, and 39.1 percent, or 292,315 counted three-fifths, or a 175,389 number for congressional apportionment. Pennsylvania had 97.5 percent white and 1.6 percent free black, and 0.9 percent slave, or 7,372 persons, p. 82. 13488: 1363: 3486: 3221: 72: 44: 12716: 13474: 1375: 12732: 2828: 3256:. This document sets forth who was chosen to cast the electoral votes. The attendance of the electors is taken and any vacancies are noted in writing. The next step is the selection of a president or chairman of the meeting, sometimes also with a vice chairman. The electors sometimes choose a secretary, often not an elector, to take the minutes of the meeting. In many states, political officials give short speeches at this point in the proceedings. 2513: 12491:. By this method, voters in each district would cast their ballots for the electors they supported and the winner in each district would become the elector. This was similar to how states are currently separated into congressional districts. However, the difference stems from the fact that every state always had two more electoral districts than congressional districts. As with congressional districts, moreover, this method is vulnerable to 13615:, to form an intermediate body of Electors, will be much less apt to convulse the community, with any extraordinary or violent movements… the Electors, chosen in each State, are to assemble and vote in the State in which they are chosen, this detached and divided situation will expose them much less to heats and ferments, which might be communicated them the People, than if they were all to be convened at one time, in one place." 3882:, still received the 3 electoral votes from Georgia for vice president that were rejected for Greeley, which brought Brown's number of electoral votes for vice president to 47 since he still received all 28 electoral votes from Maryland, Tennessee, and Texas and 16 other electoral votes from Georgia, Kentucky, and Missouri in total (while the other 19 electors from the latter states voted faithlessly for vice president). During the 1966: 1746: 2632:, the most populous state was Virginia, with 39.1% slaves, or 292,315 counted three-fifths, to yield a calculated number of 175,389 for congressional apportionment. "The "free" state of Pennsylvania had 10% more free persons than Virginia but got 20% fewer electoral votes." Pennsylvania split eight to seven for Jefferson, favoring Jefferson with a majority of 53% in a state with 0.1% slave population. Historian 1909:

Electoral College did not achieve a decisive majority, then the House of Representatives was to choose the president from among the top five candidates, ensuring selection of a presiding officer administering the laws would have both ability and good character. Hamilton was also concerned about somebody unqualified but with a talent for "low intrigue, and the little arts of popularity" attaining high office.

3199: 3182: 2420:, two of the most important architects of the Electoral College, saw this strategy being taken by some states, they protested strongly. Madison said that when the Constitution was written, all of its authors assumed individual electors would be elected in their districts, and it was inconceivable that a "general ticket" of electors dictated by a state would supplant the concept. Madison wrote to 2896:). The slate of electors that represent the winning ticket will vote for those two offices. Electors are nominated by the party and, usually, they vote for the ticket to which are promised. Many states require an elector to vote for the candidate to which the elector is pledged, but some "faithless electors" have voted for other candidates or refrained from voting. A candidate must receive an 3283:) must be signed by all of the electors and a certificate of ascertainment must be attached to each of the certificates of vote. Each Certificate of Vote must include the names of those who received an electoral vote for either the office of president or of vice president. The electors certify the Certificates of Vote, and copies of the certificates are then sent in the following fashion: 15731:, pp. 464–65, Table 16.6, "Impact of the Three-fifths Clause on the Electoral College, 1792–1860". The continuing, uninterrupted northern free-soil majority margin in the Electoral College would have been significantly smaller had slaves been counter-factually counted as whole persons, but still the South would have been a minority in the Electoral College over these sixty-eight years. 12592:. Following the 2008 split, some Nebraska Republicans made efforts to discard the congressional district method and return to the winner-takes-all system. In January 2010, a bill was introduced in the Nebraska legislature to revert to a winner-take-all system; the bill died in committee in March 2011. Republicans had passed bills in 1995 and 1997 to do the same, which were 4113:, Congress is delegated the power to "by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected." Pursuant to the Presidential Succession Clause, the 3404:, 18 electors pledged to the Federalist Party ticket cast their first vote as pledged for John Adams, electing him president, but did not cast their second vote for his running mate Thomas Pinckney. As a result, Adams attained 71 electoral votes, Jefferson received 68, and Pinckney received 59, meaning Jefferson, rather than Pinckney, became vice president. 2449:

the original "district" plan of the framers. Jefferson agreed with Hamilton and Madison saying, "all agree that an election by districts would be the best." Jefferson explained to Madison's correspondent why he was doubtful of the amendment being ratified: "the states are now so numerous that I despair of ever seeing another amendment of the constitution."

4101:—the internal rules of the political parties apply for filling vacancies. If a vacancy on a presidential ticket occurs between Election Day and the Electoral College meetings, the 2020 CRS report notes that most legal commentators have suggested that political parties would still follow their internal rules for filling the vacancies. However, in 1872, the 15666:, House of Representatives, History, Art & Archives, viewed January 27, 2019. Unlike composition in the College, from 1803 to 1846, the U.S. Senate sustained parity between free-soil and slave-holding states. Later a run of free-soil states, including Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, Oregon and Kansas, were admitted before the outbreak of the 3661:. Objections to the votes from Arizona and Pennsylvania were each raised by a House member and a senator, and triggered separate debate in each chamber, but were soundly defeated. A few House members raised objections to the votes from Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, and Wisconsin, but they could not move forward because no senator joined in those objections. 13629:

Instead, Section 1 of the 25th Amendment provides that "In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President." Section 2 of the 25th Amendment authorizes the president to nominate a vice president in the event of a vacancy subject to confirmation by both houses of Congress.

15372:"Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: Passed at Their Session, which Commenced on Wednesday, the Thirty First of May, and Ended on the Seventeenth of June, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty. Published Agreeably to Resolve of 16th January, 1812. Boston, Russell & Gardner, for B. Russell, 1820; [repr" 12787:, there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed, rather than popularly elected, so it is uncertain what the national popular vote would have been if all presidential electors had been popularly elected. When no presidential candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824, the election was decided by the 3627:, alleging voter suppression and machine irregularities in Ohio, and on that occasion one representative and one senator objected, following protocols mandated by the Electoral Count Act. The joint session was suspended as outlined in these protocols, and the objections were quickly disposed of and rejected by both houses of Congress. 2436:, insofar as it reflects the intent of the founders, states that Electors will be "selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass," and with regard to choosing Electors, "they have referred it in the first instance to an immediate act of the people of America." Several methods for selecting electors are described 2962:, according to the 2020 census) has three electors, D.C. cannot have more than three electors. Even if D.C. were a state, its population would entitle it to only three electors. Based on its population per electoral vote, D.C. has the third highest per capita Electoral College representation, after Wyoming and Vermont. 1920:. He defined a faction as "a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community." A republican government (i.e., 2225:'s Farewell Address in 1796 included an urgent appeal to avert such parties. Neither did the framers anticipate candidates "running" for president. Within just a few years of the ratification of the Constitution, however, both phenomena became permanent features of the political landscape of the United States. 1905:. Hamilton argued that electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public, in a time before telecommunications. Hamilton also argued that since no federal officeholder could be an elector, none of the electors would be beholden to any presidential candidate. 12384: (2000), wrote: "othing in Article II of the Federal Constitution frees the state legislature from the constraints in the State Constitution that created it." Extensive research on alternate methods of electoral allocation have been conducted by Collin Welke, Dylan Shearer, and Riley Wagie in 2019. 3694:—each delegation having a single vote; the District of Columbia does not get to vote. A candidate must receive an absolute majority of state delegation votes (i.e., from 1959 (which is the last time a new state was admitted to the union), a minimum of 26 votes) in order for that candidate to become the 15758:

Brian D. Humes, Elaine K. Swift, Richard M. Valley, Kenneth Finegold, and Evelyn C. Fink, "Representation of the Antebellum South in the House of Representatives: Measuring the Impact of the Three-Fifths Clause", Chapter 15 in David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins, eds., Party, Process and Political

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reported that 30 state legislatures were "either certain or likely to approve a constitutional amendment embodying the direct election plan if it passes its final Congressional test in the Senate." Ratification of 38 state legislatures would have been needed for adoption. The paper also reported that

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After the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery, white voters in Southern states benefited from elimination of the Three-Fifths Compromise because with all former slaves counted as one person, instead of 3/5, Southern states increased their share of electors in the Electoral College. Southern states

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The founders' system also encouraged the continued disfranchisement of women. In a direct national election system, any state that gave women the vote would automatically have doubled its national clout. Under the Electoral College, however, a state had no such incentive to increase the franchise; as

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There are two versions of the congressional district method: one has been implemented in Maine and Nebraska; another was used in New York in 1828 and proposed for use in Virginia. Under the implemented method, electors are awarded the way seats in Congress are awarded. One electoral vote goes per the

3875:) and had 66 electoral votes pledged to him, but after his death on November 29, 1872, 63 of the electors pledged to him voted faithlessly while 3 votes (from Georgia) that remained pledged to him were rejected at the Electoral College vote count on February 12, 1873, on the grounds that he had died. 2155:

Constitutional expert Michael Signer explained that the electoral college was designed "to provide a mechanism where intelligent, thoughtful and statesmanlike leaders could deliberate on the winner of the popular vote and, if necessary, choose another candidate who would not put Constitutional values

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Later in the convention, a committee formed to work out various details including the mode of election of the president, including final recommendations for the electors, a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as their representatives in Congress (the formula for which had

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as the basis for discussions, as the Virginia proposal was the first. The Virginia Plan called for Congress to elect the president. Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election. After being debated, however, delegates came to oppose nomination by Congress for the reason that it

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Brian D. Humes, Elaine K. Swift, Richard M. Valelly, Kenneth Finegold, and Evelyn C. Fink, "Representation of the Antebellum South in the House of Representatives: Measuring the Impact of the Three-Fifths Clause" in David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins, eds., Party, Process and Political Change in

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and Congress implicitly ratified Tyler's decision in documents published subsequent to his ascension that referred to him as "the President of the United States." Tyler's ascension set the precedent that the vice president becomes the president in the event of a vacancy until the ratification of the

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have been made proposing constitutional amendments that would replace the Electoral College with the popular election of the president and vice president. Unlike the Bayh–Celler amendment, with its 40% threshold for election, these proposals do not require a candidate to achieve a certain percentage

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In 2013, the Virginia proposal was tabled. Like the other congressional district methods, this would have distributed the electoral votes based on the popular vote winner within each of Virginia's 11 congressional districts; the two statewide electoral votes would be awarded based on which candidate

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The Constitution gives each state legislature the power to decide how its state's electors are chosen and it can be easier and cheaper for a state legislature to simply appoint a slate of electors than to create a legislative framework for holding elections to determine the electors. As noted above,

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candidates with the most and second-most electoral votes are eligible for the Senate election—this number could theoretically be larger than two. The Senate votes in the normal manner in this case (i.e., ballots are individually cast by each senator, not by state delegations). However, two-thirds of

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to their pledges. Faithless electors have never changed the outcome of a U.S. election for president. Altogether, 23,529 electors have taken part in the Electoral College as of the 2016 election; only 165 electors have cast votes for someone other than their party's nominee. Of that group, 71 did so

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All states currently choose presidential electors by popular vote. As of 2020, eight states name the electors on the ballot. Mostly, the "short ballot" is used; the short ballot displays the names of the candidates for president and vice president, rather than the names of prospective electors. Some

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to support the United States Constitution in order to hold either a state or federal office, and later rebelled against the United States directly or by giving assistance to those doing so, is disqualified from being an elector. However, Congress may remove this disqualification by a two-thirds vote

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to be reduced if the state denies the right to vote to any male citizen aged 21 or older, unless on the basis of "participation in rebellion, or other crime". The reduction is to be proportionate to such people denied a vote. This amendment refers to "the right to vote at any election for the choice

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By 1832, only South Carolina legislatively chose its electors, and it abandoned the method after 1860. Maryland was the only state using a district plan, and from 1836 district plans fell out of use until the 20th century, though Michigan used a district plan for 1892 only. States using popular vote

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A small number of persons, selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass, will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated ... They have not made the appointment of the President to depend on any preexisting bodies of men , who might be tampered

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Supporters argue that it requires presidential candidates to have broad appeal across the country to win, while critics argue that it is not representative of the popular will of the nation. Winner-take-all systems, especially with representation not proportional to population, do not align with the

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After all, the same constitutional principles that allow a state to bind its electors to the winner of the statewide popular vote should allow it to bind its electors to the winner of the nationwide popular vote. This means that if states that combine to hold a majority of electoral votes all agree

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Each state gets a minimum of three electoral votes, regardless of population, which has increasingly given low-population states more electors per voter (or more voting power). For example, an electoral vote represents nearly four times as many people in California as in Wyoming. On average, voters

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A congressional district method is more likely to arise than other alternatives to the winner-takes-whole-state method, in view of the main two parties' resistance to scrap first-past-the-post. State legislation is sufficient to use this method. Advocates of the method believe the system encourages

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live and work in Washington, D.C. Under the 12th Amendment, presidential electors are still required to meet and cast their ballots for president and vice president within their respective states. Additionally, the CRS has noted in a separate report released in 2020 that members of the presidential

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did not meet to name a replacement for Horace Greeley, and the 2020 CRS report notes that presidential electors may argue that they are permitted to vote faithlessly if a vacancy occurs between Election Day and the Electoral College meetings since they were pledged to vote for a specific candidate.

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becomes the president. Akhil Amar has noted that the explicit text of the 20th Amendment does not specify when the candidates of the winning presidential ticket officially become the president-elect and vice president-elect, and that the text of Article II, Section I and the 12th Amendment suggests

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and vote tabulations were completed by the states but before the Electoral College cast its ballots, and acknowledging the petitioners concern about the potential turmoil that the death of a presidential candidate between Election Day and the Electoral College meetings could cause. In 1872, Greeley

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After the certificates from all states are read and the respective votes are counted, the presiding officer simply announces the final state of the vote. This announcement concludes the joint session and formalizes the recognition of the president-elect and of the vice president-elect. The senators

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In 1824, the presidential selection was passed to the House of Representatives, and John Quincy Adams was chosen over Andrew Jackson, who won fewer citizens' votes. Then Jackson won in 1828, but would have lost if the college were citizen-only apportionment. Scholars conclude that in the 1828 race,

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in a duel with Aaron Burr in 1804 prevented him from advancing his proposed reforms any further. "he election of Presidential Electors by districts, is an amendment very proper to be brought forward," Madison told George Hay in 1823. Madison also drafted a constitutional amendment that would insure

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Some state leaders began to adopt the strategy that the favorite partisan presidential candidate among the people in their state would have a much better chance if all of the electors selected by their state were sure to vote the same way—a "general ticket" of electors pledged to a party candidate.

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for vice president. After the electors voted, Jefferson and Burr were tied with one another with 73 electoral votes each. Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president, every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president,

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The convention approved the committee's Electoral College proposal, with minor modifications, on September 4, 1787. Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area, such as Connecticut, New Jersey, and Maryland, generally favored the Electoral College with some consideration for

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Americans favored a Constitutional Amendment to elect the president by a nationwide popular vote on average 61% and those for electoral college selection 35%. In 2016 polling, the gap closed to 51% direct election versus 44% electoral college. By 2020, American thinking had again diverged with 58%

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More resolutions have been submitted to amend the U.S. Electoral College mechanism than any other part of the constitution. Since 1800, over 700 proposals to reform or eliminate the system have been introduced in Congress. Proponents of these proposals argued that the electoral college system does

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The second section I consider the most important in the article. It fixes the basis of representation in Congress. If any State shall exclude any of her adult male citizens from the elective franchise, or abridge that right, she shall forfeit her right to representation in the same proportion. The

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argues that the college was originally advocated by slaveholders as a bulwark to prop up slavery. In the Congressional apportionment provided in the text of the Constitution with its Three-Fifths Compromise estimate, "Virginia emerged as the big winner more than a quarter of the needed to win an

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In 1789, the at-large popular vote, the winner-take-all method, began with Pennsylvania and Maryland. Massachusetts, Virginia and Delaware used a district plan by popular vote, and state legislatures chose in the five other states participating in the election (Connecticut, Georgia, New Hampshire,

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Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under

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In no respect have the views of the framers of the constitution been so completely frustrated as relates to the independence of the electors in the electoral colleges. It is notorious, that the electors are now chosen wholly with reference to particular candidates, and are silently pledged to vote

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The Electoral College was officially selected as the means of electing president towards the end of the Constitutional Convention due to pressure from slave states wanting to increase their voting power (since they could count slaves as 3/5 of a person when allocating electors) and by small states

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Electoral college defenders offer a range of arguments, from the openly anti-democratic (direct election equals mob rule), to the nostalgic (we've always done it this way), to the opportunistic (your little state will get ignored! More vote-counting means more controversies! The Electoral College

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My fourth recommendation is that the Congress adopt a Constitutional amendment to provide for direct popular election of the President. Such an amendment, which would abolish the Electoral College, will ensure that the candidate chosen by the voters actually becomes president. Under the Electoral

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of South Carolina, all argued that although the present system had potential loopholes, it had worked well throughout the years. Senator Bayh indicated that supporters of the measure were about a dozen votes shy from the 67 needed for the proposal to pass the full Senate. He called upon President

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The Electoral College encourages political campaigners to focus on a few so-called swing states while ignoring the rest of the country. Populous states in which pre-election poll results show no clear favorite are inundated with campaign visits, saturation television advertising, get-out-the-vote

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lost in spite of having a plurality of both the popular vote and the number of electoral votes representing them; yet, as six states did not hold a popular election for their electoral votes, the full expression of the popular vote nationally cannot be known.) Some state legislatures simply chose

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When the time for balloting arrives, the electors choose one or two people to act as tellers. Some states provide for the placing in nomination of a candidate to receive the electoral votes (the candidate for president of the political party of the electors). Each elector submits a written ballot

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From 1948 to 2022, the date fixed by Congress for the meeting of the Electoral College was "on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December next following their appointment". As of 2022, with the passing of "S.4573 - Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act of

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Although the United States Constitution refers to "Electors" and "electors", neither the phrase "Electoral College" nor any other name is used to describe the electors collectively. It was not until the early 19th century that the name "Electoral College" came into general usage as the collective

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Another consideration was that the decision would be made without "tumult and disorder", as it would be a broad-based one made simultaneously in various locales where the decision makers could deliberate reasonably, not in one place where decision makers could be threatened or intimidated. If the

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Opponents of the Electoral College claim such outcomes do not logically follow the normative concept of how a democratic system should function. One view is the Electoral College violates the principle of political equality, since presidential elections are not decided by the one-person one-vote

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Unlike simple congressional district comparisons, the district plan popular vote bonus in the 2008 election would have given Obama 56% of the Electoral College versus the 68% he did win; it "would have more closely approximated the percentage of the popular vote won ". However, the district plan

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Additionally, the Twelfth Amendment states a "majority of the whole number" of senators (currently 51 of 100) is necessary for election. Further, the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie that might occur, although some

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An elector votes for each office, but at least one of these votes (president or vice president) must be cast for a person who is not a resident of the same state as that elector. A "faithless elector" is one who does not cast an electoral vote for the candidate of the party for whom that elector

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However, once the Electoral College had been decided on, several delegates (Mason, Butler, Morris, Wilson, and Madison) openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal, corruption, intrigue, and faction. Some delegates, including James Wilson and James Madison, preferred

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have argued that the original Electoral College compromise was enacted partially because it enabled Southern states to disenfranchise their slave populations. It permitted Southern states to disfranchise large numbers of slaves while allowing these states to maintain political clout and prevent

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Except in closely fought swing states, voter turnout does not affect the election results due to entrenched political party domination in most states. The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party or campaign might gain for encouraging voters to turn out, except in those swing

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While many assume the national popular vote observed under the Electoral College system would reflect the popular vote observed under a National Popular Vote system, supporters contend that is not necessarily the case as each electoral institution produces different incentives for, and strategy

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Bar graph of popular votes in presidential elections (through 2020). Black stars mark the five cases where the winner did not have the plurality of the popular vote. Black squares mark the two cases where the electoral vote resulted in a tie, or the winner did not have the majority of electoral

1844:

There was one difficulty, however of a serious nature attending an immediate choice by the people. The right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States; and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes. The substitution of electors

15827:

Brian D. Humes, et al. "Representation of the Antebellum South in the House of Representatives: Measuring the Impact of the Three-Fifths Clause" in David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins, eds., Party, Process and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress (2002),

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15722:

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specific groups (like women or people of color), then voting inside that state would be reduced, but as the state's electoral count would be the same, disenfranchisement has no effect on its overall electoral power. Critics contend that such disenfranchisement is not penalized by the Electoral

3721:

must go into session to choose a vice president. The Senate is limited to choosing from the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president. Normally this would mean two candidates, one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote. However, the text is

2070:

of the Constitution provided the original plan by which the electors voted for president. Under the original plan, each elector cast two votes for president; electors did not vote for vice president. Whoever received a majority of votes from the electors would become president, with the person

13628:

superseded the text of the Presidential Succession Clause of Article II, Section I that stated "In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President".

12608:

In 2010, Republicans in Pennsylvania, who controlled both houses of the legislature as well as the governorship, put forward a plan to change the state's winner-takes-all system to a congressional district method system. Pennsylvania had voted for the Democratic candidate in the five previous

12587:

The congressional district method allows a state the chance to split its electoral votes between multiple candidates. Prior to 2008, neither Maine nor Nebraska had ever split their electoral votes. Nebraska split its electoral votes for the first time in 2008, giving John McCain its statewide

3541:

sit at the podium, with the vice president sitting to the right of the speaker of the House. Senate pages bring in two mahogany boxes containing each state's certified vote and place them on tables in front of the senators and representatives. Each house appoints two tellers to count the vote

14976:

Describing how the Electoral College was designed to work, Alexander Hamilton wrote, "A small number of persons, selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass, will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations ." (Hamilton,

2275:

House session seized upon the opportunity to embarrass their opposition by attempting to elect Burr over Jefferson. The House deadlocked for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the necessary majority vote of the state delegations in the House (The votes of nine states were needed for a

3549:

to the law in 2022, members of Congress could object to any state's vote count, provided objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress. In 2022, the number of members required to make an objection was raised to one-fifth of each house. An

1541:

in 1787, becoming more controversial by the latter years of the 19th century, up to the present day. More resolutions have been submitted to amend the Electoral College mechanism than any other part of the constitution, with 1969–70 as the closest attempt to reform the Electoral College.

2443:

Madison and Hamilton were so upset by the trend to "general tickets" that they advocated a constitutional amendment to prevent anything other than the district plan. Hamilton drafted an amendment to the Constitution mandating the district plan for selecting electors. However, Hamilton's

3349:'s office oversaw the certifications, but since then the Office of Federal Register in the Archivist's office reviews them to make sure the documents sent to the archive and Congress match and that all formalities have been followed, sometimes requiring states to correct the documents. 3143:. After the election, each state prepares seven Certificates of Ascertainment, each listing the candidates for president and vice president, their pledged electors, and the total votes each candidacy received. One certificate is sent, as soon after Election Day as practicable, to the 12666:

Gary Bugh's research of congressional debates over proposed constitutional amendments to abolish the Electoral College reveals reform opponents have often appealed to tradition and the preference for indirect elections, whereas reform advocates often champion a more egalitarian

1736:

for president (as proposed by Hamilton among others), failed to get traction among slave states. Levitsky and Ziblatt describe it as "not a product of constitutional theory or farsighted design. Rather, it was adopted by default, after all other alternatives had been rejected."

3448: (1952), the court ruled in favor of state laws requiring electors to pledge to vote for the winning candidate, as well as removing electors who refuse to pledge. As stated in the ruling, electors are acting as a functionary of the state, not the federal government. In 2461:

By 1800, Virginia and Rhode Island voted at large; Kentucky, Maryland, and North Carolina voted popularly by district; and eleven states voted by state legislature. Beginning in 1804 there was a definite trend towards the winner-take-all system for statewide popular vote.

13445:

bars the winner-takes-all apportionment of electors by the states; according to this argument, the votes of the losing party are discarded entirely, thereby leading to an unequal position between different voters in the same state. Lawsuits have been filed to this end in

13298:, which would have ended the filibuster, received 54 votes to 36 for cloture, failing to receive the then-required two-thirds majority of senators voting. A second motion for cloture on September 29, 1970, also failed, by 53 to 34. Thereafter, the Senate majority leader, 3620:. Gore, who as vice president was required to preside over his own Electoral College defeat (by five electoral votes), denied the objections, all of which were raised by representatives and would have favored his candidacy, after no senators would agree to jointly object. 2469:

Since 1836, statewide winner-take-all popular voting for electors has been the almost universal practice. Currently, Maine (since 1972) and Nebraska (since 1992) use a district plan, with two at-large electors assigned to support the winner of the statewide popular vote.

2345:

It was the intention of the Constitution that these electors should be an independent body of men, chosen by the people from among themselves, on account of their superior discernment, virtue, and information; and that this select body should be left to make the election

12392:

In the earliest presidential elections, state legislative choice was the most common method of choosing electors. A majority of the state legislatures selected presidential electors in both 1792 (9 of 15) and 1800 (10 of 16), and half of them did so in 1812. Even in the

2499:, when there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed, rather than popularly elected, the true national popular vote is uncertain. The electors in 1824 failed to select a winning candidate, so the matter was decided by the House of Representatives. 13294:. The lead objectors to the proposal were mostly Southern senators and conservatives from small states, both Democrats and Republicans, who argued that abolishing the Electoral College would reduce their states' political influence. On September 17, 1970, a motion for 4125:

by the Electoral College in the case of a dual vacancy in the presidency and vice presidency. Despite vacancies in the Vice Presidency from 1792 to 1886, the special election requirement would be repealed with the rest of the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 by the

2332:

wrote, "voluntary party lackeys and intellectual non-entities." According to Hamilton, writing in 1788, the selection of the president should be "made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station ." Hamilton stated that the electors were to

2280:, made it known that he intended to break the impasse for fear that failure to do so could endanger the future of the Union. Bayard and other Federalists from South Carolina, Maryland, and Vermont abstained, breaking the deadlock and giving Jefferson a majority. 20420:

to support the popular-vote winner, they can do an end-run around the Electoral College. America would still have its clumsy two-step process for presidential elections. But the people's choice and the electors' choice would be guaranteed to match up every time.

20304:"Text – S.J.Res. 17 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to abolish the electoral college and to provide for the direct election of the President and Vice President of the United States" 20289:"Text – S.J.Res. 16 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to abolish the electoral college and to provide for the direct election of the president and vice President of the United States" 2125:"No one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated, what is implicit in its text, that electors would be free agents, to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation's highest offices." 4064:(CRS) stated that the balance of scholarly opinion has concluded that the winning presidential ticket is formally elected as soon as the majority of the electoral votes they receive are cast according to the 1932 House committee report on the 20th Amendment. 13123:, and proponents argue that, in the end, the election of the president must still come down to the decisions of each state, or the federal nature of the United States will give way to a single massive, centralized government, to the detriment of the States. 3553:

A state's certificate of vote can be rejected only if both houses of Congress vote to accept the objection via a simple majority, meaning the votes from the state in question are not counted. Individual votes can also be rejected, and are also not counted.

13611:"It was … peculiarly desirable to afford as little opportunity as possible to tumult and disorder. ... precautions which have been so happily concerted in the system under consideration, promise an effectual security against this mischief. The choice of 3830:(2020) that "nothing in this opinion should be taken to permit the States to bind electors to a deceased candidate" after noting that more than one-third of the cumulative faithless elector votes in U.S. presidential elections history were cast during the 3324:

A staff member of the president of the Senate collects the certificates of vote as they arrive and prepares them for the joint session of the Congress. The certificates are arranged—unopened—in alphabetical order and placed in two special mahogany boxes.

2815:. If any person receives an absolute majority of electoral votes, that person is declared the winner. If there is a tie, or if no candidate for either or both offices receives an absolute majority, then choice falls to Congress in a procedure known as a 1831:

explained the reasons for the change; among others, there were fears of "intrigue" if the president were chosen by a small group of men who met together regularly, as well as concerns for the independence of the president if he were elected by Congress.

13419:

consent before the compact could be enforceable; thus, any attempted implementation of the compact without congressional consent could face court challenges to its constitutionality. Others have suggested that the compact's legality was strengthened by

3241:(electors for the District of Columbia meet within the District) on the same day (set by Congress as the Tuesday after the second Wednesday in December) at which time they cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president. 1699:

takes place: the House holds a presidential election session, where one vote is cast by each of the fifty states; the Senate is responsible for electing the vice president, with each senator having one vote. The elected president and vice president are

13261:

On August 14, 1970, the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate. The Judiciary Committee had approved the proposal by a vote of 11 to 6. The six members who opposed the plan, Democratic senators

2371:

So, that nothing is left to the electors after their choice, but to register votes, which are already pledged; and an exercise of an independent judgment would be treated, as a political usurpation, dishonorable to the individual, and a fraud upon his

14277:

There are 33 states (plus the District of Columbia) that require electors to vote for a pledged candidate. Most of those states (16 plus DC) nonetheless do not provide for any penalty or any mechanism to prevent the deviant vote from counting as

12414:

used legislative choice. Delaware ended its practice the following election (1832), while South Carolina continued using the method until it seceded from the Union in December 1860. South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the

1554:

have more voting power than those in larger states. Because the number of electors each state appoints is equal to the size of its congressional delegation, each state is entitled to at least three electors regardless of its population, and the

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with 55% of its vote. The district plan would have awarded him 11 of its 21 electoral votes, a 52.4% which was much closer to the popular vote percentage. The plan later lost support. Other Republicans, including Michigan state representative

20274:"Text – H.J.Res. 7 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to abolish the electoral college and to provide for the direct election of the president and vice president of the United States" 2789:, in which several states submitted competing slates of electors. Among its provisions, the law established deadlines that the states must meet when selecting their electors, resolving disputes, and when they must cast their electoral votes. 13136:

preferred allocating the electoral college (and Senate seats) in stricter proportion to population while keeping the Electoral College for the benefit of lightly populated swing states and to strengthen the role of the states in federalism.

12475:

the two situations in which legislative choice has been used since the Civil War have both been because there was not enough time or money to prepare for an election. However, appointment by state legislature can have negative consequences:

3458:(2020), and a related case, the court held that electors must vote in accord with their state's laws. Faithless electors also may face censure from their political party, as they are usually chosen based on their perceived party loyalty. 2573:. On this basis after the first census, the Electoral College still gave the free men of slave-owning states (but never slaves) extra power (Electors) based on a count of these disenfranchised people, in the choice of the U.S. president. 12347:

2 which states that a state's electors are selected "in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct" and wrote these words "operat as a limitation upon the state in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power". In

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had rejected presidential selection by direct popular vote. That being the case, election mechanics based on an electoral college were devised to render selection of the president independent of both state legislatures and the national

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to go into session immediately to choose a president. In this event, the House of Representatives is limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes for president. Each state delegation votes

2082:

Choice of the president should reflect the "sense of the people" at a particular time, not the dictates of a faction in a "pre-established body" such as Congress or the State legislatures, and independent of the influence of "foreign

12999:

believed the question of counting slaves had presented a serious challenge, but that "the substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections." Akhil and Vikram Amar added:

3071:

of the Constitution requires each state legislature to determine how electors for the state are to be chosen, but it disqualifies any person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, from being an elector. Under

2478:

Since the mid-19th century, when all electors have been popularly chosen, the Electoral College has elected the candidate who received the most (though not necessarily a majority) popular votes nationwide, except in four elections:

2458:

New Jersey, and South Carolina). New York, North Carolina and Rhode Island did not participate in the election. New York's legislature deadlocked and abstained; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution.

