Electoral reform - Knowledge

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must first be approved by the voters in a referendum. The Liberal government's position is that a referendum is unnecessary as they clearly campaigned on making "2015 Canada's last First Past the Post election." The Green Party of Canada has always been supportive of proportional representation. At the party's Special General Meeting in Calgary on December 5, 2016, Green Party members passed a resolution endorsing Mixed Member Proportional Representation as its preferred model, while maintaining an openness to any proportional voting system producing an outcome with a score of 5 or less on the

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Northern Ireland. Senior figures in Labour, the Liberal Democrats, and Greens have, with varying degrees of explicitness, all dismissed the idea. There is also concern that such a proposal would not function as intended if implemented, as none of the 92 constituencies Unite to Remain operated in were successful, and some believe both that voters would react negatively to what could be perceived as “backroom deals” and “stitch-ups,” or that association with the other parties would harm each one's reputation with target voters.

682:(single transferable voting) in the provinces of Manitoba and Alberta. Controversially, the referendum threshold for adoption of a new voting system has regularly been set at a "supermajority": for example, 60 percent of ballots cast approving the proposed system in order for the change to be implemented. In most provincial referendums the change side was roundly defeated, gaining less than 40 percent support in most cases. But in two cases, a majority of voters voted for change. 350: 1176:

had refused to allow discussion of STV.) The bill's second reading in the Lords followed in June, with an amendment replacing AV with STV in 100 constituencies being abandoned as outside the scope of the bill. An amendment was passed by 80 votes to 29 limiting AV to constituencies in boroughs with populations over 200,000. The bill received its third reading in the Lords on 21 July, but the Labour government fell in August and the bill was lost.

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consistent party position, respectively. It was comprehensively defeated. The result of the referendum has had long-lasting political repercussions, being cited by later Conservative governments as proof that public opinion was decidedly against any reform of the voting system. As the Conservatives have been in government in some form or another since, electoral reform has never seriously been close to implementation post-2011.

1263:, which was set up to evaluate flaws in FPTP and propose a new electoral system that would suit the quirks of British politics. The commission reported back, including a proposal for AV+, but its findings were not embraced by the government and were never put before the House of Commons; therefore, FPTP remained in place for subsequent elections. They introduced a number of new assemblies, in 606:, with varying numbers of seats in each district perhaps ranging from one to ten or more, allows representation of electoral districts to be changed to be broadly proportional to the number of voters while retaining pre-existing district boundaries, such as city corporate limits, counties or even small provinces. Also, multi-member districts are a component of many 563:, advocate various cultural, social, ecological means of setting borders that they consider "objective" or "blessed" in some other way. Contention over electoral constituency borders within or between nations and definitions of "refugee", "citizen", and "right of return" mark various global conflicts, including those in Israel/Palestine, the Congo, and Rwanda. 1344:, who had instigated the bill's passage and whose Liberal Democrat party had long-since supported the reform, was forced to back down. Clegg accused the Conservatives of breaking the coalition agreement, and Prime Minister David Cameron was said to be furious at his backbenchers for endangering the government's stability and authority. ( 530:

complexity of such reform: such projects tend to require changes to national or other constitutions, and to alter balances of power. Electoral reforms are often politically painful and authorities may try to postpone them as long as possible, but at risk of rising unrest with potential of rebellion, political violence and/or civil war.

1157:, and by 1 vote substituted alternative vote (AV). The House of Lords then voted for STV, but the Commons insisted on AV. In a compromise, AV was abandoned and the Boundary Commission were asked to prepare a limited plan of STV to apply to 100 seats. This plan was then rejected by the Commons, although STV was introduced for the 697:, but the PEI government did not commit to implementing a proportional voting system, citing the turnout of 36 percent as making it "doubtful whether these results can be said to constitute a clear expression of the will of Prince Edward Islanders". PEI regularly sees turnout above 80 percent in most elections. 1228:

and their vote being spread far more evenly geographically than the main parties. Therefore, the Conservatives, who benefited from overrepresentation of their vote and underrepresentation of the Alliance vote, won large majorities in the House of Commons during this period and reform remained off the

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with regional and open party lists, based on the 2004 recommendations of the Law Commission, and the Liberals simply promised to form an all-party committee to investigate various electoral reform options "including proportional representation, ranked ballots, mandatory voting and online voting." The

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with the Conservative leader in the Lords in which 92 hereditary peers would remain, along with faith-based peers, and all others would be life peers appointed by either the Prime Minister directly, or on the recommendation of an independent panel. In Scotland, a Labour / Liberal Democrat coalition