13184:

not provide for direct democratic election, affords less-populous states an advantage, and allows a candidate to win the presidency without winning the most votes. None of these proposals has received the approval of two thirds of

2611:

points out that Jefferson's purported "slave advantage" ignores an offset by electoral manipulation by anti-Jefferson forces in Pennsylvania. Wilentz concludes that it is a myth to say that the Electoral College was a pro-slavery

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effect of this provision will be either to compel the States to grant universal suffrage or so shear them of their power as to keep them forever in a hopeless minority in the national Government, both legislative and executive.

2092:

Each presidential elector would exercise independent judgment when voting, deliberating with the most complete information available in a system that over time, tended to bring about a good administration of the laws passed by

17115: 12948:

based models used to analyze the Electoral College have consistently found that sparsely populated states benefit from having their resident's votes count for more than the votes of those residing in the more populous states.

12883:*These popular vote tallies are partial because several of the states still used their legislature to choose electors not a popular vote. In both elections a tied electoral college threw the contest over to Congress to decide. 1642:

on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, each state, and the federal district, selects its electors according to its laws. After a popular election, the states identify and record their appointed electors in a

13330:

saw President Carter's proposal at that time as "a modest surprise" because of the indication of Carter that he would be interested in only eliminating the electors but retaining the electoral vote system in a modified form.

13323:

President Carter's proposed program for the reform of the Electoral College was very liberal for a modern president during this time, and in some aspects of the package, it went beyond original expectations. Newspapers like

22324: 17204: 13017:

Minorities tend to be disproportionately located in noncompetitive states, reducing their impact on the overall election and over-representing white voters who have tended to live in the swing states that decide elections.

12754: 3419:, which left Johnson one vote short of the majority needed to be elected. In accordance with the Twelfth Amendment, a contingent election was held in the Senate between the top two receivers of electoral votes, Johnson and 13351:(D-New York) highlighted the danger of the "flawed, outdated mechanism of the Electoral College" by underscoring how a shift of fewer than 10,000 votes in two key states would have led to President Gerald Ford winning the 2172:

In spite of Hamilton's assertion that electors were to be chosen by mass election, initially, state legislatures chose the electors in most of the states. States progressively changed to selection by popular election. In

2908:. In such a situation, the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote winners as the president, while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote winners as vice president. 22344: 16224: 2327:

However, when electors were pledged to vote for a specific candidate, the slate of electors chosen by the state were no longer free agents, independent thinkers, or deliberative representatives. They became, as Justice

3550:

appropriately made objection is followed by the suspension of the joint session and by separate debates and votes in each house of Congress; after both houses deliberate on the objection, the joint session is resumed.

13287:

Nixon to attempt to persuade undecided Republican senators to support the proposal. However, Nixon, while not reneging on his previous endorsement, chose not to make any further personal appeals to back the proposal.

13238:

6 to approve the proposal. Debate on the proposal before the full House of Representatives ended on September 11, 1969 and was eventually passed with bipartisan support on September 18, 1969, by a vote of 339 to 70.

1850:

states. At the compromise providing for a runoff among the top five candidates, the small states supposed that the House of Representatives, with each state delegation casting one vote, would decide most elections.

3268:, the electors write the name of the candidate on a blank card. The tellers count the ballots and announce the result. The next step is the casting of the vote for vice president, which follows a similar pattern. 2568:

After the initial estimates agreed to in the original Constitution, Congressional and Electoral College reapportionment was made according to a decennial census to reflect population changes, modified by counting

12706:

21st century polling data shows that a majority of Americans consistently favor having a direct popular vote for presidential elections. The popularity of the Electoral College has hovered between 35% and 44%.

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The selected papers of Thaddeus Stevens, v. 2, Stevens, Thaddeus, 1792–1868, Palmer, Beverly Wilson, 1936, Ochoa, Holly Byers, 1951, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, Digital Research Library, 2011, pp.

13068:

for president since the 1980s to draw attention to this fact. The Democratic and Republican parties, as well as other third parties, have, however, made it possible for people in U.S. territories to vote in

2112:

selecting the Pope. The original idea was for the most knowledgeable and informed individuals from each State to select the president based solely on merit and without regard to State of origin or political

2363:

for them. Nay, upon some occasions the electors publicly pledge themselves to vote for a particular person; and thus, in effect, the whole foundation of the system, so elaborately constructed, is subverted.

12923:

arrangement in which the candidate with the most votes in that state receives all of the state's electoral votes, there is a clear incentive to focus almost exclusively on only a few key undecided states.

12694:. Individual citizens in less populated states with 5% of the Electoral College have proportionately more voting power than those in more populous states, and candidates can win by focusing on just a few " 2121:, in a dissenting opinion, the original intention of the framers was that the electors would not feel bound to support any particular candidate, but would vote their conscience, free of external pressure. 20567: 13009:... a state with low voter turnout gets precisely the same number of electoral votes as if it had a high turnout. By contrast, a well-designed direct election system could spur states to get out the vote. 3163:

When a state's electors meet in December, they cast their ballots and record their vote on a Certificate of Vote, which is then sent to the U.S. Congress. (Certificate shown is from the election of 1876.)

17041: 13242:

On September 30, 1969, President Nixon gave his endorsement for adoption of the proposal, encouraging the Senate to pass its version of the proposal, which had been sponsored as Senate Joint Resolution

16122: 3546: 2900:

of electoral votes (currently 270) to win the presidency or the vice presidency. If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president, the election is determined via a

4001: 22349: 13302:

of Montana, moved to lay the proposal aside so the Senate could attend to other business. However, the proposal was never considered again and died when the 91st Congress ended on January 3, 1971.

12556:

would have given Obama 49% of the Electoral College in 2012, and would have given Romney a win in the Electoral College even though Obama won the popular vote by nearly 4% (51.1–47.2) over Romney.

4166:

line of succession after vice president only become an acting president under the Presidential Succession Clause and Section 3 of the 20th Amendment rather than fully succeeding to the presidency.

3599:, where in a few states it was claimed there were two competing state governments, and thus competing slates of electors, Congress adopted the Electoral Count Act to regularize objection procedure. 1707:

Since 1964, there have been 538 electors. States select 535 of the electors, this number matches the aggregate total of their congressional delegations. The additional three electors come from the

1676:, allocates its 3 electoral votes to the winner of its single district election. States generally require electors to pledge to vote for that state's winning ticket; to prevent electors from being 23404: 2401:

in 1820, the rule stated "the people shall vote by ballot, on which shall be designated who is voted for as an Elector for the district." In other words, the name of a candidate for president was

22329: 2710:

of electors for President and Vice President of the United States" (among other elections). It is the only part of the Constitution currently alluding to electors being selected by popular vote.

20814:, vol. 42, no. 10 (May 21, 2020), pp. 3, 5–6. Foner concludes (p. 6): "Rooted in distrust of ordinary citizens and, like so many other features of American life, in the institution of 23094: 21967: 16845: 3778:

3 also specifies that Congress may statutorily provide for who will be acting president if there is neither a president-elect nor a vice president-elect in time for the inauguration. Under the

3364:

pledged to vote. Faithless electors are comparatively rare because electors are generally chosen among those who are already personally committed to a party and party's candidate. Thirty-three

14981:). Hamilton strongly believed this was to be done district by district, and when states began doing otherwise, he proposed a constitutional amendment to mandate the district system (Hamilton, 12584:, and several other states used various forms of the district plan before 1840: Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, North Carolina, Massachusetts, Illinois, Maine, Missouri, and New York. 2774:

that replaced it specifies that "the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted."

1587:

receive the most attention from candidates. By the end of the 20th century, electoral colleges had been abandoned by all other democracies around the world in favor of direct elections for an

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is awarded one elector, and the winner of the statewide vote is then awarded the state's remaining two electors. This method has been used in Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1992. The

3396:

While faithless electors have never changed the outcome of any presidential election, there are two occasions where the vice presidential election has been influenced by faithless electors:

22912: 23419: 22849: 21009: 13192:

required to amend the Constitution. Ziblatt and Levitsky argue that America has by far the most difficult constitution to amend, which is why reform efforts have only stalled in America.

12914:: each waving hand (purple map) represents a visit from a presidential or vice presidential candidate; each dollar sign (green map) represents one million dollars spent on TV advertising. 2756:

Cases of certificates of the electoral college votes confirming the results of the 2020 US election, after they had been removed from the House Chambers by congressional staff during the

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professor Norman R. Williams has argued that the Constitutional Convention delegates chose the Electoral College to choose the president largely in reaction to the experience during the

12791:

and so could be considered distinct from the latter four elections in which all of the states had popular selection of electors. The true national popular vote was also uncertain in the

12430:

statute awarded the state's electoral votes to the winner of the at-large popular vote, but only if that candidate won an absolute majority. When the vote produced no winner between the

2623:

Besides the Constitution prohibiting Congress from regulating foreign or domestic slave trade before 1808 and a duty on states to return escaped "persons held to service", legal scholar

2341:'s view that the electors' choices would reflect “discretion and discernment.” Reflecting on this original intention, a U.S. Senate report in 1826 critiqued the evolution of the system: 22354: 22339: 21184: 18998: 4488: 3795: 3073: 2607:

argues, Jefferson's victory over Adams was due to the slave bonus count in the Electoral College as Adams would have won if citizens' votes were used for each state. However, historian

12326:

The question of the extent to which state constitutions may constrain the legislature's choice of a method of choosing electors has been touched on in two U.S. Supreme Court cases. In

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The Electoral System of the United States: A Critical and Historical Exposition of Its Fundamental Principles in the Constitution and the Acts and Proceedings of Congress Enforcing It

12471:. Had the recount continued, the Florida legislature was prepared to appoint the Republican slate of electors to avoid missing the federal safe-harbor deadline for choosing electors. 3471: 3373: 2965:

Currently, there are 538 electors, based on 435 representatives, 100 senators from the fifty states and three electors from Washington, D.C. The six states with the most electors are

23217: 21416: 13383: 3588:, all votes from Arkansas and Louisiana plus three of the eleven electoral votes from Georgia were rejected, due to allegations of electoral fraud, and due to submitting votes for 2432:

Each state government was free to have its own plan for selecting its electors, and the Constitution does not explicitly require states to popularly elect their electors. However,

22281: 22015: 13401: 13053: 3159: 3068: 2381: 1615: 280: 3557:

If there are no objections or all objections are overruled, the presiding officer simply includes a state's votes, as declared in the certificate of vote, in the official tally.

23319: 1456: 543: 12919:

efforts by party organizers, and debates, while four out of five voters in the national election are "absolutely ignored", according to one assessment. Since most states use a

1836:

popular election of the executive.Madison acknowledged that while a popular vote would be ideal, it would be difficult to get consensus on the proposal given the prevalence of

23089: 21637: 16920: 16501:

A uniform national date for presidential elections was not set until 1845, although the Congress always had constitutional authority to do so. — Kimberling, William C. (1992)

18148: 13412: 4110: 2620:

The first "Jeffersonian" and "Jacksonian" victories were of great importance as they ushered in sustained party majorities of several Congresses and presidential party eras.

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Killing the President: Assassinations, Attempts, and Rumored Attempts on U.S. Commanders-in-Chief: Assassinations, Attempts, and Rumored Attempts on U.S. Commanders-in-Chief

2835:

officially announces the state's electors for the Electoral College. The appointed Electoral College members later meet in the state capital in December to cast their votes.

18367: 4145:

proposed restoring special elections for dual vacancies in the Presidency and Vice Presidency, and while most of Truman's proposal was included in the final version of the

3698:. Additionally, delegations from at least two thirds of all the states must be present for voting to take place. The House continues balloting until it elects a president. 2947:. In summary, 153 electors are divided equally among the states and the District of Columbia (3 each), and the remaining 385 are assigned by an apportionment among states. 24051: 22334: 20979: 15974: 12966:

According to this criticism, the electoral college reduces elections to a mere count of electors for a particular state, and, as a result, it obscures any voting problems

3650: 3093:; those that do may require pre-registration of write-in candidacy, with designation of electors being done at that time. Since 1992, all but two states have followed the 1944:

designation for the electors selected to cast votes for president and vice president. The phrase was first written into federal law in 1845, and today the term appears in

1712: 23389: 19197: 3786:

would become acting president until either the House selects a president or the Senate selects a vice president. Neither of these situations has ever arisen to this day.

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46 (8.5%) with 13.5% of the popular vote. However, Nixon had received only 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey, 43.5% to 42.9%, less than 1% of the national total.

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explains that the original purpose of the electors was not to reflect the will of the citizens, but rather to "serve as a check on a public who might be easily misled."

2086:

The choice would be made decisively with a "full and fair expression of the public will" but also maintaining "as little opportunity as possible to tumult and disorder".

2067: 257: 246: 23374: 20321: 12524:); and two per the statewide popular vote. This may result in greater proportionality. But it can give results similar to the winner-takes-all states, as in 1992, when 2337:

the list of potential presidents and select the best one. He also used the term "deliberate." In a 2020 opinion of the U.S. Supreme Court, the court additionally cited

2164:, similarly stated, "The original conception of the Electoral College, in other words, was a body of men who could serve as a check on the uninformed mass electorate." 22792: 22210: 20636:

Report on Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 1: Russian Efforts Against Election Infrastructure with Additional Views

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to determine the manner by which that state's electors are chosen but prohibits federal office holders from being named electors. Following the national presidential

23570: 22777: 22767: 22495: 21123: 21063: 13589:

Although faithless electors have never changed the outcome of a state popular vote, or the national total, that scenario was further weakened by the 2020 court case

3799: 2654:

basis. He also notes that some of the most vociferous critics of a national popular vote at the constitutional convention were delegates from free states, including

23409: 12479:

legislatures can deadlock more easily than the electorate. This is precisely what happened to New York in 1789 when the legislature failed to appoint any electors.

10868: 2763: 22787: 22782: 22772: 22762: 21157: 21068: 21058: 14791: 13625: 13061: 12540:

won the most congressional districts. A similar method was used in New York in 1828: the two at large electors were elected by the electors selected in districts.

4460: 2951: 2189:(with the sole exception of newly-admitted Colorado in 1876 for logistical reasons), electors in every state have been chosen based on a popular election held on 1708: 1468: 1278: 528: 18456: 2152:, stated, "At the framing the more important consideration was that electors, expected to be more knowledgeable and responsible, would actually do the choosing." 1692: 22742: 21048: 20578: 2807:

After the vote, each state sends to Congress a certified record of their electoral votes, called the Certificate of Vote. These certificates are opened during a

2089:

Individual electors would be elected by citizens on a district-by-district basis. Voting for president would include the widest electorate allowed in each state.

2075: 1406: 18869: 16944:"The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted." 12402:

electors, while other states used a hybrid method in which state legislatures chose from a group of electors elected by popular vote. By 1828, with the rise of

24082: 22752: 22747: 22716: 22711: 22422: 22175: 22140: 21053: 21026: 19541: 17049: 14076: 13442: 13064:) are entitled to electors. Various scholars consequently conclude that the U.S. national-electoral process is not fully democratic. Guam has held non-binding 12736:

votes. An H marks each of two cases where the election was decided by the House; an S marks the one case where the election was finalized by the Supreme Court.

2291:, the amendment requires electors to cast separate ballots for president and vice president, replacing the system outlined in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3. 415: 19598: 19056: 15514: 2393:

According to Hamilton, Madison and others, the original intent was that this would take place district by district. The district plan was last carried out in

22757: 22737: 22721: 22391: 22215: 22120: 22080: 21043: 20574: 18043: 17247: 15090: 13543: 13172: 13108: 12374: 12353: 12333: 3868: 3783: 3538: 3511: 3438: 3126: 3099:

method of allocating electors by which every person named on the slate for the ticket winning the statewide popular vote are named as presidential electors.

1932:(with distribution of voter rights and separation of government powers), would countervail against factions. Madison further postulated in the Federalist No. 538: 517: 235: 20854:

sought to replace with a national popular vote . e endure with the most ridiculous system for producing our head of state and government ." (p. 44.)

19620: 16298: 3735: 2931:

Population per electoral vote for each state and Washington, D.C. (2020 census). A single elector could represent more than 700,000 people or under 200,000.

23314: 22688: 22180: 22170: 22165: 22145: 21442: 18551: 17089: 15888: 13647: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3427:

Some constitutional scholars argued that state restrictions would be struck down if challenged based on Article II and the Twelfth Amendment. However, the

2766:

of the Constitution authorizes Congress to fix the day on which the electors shall vote, which must be the same day throughout the United States. And both

2394: 1599: 20917: 19029: 16868: 4060:

that candidates for president and vice president are only formally elected upon the Electoral College vote count. Conversely, a 2020 report issued by the

2958:, is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state but no more electors than the least populous state. Because the least populous state ( 23565: 22693: 22657: 22095: 22005: 21371: 21162: 18509: 14855: 13027: 3852: 3682: 3499: 2905: 2771: 2284: 1723:) is entitled to the same number of electors as the least populous state. In practice, that results in Washington D.C. being entitled to three electors. 1687:

on the first Tuesday after the second Wednesday of December (between December 14 and 20) to cast their votes. The results are sent to and counted by the

23969: 23399: 23294: 22662: 22642: 22632: 22130: 22125: 21995: 21630: 21467: 16277: 12646:, electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party, rather than being selected by the statewide plurality vote. 12528:

won all five of Nebraska's electoral votes with a clear plurality on 47% of the vote; in a truly proportional system, he would have received three and

3750:, he shall be declared by the presiding officer of the Senate constitutionally elected Vice President of the United States"; the Senate chose Johnson. 2860:. The president and vice president of the United States are elected by the Electoral College, which consists of 538 electors from the fifty states and 2283:

Responding to the problems from those elections, Congress proposed on December 9, 1803, and three-fourths of the states ratified by June 15, 1804, the

1987: 1980: 3638:, all by various Democratic representatives. As no senator joined the representatives in any objection, all objections were blocked by Vice President 3040:. In some states, the electors are nominated by voters in primaries the same way other presidential candidates are nominated. In some states, such as 1668:, two electoral votes are assigned in this manner, while the remaining electoral votes are allocated based on the plurality of votes in each of their 24072: 23104: 22672: 22667: 22652: 22647: 22637: 22627: 22480: 22475: 22220: 22185: 22090: 22065: 21021: 16545: 13506: 12442:

parties, the state legislature selected the electors, giving all 12 electoral votes to the Whigs (which had won the plurality of votes in the state).

3872: 3530: 308: 21462: 20655:

Report on Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 2: Russia's Use of Social Media with Additional Views

16723: 2785:

of the United States Code, establishing specific procedures for the counting of the electoral votes. The law was passed in response to the disputed

2670:

of Connecticut, a state which had adopted a gradual emancipation law three years earlier, also criticized a national popular vote. Of like view was

2264:

despite Jefferson clearly being his party's first choice. Lacking a clear winner by constitutional standards, the election had to be decided by the

2256:, the Federalists' opponent, who became the vice president. This resulted in the president and vice president being of different political parties. 22412: 22273: 22205: 22155: 22135: 22110: 22100: 22085: 22075: 22060: 22040: 22010: 22000: 21990: 21496: 21229: 20972: 20081: 20042: 18232: 17705: 13995: 13532: 13528: 13524: 13520: 13516: 13512: 3938: 2428:

The district mode was mostly, if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted; & was exchanged for the general ticket .

2212: 1237: 1233: 1014: 19405: 3585: 23495: 22596: 22576: 22531: 22225: 22200: 22105: 22045: 22025: 22020: 21985: 21975: 21660: 20864: 20674:

Report on Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities

20326: 11042: 4522: 4153:

recommended restoring special elections for president in the event of a dual vacancy in the presidency and vice presidency due to a catastrophic

4041: 3631: 500: 18033:

Each state's number of electoral votes is equal to its total congressional representation (its number of Representatives plus its two Senators).

13099: 4149:, the restoration of special elections for dual vacancies was not. Along with six other recommendations related to presidential succession, the 23980: 22586: 22581: 22505: 22467: 22160: 22115: 22055: 22030: 21980: 21432: 21361: 21295: 20190: 18713: 17624: 15663: 15060: 13429:

The eighteen adherents of the compact have 209 electors, which is 77% of the 270 required for it to take effect, or be considered justiciable.

964: 18617: 14718:

Farrand's Records, Volume 2, A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875, Library of Congress

2030: 1560: 23349: 22591: 22571: 22566: 22190: 22070: 22035: 21623: 21437: 21004: 16220: 13388:

As of April 2024, seventeen states plus the District of Columbia have joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact. Those joining the

12517: 4162: 4146: 4131: 4118: 3779: 3108: 2409:

Once one state took that strategy, the others felt compelled to follow suit in order to compete for the strongest influence on the election.

1436: 889: 410: 272: 18694: 17133: 16252: 16240: 3542:(normally one member of each political party). Relevant portions of the certificate of vote are read for each state, in alphabetical order. 3238: 3033:

has an associated slate of potential electors. Then on Election Day, the voters select a ticket and thereby select the associated electors.

2002: 1936:

10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic, the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as

23787: 22839: 22195: 22150: 22050: 20952: 19666: 18976: 18839: 16447: 16100: 15439: 15324: 14989: 13801: 4017: 1502:

in November to choose electors based upon how they have pledged to vote for president and vice president, with some state laws prohibiting

1255: 1096: 989: 13014:

also enacted laws that restricted access to voting by former slaves, thereby increasing the electoral weight of votes by southern whites.

12678:

Critics argue that the Electoral College is less democratic than a national direct popular vote and is subject to manipulation because of

3681:

If no candidate for president receives an absolute majority of the electoral votes (since 1964, 270 of the 538 electoral votes), then the

23500: 23299: 22319: 21534: 21172: 21145: 20965: 19350: 18644: 16517: 13501: 3503: 1399: 1111: 533: 19377: 17415: 14482: 1732:

who increased their power due to the minimum of three electors per state. The compromise was reached after other proposals, including a

23035: 22561: 22524: 22407: 21396: 20551: 18417: 17134:"RL30804: The Electoral College: An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals, L. Paige Whitaker and Thomas H. Neale, January 16, 2001" 16130: 3965: 3883: 3310: 3249: 2811:, held on January 6 unless another date is specified by law, and read aloud by the incumbent vice president, acting in his capacity as 2009: 1336: 1331: 1194: 523: 3529:

p.m. in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives. The sitting vice president is expected to preside, but in several cases the

23274: 23244: 23030: 22995: 22975: 21574: 21366: 20943: 19476: 18185: 13563: 4056: 4009: 3903: 3739: 2940: 2922: 2647:

despite winning 39.8% of citizen's votes. This, however, was a clear plurality of a popular vote divided among four main candidates.

2577: 1803: 1695:, presided over by the current vice president, as president of the Senate. Should a majority of votes not be cast for a candidate, a 1556: 1538: 1518:, or general ticket method, to choose their electors, meaning all their electors go to one winning ticket. Maine and Nebraska choose 1464: 1341: 977: 879: 330: 319: 20616: 20597: 19082: 18309: 16983: 16945: 16002: 15927: 14177: 13314:

wrote a letter of reform to Congress that also included his expression of abolishing the Electoral College. The letter read in part:

24087: 23279: 21956: 21950: 21945: 21940: 21935: 21930: 21925: 21920: 21915: 21910: 21905: 21900: 21895: 21890: 21885: 21880: 21875: 21870: 21865: 21860: 21855: 21850: 21845: 21840: 21835: 21830: 21825: 21820: 21815: 21810: 21805: 21800: 21795: 21790: 21785: 21780: 21775: 21770: 21765: 21760: 21755: 21750: 21745: 21740: 21735: 21730: 21725: 21720: 21715: 21710: 21705: 21700: 21695: 21690: 21685: 21680: 21675: 21670: 21665: 21356: 21118: 18159: 17588: 14902: 14715: 14457: 13377: 13352: 13205: 12911: 12792: 12784: 12772: 12768: 12764: 12760: 12691: 12687: 12614: 12589: 12581: 12577: 12573: 12508: 12468: 12416: 12394: 12021: 11932: 11843: 11754: 11665: 11576: 11487: 11398: 11309: 11220: 11131: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4083: 4068: 4025: 3993: 3969: 3942: 3907: 3887: 3835: 3831: 3706: 3702: 3646: 3635: 3624: 3603: 3596: 3574: 3515: 3408: 3401: 3386: 3378: 2865: 2786: 2679: 2644: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2288: 2237: 2233: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2074:

According to Stanley Chang, the original plan of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the

1608: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1483:

of 270 or more electoral votes is required to elect the president and vice president. If no candidate achieves a majority there, a

1154: 1009: 76: 60: 18817: 16810: 15061:"WashU Expert: Electoral College ruling contradicts Founders' 'original intent' – The Source – Washington University in St. Louis" 3984:, by detonating a dynamite-laden car where Kennedy was staying, but Pavlick delayed his attempt and was subsequently arrested and 3808:, Alexander Hamilton argued that one concern that led the Constitutional Convention to create the Electoral College was to ensure 23490: 22500: 21249: 21179: 19129: 18752: 17064: 14965:

Draft of a Resolution for the Legislature of New York for the Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, 29 January 1802

14669: 14623: 12780: 12720: 4052: 3989: 3506:

to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election. The session is ordinarily required to take place on January

2797: 2277: 2016: 1701: 1531: 1476: 1145: 158: 20113:

The Senate in 1975 reduced the required vote for cloture from two-thirds of those voting (67 votes) to three-fifths (60 votes).

17116:"Objections To Four Swing States' Electors Fall Flat After Senators Refuse To Participate; Hawley Forces Debate On Pennsylvania" 16024: 15978: 14985:). Madison concurred, "The district mode was mostly, if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted." ( 13334:

Newspaper reaction to Carter's proposal ranged from some editorials praising the proposal to other editorials, like that in the

12686:"; and there can be elections where one candidate wins the national popular vote but another wins the electoral vote, as in the 3115:

previously upheld the power for a state to choose electors on the basis of congressional districts, holding that states possess

2367:

Story observed that if an elector does what the framers of the Constitution expected him to do, he would be considered immoral:

2299:

Some Founding Fathers hoped that each elector would be elected by the citizens of a district and that elector was to be free to

23580: 23249: 23127: 21300: 16643: 15261: 12788: 10887: 4037: 3686: 3654: 3416: 3022: 2757: 2706: 2265: 2206: 1888: 1627: 1559:

of the statutorily fixed number of the rest is only roughly proportional. This allocation has contributed to runners-up of the

1488: 1448: 1392: 1207: 1176: 1132: 1106: 1046: 1026: 924: 909: 552: 428: 227: 17: 23264: 18341: 13091:

In practice, the winner-take-all manner of allocating a state's electors generally decreases the importance of minor parties.

2793:

2022", this was changed to be "on the first Tuesday after the second Wednesday in December next following their appointment".

2650:

Benner notes that Jefferson's first margin of victory would have been wider had the entire slave population been counted on a

2108:"The function of the College of Electors in choosing the president can be likened to that in the Roman Catholic Church of the 1537:

The merit of the electoral college system has been a matter of ongoing debate in the United States since its inception at the

23802: 22892: 22887: 22814: 21564: 21517: 19908: 19773: 19039: 18902: 18591: 18577: 17553: 17392: 17365: 17340: 17174: 17024: 16706: 16345: 16155: 15833: 15764: 15746: 15728: 15697: 15632: 15594: 15577: 15158: 14799: 14552: 14441: 14147: 13178: 4044:

to certify Joe Biden's victory in the 2020 election, but was ultimately unsuccessful in preventing the count from occurring.

3817: 3771: 3185: 2315: 1167: 1051: 898: 347: 106: 19797: 18786: 16894: 14026: 12671:

system. Electoral colleges have been scrapped by all other democracies around the world in favor of direct elections for an

3147:

in Washington. The Certificates of Ascertainment are mandated to carry the state seal and the signature of the governor (or

1998: 24015: 23535: 23329: 21411: 21270: 19269: 13140: 4048: 4021: 1268: 268: 20348: 17489: 13911: 12933:

in the ten least populated states have 2.5 more electors per person compared with voters in the ten most populous states.

2935:

A state's number of electors equals the number of representatives plus two electors for the senators the state has in the

23911: 23530: 23122: 22258: 21646: 21491: 21381: 21321: 21086: 18919: 17543: 17516: 16770: 13855: 4150: 4094: 4013: 3296: 3056:, the campaign committee of each candidate names their respective electoral college candidates (an attempt to discourage 2857: 1432: 1424: 1184: 1061: 581: 372: 297: 56: 15522: 23167: 22432: 22248: 22235: 21234: 20988: 20926: 20841: 20805: 20793: 20673: 20654: 20635: 20525: 19692: 18528: 18464: 18404: 18391: 18387: 15910: 15786: 15767:, p. 453, and Table 15.1, "Impact of the Three-Fifths Clause on Slave and Nonslave Representation (1790–1861)", p. 454. 13665: 13070: 3821: 3428: 3139:

The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections, called the

3112: 3036:

Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to

2691: 2149: 1326: 1306: 1081: 1076: 1031: 719: 601: 444: 436: 184: 102: 35: 20117: 15283:"Article 2, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3: Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution 3:§§ 1449—52, 1454—60, 1462—67" 14404: 23510: 22872: 22547: 21167: 20722:

Counting Electoral Votes: An Overview of Procedures at the Joint Session, Including Objections by Members of Congress

20710: 20481: 19850: 19551: 19249: 18730: 17526: 17499: 17464: 16962: 16494: 16076: 15803: 15700:

p. 453, and Table 15.1, "Impact of the Three-Fifths Clause on Slave and Nonslave Representation (1790–1861)", p. 454.

14508: 14321:

Counting Electoral Votes: An Overview of Procedures at the Joint Session, Including Objections by Members of Congress

14122: 13827: 13120: 3272: 3148: 2782: 2731: 2555: 2049: 1945: 1789: 1635: 1460: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1214: 1189: 1150: 1041: 984: 949: 664: 166: 18667: 16409: 13775: 13258:

six other states had yet to state a preference, six were leaning toward opposition, and eight were solidly opposed.

12654: 1771: 24010: 23354: 21522: 20939: 16181: 14086: 13661: 12431: 3839: 3742:

and voting aloud. The rules further stated, "f a majority of the number of senators shall vote for either the said

3346: 2718: 1260: 1245: 1221: 1136: 954: 936: 931: 20825: 15091:

Robert Schlesinger, "Not Your Founding Fathers' Electoral College," U.S. News and World Report, December 27, 2016.

23359: 21285: 21036: 20144: 19726: 16388: 16305: 13677: 12593: 12323:

was still using the general ticket as late as 1960 and was one of the last states to switch to the short ballot.

4033: 2522: 1872: 1273: 1124: 1066: 1021: 849: 508: 19581: 17720: 17680: 13147:

where state governors were often chosen by state legislatures and wanting the new federal government to have an

3060:). Varying by state, electors may also be elected by state legislatures or appointed by the parties themselves. 1550:". Critics object to the inequity that, due to the distribution of electors, individual citizens in states with 23766: 21554: 21326: 21194: 20737: 20406: 20380:"Supreme Court's "faithless electors" decision validates case for the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact" 20288: 19936: 19878: 19222: 15544: 15006: 14910: 13152: 4061: 3522: 3303: 3144: 2853: 2844:

Even though the aggregate national popular vote is calculated by state officials, media organizations, and the

2801: 2752: 1812: 1756: 1480: 1428: 1091: 1086: 586: 566: 389: 355: 20217: 16241:

Table C2. Apportionment Population and Number of Seats in U.S. House of Representatives by State: 1910 to 2020

2939:. Each state is entitled to at least one representative, the remaining number of representatives per state is 23540: 23480: 23069: 21579: 21386: 20273: 18278: 16468: 12623: 12521: 4102: 2721:

in the House of Representatives, delivered a speech on the amendment's intent. Regarding Section 2, he said:

2023: 1916:, James Madison argued against "an interested and overbearing majority" and the "mischiefs of faction" in an 1684: 1626:

to appoint a number of electors equal to that state's congressional delegation (the number of members of the

1071: 1056: 774: 179: 134: 16439: 15646: 12449:, having joined the Union only a few days prior to Election Day, had no choice but to legislatively appoint. 24030: 23828: 23259: 23132: 22937: 22819: 22619: 22417: 22366: 22253: 20742: 18020: 15102: 14749: 14461: 14046: 13160: 13041: 3895: 3847: 3809: 3317: 3253: 3140: 3037: 2873: 2832: 2658:

of Pennsylvania, who declared that such a system would lead to a "great evil of cabal and corruption," and

2190: 1645: 1639: 1499: 513: 405: 109:(center), the small circled numbers indicate congressional districts. These are the only 2 states to use a 20544: 17681:"First on CNN: Key government agency acknowledges Biden's win and begins formal transition | CNN Politics" 16053:"The electoral college isn't a real place: But someone has to answer all the angry phone calls these days" 3244:

Although procedures in each state vary slightly, the electors generally follow a similar series of steps,

3107:

are the only states not using this method. In those states, the winner of the popular vote in each of its

2259:

In 1800, the Democratic-Republican Party again nominated Jefferson for president and also again nominated

24077: 24044: 23948: 23906: 23901: 23304: 22990: 22955: 21486: 21391: 20777: 20148:, Jimmy Carter: "Election reform Message to the Congress", Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, 19733: 18963:"Rural states get a slight boost from the 2 electoral votes awarded to states due to their 2 Senate seats 18236: 16092: 15960: 15424: 15399: 15103:"Article 2, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3: [Selection of Electors, 1796—1832], McPherson v. Blacker" 14208: 13660:

For nearly one-fourth of the period of time from 1792 to 1886, the Vice Presidency was vacant due to the

13201: 13128: 12643: 10882:

shows the number of electors from each state for the 2024 and 2028 presidential elections. Following the

4138: 4127: 2845: 2671: 2421: 2249: 1876: 1763: 1346: 1160: 944: 869: 814: 779: 20617:

Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election, Volume II of II

19413: 16921:"How Are Electors Selected For The Electoral College? This Historic Election Process Decides The Winner" 16361: 15955: 15040: 13937: 2533: 2193:. The popular election for electors means the president and vice president are in effect chosen through 23998: 23445: 23414: 23137: 22902: 22897: 22442: 21351: 21316: 20598:

Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election, Volume I of II

20545:

Final Report of the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol

20322:"What Is National Popular Vote Bill/National Popular Vote Interstate Compact & Why Is It Important" 19811: 19763: 14880: 14691: 12439: 4114: 3264:

for example, the electors cast ballots by checking the name of the candidate on a pre-printed card; in

2639:

Supporters of the College have provided many counterarguments to the charges that it defended slavery.

2161: 1864: 1619: 854: 759: 19582:"Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution: Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood" 19428: 18999:"A majority of Americans continue to favor replacing Electoral College with a nationwide popular vote" 17382: 17137: 15282: 14589: 13396:

reflecting a majority of electors (at least 270), pledge their electors to the winner of the national

13290:

On September 8, 1970, the Senate commenced openly debating the proposal, and the proposal was quickly

12609:

presidential elections, so this was seen an attempt to take away Democratic electoral votes. Democrat

1583:

In addition, faithless electors may not vote in accord with their pledge. A further objection is that

23746: 23626: 23425: 23157: 22980: 22857: 22703: 21452: 21140: 20245: 19311: 19152: 18486: 17652: 15713:(2001), referenced in a review at Humanities and Social Sciences Net Online, viewed February 2, 2019. 14295: 13228: 12631: 10883: 3758:

Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment specifies that if the House of Representatives has not chosen a

2927: 2808: 2629: 819: 809: 804: 784: 80: 64: 20407:"The Supreme Court Just Pointed Out the Absurdity of the Electoral College. It's Up to Us to End It" 20303: 19169: 19107: 19034:(Second ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 1, 37, 61, 176–77, 193–94. 12795:

election, and the plurality for the winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated.

2600:

The clause, having reduced the South's power, led to John Adams's win in 1796 over Thomas Jefferson.

23715: 23585: 23449: 23309: 23228: 23074: 23064: 22932: 21135: 21130: 21113: 18621: 17725: 17657: 15151:

Don't Know Much About History: Everything You Need to Know About American History but Never Learned

14081: 13538: 13037: 12311:. The short ballot was adopted by the various states at different times; it was adopted for use by 3813: 1921: 884: 734: 649: 174: 19872:

The National Popular Vote (NPV) Initiative: Direct Election of the President by Interstate Compact

19445:

protects hurricane victims!). But none of those arguments overcome this one: One person, one vote.

15759:

Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress (2002), Stanford University Press

15496: 15357: 15203:

Robert M. Alexander, Representation and the Electoral College (Oxford University Press, 2019), 124

13151:. For example, Alexander Hamilton argued that the Electoral College would prevent, sinister bias, 12970:

a particular state. For example, if a particular state blocks some groups from voting, perhaps by

3510:

6 in the calendar year immediately following the meetings of the presidential electors. Since the

23505: 23453: 23379: 23207: 23084: 23079: 23015: 22985: 22927: 21096: 21031: 18372: 15845: 15679: 15457: 15303: 14982: 14964: 13438: 12992: 12920: 12308: 10874: 3561:

then depart from the House chamber. The final tally is printed in the Senate and House journals.

3292: 2869: 2570: 1976: 1824: 1767: 1669: 1551: 769: 764: 639: 114: 20493:

Presidential Elections: Vacancies in Major-Party Candidacies and the Position of President-Elect

18980: 18843: 15478: 15443: 15328: 15262:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 – 1875" 14986: 13696:

in 1812, 1814, 1853, 1875, and 1885 respectively, and the resignation of the vice presidency by

12588:

electors and those of two congressional districts, while Barack Obama won the electoral vote of

3569:

Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised, although it has occurred a few times.

23668: 23187: 23112: 23059: 23010: 22834: 21527: 21254: 21101: 20818:, the electoral college is a relic of a past the United States should have abandoned long ago." 20810: 17238: 16585: 16558: 13646:

had formally succeeded to the Presidency or whether he was an acting president. Tyler took the

13639: 13590: 13422: 13416: 13200:

The closest the United States has come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the

13185: 12827: 12422:

Excluding South Carolina, legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832:

4079: 3985: 3826: 3743: 3450: 3412: 3372:

have laws against faithless electors, which were first enforced after the 2016 election, where

2936: 2526: 2445: 1880: 1820: 1688: 1250: 859: 824: 729: 704: 205: 197: 20826:"The Creaky Old System: Is the real threat to American democracy one of its own institutions?" 19362: 17419: 17016: 15384: 15371: 15202: 14657: 14112: 13898: 13883: 3717:

If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes, then the

3455: 3279:), each state's electors must complete six certificates of vote. Each Certificate of Vote (or 23875: 23254: 23222: 23053: 22882: 22829: 21376: 21189: 20912: 20696: 19384: 19025: 18945: 17629: 17251: 16337: 15871: 15857: 15385:

Darrel Nash, A Perspective on How Our Government Was Built And Some Needed Changes (2018),111

15341: 13267: 12503: 12378: 12357: 12337: 3950: 3934:

by train, but were prevented because the plotters were arrested before the attempt was made.

3514:, the newly elected joint Congress declares the winner of the election; all elections before 3442: 3130: 2616:

Jackson benefited materially from the Three-fifths clause by providing his margin of victory.

1855: 1827:), but chosen by each state "in such manner as its Legislature may direct". Committee member 1479:, including senators and representatives, cannot be electors. Of the current 538 electors, a 844: 794: 749: 739: 724: 714: 699: 679: 654: 644: 634: 491: 18890: 18421: 17941: 16699:

The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic, 1787–1804

14509:"Puerto Rico: At the center of a political storm, but can its residents vote for president?" 14320: 146: 24020: 23575: 23289: 23284: 23239: 23212: 23162: 22907: 20873: 20702: 20250: 20222: 17570: 17326: 17266:

Supreme Court Clarifies Rules for Electoral College: States May Restrict Faithless Electors

17265: 14433:

The Indispensable Electoral College: How the Founders' Plan Saves Our Country from Mob Rule

13493: 13148: 13144: 13005:

with slaves, what mattered was how many women lived in a state, not how many were empowered

12564:

Of the 44 multi-district states whose 517 electoral votes are amenable to the method, only

12403: 12328: 12130: 10927: 6074: 3973: 3718: 3369: 3334: 3246:

and the Congress has constitutional authority to regulate the procedures the states follow.

3121: 2944: 2358:

detailed how badly from the framers' intention the Electoral Process had been "subverted":

2272: 2232:

and nationally coordinated election campaigns soon complicated matters in the elections of

2109: 1884: 1653:

for their candidate; both certificates are then sent to Congress to be opened and counted.

1631: 1492: 1452: 1444: 1367: 864: 839: 744: 684: 659: 629: 619: 289: 52: 20365: 19567: 19378:"Every Vote Equal: A State-Based Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote" 17243: 15710: 15243: 14728: 14636: 14602: 14568: 13086: 12974:

methods such as imposing reading tests, poll taxes, registration requirements, or legally

10859: 2678:, presidential candidate in 1800. He hailed from South Carolina and was a slaveholder. In 2537: 1498:

The states and the District of Columbia hold a statewide or district-wide popular vote on

8: 24003: 23792: 23520: 23384: 23172: 23117: 23020: 22877: 22452: 22376: 22371: 22361: 22286: 20815: 20751: 20721: 18874: 15174: 15079: 14181: 13693: 13348: 12941: 12937: 12842: 12672: 12668: 12659: 3981: 3894:

had to arrive in Washington, D.C. in disguise and on an altered train schedule after the

3671: 3467: 2864:

Electors are selected state-by-state, as determined by the laws of each state. Since the

2816: 2778: 2747: 1696: 1649:, and those appointed electors then meet in their respective jurisdictions and produce a 1588: 1484: 799: 754: 694: 669: 624: 20877: 19457: 18075: 17042:"The 1876 election was the most divisive in U.S. history. Here's how Congress responded" 16744: 16264: 15692:

Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress (2002), Stanford University Press

15231: 15021: 14919: 14260: 14234: 13602:

Arizona, Idaho, Louisiana, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee

12456:

legislatively appointed its electors, having been readmitted too late to hold elections.

2596:

The three-fifths slave-count rule is associated with three or four outcomes, 1792–1860:

23705: 23689: 23550: 23364: 23339: 23324: 23234: 23202: 23192: 23152: 23142: 21615: 21599: 21475: 21275: 21239: 20896: 20859: 20509: 20492: 19522: 16366: 15667: 14000: 13389: 13326: 12945: 12776: 12679: 12488: 10317: 3578: 3445: 3260:

with the name of a candidate for president. Ballot formats vary between the states: in

3090: 2417: 2157: 1894: 1845:

obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections.

1716: 1677: 1515: 994: 829: 709: 674: 117: 17977: 17604: 14918:(205, at 208). Cambridge, MA: President and Fellows of Harvard College. Archived from 14342: 14163: 13426:, in which the Supreme Court upheld the power of states to enforce electors' pledges. 12755:

List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote

12381: 12360: 4442:

Alaska, Delaware, District of Columbia*, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, Wyoming

3701:

The House of Representatives has been required to choose the president only twice: in

3431:

has consistently ruled that state restrictions are allowed under the Constitution. In

2271:

Having already lost the presidential contest, Federalist Party representatives in the

1611:, Harrison became one of the five presidents elected without winning the popular vote. 213: 24025: 23771: 23756: 23736: 23610: 23485: 23464: 23436: 23040: 22867: 22386: 22381: 22291: 21331: 20957: 20922: 20901: 20837: 20829: 20801: 20789: 20781: 20706: 20477: 20246:"Why Democrats Want to Abolish the Electoral College—and Republicans Want to Keep It" 19904: 19769: 19547: 19245: 19238: 19035: 18898: 18734: 18573: 18130: 17965: 17917: 17893: 17869: 17699: 17549: 17522: 17495: 17470: 17460: 17434: 17416:"The Museum Exhibit Galleries, Gallery 5: The Logical Candidate, The President-Elect" 17388: 17361: 17336: 17020: 16702: 16341: 16278:"How is the president elected? Here is a basic guide to the electoral college system" 15906: 15829: 15782: 15760: 15742: 15724: 15693: 15628: 15607: 15590: 15573: 15154: 14947: 14795: 14766: 14548: 14437: 14296:"S.4573 - Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act of 2022" 14143: 14118: 13749: 13393: 13291: 13082: 12971: 12853: 12816: 12724: 12683: 12525: 12340: 3763: 3614:. The election had been controversial, and its outcome was decided by the court case 3358: 3133: 3057: 3030: 3026: 2897: 2893: 2849: 2687: 2655: 2433: 2329: 2311: 2222: 2194: 2142: 2130: 2118: 2104:

Election expert, William C. Kimberling, reflected on the original intent as follows:

2097: 1913: 1898: 1868: 1828: 1604: 1547: 1523: 1503: 1004: 874: 834: 789: 689: 591: 486: 31: 22516: 19599:"Guam Legislature Moves General Election Presidential Vote to the September Primary" 15217: 14842: 14815: 4467:

the same number of electors as the least populous state. This has always been three.

2662:

of Massachusetts, who called a national popular vote "radically vicious". Delegates

23647: 23394: 23269: 23197: 23182: 22917: 22862: 22824: 22457: 22437: 21569: 21539: 21457: 21106: 21091: 20891: 20881: 20692: 20218:"Rep. Steve Cohen introduces constitutional amendment to abolish Electoral College" 19855: 19514: 19326: 18891:"Representation in Congressional Efforts to Amend the Presidential Election System" 18122: 17769:"Presidents, Vice Presidents, and Death: Closing the Constitution's Succession Gap" 17518:

The Fine Art of Executive Protection: Handbook for the Executive Protection Officer

17418:. West Branch, Iowa: Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from 17182: 17159:

Longley, Lawrence D.; Peirce, Neal R. (1999). "The Electoral College Primer 2000".

16675: 15146: 15120: 15045: 13832: 13577: 13364: 13057: 12975: 12849: 12838: 12805: 12463:

used legislative choice due to a lack of time and money to hold a popular election.

12295:

Before the advent of the "short ballot" in the early 20th century (as described in

12196: 10993: 8630: 5742: 4075: 3958: 3946: 3390: 3095: 2978: 2955: 2861: 2714: 2675: 2663: 2253: 2241: 2148:

Randall Calvert, the Eagleton Professor of Public Affairs and Political Science at

1925: 1917: 1720: 1673: 1657: 1472: 596: 19667:"Puerto Rico and Other Territories Vote in Primaries, But Not in General Election" 17358:

Lincoln President-elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter, 1860-1861

16159: 15891:, National Archives, The Center for Legislative Archives, viewed January 27, 2019. 15848:, online February 9, 2019. See Article I, Section 9, and in Article IV, Section 2. 15304:"Founders Online: Draft of a Resolution for the Legislature of New York for the …" 12363: (2000), a Florida Supreme Court decision was vacated (not reversed) based on 2892:

list the names of the presidential and vice presidential candidates (who run on a

23932: 23880: 23761: 23720: 23631: 23555: 23459: 23441: 23177: 23147: 23005: 21244: 21219: 20471: 18950: 17330: 17010: 16389:"Planning to write in Paul Ryan or Bernie Sanders? It won't count in most states" 16331: 15192:

Arthur Schlesinger, Not the People's Choice, The American Prospect, March 6, 2002

15191: 14993: 14785: 14431: 13942: 13851: 13697: 13685: 13479: 13397: 13336: 13213: 12983: 12871: 12831: 12682:; that the system is antithetical to a democracy that strives for a standard of " 12435: 4158: 4142: 4098: 4090: 3977: 3919: 3891: 3747: 3420: 3288: 3237:

The Electoral College never meets as one body. Electors meet in their respective

2640: 2624: 2229: 2218: 2177:, there were six states in which electors were still legislatively appointed. By 1733: 1423:

is the group of presidential electors that is formed every four years during the

1379: 999: 481: 464: 454: 397: 333: 260: 20798:

Let the People Pick the President: The Case for Abolishing the Electoral College

20679:(Report). United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. August 18, 2020 20660:(Report). United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. October 8, 2019 18065:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc. pp. 254–56. 17721:"4 dead after US Capitol breached by pro-Trump mob during 'failed insurrection'" 3248:

The meeting is opened by the election certification official—often that state's

2888:, Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1992. In most states, the popular vote 23870: 23849: 23833: 23797: 23741: 23710: 23525: 21481: 21447: 21401: 20440: 19802: 16966: 16080: 15458:"Founders Online: Draft of a Resolution for the Legislature of New York for the 14978: 13847: 13681: 13673: 13459: 13299: 13283: 13263: 13224: 13217: 13116: 13045: 12903: 12898: 12864: 12820: 12627: 12492: 12411: 12398: 12397:, a quarter of state legislatures (6 of 24) chose electors. (In that election, 12312: 12223: 12201: 11020: 10998: 9517: 8749: 3915: 3899: 3879: 3843: 3607: 3589: 3382: 3265: 3049: 2683: 2659: 2473: 2182: 1660:

of the statewide popular vote receives all of that state's electoral votes. In

1298: 1225: 20641:(Report). United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. July 25, 2019 19503:"The Illegitimate President: Minority Vote Dilution and the Electoral College" 18126: 16869:"Supreme Court rules 'faithless electors' can't go rogue at Electoral College" 16778: 16498: 15889:

Tally of Electoral Votes for the 1800 Presidential Election, February 11, 1801

13728:

for direct election versus 40% for the electoral college choosing a president.

12299:) the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the 4175:

Electoral votes (EV) allocations for the 2024 and 2028 presidential elections.

3820:. While recognizing that the question had not been presented in the case, the 3489: 3377:

because the nominee had died – 63 Democratic Party electors in

3276: 3224: 2735: 2636:

agrees the Constitution's Three-Fifths Compromise gave protection to slavery.

1949: 24066: 23975: 23896: 23854: 23823: 23751: 23673: 23545: 23515: 23431: 23334: 23045: 23000: 22296: 22263: 22243: 21589: 21584: 21512: 21280: 20948: 20851: 20821: 18946:"These 3 Common Arguments For Preserving the Electoral College Are All Wrong" 18134: 15650: 14898: 13451: 13405: 13209: 13159:

in presidential elections by not permitting members of Congress or any other

12996: 12545: 12427: 12184: 12169: 10981: 10966: 10417: 8281: 7378: 3923: 3789: 3525:

is charged with administering the Electoral College. The meeting is held at 1

3116: 2667: 2413: 2398: 1860: 1807: 1467:(representatives and 2 senators) totaling 535 electors in the 50 states. The 380: 322: 300: 249: 218: 20886: 19700: 19458:"How Jim Crow-Era Laws Suppressed the African American Vote for Generations" 19331: 19198:"The electoral college badly distorts the vote. And it's going to get worse" 18870:"Majority of Americans continue to favor moving away from Electoral College" 18262:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc. p. 254. 18221:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc. p. 266. 18095:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc. p. 255. 17474: 14375:"The Electoral College: How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections" 13340:, criticizing the president for proposing the end of the Electoral College. 12572:(5 EV) apply it. Maine began using the congressional district method in the 4141:

calling for revisions to the Presidential Succession Act of 1886, President

3205:(using a format in which Harris's name is checked on the pre-printed card). 21549: 21290: 21224: 20905: 19292: 19265: 18443: 17456:

The Five Weeks of Giuseppe Zangara : The Man Who Would Assassinate FDR

16612: 14483:"Millions of Americans can't vote for president because of where they live" 14374: 14114:

An Introduction to World Politics: Conflict and Consensus on a Small Planet

13709:

California, Illinois, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia

13689: 13311: 13275: 13149:

executive branch that was effectively independent of the legislative branch

13133: 13028:

Voting rights in the United States § Overseas and nonresident citizens

12875: 12610: 12529: 12369: 12216: 12211: 11013: 11008: 9646: 9399: 9282: 8867: 4029: 3997: 3964:(who was also a passenger in the car) and wounded 5 bystanders. During the 3961: 3658: 3616: 3433: 3053: 3002: 2998: 2986: 2608: 2355: 2276:

conclusive election.). On the 36th ballot, Delaware's lone Representative,

2100:

with assumed placements toward each office of president and vice president.

1937: 1891:. Meanwhile, the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes. 1815:

then made a motion for electors for the purpose of choosing the president.

1584: 476: 459: 447: 311: 238: 92: 20510:

Presidential Succession: Perspectives and Contemporary Issues for Congress

19901:

Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point

19871: 19643: 18738: 16665: 16613:"U.S.C. § 7 : US Code – Section 7: Meeting and vote of electors" 14545:

Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point

14516: 14140:

Tyranny of the Minority: Why American Democracy Reached the Breaking Point

13966: 2868:, the majority of states have chosen their presidential electors based on 23927: 23807: 22447: 18671: 18310:"Republicans in Virginia, other states seeking electoral college changes" 17454: 16417: 13033: 12987: 12893: 12695: 12174: 12120: 10971: 10917: 7715: 5611: 4122: 2943:

based on their respective populations, determined every ten years by the

2604: 1680:, most states have adopted various laws to enforce the electors' pledge. 469: 20435: 19270:"One Man, 3.312 Votes: A Mathematical Analysis of the Electoral College" 19108:"Electoral College Mischief, The Wall Street Journal, September 8, 2004" 16253:

Table 1. Apportionment Population and Number of Representatives by State

15682:, held at the U.S. National Archives, viewed online on February 5, 2019. 13473: 12731: 3900:

secessionist plot to assassinate Lincoln would be attempted in Baltimore

3203:

A closeup of the 2020 Georgia Electoral College ballot for Kamala Harris

3029:

of prospective electors developed early. In contemporary practice, each

2796:

Article II, Section 1, Clause 2, disqualifies all elected and appointed

1711:, ratified in 1961, providing that the district established pursuant to 1374: 23652: 20850:, vol. 311, no. 7 (October 5/12, 2020), pp. 42–44. Kazin writes: " 20846: 20773: 19543:

The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico: The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal

19174: 17545:

Brothers in Arms: The Kennedys, the Castros, and the Politics of Murder

17090:"The House just rejected an objection to Pennsylvania's electoral vote" 16473: 15065: 14903:"Updating the Electoral College: The National Popular Vote Legislation" 14770: 13643: 13447: 13279: 13247: 13189: 13065: 12907: 12809: 12799:

Elections where the popular vote and electoral college results differed

12715: 12597: 12533: 12487:

Another method used early in U.S. history was to divide the state into

12189: 10986: 8528: 8407: 5402: 4067:

If a vacancy on a presidential ticket occurs before Election Day—as in

3911: 3490:

A joint session of Congress confirms the 2020 electoral college results

3365: 3261: 2966: 2827: 2633: 2260: 2245: 1929: 1871:, Madison argued that the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of 1623: 1440: 71: 48: 43: 19737: 19526: 19502: 18233:"Legislative Action?, The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, November 30, 2000" 16502: 15627:

Presidential Elections 1789–1996. Congressional Quarterly, Inc. 1997,

15589:

Presidential Elections 1789–1996. Congressional Quarterly, Inc. 1997,

15572:

Presidential Elections 1789–1996. Congressional Quarterly, Inc. 1997,

15497:"Founders Online: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hay, 17 August 1823" 13052:, do not have a vote in presidential elections. Only U.S. states (per 12548:

or incentivizes candidates, to visit and appeal to some states deemed

3953:

by gunshot while Roosevelt was giving an impromptu speech in a car in

3577:, all votes from Louisiana and Tennessee were rejected because of the 2643:, the president who helped abolish slavery, won a College majority in 2583:

While House members for Southern states were boosted by an average of

2466:

by district have included ten states from all regions of the country.

23560: 19151:

Pearson, Christopher; Richie, Rob; Johnson, Adam (November 3, 2005).

16304:. Cleveland Plain Dealer (reprint at Edison Research). Archived from 16282: 13271: 12619: 12549: 12476: 12228: 12152: 11025: 10949: 10879: 10530: 9744: 7609: 7005: 4154: 4047:

Ratified in 1933, Section 3 of the 20th Amendment requires that if a

3639: 3423:, for vice president, with Johnson being elected on the first ballot. 363: 84: 19768:(First U.S. ed.). Walker Publishing Company. pp. 151–164. 18572:

Congressional Quarterly Books, "Presidential Elections: 1789–1996",

17295: 14456: 13355:

election despite Jimmy Carter's nationwide 1.7 million-vote margin.

12775:

produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive at least a

4473:

Maine's four electors and Nebraska's five are distributed using the

1965: 1774:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 21594: 21544: 21185:

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

20524: 20368:

Congressional Research Service pp. 21–22, viewed November 23, 2014.

19696: 19518: 17983: 17971: 17947: 17923: 17899: 17875: 17719:

Winsor, Morgan; Pereira, Ivan; Mansell, William (January 7, 2021).

17440: 16724:"Electors seldom go rogue in casting a state's votes for president" 16670: 15479:"Founders Online: From James Madison to George Hay, 23 August 1823" 14954:

2008. From the Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved 22 Jan 2022.

12902:

These maps show the amount of attention given to each state by the

12569: 12460: 12407: 12304: 12238: 12179: 12162: 12147: 12135: 12125: 11035: 10976: 10959: 10944: 10932: 10922: 10192: 9081: 8063: 7834: 7497: 7251: 6887: 6417: 5843: 5511: 5284: 4489:

Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections

4036:

did not declare Biden the winner until November 23. The subsequent

3330: 3104: 3045: 3041: 2994: 2982: 2881: 2338: 1952:, in the section heading and in the text as "college of electors". 1902: 1665: 1511: 20163:"Carter Proposes End Of Electoral College In Presidential Votes", 20026:"A Survey Finds 30 Legislatures Favor Direct Vote For President". 17623:

Piazza, Jo; Meek, James Gordon; Kennedy, Helen (August 27, 2008).

16799:

Chernow, Ron. Alexander Hamilton. New York: Penguin, 2004. p. 514.

14868:

The Federalist Papers: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay

3712: 3472:

Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act

1656:

In 48 of the 50 states, state laws mandate that the winner of the

23595: 23025: 20921:, second ed., New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 2011, 18286: 16617: 16590: 16563: 15804:"Opinion | The Electoral College Was Not a Pro-Slavery Ploy" 13384:

Constitutionality of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact

13295: 12860: 12459:

Finally, in 1876, the legislature of the newly admitted state of

12453: 12320: 12233: 12142: 12115: 11030: 10939: 10912: 10642: 10072: 7949: 6530: 5966: 5188: 4971: 3611: 3342: 3338: 3326: 3010: 3006: 2989:(19). The District of Columbia and the six least populous states— 2974: 2959: 1837: 1691:, where they are tabulated in the first week of January before a 20543: 20060:"Bayh Calls for Nixon's Support As Senate Gets Electoral Plan". 19621:"In Guam, 'Non-Binding Straw Poll' Gives Obama A Commanding Win" 17307: 16838:"Q&A: Electors almost always follow the vote in their state" 15374:. Boston Book Company. January 1, 1820 – via Google Books. 15342:

James A. Michener, Presidential Lottery (Random House, 2014), 74

14837: 14835: 14833: 14784:

Patrick, John J.; Pious, Richard M.; Ritchie, Donald A. (2001).

14692:"The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 by James Madison" 13996:"The Electoral College Is Hated by Many. So Why Does It Endure?" 12576:. Nebraska has used the congressional district method since the 10863: 2405:

on the ballot. Instead, citizens voted for their local elector.

21604: 20568:

Report on the Electoral Count Act of 1887: Proposals for Reform

18186:"Our Electoral College system is weird – and not in a good way" 13119:(1830s), many states appointed their electors by a vote of the 12467:

Legislative appointment was brandished as a possibility in the

12446: 10902:

Methods of presidential elector selection, by state, 1789–1832

9176: 8173: 6774: 6195: 5084: 2990: 2889: 2294: 2268:

pursuant to the Constitution's contingency election provision.

20653: 20634: 20566: 16642:. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from 15711:

Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860

15440:"Founders Online: James Madison to George Hay, 23 August 1823" 14845:

The Avalon Project, Yale Law School. viewed November 10, 2016.

14670:"James Wilson, popular sovereignty, and the Electoral College" 14384:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. p. 13 14178:"The Electoral College: A 2020 Presidential Election Timeline" 10890:

one electoral vote, 5 states gained one, and Texas gained two.

4078:

died less than a week before the election and was replaced by

2502: 1863:

explained his views on the selection of the president and the

1475:

three electors, bringing the total number of electors to 538.

20672: 20526:

Preserving Our Institutions: The Continuity of the Presidency

17625:"Feds: Trio of would-be Obama assassins not much of "threat"" 16811:"The one election where Faithless Electors made a difference" 14830: 14111:

Collin, Richard Oliver; Martin, Pamela L. (January 1, 2012).

13676:

in 1841 and 1850 respectively, the deaths of vice presidents

13455: 13156: 12565: 12157: 10954: 9863: 7136: 6297: 3954: 3931: 3927: 3100: 2970: 2877: 2713:

On May 8, 1866, during a debate on the Fourteenth Amendment,

2437: 2248:

won the presidential election. Finishing in second place was

2213:

George Washington's Farewell Address § Political parties

1661: 1507: 20622:(Report). United States Department of Justice. June 19, 2020 20603:(Report). United States Department of Justice. June 19, 2020 19789: 19310:

Gelman, Andrew; Katz, Jonathan; Tuerlinckx, Francis (2002).

19158:. FairVote – The Center for Voting and Democracy. p. 7. 18714:"Pennsylvania Ponders Bold Democrat-Screwing Electoral Plan" 18457:"Gaming the Electoral College: Alternate Allocation Methods" 17335:. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 273–279. 16984:"EXPLAINER: How Congress will count Electoral College votes" 14343:"Vision 2020: What happens if the US election is contested?" 13967:"Electoral College Reform: Contemporary Issues for Congress" 13404:

of the Constitution, which gives each state legislature the

13234:

On April 29, 1969, the House Judiciary Committee voted 28 to

13021: 12961: 12603: 3676: 2474:

Correlation between popular vote and electoral college votes

1693:

joint meeting of the Senate and the House of Representatives

113:

for some of their allocated electors, instead of a complete

20860:"Electoral College bias and the 2020 presidential election" 20720:

Rybicki, Elizabeth; Whitaker, L. Paige (December 8, 2020).

19798:"Why the National Popular Vote Compact is Unconstitutional" 19588:

1681–1713, 1697–1713 (April 2002) (316 Footnotes Omitted)).

19477:"The Electoral College magnifies the power of white voters" 19475:

Gelman, Andrew; Kremp, Pierre-Antoine (November 22, 2016).

19240:

The Democratic Debate: An Introduction to American Politics

19236:

Miroff, Bruce; Seidelman, Raymond; Swanstrom, Todd (2001).

18368:"Pennsylvania looks to alter state's electoral vote system" 18044:"Winners and losers from first release of 2020 census data" 16219:

The number of electors allocated to each state is based on

16206:

The present allotment of electors by state is shown in the

15360:. U.S. Government Printing Office – via Google Books. 14967:, National Archives, Founders Online, viewed March 2, 2019. 13371: 13115:

For many years early in the nation's history, up until the

13049: 12316: 12206: 11003: 10894: 9973: 8965: 6656: 3796:

United States presidential assassination attempts and plots

3731:

academics and journalists have speculated to the contrary.

3081: 1288: 20473:

Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution

18731:

GOP Pennsylvania electoral vote plan might be out of steam

16895:"Opinion analysis: Court upholds 'faithless elector' laws" 16817:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center 16299:"Brown learns he can't serve as Kerry elector, steps down" 16223:

of the Constitution, subject to being reduced pursuant to

15212: 15210: 14323:(Report). Congressional Research Service. December 8, 2020 12343: (1892), the Court cited Article II, Section 1, Clause 3790:

Continuity of government and peaceful transitions of power

2686:, a slaveholder from Tennessee, was similarly defeated by 19057:"Your candidate got more of the popular vote? Irrelevant" 18308:

Henderson, Nia-Malika; Haines, Errin (January 25, 2013).

17811: 17809: 17738: 17736: 17574: 14462:"Presidential Electors for D.C. – Twenty-third Amendment" 13432: 3800:

United States federal government continuity of operations

3734:

The only time the Senate chose the vice president was in

2495:. A case has also been made that it happened in 1960. In 2200: 2071:

receiving the second most votes becoming vice president.

1293: 21645: 21158:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

20531:(Report). Continuity of Government Commission. June 2009 19981:"Direct Election of President Is Gaining in the House". 19830: 19235: 18113:

Kolodny, Robin (1996). "The Several Elections of 1824".

17989: 17905: 17845: 17821: 17748: 17601: 17219: 14729:"Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787: September 6" 14637:"Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787: September 4" 12910:

campaigns (combined) during the final five weeks of the

4093:

withdrew his nomination less than three weeks after the

3537:

has chaired the proceedings. The vice president and the

3186:

A 2020 Pennsylvania elector holds a ballot for Joe Biden

19899:

Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2023). "Chapter 7".

18918:

Ziblatt, Daniel; Levitsky, Steven (September 5, 2023).

18753:"Bill to change Michigan's electoral vote gets hearing" 18695:"Pennsylvania Republicans Weigh Electoral Vote Changes" 17459:. Chicago: Academy Chicago Publishers. pp. 19–20. 17285: 17283: 15434: 15432: 15207: 14543:

Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2023). "Chapter 5".

13776:"Why the Electoral College has long been controversial" 4111:

Presidential Succession Clause of Article II, Section I

3738:. In that instance, the Senate adopted an alphabetical 3727:

the senators must be present for voting to take place.

3564: 3271:

Under the Electoral Count Act (updated and codified in

20987: 18895:

Electoral College Reform: Challenges and Possibilities

18023:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau. April 26, 2021 18001: 17953: 17857: 17833: 17806: 17794: 17733: 17384:

The Life of Herbert Hoover: Fighting Quaker, 1928-1933

15153:(1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. 620. 13443:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

12991:

Northern dominance within the federation by using the

4169: 22546: 20858:

Erikson, Robert S.; Sigman, Karl; Yao, Linan (2020).

20575:

United States House Committee on House Administration

19426: 19001:. Fact Tank: news in the numbers. Pew Research Center 18779:"The Ramifications of Changing the Electoral College" 18552:"Michigan split its electoral votes in 1892 election" 15903:

The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery

14881:"U. S. Electoral College: Frequently Asked Questions" 13642:

as president caused debate in Congress about whether

13544:

Voter turnout in United States presidential elections

13173:

Efforts to reform the United States Electoral College

2804:

is charged with administering the Electoral College.

1603:

The New York electoral college delegation voting for

20043:"Senate Unit Asks Popular Election of the President" 19870:

Neale, Thomas H.; Nolan, Andrew (October 28, 2019).

19309: 19170:"It's Time to End the Electoral College: Here's how" 19150: 18668:"Fail: Sen. McCoy's Partisan Electoral College Bill" 18645:"Bill targets Neb. ability to split electoral votes" 17929: 17881: 17718: 17280: 16404: 16402: 16329: 15429: 13469: 4181:

indicate gains or losses following the 2020 census.

1683:

The electors of each state meet in their respective

22325:

elections in which the winner lost the popular vote

21163:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

20615: 20596: 20319: 20159: 20157: 19996:"House Approves Direct Election of The President". 17268:(Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 3 16947:

Constitution of the United States: Amendments 11–27

16518:"Electoral College Instructions to State Officials" 15872:"The Troubling Reason the Electoral College Exists" 15356:Senate, United States Congress (November 3, 1961). 14783: 14603:"Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787: June 2" 14569:"Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787: May 29" 13994:Mahler, Jonathan; Eder, Steve (November 10, 2016). 13195: 12387: 4032:false insistence that he had won the election, the 2217:The framers of the Constitution did not anticipate 23970:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 19923:For a more detailed account of this proposal read 19344: 19342: 19237: 19225:. November 2, 2008 – via The New York Times. 18618:"Republicans Push to Change Electoral Vote System" 18273: 18271: 18269: 17603: 16123:"How the Electoral College Became Winner-Take-All" 15846:Constitution of the United States: A Transcription 15400:"How the Electoral College Became Winner-Take-All" 14763:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 14436:. Washington, D.C.: Regenary Gateway. p. 26. 13972:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 13718:Colorado, Florida, Montana, North Carolina, Oregon 13274:of North Carolina, along with Republican senators 12367:. On the other hand, three dissenting justices in 10867:Note: In 1788, 1792, 1796, and 1800, each elector 4474: 4402:Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Mississippi, Nevada, Utah 4000:was targeted in separate security incidents by an 3052:, electors are nominated in party conventions. In 2885: 2831:After the popular election in November, a state's 2376: 1819:been resolved in lengthy debates resulting in the 1519: 110: 20011:"Nixon Comes Out For Direct Vote On Presidency". 19223:"Op-Chart: How Much Is Your Vote Worth? Op-Chart" 19083:"Why the popular vote is a meaningless statistic" 19020: 19018: 19016: 18260:Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections 18219:Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections 18093:Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections 18063:Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections 17679:Herb, Kristen Holmes,Jeremy (November 23, 2020). 17622: 17175:"Election evolves into 'perfect' electoral storm" 17008: 16542:District of Columbia Certificate of Ascertainment 16399: 16003:"The Deadline That Could Hand Trump the Election" 14672:. National Constitution Center. November 28, 2016 13507:List of U.S. states and territories by population 13212:receiving 301 electoral votes (56% of electors), 4496:Number of presidential electors by state and year 3188:(Biden's name is handwritten on the blank line). 2389:the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. 1532:inaugurations of the president and vice president 544:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review 27:Electors of the U.S. president and vice president 24064: 21124:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division 20857: 20736: 20154: 20082:"Senate Refuses To Halt Debate On Direct Voting" 19927:by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun (1972). 19568:"Puerto Rico and a Constitutional Right to vote" 19312:"The Mathematics and Statistics of Voting Power" 18977:"Problems with the Electoral College – Fairvote" 17387:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 44–45. 17313: 17301: 15926:Guelzo, Adam; Hulme, James (November 15, 2016). 14787:The Oxford Guide to the United States Government 14290: 14288: 14286: 14180:. Congressional Research Service. Archived from 13938:"One Person One Vote? Depends on Where You Live" 12719:This graphic demonstrates how the winner of the 12498: 3818:transitions between presidential administrations 3623:Objections were raised in the vote count of the 3374:ten electors voted or attempted to vote contrary 20865:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 20719: 20075: 20073: 20071: 19941:, National Archives and Records Administration. 19898: 19404:Amar, Akhil; Amar, Vikram (September 9, 2004). 19339: 18992: 18990: 18917: 18327: 18307: 18266: 17782:. University of Arkansas School of Law: 215–221 17602:Jeff Zeleny; Jim Rutenberg (December 5, 2009). 17065:"11 times electoral vote count was interrupted" 16950:, National Archives and Records Administration. 16510: 15394: 15392: 14624:Matt Riffe, "James Wilson," Constitution Center 14542: 14162:Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, 14137: 13846: 13802:"Mitch McConnell Defends the Electoral College" 13166: 12927: 12710: 12511:using one of the Congressional district methods 4020:during the election were prevented. During the 3713:Contingent vice presidential election by Senate 3225:2020 California State Electoral College meeting 2452: 2129:In support for his view, Justice Jackson cited 2096:Candidates would not pair together on the same 67:; every jurisdiction is entitled to at least 3. 47:Electoral votes, out of 538, allocated to each 23981:Bibliography of the United States Constitution 19406:"The Electoral College Votes Against Equality" 19013: 18589: 17653:"Feds thwart alleged Obama assassination plot" 16802: 16640:"U.S. Electoral College – For State Officials" 16523:. National Archives and Records Administration 15779:Negro President: Jefferson and the Slave Power 13903: 13511:Lists of United States presidential electors ( 13358: 13076: 12887: 3705:under Article II, Section 1, Clause 3; and in 3602:During the vote count in 2001 after the close 3492:, YouTube video. Global News. January 6, 2021. 3411:, Virginia's 23 electors, who were pledged to 3345:are placed in the other box. Before 1950, the 2307:regarding who is best suited to be president. 1447:(2) plus its number of Representatives in the 24083:History of voting rights in the United States 22532: 21631: 21438:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era 20973: 19851:"Why Do We Still Have the Electoral College?" 19054: 18013: 17158: 16469:"Split Electoral Votes in Maine and Nebraska" 16296: 15545:"United States presidential election of 1789" 15515:"1788 Election For the First Term, 1789–1793" 15325:"James Madison to George Hay, 23 August 1823" 15244:"Chiafalo v. Washington, 591 U.S. ___ (2020)" 14405:"Essays on Article II: Presidential Electors" 14368: 14366: 14364: 14283: 13828:"Why Do We Still Have the Electoral College?" 13094: 12727:system similar to the U.S. Electoral College. 3385:died; and eight Republican Party electors in 2628:election in the first round ." Following the 1400: 20953:National Archives and Records Administration 20918:Why the Electoral College is Bad for America 20068: 19690: 19244:(Third ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 19031:Why the Electoral College is Bad for America 18987: 18615: 18158:. Princeton University Press. Archived from 18108: 18106: 18104: 18102: 17704:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 17589:"Dirty Bomb parts found in Slain man's home" 17487: 16448:National Archives and Records Administration 16156:"The Electoral College – Maine and Nebraska" 16150: 16148: 16101:National Archives and Records Administration 15975:The Fourteenth Amendment from America Book 9 15389: 14110: 14027:"It's Time to Abolish the Electoral College" 10250: 10245: 9904: 9899: 9576: 8795: 7761: 7756: 6121: 6002: 5322: 5012: 4464: 3774:until the House selects a president. Section 3461: 2295:Evolution from unpledged to pledged electors 21535:Democratic backsliding in the United States 21173:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act 20834:Why Do We Still Have the Electoral College? 20786:Why Do We Still Have the Electoral College? 19848: 19474: 19024: 18920:"How American Democracy Fell So Far Behind" 18863: 18861: 18693:Seelye, Katharine Q. (September 19, 2011). 18487:"Methods of Choosing Presidential Electors" 18390:" viewed November 22, 2014. (archived from 18212: 18210: 18208: 18206: 17541: 15925: 15781:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 1–3. 14169: 13856:"How American Democracy Fell So Far Behind" 13825: 13502:Democratic backsliding in the United States 10566: 10450: 10122: 9445: 9210: 8454: 8337: 8206: 7643: 7535: 7308: 7181: 7048: 6807: 6692: 5896: 5737: 5670: 5437: 4341:Arizona, Indiana, Massachusetts, Tennessee 3653:, and the proceeding was interrupted by an 2503:Three-fifths clause and the role of slavery 22539: 22525: 21638: 21624: 20980: 20966: 19869: 19724: 19644:"Nominating, but not voting for president" 19427:Katrina vanden Heuvel (November 7, 2012). 19290: 18770: 17488:Oliver, Willard; Marion, Nancy E. (2010). 16958: 16956: 16001:Dovere, Edward-Isaac (September 9, 2020). 15949: 15947: 15945: 15943: 15941: 15039:VanFossen, Phillip J. (November 4, 2020). 15008:Essays in Elections: The Electoral College 14476: 14474: 14361: 14138:Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2023). 14047:"Should We Abolish the Electoral College?" 13993: 12452:In 1868, the newly reconstructed state of 12350:Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board 4082:at the Electoral College meetings, and in 3851:had carried the popular vote in 6 states ( 2536:. Please do not remove this message until 1407: 1393: 20944:National Conference of State Legislatures 20895: 20885: 19565: 19539: 19330: 18611: 18609: 18407:Cato Institute, viewed November 22, 2014. 18099: 17514: 17508: 17380: 17039: 16666:"Congress meets to count electoral votes" 16186:National Conference of State Legislatures 16145: 15905:. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 16. 15647:"Presidents Winning Without Popular Vote" 15319: 15317: 15298: 15296: 15277: 15275: 15038: 14858:changed this to the top three candidates, 13935: 13022:Americans in U.S. territories cannot vote 12962:Obscures disenfranchisement within states 12604:Recent abandoned adoption in other states 4355:Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin 3677:Contingent presidential election by House 2923:United States congressional apportionment 2872:results in the statewide popular vote on 2705:requires a state's representation in the 2556:Learn how and when to remove this message 2167: 2050:Learn how and when to remove this message 1790:Learn how and when to remove this message 1459:using legal procedures determined by its 24073:1789 establishments in the United States 24037:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution 22340:electoral vote changes between elections 20724:(Report). Congressional Research Service 20691: 20512:(Report). Congressional Research Service 20495:(Report). Congressional Research Service 19951:"Text of Proposed Amendment on Voting". 19925:The Politics of Electoral College Reform 19836: 19795: 19664: 19429:"It's Time to End the Electoral College" 19420: 19403: 19399: 19397: 18996: 18974: 18858: 18801: 18776: 18543: 18520: 18507: 18418:"The Electoral College – Reform Options" 18203: 17995: 17984:Continuity of Government Commission 2009 17972:Continuity of Government Commission 2009 17948:Continuity of Government Commission 2009 17924:Continuity of Government Commission 2009 17900:Continuity of Government Commission 2009 17876:Continuity of Government Commission 2009 17851: 17827: 17754: 17644: 17481: 17441:Continuity of Government Commission 2009 17225: 16866: 15521:. U.S. National Archives. Archived from 15351: 15349: 14942: 14940: 14790:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 14716:Records of the Federal Convention, p. 57 14658:The Making of the Presidential Candidate 14458:United States Government Printing Office 14203: 14201: 14199: 14077:"The Case Against the Electoral College" 14070: 14068: 14041: 14039: 14020: 14018: 13989: 13987: 13931: 13929: 13378:National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 13372:National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 13098: 12897: 12730: 12714: 12653: 12649: 12509:2020 United States presidential election 12502: 10895:Alternative methods of choosing electors 10873: 3415:, voted instead for former U.S. senator 3158: 3119:to decide how electors are appointed in 2926: 2826: 2751: 2532:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1811:could violate the separation of powers. 1598: 70: 42: 21180:National Voter Registration Act of 1993 21136:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 20315: 20313: 20286: 19849:Bolotnikova, Marina N. (July 6, 2020). 19720: 19718: 19500: 19351:"Thinking About Political Polarization" 19264: 19122: 18636: 18592:"Obama wins electoral vote in Nebraska" 18527:Skelley, Geoffrey (November 20, 2014). 18526: 18405:Should we reform the Electoral College? 18365: 18177: 18112: 17374: 16953: 16768: 16721: 16416:. Takoma Park, Maryland. Archived from 16046: 16044: 16042: 15938: 15801: 15568: 15566: 14760: 14480: 14471: 14396: 14156: 13826:Bolotnikova, Marina N. (July 6, 2020). 12516:plurality of the popular votes of each 3914:anarchist group plotted to assassinate 3518:were determined by the outgoing House. 3302:Two are sent by registered mail to the 2697: 1883:would have two houses: the state-based 1427:for the sole purpose of voting for the 539:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court 529:Multidistrict Litigation Judicial Panel 128:This article is part of a series on the 30:For electoral colleges in general, see 14: 24065: 21417:United States Virgin Islands residents 20507: 20490: 20469: 20430: 20428: 20301: 20243: 20215: 20079: 20040: 19761: 19348: 19195: 19191: 19189: 19187: 19185: 19080: 18937: 18807: 18744: 18711: 18692: 18606: 18366:McNulty, Timothy (December 23, 2012). 18141: 18007: 17959: 17935: 17911: 17887: 17863: 17839: 17815: 17800: 17742: 17568: 17452: 17355: 17325: 17289: 17263: 16918: 16835: 16808: 16722:Johnson, Linda S. (November 2, 2020). 16696: 16114: 16000: 15953: 15863: 15355: 15314: 15293: 15272: 14409:The Heritage Guide to The Constitution 14315: 14313: 13946:. Madison, Wisconsin: Progressive, Inc 13909: 13894: 13879: 13773: 13433:Litigation based on the 14th amendment 13408:to determine how it chooses electors. 13103:Half the U.S. population lives in 143 12482: 12296: 10864:Psephos (Adam Carr's Election Archive) 4482: 3753: 3316:One is sent to the chief judge of the 2758:January 6 United States Capitol attack 2741: 2318:view of how electors would be chosen: 2207:Political parties in the United States 2201:The emergence of parties and campaigns 1986:Please improve this section by adding 1520:one elector per congressional district 22520: 21619: 20961: 20377: 20271: 20080:Weaver, Warren (September 18, 1970). 19966:"House Unit Votes To Drop Electors". 19641: 19394: 19132:. RealClearPolitics. October 22, 2012 18943: 18868:Kiley, Jocelyn (September 25, 2024). 18867: 18665: 18642: 18257: 18216: 18183: 18090: 18060: 17535: 17360:. Simon & Schuster. p. 378. 15928:"In Defense of the Electoral College" 15900: 15776: 15612:, No. 19-1297 (4th Cir., 2020), p. 5" 15346: 15145: 15041:"Who invented the Electoral College?" 14948:"The Federalist Papers : No. 68" 14937: 14897: 14538: 14536: 14534: 14372: 14196: 14176:Neale, Thomas H. (January 17, 2021). 14175: 14106: 14104: 14074: 14065: 14036: 14015: 13984: 13964: 13926: 13912:"In Defense of the Electoral College" 13462:, though all have been unsuccessful. 13179:Electoral College abolition amendment 12590:Nebraska's 2nd congressional district 4502: 4088:Democratic nominee for Vice President 4073:Republican nominee for Vice President 3630:Eleven objections were raised during 3352: 3031:presidential-vice presidential ticket 2703:Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment 1526:with the highest statewide vote. The 899:Elections in the District of Columbia 24016:Constitution Day and Citizenship Day 21647:United States presidential elections 21010:House Electors Qualifications Clause 20800:, St Martin's Press, 2020, 304 pp., 20738:"Third Session of the 42nd Congress" 20491:Neale, Thomas H. (October 9, 2020). 20404: 20320:Susan Sun Numamaker (July 9, 2020). 20310: 20129:"Senate Puts Off Direct Vote Plan". 19842: 19715: 19375: 18888: 18810:"The GOP's Electoral College Scheme" 18777:Jacobson, Louis (January 31, 2013). 18751:Gray, Kathleen (November 14, 2014). 18750: 18712:Weigel, David (September 13, 2011). 18549: 17766: 17678: 17650: 17605:"Threats Against Obama Spiked Early" 17542:Russo, Gus; Molton, Stephen (2010). 17062: 16971:Counting electoral votes in Congress 16919:Guzmán, Natasha (October 22, 2016). 16892: 16120: 16039: 15956:"Blog: Cherry Picking James Madison" 15869: 15645:Gore, D'Angelo (December 23, 2016). 15644: 15563: 15179:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C 14506: 14429: 14024: 13965:Neale, Thomas H. (October 6, 2017). 13936:Lounsbury, Jud (November 17, 2016). 13141:Willamette University College of Law 13109:3,143 counties or county equivalents 12830:won with 63.5% of the popular vote; 12819:won with 30.9% of the popular vote; 12808:won with 61.4% of the popular vote; 12748: 12745:choices by, presidential campaigns. 12637: 3657:by supporters of outgoing President 3565:Historical objections and rejections 3063: 2506: 1959: 1739: 1451:, the latter being dependent on the 1269:United States and the United Nations 501:Inferior Courts of the United States 99:) of the total 538 electoral votes. 24004:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom 23531:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights 22259:South Carolina presidential primary 20425: 20176:"Carter v. The Electoral College", 20099:"Senate Debating Direct Election". 19903:(First ed.). New York: Crown. 19725:Kimberling, William C. (May 1992). 19546:, University of Puerto Rico Press, 19182: 18997:Daniller, Andrew (March 13, 2020). 18944:Speel, Robert (November 15, 2016). 18911: 18590:Tysver, Robynn (November 7, 2008). 18508:Schwartz, Maralee (April 7, 1991). 18021:"2020 Census Apportionment Results" 17181:. December 12, 2000. Archived from 17040:Blakemore, Erin (January 5, 2021). 16809:Bomboy, Scott (December 19, 2016). 16050: 15139: 14983:Draft of a Constitutional Amendment 14765:. The Norton Library. p. 294. 14481:Murriel, Maria (November 1, 2016). 14402: 14310: 14142:(First ed.). New York: Crown. 14131: 14075:Tropp, Rachel (February 21, 2017). 13668:in 1865 and 1881 respectively, the 12580:. Michigan used the system for the 4170:Current electoral vote distribution 4161:in part because all members of the 4151:Continuity of Government Commission 4147:Presidential Succession Act of 1947 4132:Presidential Succession Act of 1886 4119:Presidential Succession Act of 1792 4038:attack on the United States Capitol 4014:2008 Democratic National Convention 3918:while Hoover was traveling through 3896:Pinkerton National Detective Agency 3780:Presidential Succession Act of 1947 3762:in time for the inauguration (noon 3297:vice president of the United States 2822: 2117:According to Supreme Court justice 1455:'s reported population. Each state 1437:Article II of the U.S. Constitution 373:Vice President of the United States 24: 23095:Drafting and ratification timeline 22840:District of Columbia Voting Rights 22335:Electoral College results by state 22249:New Hampshire presidential primary 21407:Northern Mariana Islands residents 20989:Voting rights in the United States 20767: 20508:Neale, Thomas H. (July 14, 2020). 20386:from the original on July 17, 2020 20244:Morton, Victor (January 3, 2019). 20216:Morton, Victor (January 3, 2019). 20180:, March 24, 1977, Section 3, p. 2. 19691:Jerry Fresia (February 28, 2006). 19665:Helgesen, Elise (March 19, 2012). 19601:. Ballot-Access.org. July 10, 2008 19196:Collin, Katy (November 17, 2016). 18808:Wilson, Reid (December 17, 2012). 18446:, p. 15, viewed November 22, 2014. 17264:Shelly, Jacob D. (July 10, 2020). 17015:. Wm. S. Hein Publishing. p. 16836:Barrow, Bill (November 19, 2016). 16297:Sabrina Eaton (October 29, 2004). 15954:Benner, Dave (November 15, 2016). 14531: 14101: 13819: 13774:Karimi, Faith (October 10, 2020). 13411:Some scholars have suggested that 13305: 13032:Roughly four million Americans in 4040:on January 6 caused delays in the 4028:, as a result of former president 3824:stated in the majority opinion in 3021:The custom of allowing recognized 2901: 2738:) implements Section 2's mandate. 2150:Washington University in St. Louis 1928:) combined with the principles of 1491:to elect the president and by the 1439:. The number of electoral votes a 437:Supreme Court of the United States 145: 36:Electoral college (disambiguation) 34:. For other uses and regions, see 25: 24099: 22548:Constitution of the United States 22472:Vice presidential confirmations: 21168:Federal Voting Assistance Program 20933: 20552:U.S. Government Publishing Office 20041:Weaver, Warren (April 24, 1970). 19985:. September 12, 1969. p. 12. 18616:Molai, Nabil (October 28, 2008). 18340:. Dos.state.pa.us. Archived from 17254:___, slip op. at 16–17 (2020) 15870:Amar, Akhil (November 10, 2016). 15858:First Census of the United States 15026:LII / Legal Information Institute 14373:Neale, Thomas H. (May 15, 2017). 14235:"Distribution of Electoral Votes" 13840: 13754:LII / Legal Information Institute 13662:assassinations of Abraham Lincoln 13564:constitutional convention of 1787 12952: 12559: 3988:to a mental hospital. During the 3980:while Kennedy was vacationing in 3878:However, Greeley's running mate, 3389:, when vice presidential nominee 2314:Alexander Hamilton described the 1999:"United States Electoral College" 1634:). The same clause empowers each 167:Constitution of the United States 22951:Convention to propose amendments 21575:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S. 21492:Women's poll tax repeal movement 20398: 20371: 20358: 20341: 20295: 20287:Merkley, Jeff (March 28, 2019). 20280: 20272:Cohen, Steve (January 3, 2019). 20265: 20237: 20209: 20183: 20170: 20150:The American Presidency Project. 20137: 20133:. September 30, 1970. p. 1. 20122: 20107: 20103:. September 9, 1970. p. 10. 20092: 20053: 20034: 20019: 20004: 20000:. September 19, 1969. p. 1. 19989: 19974: 19959: 19944: 19930: 19917: 19892: 19863: 19818:from the original on May 6, 2021 19755: 19727:"Opinion: The Electoral College" 19684: 19658: 19635: 19613: 19591: 19580:(excerpted from: José D. Román, 19559: 19533: 19494: 19468: 19450: 19376:Koza, John; et al. (2006). 19369: 19303: 19284: 19258: 19229: 19215: 19162: 19144: 19130:"Did JFK Lose the Popular Vote?" 19100: 19074: 19048: 18968: 18882: 18832: 18724: 18705: 18686: 18659: 18583: 18566: 18550:Egan, Paul (November 21, 2014). 18529:"What Goes Around Comes Around?" 18501: 18479: 18449: 18442:Congressional Research Services 18436: 18410: 18397: 18380: 18359: 18301: 18251: 18225: 18184:Black, Eric (October 14, 2012). 18084: 18069: 18054: 18036: 17760: 17712: 17672: 17616: 17595: 17581: 17569:Greene, Bob (October 24, 2010). 17562: 17446: 17408: 17349: 17319: 17257: 17231: 17197: 17167: 17152: 17136:. Ncseonline.org. Archived from 17126: 17108: 17082: 17056: 17033: 17002: 16976: 16938: 16912: 16886: 16860: 16829: 16793: 16769:Penrose, Drew (March 19, 2020). 16762: 16737: 16715: 16690: 16658: 16632: 16605: 16578: 16551: 16535: 16488: 16461: 16432: 16381: 16354: 16336:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 16323: 16290: 16270: 16258: 16246: 16234: 16213: 16200: 16174: 16093:"What is the Electoral College?" 16085: 16070: 16025:"U.S.C. Title 3 - THE PRESIDENT" 16017: 15994: 15984: 15968: 15919: 15894: 15882: 15851: 15839: 15821: 15795: 15770: 15175:"Today in History – February 17" 14209:"What is the Electoral College?" 13799: 13721: 13712: 13703: 13654: 13632: 13618: 13605: 13596: 13486: 13472: 13196:1969–1970: Bayh–Celler amendment 13111:(2019 American Community Survey) 12874:(D) received 48.2% of the vote, 12863:(D) received 48.4% of the vote, 12852:(D) received 48.6% of the vote, 12841:(D) received 50.9% of the vote, 12826:1836 (only for vice president): 12388:Appointment by state legislature 10860:Presidential Elections 1789–2000 3898:found evidence that suggested a 3665: 3484: 3219: 3197: 3180: 2916: 2511: 2062: 1964: 1760:. Too reliant on primary sources 1744: 1373: 1361: 612:Elections by State and Territory 217: 212: 24088:United States Electoral College 21119:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 21037:Privileges or Immunities Clause 20302:Schatz, Brian (April 2, 2019). 20145:Jimmy Carter Letter to Congress 19349:Nivola, Pietro (January 2005). 19299:. University of North Carolina. 19291:Livingston, Mark (April 2003). 18670:. Bold Nebraska. Archived from 18643:Ortiz, Jean (January 7, 2010). 18285:. March 9, 2005. Archived from 18283:Franklin & Marshall College 17651:Date, Jack (October 27, 2008). 16867:Williams, Pete (July 6, 2020). 16265:Distribution of Electoral Votes 16221:Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 15802:Wilentz, Sean (April 4, 2019). 15752: 15734: 15716: 15703: 15685: 15673: 15657: 15638: 15621: 15600: 15583: 15537: 15507: 15489: 15471: 15450: 15418: 15378: 15364: 15335: 15254: 15236: 15224: 15196: 15185: 15167: 15113: 15095: 15084: 15073: 15053: 15032: 15014: 14999: 14970: 14957: 14891: 14873: 14870:The New American Library, 1961. 14861: 14848: 14808: 14777: 14754: 14743: 14721: 14709: 14684: 14662: 14651: 14629: 14617: 14595: 14583: 14561: 14500: 14450: 14423: 14335: 14253: 14227: 13958: 13910:Guelzo, Allen (April 2, 2018). 13583: 13570: 13413:Article I, Section 10, Clause 3 13402:Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 13054:Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 12701: 4163:presidential line of succession 4034:General Services Administration 4018:assassination plot in Tennessee 3069:Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 2884:are exceptions as both use the 2768:Article II, Section 1, Clause 3 2764:Article II, Section 1, Clause 4 2382:Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 2377:Evolution to the general ticket 2354:In 1833, Supreme Court Justice 2068:Article II, Section 1, Clause 3 1713:Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 1616:Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 1495:to elect the vice president. 1274:United Nations Security Council 1177:District of Columbia Government 96: 88: 23566:Separation of church and state 22282:List of nominating conventions 21397:District of Columbia residents 21327:Multiple non-transferable vote 21250:Voter registration in the U.S. 21195:Election Assistance Commission 21015:Congressional Elections Clause 20463: 20378:Fadem, Barry (July 14, 2020). 20064:. August 15, 1970. p. 11. 19938:1968 Electoral College Results 19879:Congressional Research Service 19383:. p. xvii. Archived from 19297:Department of Computer Science 18666:Kleeb, Jane (March 10, 2011). 18420:. Fairvote.org. Archived from 18079:, (Justice Stevens dissenting) 17571:"The man who did not kill JFK" 16745:"Faithless Elector State Laws" 16051:Zak, Dan (November 16, 2016). 15327:. May 25, 2017. Archived from 14911:Harvard Journal on Legislation 14261:"Faithless Elector State Laws" 13888: 13873: 13793: 13767: 13742: 13576:Writing in the policy journal 13556: 13227:(D–New York), chairman of the 12634:, have floated similar ideas. 12536:each would have received one. 4095:Democratic National Convention 4062:Congressional Research Service 3523:Office of the Federal Register 3502:mandates Congress assemble in 3304:Archivist of the United States 3295:(who usually is the incumbent 3080:, any person who has sworn an 3016: 2802:Office of the Federal Register 1717:seat of the federal government 1471:from 1961 granted the federal 1435:. The process is described in 390:United States Attorney General 356:President of the United States 13: 1: 23070:Virginia Ratifying Convention 21580:National Voting Rights Museum 21190:Help America Vote Act of 2002 20118:United States Senate website. 20030:. October 8, 1969. p. 1. 20015:. October 1, 1969. p. 1. 19955:. April 30, 1969. p. 21. 18620:. KPTM Fox 42. Archived from 18115:Congress & the Presidency 17548:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 16330:Darrell J. Kozlowski (2010). 16229:2 of the Fourteenth Amendment 14843:The Federalist Papers: No. 68 14507:King, Ledyard (May 7, 2019). 13735: 13415:of the Constitution requires 13310:On March 22, 1977, President 12522:U.S. House Of Representatives 12499:Congressional district method 4520: 4501: 4475:Congressional district method 4428:New Hampshire, Rhode Island, 4103:Democratic National Committee 3810:peaceful transitions of power 3709:under the Twelfth Amendment. 3078:3 of the Fourteenth Amendment 2886:congressional district method 2777:In 1887, Congress passed the 1988:secondary or tertiary sources 1726: 1527: 534:Alien Terrorist Removal Court 24031:National Constitution Center 23829:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer 23128:Assemble and Petition Clause 22367:Certificate of ascertainment 22254:Nevada presidential caucuses 21443:Timeline of women's suffrage 20754:: 334–346. February 12, 1873 20743:United States Senate Journal 20405:Litt, David (July 7, 2020). 20167:, March 23, 1977, pp. 1, 18. 19970:. April 30, 1969. p. 1. 19877:(Report). Washington, D.C.: 19796:Williams, Norman R. (2012). 19501:Hoffman, Matthew M. (1996). 18897:. Routledge. pp. 5–18. 18258:Moore, John L., ed. (1985). 18217:Moore, John L., ed. (1985). 18091:Moore, John L., ed. (1985). 18081:(quote in second paragraph). 18061:Moore, John L., ed. (1985). 15680:U.S. Constitution Transcript 15664:Apportionment by State (PDF) 15080:Time Magazine, Nov. 17, 2016 14117:. Rowman & Littlefield. 13437:It has been argued that the 13167:Efforts to abolish or reform 13161:officer of the United States 13087:Causes of a two-party system 13071:party presidential primaries 12928:Not all votes count the same 12711:Difference with popular vote 10869:cast two votes for president 4137:In a special message to the 4010:assassination plot in Denver 3610:of Texas and Vice President 3381:, when presidential nominee 3337:) are placed in one box and 3318:United States district court 3254:certificate of ascertainment 3252:or equivalent—who reads the 2833:Certificate of Ascertainment 2453:Evolution of selection plans 2384:of the Constitution states: 2185:had not transitioned. Since 1646:Certificate of Ascertainment 1594: 524:Court of International Trade 7: 23902:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 22956:State ratifying conventions 22893:Equal Opportunity to Govern 22888:Electoral College abolition 22815:Congressional Apportionment 22413:Historical election polling 21497:History of direct democracy 21487:Selma to Montgomery marches 21230:Initiatives and referendums 19765:A More Perfect Constitution 19734:Federal Election Commission 19642:Curry, Tom (May 28, 2008). 19540:Torruella, Juan R. (1985), 18388:A more perfect Constitution 16208:Electoral vote distribution 15828:Stanford University Press, 15723:Stanford University Press, 15232:Ray v. Blair, dissent, 1952 13672:William Henry Harrison and 13465: 13359:Recent proposals to abolish 13129:A More Perfect Constitution 13077:Disadvantages third parties 12888:Favors largest swing states 4446: 4435: 4417: 4406: 4395: 4384: 4370: 4359: 4345: 4334: 4323: 4312: 4301: 4288: 4274: 4261: 4245: 4232: 4219: 4206: 4193: 4139:80th United States Congress 4128:49th United States Congress 4042:counting of electoral votes 3722:written in such a way that 3429:United States Supreme Court 3154: 3013:—have three electors each. 2911: 2846:Federal Election Commission 2672:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 2538:conditions to do so are met 2348:according to their own will 2250:Democratic-Republican Party 2076:Framers of the Constitution 1770:the claims made and adding 1563:being elected president in 10: 24104: 22443:Red states and blue states 21317:First-past-the-post voting 21087:U.S. Department of Justice 20836:, Harvard, 2020, 544 pp., 20788:, Harvard, 2020, 544 pp., 19812:J. Reuben Clark Law School 19153:"Who Picks the President?" 18842:. FairVote. Archived from 17205:"Senate Journal from 1837" 17009:David A. McKnight (1878). 16893:Howe, Amy (July 6, 2020). 16701:. Greenwood. p. 168. 16158:. FairVote. Archived from 15741:Stanford University Press 13381: 13375: 13176: 13170: 13095:Federalism and state power 13080: 13025: 12891: 12752: 12582:1892 presidential election 4513: 4510: 4486: 4115:2nd United States Congress 4026:2020 presidential election 3994:2008 presidential election 3970:1960 presidential election 3943:1932 presidential election 3908:1928 presidential election 3888:1860 presidential election 3832:1872 presidential election 3793: 3669: 3655:attack on the U.S. Capitol 3604:2000 presidential election 3465: 3356: 3311:state's secretary of state 3089:states support voting for 2920: 2839: 2787:1876 presidential election 2745: 2210: 2204: 2162:U.S. News and World Report 1955: 1620:United States Constitution 1419:In the United States, the 77:2020 presidential election 29: 23989: 23961: 23941: 23920: 23889: 23863: 23842: 23816: 23780: 23729: 23698: 23682: 23661: 23640: 23619: 23603: 23594: 23473: 23355:Privileges and Immunities 23168:Congressional enforcement 23103: 23090:Rhode Island ratification 22981:Articles of Confederation 22968: 22946: 22923:Parental Rights amendment 22848: 22805: 22730: 22702: 22681: 22618: 22614: 22605: 22554: 22491: 22400: 22345:electoral vote recipients 22330:Electoral College margins 22305: 22272: 22234: 21966: 21653: 21505: 21453:Woman Suffrage Procession 21425: 21344: 21309: 21263: 21212: 21205: 21141:Voting Rights Act of 1965 21077: 20995: 20382:. Brookings Institution. 19586:Fordham Urban Law Journal 18279:"Fiddling with the Rules" 18235:. Pbs.org. Archived from 18127:10.1080/07343469609507834 17767:Amar, Akhil Reed (1995). 16697:Kuroda, Tadahisa (1994). 14411:. The Heritage Foundation 14025:West, Darrell M. (2020). 13229:House Judiciary Committee 13188:and three fourths of the 13105:urban / suburban 12630:, and Wisconsin Governor 12507:Projected results of the 10851: 10845: 4885: 4879: 4516: 4507: 3949:attempted to assassinate 3766:on January 20), then the 3483: 3478: 3462:Joint session of Congress 3320:where those electors met. 3218: 3213: 3196: 3179: 3174: 3169: 2809:joint session of Congress 2800:from being electors. The 2630:1790 United States census 2578:Constitutional Convention 1887:and the population-based 1804:Constitutional Convention 1539:Constitutional Convention 1522:and two electors for the 1463:, equal in number to its 1443:has equals its number of 965:List of political parties 23586:Unitary executive theory 23360:Privileges or Immunities 23075:New York Circular Letter 23065:Massachusetts Compromise 21392:American Samoa residents 21131:Civil Rights Act of 1960 21114:Civil Rights Act of 1957 20470:Beeman, Richard (2010). 20366:Electoral College Reform 20354:. National Popular Vote. 19623:. NPR. November 12, 2012 18510:"Nebraska's Vote Change" 17950:, pp. 32–33, 64–65. 17521:. Universal-Publishers. 17381:Jeansonne, Glen (2012). 16586:"Twenty-third Amendment" 15230:Justice Robert Jackson, 14082:Harvard Political Review 13549: 13539:Trump fake electors plot 13368:of votes to be elected. 13253:On October 8, 1969, the 13038:Northern Mariana Islands 12789:House of Representatives 4424:Hawaii, Idaho, Maine**, 4366:Alabama, South Carolina 3836:Liberal Republican Party 3814:continuity of government 3687:House of Representatives 3595:After the crises of the 3590:a candidate who had died 2707:House of Representatives 2266:House of Representatives 2156:and practices at risk." 1922:representative democracy 1889:House of Representatives 1672:. The federal district, 1628:House of Representatives 1489:House of Representatives 1465:congressional delegation 1449:House of Representatives 1368:United States portal 880:Northern Mariana Islands 228:House of Representatives 23506:Dormant Commerce Clause 23350:Presidential succession 23085:Fayetteville Convention 23080:Hillsborough Convention 23016:Three-fifths Compromise 22996:Philadelphia Convention 22986:Mount Vernon Conference 22873:Campaign finance reform 22506:Gubernatorial elections 21097:Enforcement Act of 1870 21032:Equal Protection Clause 20887:10.1073/pnas.2013581117 19087:The Washington Examiner 18893:. In Bugh, Gary (ed.). 18554:. Lansing State Journal 18531:. Sabato's Crystal Ball 18373:Pittsburgh Post Gazette 17453:Picchi, Blaise (1998). 17356:Holzer, Harold (2008). 16267:U.S. National Archives. 16182:"The Electoral College" 15549:Encyclopedia Britannica 15519:U. S. Electoral College 15425:If He Wins, May 5, 2024 15287:press-pubs.uchicago.edu 15107:press-pubs.uchicago.edu 15005:William C. Kimberling, 14761:Madison, James (1966). 14382:CRS Report for Congress 13806:The Heritage Foundation 13439:Equal Protection Clause 13363:Since January 3, 2019, 12993:Three-Fifths Compromise 12596:by Democratic Governor 12309:winner-takes-all voting 4413:Nebraska**, New Mexico 4022:presidential transition 3990:presidential transition 3976:plotted to assassinate 3966:presidential transition 3939:presidential transition 3904:presidential transition 3884:presidential transition 3293:President of the Senate 3281:Certificate of the Vote 3109:congressional districts 2813:president of the Senate 2141:Philip J. VanFossen of 1825:Three-Fifths Compromise 1670:congressional districts 1561:nationwide popular vote 1534:take place in January. 1097:Individualist anarchism 269:Congressional districts 23669:William Samuel Johnson 23541:Nondelegation doctrine 23113:Admission to the Union 23060:Anti-Federalist Papers 23011:Connecticut Compromise 22350:popular votes received 22274:Nominating conventions 22236:Primaries and caucuses 21102:Second Enforcement Act 20811:London Review of Books 20577:. 2022. Archived from 19762:Sabato, Larry (2007). 19570:. University of Dayton 19355:Brookings Policy Brief 19026:Edwards III, George C. 18889:Bugh, Gary E. (2016). 17515:Hunsicker, A. (2007). 17239:Chiafalo v. Washington 16444:U.S. Electoral College 16410:"Maine & Nebraska" 16097:U.S. Electoral College 13640:William Henry Harrison 13638:In 1841, the death of 13591:Chiafalo v. Washington 13423:Chiafalo v. Washington 13400:. The compact applies 13392:will, acting together 13321: 13163:to serve as electors. 13112: 13062:Twenty-third Amendment 13011: 12915: 12737: 12728: 12663: 12518:congressional district 12512: 10891: 4461:Twenty-third Amendment 4391:Connecticut, Oklahoma 4080:Nicholas Murray Butler 3827:Chiafalo v. Washington 3451:Chiafalo v. Washington 3413:Richard Mentor Johnson 3164: 2952:Twenty-third Amendment 2937:United States Congress 2932: 2836: 2760: 2728: 2571:three-fifths of slaves 2430: 2391: 2374: 2365: 2352: 2325: 2168:Breakdown and revision 2139: 2127: 2115: 1975:relies excessively on 1847: 1821:Connecticut Compromise 1709:Twenty-third Amendment 1612: 1607:for president. In the 1528:electors meet and vote 1477:Federal office holders 1469:Twenty-third Amendment 1234:Diplomatic missions of 1112:Political polarization 582:Presidential elections 206:United States Congress 150: 121: 68: 63:and 2028 based on the 57:presidential elections 18:Electoral college vote 23876:Richard Dobbs Spaight 23345:Presidential Electors 23320:Original Jurisdiction 23260:Full Faith and Credit 23133:Assistance of Counsel 23054:The Federalist Papers 22883:Crittenden Compromise 21555:Elections in the U.S. 21412:Puerto Rico residents 21151:covered jurisdictions 20949:The Electoral College 20940:The Electoral College 20913:George C. Edwards III 20778:"The Corrupt Bargain" 20698:The Federalist Papers 20349:"Text of the compact" 19390:on November 13, 2006. 19361:(139). Archived from 19332:10.1214/ss/1049993201 19293:"Banzhaf Power Index" 18733:(November 21, 2011). 18489:. Uselectionatlas.org 17327:Donald, David Herbert 17161:Yale University Press 16504:The Electoral College 15777:Wills, Garry (2005). 15709:Leonard L. Richards, 15501:founders.archives.gov 15483:founders.archives.gov 15465:founders.archives.gov 15308:founders.archives.gov 15220:. The Avalon Project. 14992:May 25, 2017, at the 14963:Hamilton, Alexander. 14946:Hamilton, Alexander. 14887:. September 19, 2019. 14750:National Park Service 13854:(September 5, 2023). 13316: 13268:John Little McClellan 13208:election resulted in 13102: 13002: 12901: 12734: 12723:can still lose in an 12718: 12657: 12650:Impacts and reception 12506: 12278:egislative selection 10877: 4377:Kentucky, Louisiana, 3957:, but instead killed 3951:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3670:Further information: 3162: 2930: 2921:Further information: 2902:contingency procedure 2830: 2755: 2723: 2674:, a member of Adams' 2426: 2386: 2369: 2360: 2343: 2320: 2135: 2123: 2106: 1912:Additionally, in the 1903:republican government 1856:The Federalist Papers 1842: 1602: 1530:in December, and the 1425:presidential election 309:President Pro Tempore 149: 74: 46: 24045:A More Perfect Union 24021:Constitution Gardens 23942:Convention Secretary 23604:Convention President 23576:Symmetric federalism 23571:Separation of powers 23305:Necessary and Proper 23300:Natural-born citizen 23245:Freedom of the Press 23183:Copyright and Patent 23173:Contingent Elections 22991:Annapolis Convention 22433:Presidential debates 22355:popular-vote margins 22016:District of Columbia 20796:; and Jesse Wegman, 20251:The Washington Times 20223:The Washington Times 19507:The Yale Law Journal 19274:Villanova Law Review 19110:. Opinionjournal.com 18846:on February 21, 2015 18789:on November 29, 2014 18594:. Omaha World Herald 18424:on February 21, 2015 18289:on September 3, 2006 17591:. February 10, 2009. 17314:Senate Journal 42(3) 17302:Senate Journal 42(3) 17163:. New Haven, CT: 13. 16848:on November 20, 2016 16771:"Faithless Electors" 16446:. Washington, D.C.: 16440:"About the Electors" 16099:. Washington, D.C.: 15901:Foner, Eric (2010). 15551:. September 19, 2013 14987:Madison to Hay, 1823 14697:. Ashland University 14349:. September 16, 2020 13670:deaths of Presidents 13494:United States portal 13153:foreign interference 13145:Confederation period 12684:one person, one vote 12669:one person, one vote 12613:won Pennsylvania in 12404:Jacksonian democracy 12329:McPherson v. Blacker 4097:and was replaced by 4057:vice president-elect 3974:Richard Paul Pavlick 3784:Speaker of the House 3768:vice president-elect 3539:speaker of the House 3370:District of Columbia 3335:District of Columbia 3309:Two are sent to the 3231:. December 14, 2020. 3209:. December 18, 2020. 3192:. December 14, 2020. 3122:McPherson v. Blacker 2945:United States census 2717:, the leader of the 2698:Fourteenth amendment 2287:. Starting with the 2110:College of Cardinals 1548:one person, one vote 1506:. All states except 1473:District of Columbia 1238:in the United States 978:Political ideologies 602:Presidential primary 53:District of Columbia 24052:Worldwide influence 23793:Gunning Bedford Jr. 23521:Executive privilege 23501:Criminal sentencing 23424:Title of Nobility ( 23415:Taxing and Spending 23315:Oath or Affirmation 23275:House Apportionment 23138:Case or Controversy 23021:Committee of Detail 22913:"Liberty" amendment 22878:Christian amendment 22453:Tipping-point state 22423:Major party tickets 22377:Contingent election 22372:Certificate of vote 22362:Electoral Count Act 22287:Brokered convention 20878:2020PNAS..11727940E 20752:Library of Congress 20554:. December 22, 2022 19743:on January 12, 2001 19365:on August 20, 2008. 19319:Statistical Science 19178:. November 7, 2012. 19061:The Washington Post 19055:Jonathan H. Adler. 18983:on August 14, 2016. 18875:Pew Research Center 18514:The Washington Post 18467:on January 16, 2022 18239:on January 24, 2001 18165:on December 2, 2014 17776:Arkansas Law Review 17630:New York Daily News 17304:, pp. 334–337. 17052:on January 6, 2021. 17046:National Geographic 16990:. December 15, 2020 16842:The Washington Post 16781:on February 9, 2021 16646:on October 25, 2012 16559:"Twelfth Amendment" 16395:. November 3, 2015. 16393:The Washington Post 16286:. October 25, 2016. 16188:. November 11, 2020 16162:on October 12, 2011 15961:Abbeville Institute 15932:The Washington Post 15218:"Federalist No. 68" 15121:"Electoral College" 14952:The Avalon Project, 14816:"The Federalist 39" 14547:. New York: Crown. 14430:Ross, Tara (2017). 14215:. December 23, 2019 14184:on November 9, 2020 13694:Thomas A. Hendricks 13349:Jonathan B. Bingham 13042:U.S. Virgin Islands 12942:Banzhaf power index 12938:John F. Banzhaf III 12673:executive president 12660:Pew Research Center 12644:proportional system 12489:electoral districts 12483:Electoral districts 10903: 4499: 4483:Chronological table 4182: 4177:Triangular markers 3982:Palm Beach, Florida 3754:Deadlocked election 3672:Contingent election 3512:Twentieth Amendment 3468:Electoral Count Act 3091:write-in candidates 2904:established by the 2817:contingent election 2779:Electoral Count Act 2748:Electoral Count Act 2742:Meeting of electors 2603:In 1800, historian 2525:of this section is 1697:contingent election 1651:Certificate of Vote 1589:executive president 1552:smaller populations 1485:contingent election 1380:Politics portal 1215:Department of State 890:U.S. Virgin Islands 87:received 306 ( 24078:Electoral colleges 23706:William Livingston 23690:Alexander Hamilton 23496:Criminal procedure 23491:Constitutional law 23426:Foreign Emoluments 23390:State of the Union 23375:Self-Incrimination 23365:Recess appointment 23158:Compulsory Process 22820:Titles of Nobility 22428:Major party losers 21968:Elections by state 21600:Voter registration 21476:Give Us the Ballot 21372:Transgender people 21276:Grandfather clause 21240:Provisional ballot 20195:The New York Times 20165:The New York Times 20131:The New York Times 20101:The New York Times 20086:The New York Times 20062:The New York Times 20047:The New York Times 20028:The New York Times 20013:The New York Times 19998:The New York Times 19983:The New York Times 19968:The New York Times 19953:The New York Times 19703:on January 9, 2009 19416:on April 15, 2010. 18820:on January 8, 2013 18783:Governing Magazine 18757:Detroit Free Press 18699:The New York Times 18647:. Associated Press 18314:washingtonpost.com 17986:, pp. 39, 47. 17610:The New York Times 17122:. January 7, 2020. 17063:Williams, Brenna. 16815:Constitution Daily 16367:electoral-vote.com 15808:The New York Times 14403:Elhauge, Einer R. 14298:. October 18, 2022 14001:The New York Times 13914:. National Affairs 13345:The New York Times 13327:The New York Times 13113: 12995:. They noted that 12916: 12878:(R) received 46.1% 12867:(R) received 47.9% 12856:(R) received 47.8% 12845:(R) received 47.9% 12779:of the nationwide 12738: 12729: 12680:faithless electors 12664: 12513: 10901: 10892: 4493: 4174: 4002:assassination plot 3822:U.S. Supreme Court 3744:Richard M. Johnson 3579:American Civil War 3353:Faithless electors 3347:Secretary of State 3250:secretary of state 3165: 3145:National Archivist 3058:faithless electors 2933: 2848:, the people only 2837: 2783:Title 3, Chapter 1 2781:, now codified in 2761: 2418:Alexander Hamilton 2397:. For example, in 2158:Robert Schlesinger 1895:Alexander Hamilton 1755:possibly contains 1678:faithless electors 1613: 1516:party block voting 1504:faithless electors 1222:Secretary of State 592:Off-year elections 574:National Elections 281:Non-voting members 159:Federal government 151: 122: 118:party block voting 105:(upper-right) and 69: 24060: 24059: 24026:Constitution Week 24011:Independence Mall 23999:National Archives 23957: 23956: 23772:Gouverneur Morris 23757:Thomas Fitzsimons 23737:Benjamin Franklin 23611:George Washington 23511:Enumerated powers 23486:Concurrent powers 23481:Balance of powers 23310:No Religious Test 23250:Freedom of Speech 23041:Independence Hall 22964: 22963: 22868:Bricker amendment 22801: 22800: 22514: 22513: 22387:Unpledged elector 22382:Faithless elector 22307:Electoral College 22292:Convention bounce 21654:Elections by year 21613: 21612: 21560:Electoral College 21382:African Americans 21340: 21339: 21332:One man, one vote 21301:Voter suppression 20872:(45): 27940–944. 20830:Alexander Keyssar 20782:Alexander Keyssar 20693:Rossiter, Clinton 20364:Neale, Thomas H. 19910:978-0-593-44307-1 19775:978-0-8027-1621-7 19410:Los Angeles Times 19041:978-0-300-16649-1 18904:978-1-317-14527-1 18737:. (archived from 18735:York Daily Record 18578:978-1-5680-2065-5 18444:Electoral College 18403:Levy, Robert A., 18335:"Election Reform" 18050:. April 26, 2021. 17974:, pp. 45–49. 17926:, pp. 26–30. 17914:, pp. 25–26. 17902:, pp. 66–67. 17878:, pp. 25–26. 17555:978-1-60819-247-2 17443:, pp. 31–32. 17394:978-1-137-34673-5 17367:978-0-7432-8947-4 17342:978-0-684-82535-9 17096:. January 6, 2021 17026:978-0-8377-2446-1 16708:978-0-313-29151-7 16678:. January 9, 2009 16420:on August 2, 2018 16347:978-1-60413-218-2 16255:U.S. 2020 Census. 16243:U.S. 2020 Census. 16133:on March 10, 2014 16121:McCarthy, Devin. 15834:978-0-8047-4571-0 15765:978-0-8047-4571-0 15747:978-0-8047-4571-0 15729:978-0-8047-4571-0 15698:978-0-8047-4571-0 15633:978-1-5680-2065-5 15610:Batan v. McMaster 15595:978-1-5680-2065-5 15578:978-1-5680-2065-5 15406:. August 21, 2012 15160:978-0-06-008381-6 15147:Davis, Kenneth C. 14856:Twelfth Amendment 14801:978-0-19-514273-0 14554:978-0-593-44307-1 14443:978-1-62157-707-2 14239:National Archives 14213:National Archives 14149:978-0-593-44307-1 14089:on August 5, 2020 14051:Stanford Magazine 13666:James A. Garfield 13624:Section 1 of the 13365:joint resolutions 13347:, Representative 13270:of Arkansas, and 13216:191 (35.5%), and 13204:(1969–1971). The 13157:domestic intrigue 13126:In his 2007 book 13121:state legislature 12972:voter suppression 12759:The elections of 12749:Notable elections 12725:electoral college 12638:Proportional vote 12526:George H. W. Bush 12297:Selection process 12291: 12290: 12244: 12243: 10856: 10855: 4454: 4453: 3926:and crossing the 3806:Federalist No. 68 3683:Twelfth Amendment 3606:between Governor 3500:Twelfth Amendment 3496: 3495: 3359:Faithless elector 3235: 3234: 3227:, YouTube video. 3064:Selection process 3023:political parties 2906:Twelfth Amendment 2898:absolute majority 2798:federal officials 2772:Twelfth Amendment 2692:critic of slavery 2688:John Quincy Adams 2656:Gouverneur Morris 2566: 2565: 2558: 2434:Federalist No. 68 2330:Robert H. Jackson 2316:Founding Fathers' 2312:Federalist No. 68 2285:Twelfth Amendment 2230:political parties 2228:The emergence of 2223:George Washington 2219:political parties 2197:by the citizens. 2195:indirect election 2143:Purdue University 2131:Federalist No. 68 2119:Robert H. Jackson 2060: 2059: 2052: 2034: 1914:Federalist No. 10 1899:Federalist No. 68 1869:Federalist No. 39 1829:Gouverneur Morris 1806:in 1787 used the 1800: 1799: 1792: 1757:original research 1636:state legislature 1605:Benjamin Harrison 1457:appoints electors 1421:Electoral College 1417: 1416: 1256:Visa requirements 1208:Foreign relations 1107:Political culture 1047:Constitutionalism 925:Political parties 910:List of Elections 597:Primary elections 587:Midterm elections 509:Courts of appeals 137: 32:Electoral college 16:(Redirected from 24095: 23907:Charles Pinckney 23716:William Paterson 23648:Nathaniel Gorham 23601: 23600: 23380:Speech or Debate 23208:Equal Protection 22918:Ludlow amendment 22903:Flag Desecration 22898:Federal Marriage 22863:Blaine amendment 22825:Corwin Amendment 22616: 22615: 22612: 22611: 22541: 22534: 22527: 22518: 22517: 22501:Senate elections 22458:Election recount 22438:October surprise 22408:Campaign slogans 22310:and popular vote 21640: 21633: 21626: 21617: 21616: 21570:Electoral system 21565:Electoral reform 21540:Disfranchisement 21528:Native Americans 21518:Campaign finance 21463:U.S. suffragists 21458:Silent Sentinels 21387:Native Americans 21210: 21209: 21107:Ku Klux Klan Act 21092:Enforcement Acts 20982: 20975: 20968: 20959: 20958: 20909: 20899: 20889: 20763: 20761: 20759: 20733: 20731: 20729: 20716: 20688: 20686: 20684: 20678: 20669: 20667: 20665: 20659: 20650: 20648: 20646: 20640: 20631: 20629: 20627: 20621: 20612: 20610: 20608: 20602: 20593: 20591: 20589: 20583: 20572: 20563: 20561: 20559: 20549: 20540: 20538: 20536: 20530: 20521: 20519: 20517: 20504: 20502: 20500: 20487: 20476:. Random House. 20453: 20452: 20450: 20448: 20432: 20423: 20422: 20416: 20414: 20402: 20396: 20395: 20393: 20391: 20375: 20369: 20362: 20356: 20355: 20353: 20345: 20339: 20338: 20336: 20334: 20317: 20308: 20307: 20299: 20293: 20292: 20284: 20278: 20277: 20269: 20263: 20262: 20260: 20258: 20241: 20235: 20234: 20232: 20230: 20213: 20207: 20206: 20204: 20202: 20197:. March 15, 1979 20187: 20181: 20174: 20168: 20161: 20152: 20141: 20135: 20134: 20126: 20120: 20111: 20105: 20104: 20096: 20090: 20089: 20077: 20066: 20065: 20057: 20051: 20050: 20038: 20032: 20031: 20023: 20017: 20016: 20008: 20002: 20001: 19993: 19987: 19986: 19978: 19972: 19971: 19963: 19957: 19956: 19948: 19942: 19934: 19928: 19921: 19915: 19914: 19896: 19890: 19889: 19887: 19885: 19876: 19867: 19861: 19860: 19856:Harvard Magazine 19846: 19840: 19834: 19828: 19827: 19825: 19823: 19793: 19787: 19786: 19784: 19782: 19759: 19753: 19752: 19750: 19748: 19742: 19736:. Archived from 19731: 19722: 19713: 19712: 19710: 19708: 19699:. Archived from 19693:"Third Parties?" 19688: 19682: 19681: 19679: 19677: 19662: 19656: 19655: 19653: 19651: 19639: 19633: 19632: 19630: 19628: 19617: 19611: 19610: 19608: 19606: 19595: 19589: 19579: 19577: 19575: 19563: 19557: 19556: 19537: 19531: 19530: 19498: 19492: 19491: 19489: 19487: 19472: 19466: 19465: 19454: 19448: 19447: 19441: 19439: 19424: 19418: 19417: 19412:. Archived from 19401: 19392: 19391: 19389: 19382: 19373: 19367: 19366: 19346: 19337: 19336: 19334: 19316: 19307: 19301: 19300: 19288: 19282: 19281: 19262: 19256: 19255: 19243: 19233: 19227: 19226: 19219: 19213: 19212: 19210: 19208: 19193: 19180: 19179: 19166: 19160: 19159: 19157: 19148: 19142: 19141: 19139: 19137: 19126: 19120: 19119: 19117: 19115: 19104: 19098: 19097: 19095: 19093: 19078: 19072: 19071: 19069: 19067: 19052: 19046: 19045: 19022: 19011: 19010: 19008: 19006: 18994: 18985: 18984: 18979:. Archived from 18972: 18966: 18965: 18960: 18958: 18941: 18935: 18934: 18932: 18930: 18915: 18909: 18908: 18886: 18880: 18879: 18865: 18856: 18855: 18853: 18851: 18836: 18830: 18829: 18827: 18825: 18816:. Archived from 18814:National Journal 18805: 18799: 18798: 18796: 18794: 18785:. Archived from 18774: 18768: 18767: 18765: 18763: 18748: 18742: 18728: 18722: 18721: 18709: 18703: 18702: 18690: 18684: 18683: 18681: 18679: 18663: 18657: 18656: 18654: 18652: 18640: 18634: 18633: 18631: 18629: 18613: 18604: 18603: 18601: 18599: 18587: 18581: 18570: 18564: 18563: 18561: 18559: 18547: 18541: 18540: 18538: 18536: 18524: 18518: 18517: 18505: 18499: 18498: 18496: 18494: 18483: 18477: 18476: 18474: 18472: 18463:. Archived from 18461:www.270towin.com 18453: 18447: 18440: 18434: 18433: 18431: 18429: 18414: 18408: 18401: 18395: 18386:Sabato, Larry. " 18384: 18378: 18377: 18363: 18357: 18356: 18354: 18352: 18346: 18339: 18331: 18325: 18324: 18322: 18320: 18305: 18299: 18298: 18296: 18294: 18275: 18264: 18263: 18255: 18249: 18248: 18246: 18244: 18229: 18223: 18222: 18214: 18201: 18200: 18198: 18196: 18181: 18175: 18174: 18172: 18170: 18164: 18153: 18145: 18139: 18138: 18110: 18097: 18096: 18088: 18082: 18073: 18067: 18066: 18058: 18052: 18051: 18048:Associated Press 18040: 18034: 18032: 18030: 18028: 18017: 18011: 18005: 17999: 17993: 17987: 17981: 17975: 17969: 17963: 17957: 17951: 17945: 17939: 17933: 17927: 17921: 17915: 17909: 17903: 17897: 17891: 17885: 17879: 17873: 17867: 17861: 17855: 17849: 17843: 17837: 17831: 17825: 17819: 17813: 17804: 17798: 17792: 17791: 17789: 17787: 17773: 17764: 17758: 17752: 17746: 17740: 17731: 17730: 17716: 17710: 17709: 17703: 17695: 17693: 17691: 17676: 17670: 17669: 17667: 17665: 17648: 17642: 17641: 17639: 17637: 17620: 17614: 17613: 17607: 17599: 17593: 17592: 17585: 17579: 17578: 17566: 17560: 17559: 17539: 17533: 17532: 17512: 17506: 17505: 17485: 17479: 17478: 17450: 17444: 17438: 17432: 17431: 17429: 17427: 17422:on March 6, 2016 17412: 17406: 17405: 17403: 17401: 17378: 17372: 17371: 17353: 17347: 17346: 17323: 17317: 17311: 17305: 17299: 17293: 17287: 17278: 17277: 17275: 17273: 17261: 17255: 17235: 17229: 17223: 17217: 17216: 17214: 17212: 17207:. Memory.loc.gov 17201: 17195: 17194: 17192: 17190: 17171: 17165: 17164: 17156: 17150: 17149: 17147: 17145: 17140:on June 28, 2011 17130: 17124: 17123: 17112: 17106: 17105: 17103: 17101: 17086: 17080: 17079: 17077: 17075: 17060: 17054: 17053: 17048:. Archived from 17037: 17031: 17030: 17006: 17000: 16999: 16997: 16995: 16980: 16974: 16960: 16951: 16942: 16936: 16935: 16933: 16931: 16916: 16910: 16909: 16907: 16905: 16890: 16884: 16883: 16881: 16879: 16864: 16858: 16857: 16855: 16853: 16844:. Archived from 16833: 16827: 16826: 16824: 16822: 16806: 16800: 16797: 16791: 16790: 16788: 16786: 16777:. Archived from 16766: 16760: 16759: 16757: 16755: 16741: 16735: 16734: 16732: 16730: 16719: 16713: 16712: 16694: 16688: 16687: 16685: 16683: 16676:Associated Press 16662: 16656: 16655: 16653: 16651: 16636: 16630: 16629: 16627: 16625: 16609: 16603: 16602: 16600: 16598: 16582: 16576: 16575: 16573: 16571: 16555: 16549: 16539: 16533: 16532: 16530: 16528: 16522: 16514: 16508: 16492: 16486: 16485: 16483: 16481: 16465: 16459: 16458: 16456: 16454: 16436: 16430: 16429: 16427: 16425: 16406: 16397: 16396: 16385: 16379: 16378: 16376: 16374: 16362:"Write-in Votes" 16358: 16352: 16351: 16327: 16321: 16320: 16318: 16316: 16311:on July 10, 2011 16310: 16303: 16294: 16288: 16287: 16274: 16268: 16262: 16256: 16250: 16244: 16238: 16232: 16228: 16217: 16211: 16204: 16198: 16197: 16195: 16193: 16178: 16172: 16171: 16169: 16167: 16152: 16143: 16142: 16140: 16138: 16129:. Archived from 16118: 16112: 16111: 16109: 16107: 16089: 16083: 16074: 16068: 16067: 16065: 16063: 16048: 16037: 16036: 16034: 16032: 16021: 16015: 16014: 16012: 16010: 15998: 15992: 15988: 15982: 15972: 15966: 15965: 15951: 15936: 15935: 15923: 15917: 15916: 15898: 15892: 15886: 15880: 15879: 15867: 15861: 15855: 15849: 15843: 15837: 15825: 15819: 15818: 15816: 15814: 15799: 15793: 15792: 15774: 15768: 15756: 15750: 15738: 15732: 15720: 15714: 15707: 15701: 15689: 15683: 15677: 15671: 15661: 15655: 15654: 15642: 15636: 15625: 15619: 15618: 15616: 15604: 15598: 15587: 15581: 15570: 15561: 15560: 15558: 15556: 15541: 15535: 15534: 15532: 15530: 15511: 15505: 15504: 15493: 15487: 15486: 15475: 15469: 15468: 15461: 15454: 15448: 15447: 15446:on May 25, 2017. 15442:. Archived from 15436: 15427: 15422: 15416: 15415: 15413: 15411: 15396: 15387: 15382: 15376: 15375: 15368: 15362: 15361: 15353: 15344: 15339: 15333: 15332: 15331:on May 25, 2017. 15321: 15312: 15311: 15300: 15291: 15290: 15279: 15270: 15269: 15258: 15252: 15251: 15240: 15234: 15228: 15222: 15221: 15214: 15205: 15200: 15194: 15189: 15183: 15182: 15171: 15165: 15164: 15143: 15137: 15136: 15134: 15132: 15117: 15111: 15110: 15099: 15093: 15088: 15082: 15077: 15071: 15070: 15057: 15051: 15050: 15046:The Conversation 15036: 15030: 15029: 15018: 15012: 15003: 14997: 14974: 14968: 14961: 14955: 14944: 14935: 14934: 14932: 14930: 14925:on March 4, 2022 14924: 14907: 14895: 14889: 14888: 14877: 14871: 14865: 14859: 14852: 14846: 14839: 14828: 14827: 14825: 14823: 14818:. Avalon Project 14812: 14806: 14805: 14781: 14775: 14774: 14758: 14752: 14747: 14741: 14740: 14738: 14736: 14731:. Avalon Project 14725: 14719: 14713: 14707: 14706: 14704: 14702: 14696: 14688: 14682: 14681: 14679: 14677: 14666: 14660: 14655: 14649: 14648: 14646: 14644: 14639:. Avalon Project 14633: 14627: 14621: 14615: 14614: 14612: 14610: 14605:. Avalon Project 14599: 14593: 14587: 14581: 14580: 14578: 14576: 14571:. Avalon Project 14565: 14559: 14558: 14540: 14529: 14528: 14526: 14524: 14519:on July 31, 2020 14515:. Archived from 14504: 14498: 14497: 14495: 14493: 14478: 14469: 14468: 14466: 14454: 14448: 14447: 14427: 14421: 14420: 14418: 14416: 14400: 14394: 14393: 14391: 14389: 14379: 14370: 14359: 14358: 14356: 14354: 14339: 14333: 14332: 14330: 14328: 14317: 14308: 14307: 14305: 14303: 14292: 14281: 14280: 14274: 14272: 14257: 14251: 14250: 14248: 14246: 14231: 14225: 14224: 14222: 14220: 14205: 14194: 14193: 14191: 14189: 14173: 14167: 14160: 14154: 14153: 14135: 14129: 14128: 14108: 14099: 14098: 14096: 14094: 14085:. Archived from 14072: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14058: 14053:. September 2016 14043: 14034: 14033: 14031: 14022: 14013: 14012: 14010: 14008: 13991: 13982: 13981: 13979: 13977: 13971: 13962: 13956: 13955: 13953: 13951: 13933: 13924: 13923: 13921: 13919: 13907: 13901: 13892: 13886: 13877: 13871: 13870: 13868: 13866: 13852:Levitsky, Steven 13844: 13838: 13837: 13833:Harvard Magazine 13823: 13817: 13816: 13814: 13812: 13797: 13791: 13790: 13788: 13786: 13771: 13765: 13764: 13762: 13760: 13746: 13729: 13725: 13719: 13716: 13710: 13707: 13701: 13658: 13652: 13636: 13630: 13622: 13616: 13609: 13603: 13600: 13594: 13587: 13581: 13578:National Affairs 13574: 13568: 13560: 13496: 13491: 13490: 13489: 13482: 13477: 13476: 13266:of Mississippi, 13245: 13237: 13107:counties out of 13106: 13058:Washington, D.C. 13008: 12921:winner-takes-all 12578:election of 1992 12574:election of 1972 12346: 12246: 12245: 10904: 10900: 10568: 10452: 10252: 10247: 10124: 9906: 9901: 9578: 9447: 9212: 8797: 8456: 8339: 8284: 8208: 7763: 7758: 7645: 7537: 7310: 7183: 7052: 6809: 6694: 6123: 6004: 5898: 5739: 5672: 5439: 5324: 5014: 4500: 4492: 4466: 4431: 4427: 4380: 4354: 4297: 4284: 4270: 4257: 4254: 4241: 4228: 4215: 4202: 4183: 4180: 4173: 4155:terrorist attack 4123:special election 4121:that required a 4076:James S. Sherman 4053:Inauguration Day 3947:Giuseppe Zangara 3840:Democratic Party 3777: 3772:acting president 3528: 3509: 3488: 3487: 3476: 3475: 3391:James S. Sherman 3247: 3223: 3222: 3201: 3200: 3184: 3183: 3167: 3166: 3098: 3096:winner takes all 3077: 2956:Washington, D.C. 2862:Washington, D.C. 2850:indirectly elect 2823:Modern mechanics 2715:Thaddeus Stevens 2676:Federalist Party 2664:Oliver Ellsworth 2592: 2591: 2587: 2561: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2515: 2514: 2507: 2395:Michigan in 1892 2254:Thomas Jefferson 2242:Federalist Party 2055: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2035: 2033: 1992: 1968: 1960: 1935: 1926:direct democracy 1924:, as opposed to 1918:electoral system 1877:population-based 1795: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1772:inline citations 1748: 1747: 1740: 1721:Washington, D.C. 1674:Washington, D.C. 1409: 1402: 1395: 1378: 1377: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1185:District Council 1168:Local government 1052:Environmentalism 416:Executive Office 411:Federal agencies 221: 216: 136:Politics of the 135: 124: 123: 115:winner-takes-all 98: 90: 21: 24103: 24102: 24098: 24097: 24096: 24094: 24093: 24092: 24063: 24062: 24061: 24056: 23991: 23985: 23953: 23949:William Jackson 23937: 23933:Abraham Baldwin 23916: 23885: 23881:Hugh Williamson 23859: 23838: 23812: 23803:Richard Bassett 23776: 23762:Jared Ingersoll 23725: 23721:Jonathan Dayton 23694: 23678: 23657: 23636: 23632:Nicholas Gilman 23615: 23590: 23556:Reserved powers 23536:Judicial review 23469: 23265:General Welfare 23188:Double Jeopardy 23099: 23026:List of Framers 23006:New Jersey Plan 22960: 22942: 22938:Victims' Rights 22858:Balanced budget 22844: 22797: 22726: 22698: 22677: 22601: 22550: 22545: 22515: 22510: 22496:House elections 22487: 22468:Guam straw poll 22396: 22309: 22301: 22268: 22230: 21962: 21649: 21644: 21614: 21609: 21501: 21421: 21336: 21305: 21271:Electoral fraud 21259: 21255:Voting in space 21245:Recall election 21220:Absentee ballot 21201: 21079: 21073: 20997: 20991: 20986: 20936: 20770: 20768:Further reading 20757: 20755: 20727: 20725: 20713: 20703:Signet Classics 20682: 20680: 20676: 20663: 20661: 20657: 20644: 20642: 20638: 20625: 20623: 20619: 20606: 20604: 20600: 20587: 20585: 20584:on May 18, 2023 20581: 20570: 20557: 20555: 20547: 20534: 20532: 20528: 20515: 20513: 20498: 20496: 20484: 20466: 20457: 20456: 20446: 20444: 20434: 20433: 20426: 20412: 20410: 20403: 20399: 20389: 20387: 20376: 20372: 20363: 20359: 20351: 20347: 20346: 20342: 20332: 20330: 20318: 20311: 20300: 20296: 20285: 20281: 20270: 20266: 20256: 20254: 20242: 20238: 20228: 20226: 20214: 20210: 20200: 20198: 20189: 20188: 20184: 20178:Chicago Tribune 20175: 20171: 20162: 20155: 20142: 20138: 20128: 20127: 20123: 20112: 20108: 20098: 20097: 20093: 20078: 20069: 20059: 20058: 20054: 20039: 20035: 20025: 20024: 20020: 20010: 20009: 20005: 19995: 19994: 19990: 19980: 19979: 19975: 19965: 19964: 19960: 19950: 19949: 19945: 19935: 19931: 19922: 19918: 19911: 19897: 19893: 19883: 19881: 19874: 19868: 19864: 19847: 19843: 19835: 19831: 19821: 19819: 19794: 19790: 19780: 19778: 19776: 19760: 19756: 19746: 19744: 19740: 19729: 19723: 19716: 19706: 19704: 19689: 19685: 19675: 19673: 19663: 19659: 19649: 19647: 19640: 19636: 19626: 19624: 19619: 19618: 19614: 19604: 19602: 19597: 19596: 19592: 19573: 19571: 19566:José D. Román. 19564: 19560: 19554: 19538: 19534: 19513:(4): 935–1021. 19499: 19495: 19485: 19483: 19473: 19469: 19464:. May 13, 2021. 19456: 19455: 19451: 19437: 19435: 19425: 19421: 19402: 19395: 19387: 19380: 19374: 19370: 19347: 19340: 19314: 19308: 19304: 19289: 19285: 19263: 19259: 19252: 19234: 19230: 19221: 19220: 19216: 19206: 19204: 19202:Washington Post 19194: 19183: 19168: 19167: 19163: 19155: 19149: 19145: 19135: 19133: 19128: 19127: 19123: 19113: 19111: 19106: 19105: 19101: 19091: 19089: 19079: 19075: 19065: 19063: 19053: 19049: 19042: 19023: 19014: 19004: 19002: 18995: 18988: 18973: 18969: 18956: 18954: 18942: 18938: 18928: 18926: 18916: 18912: 18905: 18887: 18883: 18866: 18859: 18849: 18847: 18838: 18837: 18833: 18823: 18821: 18806: 18802: 18792: 18790: 18775: 18771: 18761: 18759: 18749: 18745: 18729: 18725: 18710: 18706: 18691: 18687: 18677: 18675: 18674:on May 31, 2012 18664: 18660: 18650: 18648: 18641: 18637: 18627: 18625: 18624:on May 16, 2012 18614: 18607: 18597: 18595: 18588: 18584: 18571: 18567: 18557: 18555: 18548: 18544: 18534: 18532: 18525: 18521: 18506: 18502: 18492: 18490: 18485: 18484: 18480: 18470: 18468: 18455: 18454: 18450: 18441: 18437: 18427: 18425: 18416: 18415: 18411: 18402: 18398: 18394:on 2016-01-02). 18385: 18381: 18364: 18360: 18350: 18348: 18344: 18337: 18333: 18332: 18328: 18318: 18316: 18306: 18302: 18292: 18290: 18277: 18276: 18267: 18256: 18252: 18242: 18240: 18231: 18230: 18226: 18215: 18204: 18194: 18192: 18182: 18178: 18168: 18166: 18162: 18156:Princeton Press 18151: 18147: 18146: 18142: 18111: 18100: 18089: 18085: 18074: 18070: 18059: 18055: 18042: 18041: 18037: 18026: 18024: 18019: 18018: 18014: 18010:, pp. 1–7. 18006: 18002: 17994: 17990: 17982: 17978: 17970: 17966: 17962:, pp. 4–6. 17958: 17954: 17946: 17942: 17934: 17930: 17922: 17918: 17910: 17906: 17898: 17894: 17886: 17882: 17874: 17870: 17866:, pp. 3–4. 17862: 17858: 17850: 17846: 17842:, pp. 6–7. 17838: 17834: 17826: 17822: 17818:, pp. 3–4. 17814: 17807: 17803:, pp. 2–3. 17799: 17795: 17785: 17783: 17771: 17765: 17761: 17753: 17749: 17745:, pp. 5–6. 17741: 17734: 17717: 17713: 17697: 17696: 17689: 17687: 17677: 17673: 17663: 17661: 17649: 17645: 17635: 17633: 17621: 17617: 17600: 17596: 17587: 17586: 17582: 17567: 17563: 17556: 17540: 17536: 17529: 17513: 17509: 17502: 17486: 17482: 17467: 17451: 17447: 17439: 17435: 17425: 17423: 17414: 17413: 17409: 17399: 17397: 17395: 17379: 17375: 17368: 17354: 17350: 17343: 17324: 17320: 17312: 17308: 17300: 17296: 17288: 17281: 17271: 17269: 17262: 17258: 17236: 17232: 17224: 17220: 17210: 17208: 17203: 17202: 17198: 17188: 17186: 17185:on May 15, 2006 17173: 17172: 17168: 17157: 17153: 17143: 17141: 17132: 17131: 17127: 17114: 17113: 17109: 17099: 17097: 17088: 17087: 17083: 17073: 17071: 17061: 17057: 17038: 17034: 17027: 17007: 17003: 16993: 16991: 16982: 16981: 16977: 16961: 16954: 16943: 16939: 16929: 16927: 16917: 16913: 16903: 16901: 16891: 16887: 16877: 16875: 16865: 16861: 16851: 16849: 16834: 16830: 16820: 16818: 16807: 16803: 16798: 16794: 16784: 16782: 16767: 16763: 16753: 16751: 16743: 16742: 16738: 16728: 16726: 16720: 16716: 16709: 16695: 16691: 16681: 16679: 16664: 16663: 16659: 16649: 16647: 16638: 16637: 16633: 16623: 16621: 16611: 16610: 16606: 16596: 16594: 16584: 16583: 16579: 16569: 16567: 16557: 16556: 16552: 16544:(archived from 16540: 16536: 16526: 16524: 16520: 16516: 16515: 16511: 16493: 16489: 16479: 16477: 16467: 16466: 16462: 16452: 16450: 16438: 16437: 16433: 16423: 16421: 16408: 16407: 16400: 16387: 16386: 16382: 16372: 16370: 16360: 16359: 16355: 16348: 16328: 16324: 16314: 16312: 16308: 16301: 16295: 16291: 16276: 16275: 16271: 16263: 16259: 16251: 16247: 16239: 16235: 16226: 16218: 16214: 16205: 16201: 16191: 16189: 16180: 16179: 16175: 16165: 16163: 16154: 16153: 16146: 16136: 16134: 16119: 16115: 16105: 16103: 16091: 16090: 16086: 16075: 16071: 16061: 16059: 16057:Washington Post 16049: 16040: 16030: 16028: 16023: 16022: 16018: 16008: 16006: 15999: 15995: 15989: 15985: 15977:(archived from 15973: 15969: 15952: 15939: 15924: 15920: 15913: 15899: 15895: 15887: 15883: 15868: 15864: 15856: 15852: 15844: 15840: 15826: 15822: 15812: 15810: 15800: 15796: 15789: 15775: 15771: 15757: 15753: 15739: 15735: 15721: 15717: 15708: 15704: 15690: 15686: 15678: 15674: 15662: 15658: 15643: 15639: 15626: 15622: 15614: 15606: 15605: 15601: 15588: 15584: 15571: 15564: 15554: 15552: 15543: 15542: 15538: 15528: 15526: 15525:on June 1, 2006 15513: 15512: 15508: 15495: 15494: 15490: 15477: 15476: 15472: 15459: 15456: 15455: 15451: 15438: 15437: 15430: 15423: 15419: 15409: 15407: 15398: 15397: 15390: 15383: 15379: 15370: 15369: 15365: 15354: 15347: 15340: 15336: 15323: 15322: 15315: 15302: 15301: 15294: 15281: 15280: 15273: 15260: 15259: 15255: 15242: 15241: 15237: 15229: 15225: 15216: 15215: 15208: 15201: 15197: 15190: 15186: 15173: 15172: 15168: 15161: 15144: 15140: 15130: 15128: 15119: 15118: 15114: 15101: 15100: 15096: 15089: 15085: 15078: 15074: 15069:. July 6, 2020. 15059: 15058: 15054: 15037: 15033: 15020: 15019: 15015: 15004: 15000: 14994:Wayback Machine 14975: 14971: 14962: 14958: 14945: 14938: 14928: 14926: 14922: 14905: 14896: 14892: 14879: 14878: 14874: 14866: 14862: 14853: 14849: 14840: 14831: 14821: 14819: 14814: 14813: 14809: 14802: 14782: 14778: 14759: 14755: 14748: 14744: 14734: 14732: 14727: 14726: 14722: 14714: 14710: 14700: 14698: 14694: 14690: 14689: 14685: 14675: 14673: 14668: 14667: 14663: 14656: 14652: 14642: 14640: 14635: 14634: 14630: 14622: 14618: 14608: 14606: 14601: 14600: 14596: 14588: 14584: 14574: 14572: 14567: 14566: 14562: 14555: 14541: 14532: 14522: 14520: 14505: 14501: 14491: 14489: 14487:PRI's The World 14479: 14472: 14464: 14455: 14451: 14444: 14428: 14424: 14414: 14412: 14401: 14397: 14387: 14385: 14377: 14371: 14362: 14352: 14350: 14341: 14340: 14336: 14326: 14324: 14319: 14318: 14311: 14301: 14299: 14294: 14293: 14284: 14270: 14268: 14259: 14258: 14254: 14244: 14242: 14241:. March 6, 2020 14233: 14232: 14228: 14218: 14216: 14207: 14206: 14197: 14187: 14185: 14174: 14170: 14161: 14157: 14150: 14136: 14132: 14125: 14109: 14102: 14092: 14090: 14073: 14066: 14056: 14054: 14045: 14044: 14037: 14029: 14023: 14016: 14006: 14004: 13992: 13985: 13975: 13973: 13969: 13963: 13959: 13949: 13947: 13943:The Progressive 13934: 13927: 13917: 13915: 13908: 13904: 13893: 13889: 13878: 13874: 13864: 13862: 13848:Ziblatt, Daniel 13845: 13841: 13824: 13820: 13810: 13808: 13798: 13794: 13784: 13782: 13772: 13768: 13758: 13756: 13748: 13747: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13732: 13726: 13722: 13717: 13713: 13708: 13704: 13698:John C. Calhoun 13686:William R. King 13659: 13655: 13651:25th Amendment. 13637: 13633: 13623: 13619: 13610: 13606: 13601: 13597: 13588: 13584: 13575: 13571: 13561: 13557: 13552: 13492: 13487: 13485: 13480:Politics portal 13478: 13471: 13468: 13435: 13386: 13380: 13374: 13361: 13343:In a letter to 13337:Chicago Tribune 13308: 13306:Carter proposal 13282:of Hawaii, and 13243: 13235: 13223:Representative 13214:Hubert Humphrey 13198: 13181: 13175: 13169: 13104: 13097: 13089: 13079: 13030: 13024: 13006: 12982:Legal scholars 12964: 12955: 12930: 12896: 12890: 12757: 12751: 12713: 12704: 12652: 12640: 12606: 12562: 12501: 12485: 12390: 12344: 12293: 12292: 10897: 10866: 10816: 8280: 4850: 4795: 4786: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4760: 4751: 4742: 4738: 4729: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4693: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4653: 4639: 4630: 4601: 4582: 4568: 4544: 4535: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4450:Total electors 4429: 4425: 4378: 4352: 4295: 4282: 4268: 4255: 4252: 4239: 4226: 4213: 4200: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4143:Harry S. Truman 4130:in passing the 4099:Sargent Shriver 4091:Thomas Eagleton 4049:president-elect 3978:John F. Kennedy 3892:Abraham Lincoln 3848:polls were held 3846:died after the 3802: 3792: 3775: 3760:president-elect 3756: 3748:Francis Granger 3715: 3696:president-elect 3679: 3674: 3668: 3567: 3526: 3507: 3485: 3479:External videos 3474: 3466:Main articles: 3464: 3421:Francis Granger 3361: 3355: 3333:(including the 3289:registered mail 3287:One is sent by 3245: 3220: 3198: 3181: 3157: 3094: 3085:in each house. 3075: 3066: 3019: 2925: 2919: 2914: 2870:winner-take-all 2842: 2825: 2750: 2744: 2700: 2641:Abraham Lincoln 2625:Akhil Reed Amar 2589: 2585: 2584: 2562: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2531: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2476: 2455: 2379: 2297: 2278:James A. Bayard 2215: 2209: 2203: 2170: 2065: 2056: 2045: 2039: 2036: 1993: 1991: 1985: 1981:primary sources 1969: 1958: 1933: 1796: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1761: 1749: 1745: 1734:direct election 1729: 1704:on January 20. 1597: 1487:is held by the 1481:simple majority 1413: 1384: 1372: 1362: 1360: 1352: 1351: 1303: 1285: 1265: 1246:Nationality law 1242: 1230: 1210: 1200: 1199: 1172: 1127: 1117: 1116: 1103: 1038: 980: 970: 969: 961: 941: 927: 917: 916: 904: 894: 616: 608: 578: 569: 559: 558: 553:Other tribunals 548: 514:District courts 496: 431: 421: 420: 402: 398:Merrick Garland 350: 340: 339: 334:Mitch McConnell 331:Minority Leader 320:Majority Leader 285: 261:Hakeem Jeffries 258:Minority Leader 247:Majority Leader 223: 200: 190: 189: 161: 138: 111:district method 100: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 24101: 24091: 24090: 24085: 24080: 24075: 24058: 24057: 24055: 24054: 24049: 24041: 24033: 24028: 24023: 24018: 24013: 24008: 24007: 24006: 23995: 23993: 23987: 23986: 23984: 23983: 23978: 23973: 23965: 23963: 23959: 23958: 23955: 23954: 23952: 23951: 23945: 23943: 23939: 23938: 23936: 23935: 23930: 23924: 23922: 23918: 23917: 23915: 23914: 23909: 23904: 23899: 23893: 23891: 23890:South Carolina 23887: 23886: 23884: 23883: 23878: 23873: 23871:William Blount 23867: 23865: 23864:North Carolina 23861: 23860: 23858: 23857: 23852: 23846: 23844: 23840: 23839: 23837: 23836: 23834:Daniel Carroll 23831: 23826: 23820: 23818: 23814: 23813: 23811: 23810: 23805: 23800: 23798:John Dickinson 23795: 23790: 23784: 23782: 23778: 23777: 23775: 23774: 23769: 23764: 23759: 23754: 23749: 23744: 23742:Thomas Mifflin 23739: 23733: 23731: 23727: 23726: 23724: 23723: 23718: 23713: 23711:David Brearley 23708: 23702: 23700: 23696: 23695: 23693: 23692: 23686: 23684: 23680: 23679: 23677: 23676: 23671: 23665: 23663: 23659: 23658: 23656: 23655: 23650: 23644: 23642: 23638: 23637: 23635: 23634: 23629: 23623: 23621: 23617: 23616: 23614: 23613: 23607: 23605: 23598: 23592: 23591: 23589: 23588: 23583: 23581:Taxation power 23578: 23573: 23568: 23563: 23558: 23553: 23548: 23543: 23538: 23533: 23528: 23526:Implied powers 23523: 23518: 23513: 23508: 23503: 23498: 23493: 23488: 23483: 23477: 23475: 23474:Interpretation 23471: 23470: 23468: 23467: 23462: 23457: 23439: 23434: 23429: 23422: 23417: 23412: 23407: 23402: 23397: 23392: 23387: 23382: 23377: 23372: 23370:Recommendation 23367: 23362: 23357: 23352: 23347: 23342: 23337: 23332: 23327: 23322: 23317: 23312: 23307: 23302: 23297: 23292: 23287: 23282: 23277: 23272: 23267: 23262: 23257: 23255:Fugitive Slave 23252: 23247: 23242: 23237: 23232: 23225: 23223:Excessive Bail 23220: 23215: 23210: 23205: 23200: 23195: 23190: 23185: 23180: 23175: 23170: 23165: 23160: 23155: 23150: 23145: 23140: 23135: 23130: 23125: 23123:Appropriations 23120: 23115: 23109: 23107: 23101: 23100: 23098: 23097: 23092: 23087: 23082: 23077: 23072: 23067: 23062: 23057: 23050: 23049: 23048: 23043: 23038: 23033: 23028: 23023: 23018: 23013: 23008: 23003: 22993: 22988: 22983: 22978: 22972: 22970: 22966: 22965: 22962: 22961: 22959: 22958: 22953: 22947: 22944: 22943: 22941: 22940: 22935: 22933:Single subject 22930: 22925: 22920: 22915: 22910: 22905: 22900: 22895: 22890: 22885: 22880: 22875: 22870: 22865: 22860: 22854: 22852: 22846: 22845: 22843: 22842: 22837: 22832: 22827: 22822: 22817: 22811: 22809: 22803: 22802: 22799: 22798: 22796: 22795: 22790: 22785: 22780: 22775: 22770: 22765: 22760: 22755: 22750: 22745: 22740: 22734: 22732: 22728: 22727: 22725: 22724: 22719: 22714: 22708: 22706: 22704:Reconstruction 22700: 22699: 22697: 22696: 22691: 22685: 22683: 22679: 22678: 22676: 22675: 22670: 22665: 22660: 22655: 22650: 22645: 22640: 22635: 22630: 22624: 22622: 22620:Bill of Rights 22609: 22603: 22602: 22600: 22599: 22594: 22589: 22584: 22579: 22574: 22569: 22564: 22558: 22556: 22552: 22551: 22544: 22543: 22536: 22529: 22521: 22512: 22511: 22509: 22508: 22503: 22498: 22492: 22489: 22488: 22486: 22485: 22484: 22483: 22478: 22470: 22465: 22455: 22450: 22445: 22440: 22435: 22430: 22425: 22420: 22415: 22410: 22404: 22402: 22398: 22397: 22395: 22394: 22389: 22384: 22379: 22374: 22369: 22364: 22359: 22358: 22357: 22352: 22347: 22342: 22337: 22332: 22327: 22322: 22313: 22311: 22303: 22302: 22300: 22299: 22294: 22289: 22284: 22278: 22276: 22270: 22269: 22267: 22266: 22261: 22256: 22251: 22246: 22240: 22238: 22232: 22231: 22229: 22228: 22223: 22218: 22213: 22208: 22203: 22198: 22193: 22188: 22183: 22178: 22176:South Carolina 22173: 22168: 22163: 22158: 22153: 22148: 22143: 22141:North Carolina 22138: 22133: 22128: 22123: 22118: 22113: 22108: 22103: 22098: 22093: 22088: 22083: 22078: 22073: 22068: 22063: 22058: 22053: 22048: 22043: 22038: 22033: 22028: 22023: 22018: 22013: 22008: 22003: 21998: 21993: 21988: 21983: 21978: 21972: 21970: 21964: 21963: 21961: 21960: 21953: 21948: 21943: 21938: 21933: 21928: 21923: 21918: 21913: 21908: 21903: 21898: 21893: 21888: 21883: 21878: 21873: 21868: 21863: 21858: 21853: 21848: 21843: 21838: 21833: 21828: 21823: 21818: 21813: 21808: 21803: 21798: 21793: 21788: 21783: 21778: 21773: 21768: 21763: 21758: 21753: 21748: 21743: 21738: 21733: 21728: 21723: 21718: 21713: 21708: 21703: 21698: 21693: 21688: 21683: 21678: 21673: 21668: 21663: 21657: 21655: 21651: 21650: 21643: 21642: 21635: 21628: 21620: 21611: 21610: 21608: 21607: 21602: 21597: 21592: 21587: 21582: 21577: 21572: 21567: 21562: 21557: 21552: 21547: 21542: 21537: 21532: 21531: 21530: 21520: 21515: 21509: 21507: 21503: 21502: 21500: 21499: 21494: 21489: 21484: 21482:Freedom Summer 21479: 21472: 21471: 21470: 21460: 21455: 21450: 21448:Suffrage Hikes 21445: 21440: 21435: 21429: 21427: 21423: 21422: 21420: 21419: 21414: 21409: 21404: 21402:Guam residents 21399: 21394: 21389: 21384: 21379: 21374: 21369: 21364: 21359: 21354: 21348: 21346: 21342: 21341: 21338: 21337: 21335: 21334: 21329: 21324: 21322:Gerrymandering 21319: 21313: 21311: 21307: 21306: 21304: 21303: 21298: 21293: 21288: 21283: 21278: 21273: 21267: 21265: 21261: 21260: 21258: 21257: 21252: 21247: 21242: 21237: 21232: 21227: 21222: 21216: 21214: 21207: 21203: 21202: 21200: 21199: 21198: 21197: 21187: 21182: 21177: 21176: 21175: 21170: 21160: 21155: 21154: 21153: 21148: 21138: 21133: 21128: 21127: 21126: 21121: 21111: 21110: 21109: 21104: 21099: 21089: 21083: 21081: 21075: 21074: 21072: 21071: 21069:26th Amendment 21066: 21064:24th Amendment 21061: 21059:23rd Amendment 21056: 21054:19th Amendment 21051: 21049:17th Amendment 21046: 21044:15th Amendment 21041: 21040: 21039: 21034: 21027:14th Amendment 21024: 21019: 21018: 21017: 21012: 21001: 20999: 20996:Constitutional 20993: 20992: 20985: 20984: 20977: 20970: 20962: 20956: 20955: 20946: 20935: 20934:External links 20932: 20931: 20930: 20927:978-0300166491 20910: 20855: 20842:978-0674660151 20819: 20806:978-1250221971 20794:978-0674660151 20769: 20766: 20765: 20764: 20734: 20717: 20711: 20695:, ed. (2003). 20689: 20670: 20651: 20632: 20613: 20594: 20564: 20541: 20522: 20505: 20488: 20482: 20465: 20462: 20461: 20460: 20455: 20454: 20441:Equal Citizens 20424: 20397: 20370: 20357: 20340: 20309: 20294: 20279: 20264: 20236: 20208: 20182: 20169: 20153: 20136: 20121: 20106: 20091: 20067: 20052: 20033: 20018: 20003: 19988: 19973: 19958: 19943: 19929: 19916: 19909: 19891: 19862: 19841: 19839:, p. 411. 19829: 19803:BYU Law Review 19788: 19774: 19754: 19714: 19683: 19657: 19634: 19612: 19590: 19558: 19552: 19532: 19519:10.2307/797244 19493: 19467: 19449: 19419: 19393: 19368: 19338: 19302: 19283: 19257: 19250: 19228: 19214: 19181: 19161: 19143: 19121: 19099: 19073: 19047: 19040: 19012: 18986: 18975:FairVote.org. 18967: 18936: 18910: 18903: 18881: 18857: 18831: 18800: 18769: 18743: 18741:on 2012-01-31) 18723: 18704: 18685: 18658: 18635: 18605: 18582: 18565: 18542: 18519: 18500: 18478: 18448: 18435: 18409: 18396: 18379: 18358: 18347:on May 1, 2008 18326: 18300: 18265: 18250: 18224: 18202: 18176: 18149:"Election 101" 18140: 18098: 18083: 18068: 18053: 18035: 18012: 18000: 17998:, p. 560. 17988: 17976: 17964: 17952: 17940: 17928: 17916: 17904: 17892: 17880: 17868: 17856: 17854:, p. 567. 17844: 17832: 17830:, p. 551. 17820: 17805: 17793: 17759: 17757:, p. 564. 17747: 17732: 17711: 17671: 17643: 17615: 17594: 17580: 17561: 17554: 17534: 17527: 17507: 17500: 17480: 17465: 17445: 17433: 17407: 17393: 17373: 17366: 17348: 17341: 17318: 17316:, p. 346. 17306: 17294: 17279: 17256: 17230: 17228:, p. 410. 17218: 17196: 17166: 17151: 17125: 17107: 17081: 17055: 17032: 17025: 17001: 16975: 16952: 16937: 16911: 16885: 16859: 16828: 16801: 16792: 16761: 16736: 16714: 16707: 16689: 16657: 16631: 16604: 16577: 16550: 16548:on 2006-03-05) 16534: 16509: 16487: 16460: 16431: 16398: 16380: 16353: 16346: 16322: 16289: 16269: 16257: 16245: 16233: 16212: 16199: 16173: 16144: 16113: 16084: 16069: 16038: 16016: 16005:. The Atlantic 15993: 15983: 15981:on 2011-10-27) 15967: 15937: 15918: 15912:978-0393080827 15911: 15893: 15881: 15862: 15850: 15838: 15820: 15794: 15788:978-0618485376 15787: 15769: 15751: 15733: 15715: 15702: 15684: 15672: 15656: 15637: 15620: 15599: 15582: 15562: 15536: 15506: 15488: 15470: 15449: 15428: 15417: 15388: 15377: 15363: 15345: 15334: 15313: 15292: 15271: 15266:memory.loc.gov 15253: 15235: 15223: 15206: 15195: 15184: 15166: 15159: 15138: 15127:. A+E Networks 15112: 15094: 15083: 15072: 15052: 15031: 15022:"Ray v. Blair" 15013: 14998: 14969: 14956: 14936: 14899:Chang, Stanley 14890: 14872: 14860: 14847: 14829: 14807: 14800: 14776: 14753: 14742: 14720: 14708: 14683: 14661: 14650: 14628: 14616: 14594: 14582: 14560: 14553: 14530: 14499: 14470: 14449: 14442: 14422: 14395: 14360: 14334: 14309: 14282: 14267:. July 7, 2020 14252: 14226: 14195: 14168: 14155: 14148: 14130: 14123: 14100: 14064: 14035: 14014: 13983: 13957: 13925: 13902: 13887: 13872: 13839: 13818: 13792: 13766: 13740: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13731: 13730: 13720: 13711: 13702: 13682:Elbridge Gerry 13678:George Clinton 13674:Zachary Taylor 13653: 13648:oath of office 13631: 13626:25th Amendment 13617: 13604: 13595: 13582: 13569: 13554: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13547: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13509: 13504: 13498: 13497: 13483: 13467: 13464: 13460:South Carolina 13434: 13431: 13376:Main article: 13373: 13370: 13360: 13357: 13307: 13304: 13300:Mike Mansfield 13284:Strom Thurmond 13264:James Eastland 13255:New York Times 13225:Emanuel Celler 13218:George Wallace 13197: 13194: 13171:Main article: 13168: 13165: 13117:Jacksonian Era 13096: 13093: 13083:Duverger's law 13078: 13075: 13046:American Samoa 13023: 13020: 12976:disfranchising 12963: 12960: 12954: 12953:Lowers turnout 12951: 12940:developed the 12929: 12926: 12892:Main article: 12889: 12886: 12880: 12879: 12868: 12857: 12846: 12835: 12824: 12813: 12750: 12747: 12712: 12709: 12703: 12700: 12692:2016 elections 12651: 12648: 12639: 12636: 12628:Reince Priebus 12605: 12602: 12561: 12560:Implementation 12558: 12500: 12497: 12493:gerrymandering 12484: 12481: 12465: 12464: 12457: 12450: 12443: 12412:South Carolina 12399:Andrew Jackson 12389: 12386: 12313:North Carolina 12301:general ticket 12289: 12288: 12282: 12279: 12273: 12270: 12265:Popular vote, 12263: 12260: 12255:Popular vote, 12253: 12250: 12242: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12111: 12107: 12106: 12103: 12100: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12086: 12083: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12069: 12066: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12052: 12049: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12035: 12032: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12018: 12017: 12014: 12011: 12008: 12005: 12003: 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6799: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6654: 6650: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6415: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4790: 4777: 4768: 4755: 4746: 4733: 4724: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4688: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4648: 4643: 4634: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4577: 4572: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4539: 4530: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4495: 4494: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4469: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4440: 4433: 4432: 4422: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4382: 4381: 4375: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4357: 4356: 4350: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4321: 4320: 4317: 4310: 4309: 4306: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4285: 4283:North Carolina 4279: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4259: 4258: 4250: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4191: 4190: 4187: 4171: 4168: 4159:nuclear strike 4030:Donald Trump's 4024:following the 3992:following the 3968:following the 3941:following the 3916:Herbert Hoover 3906:following the 3886:following the 3880:B. Gratz Brown 3844:Horace Greeley 3791: 3788: 3755: 3752: 3714: 3711: 3678: 3675: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3651:two objections 3643: 3632:the vote count 3628: 3621: 3608:George W. Bush 3600: 3593: 3582: 3566: 3563: 3494: 3493: 3481: 3480: 3463: 3460: 3425: 3424: 3405: 3383:Horace Greeley 3357:Main article: 3354: 3351: 3322: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3266:North Carolina 3239:state capitals 3233: 3232: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3207:The New Yorker 3194: 3193: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3170:External media 3156: 3153: 3065: 3062: 3050:North Carolina 3018: 3015: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2876:. As of 2020, 2858:vice president 2841: 2838: 2824: 2821: 2743: 2740: 2699: 2696: 2684:Andrew Jackson 2660:Elbridge Gerry 2618: 2617: 2613: 2601: 2564: 2563: 2519: 2517: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2475: 2472: 2454: 2451: 2446:untimely death 2378: 2375: 2296: 2293: 2205:Main article: 2202: 2199: 2183:South Carolina 2169: 2166: 2160:, writing for 2102: 2101: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2057: 1972: 1970: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1840:in the South: 1798: 1797: 1752: 1750: 1743: 1728: 1725: 1596: 1593: 1546:principle of " 1433:vice president 1415: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1404: 1397: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1382: 1370: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1337:European Union 1334: 1332:United Kingdom 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1241: 1240: 1229: 1228: 1226:Antony Blinken 1218: 1217: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1195:Superior Court 1192: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1171: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1148: 1142: 1141: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1062:Libertarianism 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1015:Traditionalist 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 981: 976: 975: 972: 971: 968: 967: 960: 959: 958: 957: 952: 940: 939: 934: 928: 923: 922: 919: 918: 915: 914: 903: 902: 893: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 870:American Samoa 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 815:South Carolina 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 780:North Carolina 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 615: 614: 607: 606: 605: 604: 594: 589: 584: 577: 576: 570: 565: 564: 561: 560: 557: 556: 547: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 511: 505: 504: 495: 494: 489: 484: 479: 473: 472: 467: 462: 457: 451: 450: 441: 440: 432: 427: 426: 423: 422: 419: 418: 413: 408: 401: 400: 394: 393: 385: 384: 377: 376: 368: 367: 360: 359: 351: 346: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 327: 326: 316: 315: 305: 304: 294: 293: 284: 283: 277: 276: 265: 264: 254: 253: 243: 242: 232: 231: 210: 209: 201: 196: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 182: 177: 171: 170: 162: 157: 156: 153: 152: 142: 141: 131: 130: 59:to be held in 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 24100: 24089: 24086: 24084: 24081: 24079: 24076: 24074: 24071: 24070: 24068: 24053: 24050: 24047: 24046: 24042: 24039: 24038: 24034: 24032: 24029: 24027: 24024: 24022: 24019: 24017: 24014: 24012: 24009: 24005: 24002: 24001: 24000: 23997: 23996: 23994: 23988: 23982: 23979: 23977: 23976:Jacob Shallus 23974: 23972: 23971: 23967: 23966: 23964: 23960: 23950: 23947: 23946: 23944: 23940: 23934: 23931: 23929: 23926: 23925: 23923: 23919: 23913: 23912:Pierce Butler 23910: 23908: 23905: 23903: 23900: 23898: 23897:John Rutledge 23895: 23894: 23892: 23888: 23882: 23879: 23877: 23874: 23872: 23869: 23868: 23866: 23862: 23856: 23855:James Madison 23853: 23851: 23848: 23847: 23845: 23841: 23835: 23832: 23830: 23827: 23825: 23824:James McHenry 23822: 23821: 23819: 23815: 23809: 23806: 23804: 23801: 23799: 23796: 23794: 23791: 23789: 23786: 23785: 23783: 23779: 23773: 23770: 23768: 23765: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23755: 23753: 23752:George Clymer 23750: 23748: 23747:Robert Morris 23745: 23743: 23740: 23738: 23735: 23734: 23732: 23728: 23722: 23719: 23717: 23714: 23712: 23709: 23707: 23704: 23703: 23701: 23697: 23691: 23688: 23687: 23685: 23681: 23675: 23674:Roger Sherman 23672: 23670: 23667: 23666: 23664: 23660: 23654: 23651: 23649: 23646: 23645: 23643: 23641:Massachusetts 23639: 23633: 23630: 23628: 23625: 23624: 23622: 23620:New Hampshire 23618: 23612: 23609: 23608: 23606: 23602: 23599: 23597: 23593: 23587: 23584: 23582: 23579: 23577: 23574: 23572: 23569: 23567: 23564: 23562: 23559: 23557: 23554: 23552: 23549: 23547: 23546:Plenary power 23544: 23542: 23539: 23537: 23534: 23532: 23529: 23527: 23524: 23522: 23519: 23517: 23516:Equal footing 23514: 23512: 23509: 23507: 23504: 23502: 23499: 23497: 23494: 23492: 23489: 23487: 23484: 23482: 23479: 23478: 23476: 23472: 23466: 23463: 23461: 23458: 23455: 23451: 23447: 23443: 23440: 23438: 23437:Trial by Jury 23435: 23433: 23430: 23427: 23423: 23421: 23418: 23416: 23413: 23411: 23408: 23406: 23403: 23401: 23398: 23396: 23393: 23391: 23388: 23386: 23383: 23381: 23378: 23376: 23373: 23371: 23368: 23366: 23363: 23361: 23358: 23356: 23353: 23351: 23348: 23346: 23343: 23341: 23338: 23336: 23333: 23331: 23328: 23326: 23323: 23321: 23318: 23316: 23313: 23311: 23308: 23306: 23303: 23301: 23298: 23296: 23293: 23291: 23290:Ineligibility 23288: 23286: 23285:Import-Export 23283: 23281: 23278: 23276: 23273: 23271: 23268: 23266: 23263: 23261: 23258: 23256: 23253: 23251: 23248: 23246: 23243: 23241: 23240:Free Exercise 23238: 23236: 23233: 23231: 23230: 23229:Ex Post Facto 23226: 23224: 23221: 23219: 23216: 23214: 23213:Establishment 23211: 23209: 23206: 23204: 23201: 23199: 23196: 23194: 23191: 23189: 23186: 23184: 23181: 23179: 23176: 23174: 23171: 23169: 23166: 23164: 23163:Confrontation 23161: 23159: 23156: 23154: 23151: 23149: 23146: 23144: 23141: 23139: 23136: 23134: 23131: 23129: 23126: 23124: 23121: 23119: 23116: 23114: 23111: 23110: 23108: 23106: 23102: 23096: 23093: 23091: 23088: 23086: 23083: 23081: 23078: 23076: 23073: 23071: 23068: 23066: 23063: 23061: 23058: 23056: 23055: 23051: 23047: 23046:Syng inkstand 23044: 23042: 23039: 23037: 23034: 23032: 23029: 23027: 23024: 23022: 23019: 23017: 23014: 23012: 23009: 23007: 23004: 23002: 23001:Virginia Plan 22999: 22998: 22997: 22994: 22992: 22989: 22987: 22984: 22982: 22979: 22977: 22974: 22973: 22971: 22967: 22957: 22954: 22952: 22949: 22948: 22945: 22939: 22936: 22934: 22931: 22929: 22928:School Prayer 22926: 22924: 22921: 22919: 22916: 22914: 22911: 22909: 22906: 22904: 22901: 22899: 22896: 22894: 22891: 22889: 22886: 22884: 22881: 22879: 22876: 22874: 22871: 22869: 22866: 22864: 22861: 22859: 22856: 22855: 22853: 22851: 22847: 22841: 22838: 22836: 22833: 22831: 22828: 22826: 22823: 22821: 22818: 22816: 22813: 22812: 22810: 22808: 22804: 22794: 22791: 22789: 22786: 22784: 22781: 22779: 22776: 22774: 22771: 22769: 22766: 22764: 22761: 22759: 22756: 22754: 22751: 22749: 22746: 22744: 22741: 22739: 22736: 22735: 22733: 22729: 22723: 22720: 22718: 22715: 22713: 22710: 22709: 22707: 22705: 22701: 22695: 22692: 22690: 22687: 22686: 22684: 22680: 22674: 22671: 22669: 22666: 22664: 22661: 22659: 22656: 22654: 22651: 22649: 22646: 22644: 22641: 22639: 22636: 22634: 22631: 22629: 22626: 22625: 22623: 22621: 22617: 22613: 22610: 22608: 22604: 22598: 22595: 22593: 22590: 22588: 22585: 22583: 22580: 22578: 22575: 22573: 22570: 22568: 22565: 22563: 22560: 22559: 22557: 22553: 22549: 22542: 22537: 22535: 22530: 22528: 22523: 22522: 22519: 22507: 22504: 22502: 22499: 22497: 22494: 22493: 22490: 22482: 22479: 22477: 22474: 22473: 22471: 22469: 22466: 22463: 22459: 22456: 22454: 22451: 22449: 22446: 22444: 22441: 22439: 22436: 22434: 22431: 22429: 22426: 22424: 22421: 22419: 22416: 22414: 22411: 22409: 22406: 22405: 22403: 22399: 22393: 22392:Voter turnout 22390: 22388: 22385: 22383: 22380: 22378: 22375: 22373: 22370: 22368: 22365: 22363: 22360: 22356: 22353: 22351: 22348: 22346: 22343: 22341: 22338: 22336: 22333: 22331: 22328: 22326: 22323: 22321: 22318: 22317: 22315: 22314: 22312: 22308: 22304: 22298: 22297:Superdelegate 22295: 22293: 22290: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22279: 22277: 22275: 22271: 22265: 22264:Super Tuesday 22262: 22260: 22257: 22255: 22252: 22250: 22247: 22245: 22244:Iowa caucuses 22242: 22241: 22239: 22237: 22233: 22227: 22224: 22222: 22219: 22217: 22216:West Virginia 22214: 22212: 22209: 22207: 22204: 22202: 22199: 22197: 22194: 22192: 22189: 22187: 22184: 22182: 22179: 22177: 22174: 22172: 22169: 22167: 22164: 22162: 22159: 22157: 22154: 22152: 22149: 22147: 22144: 22142: 22139: 22137: 22134: 22132: 22129: 22127: 22124: 22122: 22121:New Hampshire 22119: 22117: 22114: 22112: 22109: 22107: 22104: 22102: 22099: 22097: 22094: 22092: 22089: 22087: 22084: 22082: 22081:Massachusetts 22079: 22077: 22074: 22072: 22069: 22067: 22064: 22062: 22059: 22057: 22054: 22052: 22049: 22047: 22044: 22042: 22039: 22037: 22034: 22032: 22029: 22027: 22024: 22022: 22019: 22017: 22014: 22012: 22009: 22007: 22004: 22002: 21999: 21997: 21994: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21984: 21982: 21979: 21977: 21974: 21973: 21971: 21969: 21965: 21959: 21958: 21954: 21952: 21949: 21947: 21944: 21942: 21939: 21937: 21934: 21932: 21929: 21927: 21924: 21922: 21919: 21917: 21914: 21912: 21909: 21907: 21904: 21902: 21899: 21897: 21894: 21892: 21889: 21887: 21884: 21882: 21879: 21877: 21874: 21872: 21869: 21867: 21864: 21862: 21859: 21857: 21854: 21852: 21849: 21847: 21844: 21842: 21839: 21837: 21834: 21832: 21829: 21827: 21824: 21822: 21819: 21817: 21814: 21812: 21809: 21807: 21804: 21802: 21799: 21797: 21794: 21792: 21789: 21787: 21784: 21782: 21779: 21777: 21774: 21772: 21769: 21767: 21764: 21762: 21759: 21757: 21754: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21744: 21742: 21739: 21737: 21734: 21732: 21729: 21727: 21724: 21722: 21719: 21717: 21714: 21712: 21709: 21707: 21704: 21702: 21699: 21697: 21694: 21692: 21689: 21687: 21684: 21682: 21679: 21677: 21674: 21672: 21669: 21667: 21664: 21662: 21659: 21658: 21656: 21652: 21648: 21641: 21636: 21634: 21629: 21627: 21622: 21621: 21618: 21606: 21603: 21601: 21598: 21596: 21593: 21591: 21590:Secret ballot 21588: 21586: 21585:Redistricting 21583: 21581: 21578: 21576: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21566: 21563: 21561: 21558: 21556: 21553: 21551: 21548: 21546: 21543: 21541: 21538: 21536: 21533: 21529: 21526: 21525: 21524: 21521: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21513:Ballot access 21511: 21510: 21508: 21504: 21498: 21495: 21493: 21490: 21488: 21485: 21483: 21480: 21477: 21473: 21469: 21466: 21465: 21464: 21461: 21459: 21456: 21454: 21451: 21449: 21446: 21444: 21441: 21439: 21436: 21434: 21431: 21430: 21428: 21424: 21418: 21415: 21413: 21410: 21408: 21405: 21403: 21400: 21398: 21395: 21393: 21390: 21388: 21385: 21383: 21380: 21378: 21375: 21373: 21370: 21368: 21365: 21363: 21360: 21358: 21355: 21353: 21350: 21349: 21347: 21343: 21333: 21330: 21328: 21325: 21323: 21320: 21318: 21315: 21314: 21312: 21310:Vote dilution 21308: 21302: 21299: 21297: 21296:Voter ID laws 21294: 21292: 21289: 21287: 21284: 21282: 21281:Literacy test 21279: 21277: 21274: 21272: 21269: 21268: 21266: 21262: 21256: 21253: 21251: 21248: 21246: 21243: 21241: 21238: 21236: 21235:Postal voting 21233: 21231: 21228: 21226: 21223: 21221: 21218: 21217: 21215: 21211: 21208: 21204: 21196: 21193: 21192: 21191: 21188: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21174: 21171: 21169: 21166: 21165: 21164: 21161: 21159: 21156: 21152: 21149: 21147: 21144: 21143: 21142: 21139: 21137: 21134: 21132: 21129: 21125: 21122: 21120: 21117: 21116: 21115: 21112: 21108: 21105: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21094: 21093: 21090: 21088: 21085: 21084: 21082: 21076: 21070: 21067: 21065: 21062: 21060: 21057: 21055: 21052: 21050: 21047: 21045: 21042: 21038: 21035: 21033: 21030: 21029: 21028: 21025: 21023: 21022:1st Amendment 21020: 21016: 21013: 21011: 21008: 21007: 21006: 21003: 21002: 21000: 20994: 20990: 20983: 20978: 20976: 20971: 20969: 20964: 20963: 20960: 20954: 20950: 20947: 20945: 20941: 20938: 20937: 20928: 20924: 20920: 20919: 20914: 20911: 20907: 20903: 20898: 20893: 20888: 20883: 20879: 20875: 20871: 20867: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20853: 20852:James Madison 20849: 20848: 20843: 20839: 20835: 20831: 20827: 20823: 20822:Michael Kazin 20820: 20817: 20813: 20812: 20807: 20803: 20799: 20795: 20791: 20787: 20783: 20779: 20775: 20772: 20771: 20753: 20749: 20745: 20744: 20739: 20735: 20723: 20718: 20714: 20712:9780451528810 20708: 20704: 20700: 20699: 20694: 20690: 20675: 20671: 20656: 20652: 20637: 20633: 20618: 20614: 20599: 20595: 20580: 20576: 20569: 20565: 20553: 20546: 20542: 20527: 20523: 20511: 20506: 20494: 20489: 20485: 20483:9780812976847 20479: 20475: 20474: 20468: 20467: 20459: 20458: 20443: 20442: 20437: 20436:"Equal Votes" 20431: 20429: 20421: 20408: 20401: 20385: 20381: 20374: 20367: 20361: 20350: 20344: 20329: 20328: 20327:Windemere Sun 20323: 20316: 20314: 20305: 20298: 20290: 20283: 20275: 20268: 20253: 20252: 20247: 20240: 20225: 20224: 20219: 20212: 20196: 20192: 20186: 20179: 20173: 20166: 20160: 20158: 20151: 20147: 20146: 20140: 20132: 20125: 20119: 20116: 20110: 20102: 20095: 20087: 20083: 20076: 20074: 20072: 20063: 20056: 20048: 20044: 20037: 20029: 20022: 20014: 20007: 19999: 19992: 19984: 19977: 19969: 19962: 19954: 19947: 19940: 19939: 19933: 19926: 19920: 19912: 19906: 19902: 19895: 19880: 19873: 19866: 19858: 19857: 19852: 19845: 19838: 19837:Rossiter 2003 19833: 19817: 19814:: 1539–1570. 19813: 19809: 19805: 19804: 19799: 19792: 19777: 19771: 19767: 19766: 19758: 19739: 19735: 19728: 19721: 19719: 19702: 19698: 19694: 19687: 19672: 19668: 19661: 19645: 19638: 19622: 19616: 19600: 19594: 19587: 19583: 19569: 19562: 19555: 19553:0-8477-3031-X 19549: 19545: 19544: 19536: 19528: 19524: 19520: 19516: 19512: 19508: 19504: 19497: 19482: 19478: 19471: 19463: 19459: 19453: 19446: 19434: 19430: 19423: 19415: 19411: 19407: 19400: 19398: 19386: 19379: 19372: 19364: 19360: 19356: 19352: 19345: 19343: 19333: 19328: 19325:(4): 420–35. 19324: 19320: 19313: 19306: 19298: 19294: 19287: 19279: 19275: 19271: 19267: 19266:Banzhaf, John 19261: 19253: 19251:0-618-05452-9 19247: 19242: 19241: 19232: 19224: 19218: 19203: 19199: 19192: 19190: 19188: 19186: 19177: 19176: 19171: 19165: 19154: 19147: 19131: 19125: 19109: 19103: 19088: 19084: 19077: 19062: 19058: 19051: 19043: 19037: 19033: 19032: 19027: 19021: 19019: 19017: 19000: 18993: 18991: 18982: 18978: 18971: 18964: 18953: 18952: 18947: 18940: 18929:September 20, 18925: 18921: 18914: 18906: 18900: 18896: 18892: 18885: 18877: 18876: 18871: 18864: 18862: 18845: 18841: 18835: 18819: 18815: 18811: 18804: 18788: 18784: 18780: 18773: 18758: 18754: 18747: 18740: 18736: 18732: 18727: 18719: 18715: 18708: 18700: 18696: 18689: 18673: 18669: 18662: 18646: 18639: 18623: 18619: 18612: 18610: 18593: 18586: 18579: 18575: 18569: 18553: 18546: 18530: 18523: 18515: 18511: 18504: 18488: 18482: 18466: 18462: 18458: 18452: 18445: 18439: 18423: 18419: 18413: 18406: 18400: 18393: 18389: 18383: 18375: 18374: 18369: 18362: 18343: 18336: 18330: 18315: 18311: 18304: 18288: 18284: 18280: 18274: 18272: 18270: 18261: 18254: 18238: 18234: 18228: 18220: 18213: 18211: 18209: 18207: 18191: 18187: 18180: 18161: 18157: 18150: 18144: 18136: 18132: 18128: 18124: 18121:(2): 139–64. 18120: 18116: 18109: 18107: 18105: 18103: 18094: 18087: 18080: 18078: 18072: 18064: 18057: 18049: 18045: 18039: 18022: 18016: 18009: 18004: 17997: 17996:Rossiter 2003 17992: 17985: 17980: 17973: 17968: 17961: 17956: 17949: 17944: 17937: 17932: 17925: 17920: 17913: 17908: 17901: 17896: 17889: 17884: 17877: 17872: 17865: 17860: 17853: 17852:Rossiter 2003 17848: 17841: 17836: 17829: 17828:Rossiter 2003 17824: 17817: 17812: 17810: 17802: 17797: 17781: 17777: 17770: 17763: 17756: 17755:Rossiter 2003 17751: 17744: 17739: 17737: 17728: 17727: 17722: 17715: 17707: 17701: 17686: 17682: 17675: 17660: 17659: 17654: 17647: 17632: 17631: 17626: 17619: 17611: 17606: 17598: 17590: 17584: 17576: 17572: 17565: 17557: 17551: 17547: 17546: 17538: 17530: 17528:9781581129847 17524: 17520: 17519: 17511: 17503: 17501:9780313364754 17497: 17493: 17492: 17484: 17476: 17472: 17468: 17466:9780897334433 17462: 17458: 17457: 17449: 17442: 17437: 17421: 17417: 17411: 17396: 17390: 17386: 17385: 17377: 17369: 17363: 17359: 17352: 17344: 17338: 17334: 17333: 17328: 17322: 17315: 17310: 17303: 17298: 17291: 17286: 17284: 17267: 17260: 17253: 17249: 17245: 17241: 17240: 17234: 17227: 17226:Rossiter 2003 17222: 17206: 17200: 17184: 17180: 17176: 17170: 17162: 17155: 17139: 17135: 17129: 17121: 17117: 17111: 17095: 17091: 17085: 17070: 17066: 17059: 17051: 17047: 17043: 17036: 17028: 17022: 17018: 17014: 17013: 17005: 16989: 16985: 16979: 16972: 16968: 16964: 16963:3 U.S.C. 16959: 16957: 16949: 16948: 16941: 16926: 16922: 16915: 16900: 16896: 16889: 16874: 16870: 16863: 16847: 16843: 16839: 16832: 16816: 16812: 16805: 16796: 16780: 16776: 16772: 16765: 16750: 16746: 16740: 16725: 16718: 16710: 16704: 16700: 16693: 16677: 16673: 16672: 16667: 16661: 16645: 16641: 16635: 16620: 16619: 16614: 16608: 16593: 16592: 16587: 16581: 16566: 16565: 16560: 16554: 16547: 16543: 16538: 16519: 16513: 16507: 16505: 16500: 16496: 16495:3 U.S.C. 16491: 16476: 16475: 16470: 16464: 16449: 16445: 16441: 16435: 16419: 16415: 16411: 16405: 16403: 16394: 16390: 16384: 16369: 16368: 16363: 16357: 16349: 16343: 16339: 16335: 16334: 16326: 16307: 16300: 16293: 16285: 16284: 16279: 16273: 16266: 16261: 16254: 16249: 16242: 16237: 16230: 16222: 16216: 16209: 16203: 16187: 16183: 16177: 16161: 16157: 16151: 16149: 16132: 16128: 16124: 16117: 16102: 16098: 16094: 16088: 16082: 16078: 16077:3 U.S.C. 16073: 16058: 16054: 16047: 16045: 16043: 16026: 16020: 16004: 15997: 15987: 15980: 15976: 15971: 15963: 15962: 15957: 15950: 15948: 15946: 15944: 15942: 15933: 15929: 15922: 15914: 15908: 15904: 15897: 15890: 15885: 15877: 15873: 15866: 15859: 15854: 15847: 15842: 15835: 15831: 15824: 15809: 15805: 15798: 15790: 15784: 15780: 15773: 15766: 15762: 15755: 15749:, pp. 454–55. 15748: 15744: 15737: 15730: 15726: 15719: 15712: 15706: 15699: 15695: 15688: 15681: 15676: 15669: 15665: 15660: 15652: 15651:FactCheck.org 15648: 15641: 15634: 15630: 15624: 15613: 15611: 15603: 15596: 15592: 15586: 15579: 15575: 15569: 15567: 15550: 15546: 15540: 15524: 15520: 15516: 15510: 15502: 15498: 15492: 15484: 15480: 15474: 15466: 15463: 15453: 15445: 15441: 15435: 15433: 15426: 15421: 15405: 15401: 15395: 15393: 15386: 15381: 15373: 15367: 15359: 15352: 15350: 15343: 15338: 15330: 15326: 15320: 15318: 15309: 15305: 15299: 15297: 15288: 15284: 15278: 15276: 15267: 15263: 15257: 15249: 15245: 15239: 15233: 15227: 15219: 15213: 15211: 15204: 15199: 15193: 15188: 15180: 15176: 15170: 15162: 15156: 15152: 15148: 15142: 15126: 15122: 15116: 15108: 15104: 15098: 15092: 15087: 15081: 15076: 15068: 15067: 15062: 15056: 15048: 15047: 15042: 15035: 15027: 15023: 15017: 15010: 15009: 15002: 14995: 14991: 14988: 14984: 14980: 14979:Federalist 68 14973: 14966: 14960: 14953: 14949: 14943: 14941: 14921: 14917: 14913: 14912: 14904: 14900: 14894: 14886: 14882: 14876: 14869: 14864: 14857: 14851: 14844: 14838: 14836: 14834: 14817: 14811: 14803: 14797: 14793: 14789: 14788: 14780: 14772: 14768: 14764: 14757: 14751: 14746: 14730: 14724: 14717: 14712: 14693: 14687: 14671: 14665: 14659: 14654: 14638: 14632: 14625: 14620: 14604: 14598: 14591: 14586: 14570: 14564: 14556: 14550: 14546: 14539: 14537: 14535: 14518: 14514: 14510: 14503: 14488: 14484: 14477: 14475: 14463: 14459: 14453: 14445: 14439: 14435: 14434: 14426: 14410: 14406: 14399: 14383: 14376: 14369: 14367: 14365: 14353:September 18, 14348: 14344: 14338: 14322: 14316: 14314: 14297: 14291: 14289: 14287: 14279: 14266: 14262: 14256: 14245:September 27, 14240: 14236: 14230: 14219:September 27, 14214: 14210: 14204: 14202: 14200: 14183: 14179: 14172: 14165: 14159: 14151: 14145: 14141: 14134: 14126: 14124:9781442218031 14120: 14116: 14115: 14107: 14105: 14088: 14084: 14083: 14078: 14071: 14069: 14052: 14048: 14042: 14040: 14028: 14021: 14019: 14003: 14002: 13997: 13990: 13988: 13968: 13961: 13945: 13944: 13939: 13932: 13930: 13913: 13906: 13900: 13896: 13891: 13885: 13881: 13876: 13865:September 20, 13861: 13857: 13853: 13849: 13843: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13822: 13807: 13803: 13796: 13781: 13777: 13770: 13755: 13751: 13745: 13741: 13724: 13715: 13706: 13699: 13695: 13691: 13687: 13683: 13679: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13657: 13649: 13645: 13641: 13635: 13627: 13621: 13614: 13608: 13599: 13592: 13586: 13579: 13573: 13565: 13559: 13555: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13534: 13530: 13526: 13522: 13518: 13514: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13499: 13495: 13484: 13481: 13475: 13470: 13463: 13461: 13457: 13453: 13452:Massachusetts 13449: 13444: 13440: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13424: 13418: 13417:congressional 13414: 13409: 13407: 13406:plenary power 13403: 13399: 13395: 13391: 13385: 13379: 13369: 13366: 13356: 13354: 13350: 13346: 13341: 13339: 13338: 13332: 13329: 13328: 13320: 13315: 13313: 13303: 13301: 13297: 13293: 13288: 13285: 13281: 13278:of Nebraska, 13277: 13273: 13269: 13265: 13259: 13256: 13251: 13250:(D–Indiana). 13249: 13246:1 by Senator 13240: 13232: 13230: 13226: 13221: 13219: 13215: 13211: 13210:Richard Nixon 13207: 13203: 13202:91st Congress 13193: 13191: 13187: 13180: 13174: 13164: 13162: 13158: 13154: 13150: 13146: 13142: 13138: 13135: 13131: 13130: 13124: 13122: 13118: 13110: 13101: 13092: 13088: 13084: 13074: 13072: 13067: 13063: 13059: 13055: 13051: 13047: 13043: 13039: 13035: 13029: 13019: 13015: 13010: 13001: 12998: 12997:James Madison 12994: 12989: 12985: 12980: 12977: 12973: 12969: 12959: 12950: 12947: 12943: 12939: 12934: 12925: 12922: 12913: 12912:2004 election 12909: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12885: 12884: 12877: 12873: 12869: 12866: 12862: 12858: 12855: 12851: 12847: 12844: 12840: 12836: 12833: 12829: 12825: 12822: 12818: 12814: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12802: 12801: 12800: 12796: 12794: 12790: 12786: 12782: 12778: 12774: 12770: 12766: 12762: 12756: 12746: 12742: 12733: 12726: 12722: 12717: 12708: 12699: 12697: 12693: 12689: 12685: 12681: 12676: 12674: 12670: 12661: 12656: 12647: 12645: 12635: 12633: 12629: 12625: 12621: 12616: 12612: 12601: 12599: 12595: 12591: 12585: 12583: 12579: 12575: 12571: 12567: 12557: 12553: 12551: 12547: 12546:voter turnout 12541: 12537: 12535: 12531: 12527: 12523: 12519: 12510: 12505: 12496: 12494: 12490: 12480: 12478: 12472: 12470: 12469:2000 election 12462: 12458: 12455: 12451: 12448: 12444: 12441: 12437: 12433: 12429: 12428:Massachusetts 12425: 12424: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12417:1868 election 12413: 12409: 12405: 12400: 12396: 12395:1824 election 12385: 12383: 12380: 12376: 12372: 12371: 12366: 12362: 12359: 12355: 12351: 12342: 12339: 12335: 12331: 12330: 12324: 12322: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12298: 12287:ybrid system 12286: 12283: 12280: 12277: 12274: 12271: 12268: 12264: 12261: 12258: 12254: 12251: 12248: 12247: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12108: 12104: 12101: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12087: 12084: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12070: 12067: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12053: 12050: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12036: 12033: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12019: 12015: 12012: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11998: 11995: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11981: 11978: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11964: 11961: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11947: 11944: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11930: 11926: 11923: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11909: 11906: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11892: 11889: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11875: 11872: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11858: 11855: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11841: 11837: 11834: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11820: 11817: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11803: 11800: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11786: 11783: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11769: 11766: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11748: 11745: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11731: 11728: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11714: 11711: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11697: 11694: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11680: 11677: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11663: 11659: 11656: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11642: 11639: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11625: 11622: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11608: 11605: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11591: 11588: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11574: 11570: 11567: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11553: 11550: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11536: 11533: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11519: 11516: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11502: 11499: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11485: 11481: 11478: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11464: 11461: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11447: 11444: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11430: 11427: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11413: 11410: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11392: 11389: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11375: 11372: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11358: 11355: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11341: 11338: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11324: 11321: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11307: 11303: 11300: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11286: 11283: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11269: 11266: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11252: 11249: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11235: 11232: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11218: 11214: 11211: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11197: 11194: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11180: 11177: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11163: 11160: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11146: 11143: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11125: 11122: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11108: 11105: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11091: 11088: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11074: 11071: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11057: 11054: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11040: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10876: 10872: 10870: 10865: 10861: 10848: 10842: 10839: 10836: 10833: 10830: 10827: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10814: 10811: 10808: 10805: 10802: 10799: 10796: 10793: 10790: 10787: 10784: 10781: 10778: 10775: 10772: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10680: 10678: 10676: 10674: 10672: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10660: 10658: 10656: 10654: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10638: 10637: 10633: 10630: 10627: 10624: 10621: 10618: 10615: 10612: 10609: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10585: 10582: 10579: 10576: 10573: 10570: 10565: 10562: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10546: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10526: 10525: 10521: 10518: 10515: 10512: 10509: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10475: 10472: 10469: 10466: 10463: 10460: 10457: 10454: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10418:West Virginia 10416: 10413: 10412: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10398: 10395: 10392: 10389: 10386: 10383: 10380: 10377: 10374: 10371: 10368: 10365: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10355: 10353: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10329: 10327: 10325: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10308: 10305: 10302: 10299: 10296: 10293: 10290: 10287: 10284: 10281: 10278: 10275: 10272: 10269: 10266: 10263: 10260: 10257: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10241: 10238: 10235: 10232: 10229: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10205: 10202: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10183: 10180: 10177: 10174: 10171: 10168: 10165: 10162: 10159: 10156: 10153: 10150: 10147: 10144: 10141: 10138: 10135: 10132: 10129: 10126: 10121: 10118: 10115: 10112: 10109: 10106: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10087: 10084: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10053: 10050: 10047: 10044: 10041: 10038: 10035: 10032: 10029: 10026: 10023: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10013: 10011: 10009: 10007: 10005: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9997: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9989: 9987: 9985: 9983: 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During the 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3685:requires the 3684: 3673: 3666:Contingencies 3660: 3656: 3652: 3649:, there were 3648: 3647:2020 election 3644: 3641: 3637: 3636:2016 election 3633: 3629: 3626: 3625:2004 election 3622: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3597:1876 election 3594: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3535:of the Senate 3534: 3524: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3504:joint session 3501: 3491: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3417:William Smith 3414: 3410: 3409:1836 election 3406: 3403: 3402:1796 election 3399: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3273:3 U.S.C. 3269: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3242: 3240: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3161: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3136: (1892). 3135: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3117:plenary power 3114: 3113:Supreme Court 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3070: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2929: 2924: 2917:Apportionment 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2866:1824 election 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2834: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2732:2 U.S.C. 2730:Federal law ( 2727: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2668:Roger Sherman 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2581: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2560: 2557: 2549: 2546:February 2024 2539: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2509: 2508: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2414:James Madison 2410: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2399:Massachusetts 2396: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2373: 2372:constituents. 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2351: 2349: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2289:1804 election 2286: 2281: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2138: 2134: 2132: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2072: 2069: 2063:Original plan 2054: 2051: 2043: 2040:February 2024 2032: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2001: – 2000: 1996: 1995:Find sources: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1973:This section 1971: 1967: 1962: 1961: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1946:3 U.S.C. 1941: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1861:James Madison 1858: 1857: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1808:Virginia Plan 1805: 1794: 1791: 1783: 1780:February 2024 1773: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1753:This section 1751: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1685:state capital 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622:directs each 1621: 1617: 1610: 1609:1888 election 1606: 1601: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557:apportionment 1553: 1549: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1359: 1358: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1342:Latin America 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1204: 1203: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1082:Republicanism 1080: 1078: 1077:Protectionism 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1032:Progressivism 1030: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 987: 986: 983: 982: 979: 974: 973: 966: 963: 962: 956: 953: 951: 948: 947: 946: 945:Third parties 943: 942: 938: 935: 933: 930: 929: 926: 921: 920: 913: 911: 906: 905: 901: 900: 896: 895: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 855:West Virginia 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 760:New Hampshire 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 720:Massachusetts 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 617: 613: 610: 609: 603: 600: 599: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 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Retrieved 13905: 13890: 13875: 13863:. Retrieved 13860:The Atlantic 13859: 13842: 13831: 13821: 13811:December 31, 13809:. Retrieved 13805: 13800:Keim, Andy. 13795: 13785:December 31, 13783:. Retrieved 13779: 13769: 13757:. Retrieved 13753: 13750:"Article II" 13744: 13723: 13714: 13705: 13690:Henry Wilson 13656: 13634: 13620: 13612: 13607: 13598: 13585: 13572: 13567:legislature. 13558: 13436: 13428: 13421: 13410: 13398:popular vote 13387: 13362: 13344: 13342: 13335: 13333: 13325: 13322: 13317: 13312:Jimmy Carter 13309: 13292:filibustered 13289: 13276:Roman Hruska 13260: 13254: 13252: 13241: 13233: 13222: 13199: 13182: 13139: 13134:Larry Sabato 13132:, Professor 13127: 13125: 13114: 13090: 13031: 13016: 13012: 13003: 12981: 12967: 12965: 12956: 12935: 12931: 12917: 12882: 12881: 12798: 12797: 12781:popular vote 12758: 12743: 12739: 12721:popular vote 12705: 12702:Polling ~40% 12696:swing states 12677: 12665: 12641: 12632:Scott Walker 12611:Barack Obama 12607: 12586: 12563: 12554: 12542: 12538: 12530:Bill Clinton 12514: 12486: 12473: 12466: 12421: 12391: 12370:Bush v. Gore 12368: 12364: 12349: 12327: 12325: 12300: 12294: 12284: 12275: 12266: 12256: 10857: 10817: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10407: 10402: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10096: 10091: 10062: 10057: 9963: 9793: 9776: 9771: 9701: 9647:South Dakota 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9474: 9400:Rhode Island 9356: 9283:Pennsylvania 9272: 9136: 9053: 9039: 8922: 8868:North Dakota 8857: 8712: 8707: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8503: 8498: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8270: 8265: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8053: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7672: 7584: 7579: 7400: 7395: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7164: 7159: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7049: 6920: 6915: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6490: 6485: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6185: 6180: 6064: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5601: 5498: 5493: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5274: 5269: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5041: 4851: 4472: 4458: 4436: 4418: 4407: 4396: 4385: 4371: 4360: 4346: 4335: 4324: 4313: 4302: 4289: 4275: 4262: 4256:Pennsylvania 4246: 4233: 4220: 4207: 4194: 4136: 4108: 4066: 4051:dies before 4046: 4006:death threat 3998:Barack Obama 3962:Anton Cermak 3936: 3877: 3825: 3805: 3803: 3767: 3759: 3757: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3716: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3680: 3659:Donald Trump 3617:Bush v. Gore 3615: 3568: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3547:an amendment 3544: 3532: 3520: 3497: 3456:591 U.S. ___ 3449: 3434:Ray v. 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NBC News 19574:October 2, 19433:The Nation 19175:The Nation 19114:August 26, 18957:January 5, 18850:August 14, 18840:"FairVote" 18493:August 26, 18428:August 14, 18351:August 26, 18293:August 26, 18243:August 26, 17242:, No. 17211:August 26, 17144:August 26, 17120:forbes.com 17100:January 7, 16899:SCOTUSblog 16624:August 26, 16597:August 26, 16570:August 26, 16474:270 to Win 16333:Federalism 16315:January 3, 15358:"Hearings" 15248:Justia Law 15066:The Source 14841:Hamilton. 14771:B003G6AKX2 14590:Senate.gov 14093:January 5, 14007:January 5, 13950:August 14, 13897:, p. 13736:References 13644:John Tyler 13448:California 13382:See also: 13280:Hiram Fong 13248:Birch Bayh 13177:See also: 13081:See also: 13026:See also: 12984:Akhil Amar 12834:had 30.8%* 12823:had 41.4%* 12812:had 38.6%* 12753:See also: 12598:Ben Nelson 12534:Ross Perot 12432:Democratic 10318:Washington 8529:New Mexico 8408:New Jersey 5403:California 4514:1904–2000 4511:1804–1900 4508:1788–1800 4487:See also: 4201:California 4109:Under the 3794:See also: 3531:president 3262:New Jersey 3151:of D.C.). 2985:(19), and 2967:California 2950:Under the 2746:See also: 2652:per capita 2634:Eric Foner 2523:neutrality 2422:George Hay 2305:deliberate 2261:Aaron Burr 2252:candidate 2246:John Adams 2244:candidate 2211:See also: 2010:newspapers 1977:references 1930:federalism 1764:improve it 1727:Background 1139:government 1125:Federalism 1067:Monarchism 1022:Liberalism 937:Republican 932:Democratic 850:Washington 770:New Mexico 765:New Jersey 640:California 95:232 ( 23561:Saxbe fix 23450:Executive 23405:Take Care 23395:Supremacy 23270:Guarantee 23198:Elections 22969:Formation 22682:1795–1804 22221:Wisconsin 22186:Tennessee 22091:Minnesota 22066:Louisiana 21005:Article I 20413:August 4, 20390:August 4, 20191:"Letters" 19671:Fair Vote 18678:August 9, 18135:0734-3469 18027:April 26, 17179:USA Today 16967:§ 15 16821:March 17, 16785:March 19, 16775:Fair Vote 16749:Fair Vote 16480:August 1, 16453:August 2, 16424:August 1, 16373:August 3, 16283:Raw Story 16106:August 2, 16081:§ 15 15836:, p. 464. 15668:Civil War 15555:April 19, 15529:April 19, 15131:August 6, 14822:April 13, 14735:April 13, 14643:April 13, 14609:April 13, 14575:April 13, 14513:USA Today 14415:August 6, 14327:April 17, 14265:Fair Vote 13272:Sam Ervin 13060:(per the 12936:In 1968, 12850:Cleveland 12806:Jefferson 12777:plurality 12658:Polling. 12626:Chairman 12620:Pete Lund 12520:(for the 12477:bicameral 12445:In 1864, 12436:Free Soil 12426:In 1848, 12365:McPherson 12319:in 1932. 10880:cartogram 10531:Wisconsin 9745:Tennessee 7610:Minnesota 7006:Louisiana 4353:Colorado, 4319:Virginia 4281:Georgia, 4253:Illinois, 4055:that the 3986:committed 3912:Argentine 3869:Tennessee 3740:roll call 3640:Joe Biden 3368:plus the 2854:president 2534:talk page 2273:lame duck 2221:. Indeed 2093:Congress. 1768:verifying 1719:(namely, 1658:plurality 1630:plus two 1595:Procedure 1429:president 1251:Passports 1146:Governors 1092:Anarchism 1087:Socialism 860:Wisconsin 825:Tennessee 730:Minnesota 705:Louisiana 567:Elections 482:Kavanaugh 465:Sotomayor 429:Judiciary 364:Joe Biden 348:Executive 298:President 85:Joe Biden 23843:Virginia 23817:Maryland 23781:Delaware 23683:New York 23460:Vicinage 23454:Judicial 23178:Contract 23148:Commerce 23036:Printing 22850:Proposed 22562:Preamble 22555:Articles 22316:Results 22206:Virginia 22156:Oklahoma 22136:New York 22111:Nebraska 22101:Missouri 22086:Michigan 22076:Maryland 22061:Kentucky 22041:Illinois 22011:Delaware 22001:Colorado 21991:Arkansas 21595:Suffrage 21545:Election 21433:Timeline 21345:By group 21286:Poll tax 20906:33106408 20683:June 23, 20664:June 23, 20645:June 21, 20516:July 19, 20384:Archived 20333:July 14, 19816:Archived 19781:July 30, 19697:Zmag.org 19627:July 24, 19605:July 24, 19268:(1968). 19028:(2011). 18580:, p. 10. 18471:July 31, 18190:MinnPost 17726:ABC News 17700:cite web 17690:July 29, 17658:ABC News 17475:38468505 17329:(1996). 17272:July 10, 17074:June 28, 16873:NBC News 16754:July 25, 16682:April 5, 16671:NBC News 16499:§ 1 16414:FairVote 16210:section. 16127:Fairvote 16031:June 28, 15635:, p. 11. 15404:FairVote 15149:(2003). 14990:Archived 14901:(2007). 14701:July 30, 14676:April 9, 14388:July 29, 14302:June 28, 13759:March 7, 13700:in 1832. 13466:See also 13186:Congress 12854:Harrison 12570:Nebraska 12461:Colorado 12408:Delaware 12305:at-large 12259:t-large 10858:Source: 10193:Virginia 9082:Oklahoma 8631:New York 8064:Nebraska 7835:Missouri 7498:Michigan 7252:Maryland 6888:Kentucky 6418:Illinois 5844:Delaware 5512:Colorado 5285:Arkansas 4503:Election 4439:× 7 = 21 4426:Montana, 4421:× 7 = 28 4410:× 2 = 10 4399:× 6 = 36 4388:× 2 = 14 4374:× 3 = 24 4363:× 2 = 18 4349:× 5 = 50 4338:× 4 = 44 4327:× 1 = 12 4316:× 1 = 13 4305:× 1 = 14 4296:Michigan 4292:× 1 = 15 4278:× 2 = 32 4265:× 1 = 17 4249:× 2 = 38 4240:New York 4236:× 1 = 28 4223:× 1 = 30 4210:× 1 = 40 4197:× 1 = 54 3865:Missouri 3861:Maryland 3857:Kentucky 3842:nominee 3770:becomes 3634:for the 3341:through 3331:Missouri 3329:through 3277:§ 9 3155:Meetings 3105:Nebraska 3046:Virginia 3042:Oklahoma 2995:Delaware 2983:Illinois 2979:New York 2912:Electors 2882:Nebraska 2770:and the 2736:§ 6 2527:disputed 2339:John Jay 2083:powers". 1950:§ 4 1881:Congress 1689:Congress 1666:Nebraska 1632:senators 1512:Nebraska 1445:Senators 1072:Populism 1057:Feminism 845:Virginia 795:Oklahoma 775:New York 750:Nebraska 740:Missouri 725:Michigan 715:Maryland 700:Kentucky 680:Illinois 655:Delaware 645:Colorado 635:Arkansas 180:Taxation 107:Nebraska 51:and the 23990:Display 23962:Related 23921:Georgia 23442:Vesting 23410:Takings 23295:Militia 23153:Compact 23105:Clauses 23031:Signing 22976:History 22401:Related 22320:summary 22226:Wyoming 22201:Vermont 22106:Montana 22046:Indiana 22026:Georgia 22021:Florida 21986:Arizona 21976:Alabama 21506:Related 21426:History 20951:by the 20942:by the 20897:7668185 20874:Bibcode 20816:slavery 20758:July 1, 20728:July 5, 20626:July 1, 20607:July 1, 20588:May 18, 20558:July 7, 20535:May 18, 20499:July 5, 17786:July 3, 17400:May 20, 17332:Lincoln 17189:June 8, 16988:AP NEWS 16930:July 6, 16904:July 6, 16878:July 6, 16618:FindLaw 16591:FindLaw 16564:FindLaw 16225:Section 15991:135–36. 15813:May 20, 15011:(1992). 14929:May 28, 14347:AP NEWS 14271:July 7, 13884:129–130 13613:several 13441:of the 13390:compact 13296:cloture 12872:Clinton 12832:Granger 12828:Johnson 12821:Jackson 12544:higher 12454:Florida 12406:, only 12321:Alabama 10643:Wyoming 10073:Vermont 7950:Montana 6531:Indiana 6075:Georgia 5967:Florida 5189:Arizona 4972:Alabama 4463:grants 4227:Florida 4189:States 4016:and an 3920:Central 3853:Georgia 3816:during 3692:en bloc 3645:In the 3612:Al Gore 3545:Before 3407:In the 3400:In the 3343:Wyoming 3339:Montana 3327:Alabama 3291:to the 3229:Reuters 3190:Reuters 3074:Section 3011:Wyoming 3007:Vermont 2975:Florida 2960:Wyoming 2890:ballots 2840:Summary 2588:⁄ 2576:At the 2335:analyze 2301:analyze 2181:, only 2113:party." 2024:scholar 1956:History 1838:slavery 1762:Please 1715:as the 1618:of the 990:history 865:Wyoming 840:Vermont 745:Montana 685:Indiana 665:Georgia 660:Florida 630:Arizona 620:Alabama 492:Jackson 487:Barrett 477:Gorsuch 406:Cabinet 236:Speaker 75:In the 24048:(film) 23432:Treaty 23335:Postal 23330:Pardon 22161:Oregon 22116:Nevada 22056:Kansas 22031:Hawaii 21981:Alaska 21605:Voting 21362:Felons 20925: 20904: 20894: 20840: 20804: 20792: 20709: 20480: 20409:. Time 19907: 19772: 19550: 19527:797244 19525: 19280:: 306. 19248: 19038: 18901: 18576: 18133: 17552: 17525: 17498: 17473: 17463: 17391: 17364: 17339: 17246:, 17244:19-465 17023: 16965: 16925:Bustle 16705: 16506:, p. 7 16497: 16344: 16227: 16079: 16027:. 2011 15909: 15832: 15785: 15763: 15745: 15727: 15696: 15631: 15593: 15576: 15460: 15157: 14798: 14769: 14551: 14440: 14164:p. 721 14146: 14121: 13692:, and 13244: 13236: 13190:states 13056:) and 13048:, and 13040:, the 13036:, the 13007: 12968:within 12870:2016: 12859:2000: 12848:1888: 12839:Tilden 12837:1876: 12815:1824: 12804:1800: 12771:, and 12594:vetoed 12447:Nevada 12438:, and 12345: 10770:Total 9177:Oregon 8174:Nevada 6775:Kansas 6196:Hawaii 5085:Alaska 4804:Total 4517:2004– 4379:Oregon 4004:and a 3871:, and 3782:, the 3776: 3719:Senate 3527: 3508: 3393:died. 3366:states 3275: 3175:Images 3076: 3048:, and 3009:, and 2991:Alaska 2981:(28), 2977:(30), 2973:(40), 2969:(54), 2894:ticket 2734: 2491:, and 2098:ticket 2026: 2019: 2012: 2005: 1997: 1948: 1934: 1885:Senate 1579:, and 1524:ticket 1514:use a 1493:Senate 1453:Census 1327:Canada 1307:Russia 1161:Courts 1027:Modern 1010:Social 1005:Paleo- 800:Oregon 755:Nevada 695:Kansas 670:Hawaii 625:Alaska 455:Thomas 290:Senate 185:Policy 91:) and 83:data) 22191:Texas 22071:Maine 22036:Idaho 21357:Women 20677:(PDF) 20658:(PDF) 20639:(PDF) 20620:(PDF) 20601:(PDF) 20582:(PDF) 20571:(PDF) 20548:(PDF) 20529:(PDF) 20352:(PDF) 19875:(PDF) 19810:(5). 19741:(PDF) 19730:(PDF) 19584:, 29 19523:JSTOR 19388:(PDF) 19381:(PDF) 19315:(PDF) 19156:(PDF) 18718:Slate 18345:(PDF) 18338:(PDF) 18163:(PDF) 18152:(PDF) 17772:(PDF) 17250: 16521:(PDF) 16338:33–34 16309:(PDF) 16302:(PDF) 15615:(PDF) 14923:(PDF) 14906:(PDF) 14695:(PDF) 14465:(PDF) 14378:(PDF) 14278:cast. 14030:(PDF) 13970:(PDF) 13550:Notes 13456:Texas 12908:Kerry 12876:Trump 12843:Hayes 12817:Adams 12810:Adams 12783:. In 12642:In a 12566:Maine 12377: 12356: 12336: 12110:Year 10907:Year 10878:This 9864:Texas 7137:Maine 6298:Idaho 4893:State 4505:year 4447:= 538 4214:Texas 4086:when 4071:when 3955:Miami 3932:Chile 3930:from 3928:Andes 3910:, an 3873:Texas 3834:when 3441: 3313:; and 3214:Video 3149:mayor 3129: 3101:Maine 3027:slate 2971:Texas 2878:Maine 2612:ploy. 2438:below 2412:When 2031:JSTOR 2017:books 1867:. In 1662:Maine 1624:state 1581:2016. 1508:Maine 1441:state 1322:Japan 1317:India 1312:China 1190:Mayor 1133:State 995:Black 955:Green 830:Texas 710:Maine 675:Idaho 470:Kagan 460:Alito 103:Maine 49:state 22481:1974 22476:1973 22462:2000 22196:Utah 22151:Ohio 22051:Iowa 21957:2024 21951:2020 21946:2016 21941:2012 21936:2008 21931:2004 21926:2000 21921:1996 21916:1992 21911:1988 21906:1984 21901:1980 21896:1976 21891:1972 21886:1968 21881:1964 21876:1960 21871:1956 21866:1952 21861:1948 21856:1944 21851:1940 21846:1936 21841:1932 21836:1928 21831:1924 21826:1920 21821:1916 21816:1912 21811:1908 21806:1904 21801:1900 21796:1896 21791:1892 21786:1888 21781:1884 21776:1880 21771:1876 21766:1872 21761:1868 21756:1864 21751:1860 21746:1856 21741:1852 21736:1848 21731:1844 21726:1840 21721:1836 21716:1832 21711:1828 21706:1824 21701:1820 21696:1816 21691:1812 21686:1808 21681:1804 21676:1800 21671:1796 21666:1792 21661:1788 20923:ISBN 20902:PMID 20838:ISBN 20802:ISBN 20790:ISBN 20760:2023 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17076:2022 17021:ISBN 16996:2020 16932:2020 16906:2020 16880:2020 16854:2016 16823:2020 16787:2020 16756:2020 16731:2020 16703:ISBN 16684:2012 16652:2012 16626:2010 16599:2010 16572:2010 16529:2014 16482:2018 16455:2018 16426:2018 16375:2020 16342:ISBN 16317:2008 16194:2020 16168:2011 16139:2014 16108:2018 16064:2016 16033:2024 16011:2020 15907:ISBN 15876:Time 15830:ISBN 15815:2020 15783:ISBN 15761:ISBN 15743:ISBN 15725:ISBN 15694:ISBN 15629:ISBN 15591:ISBN 15574:ISBN 15557:2017 15531:2017 15462:..." 15412:2024 15155:ISBN 15133:2018 14931:2020 14854:The 14824:2011 14796:ISBN 14767:ASIN 14737:2011 14703:2020 14678:2019 14645:2011 14626:> 14611:2011 14577:2011 14549:ISBN 14525:2019 14494:2019 14438:ISBN 14417:2018 14390:2018 14355:2020 14329:2024 14304:2024 14273:2020 14247:2020 14221:2020 14190:2020 14144:ISBN 14119:ISBN 14095:2019 14059:2020 14009:2019 13978:2020 13952:2020 13920:2020 13867:2023 13813:2021 13787:2021 13761:2024 13664:and 13562:The 13533:2020 13529:2016 13525:2012 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