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The minimum threshold a party needs to enter parliament was gradually raised. It was 1 percent until 1988; it was then raised to 1.5 percent and remained at that level until 2003, when it was again raised to 2 percent. On March 11, 2014, the Knesset approved a new law to raise the threshold to 3.25

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In the November 7, 2016, electoral reform plebiscite on Prince Edward Island, the government declined to specify in advance how it would use the results. Mixed member proportional Representation won the five-option instant-runoff voting contest, taking 52 percent of the final vote versus 42 percent

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has seen significant discourse in left-leaning spaces, particularly on Twitter, it is thought unlikely to ever happen. The Labour Party does not support electoral reform and has a clause in their constitution (section 5, clause IV) requiring them to stand candidates in every parliamentary seat bar

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on introducing AV for the Commons on 5 May 2011, which, despite commitments to review the voting system for "fair vote reforms" in the Conservative manifesto, and an unequivocal backing of AV from the Labour Party in their manifesto, was met by campaigning for No, and indifference with no clear or

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government, then supported by the Liberals, introduced a Representation of the People Bill that included switching to AV. The bill passed its second reading in the Commons by 295 votes to 230 on 3 February 1931 and the clause introducing AV was passed at committee stage by 277 to 251. (The Speaker

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The United Kingdom has generally used first-past-the-post (FPTP) for many years, but historically many constituencies elected two MPs, and other systems were used to elect a few of its parliament's members. Its last multi-member district at the national level was disbanded in 1948. Most members in

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The process of throwing off an existing coalition government was slowly made harder, and now it is nearly impossible to impeach a government without triggering a new election. As of 2015, one needs to present a full new government with a majority support in order to impeach a government. This too,

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In less democratic countries, elections are often demanded by dissidents; therefore the most basic electoral-reform project in such countries is to achieve a transfer of power to a democratically elected government with a minimum of bloodshed, e.g. in South Africa in 1994. This case highlights the

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determining the majority of membership was put before the House in 2012. The bill was pulled before passage however, as while the government imposed a three-line whip on its MPs to support the measure, an enormous rebellion of Conservatives was brewing. Matters were not helped by the Labour Party

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The Liberal members of the special all-committee on electoral reform urged Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to break his promise to change Canada's voting system before the next federal election in 2019. That call for inaction came as opposition members of the committee pressured Trudeau to keep the

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dubbed "P3" (proportional, preferential and personalized). Regardless, Trudeau has promised to approach the issue with an open mind. Conservative interim leader, Rona Ambrose, has indicated a willingness to investigate electoral reform options, but her party's emphatic position is that any reform

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Several national and provincial organizations promote electoral reform, especially by advocating more party-proportional representation, as most regions of Canada have at least three competitive political parties (some four or five) and the traditional first-past-the-post election system operates

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Electoral boundaries and their manipulation have been a major issue in the United States, in particular. Due to political or legal obstacles preventing deeper electoral reform, such as multiple-member districts or proportional representation, "affirmative gerrymandering" has been used to create a

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in 2019, in which the Liberal Democrats, Greens, and Plaid Cymru stood down in some constituencies and endorsed each other for election, but on a much wider scale and including the Labour Party, with the expressed aim of building a rainbow coalition that could enact PR in a new parliament. Their

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Several referendums to decide whether or not to adopt such reform have been held at the provincial level in the last two decades; none has thus far resulted in a change from the plurality system currently in force. (In the past and as recently as the 1990s, all provinces and even the federal

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in the House of Lords and establish a system by which representation in the Lords "more accurately reflected the proportion of votes cast at the previous election". Having faced continual pressure against any reform from the Lords themselves, Blair was forced to water-down his proposals and

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Lesotho reformed in 2002 to a mixed-member proportional representation, where parties could choose to not run for either constituency seats or party-list seats. This prevented the compensatory mechanism and effectively resulted in parallel voting. Further reform in 2012 introduced mixed

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In 2023, the German Parliament adopted a federal electoral law reform which replaced the flexible number of seats with a fixed size of 630 seats and removed the provision which allowed parties which won at least 3 single-member seats to be exempt from the 5 percent electoral threshold.

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An minimum electoral threshold of 3.5 percent has been proposed by the European Parliament. A minimum electoral threshold is considered unconstitutional by German courts and was not applied in Germany. Transnational party-lists have been proposed for the European parliament elections.

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period, where opinion polls are banned before elections, was extended in Slovakia in 2019 from 14 to 50 days, one of the longest blackout periods in the world. The Slovak courts considered this change unconstitutional. In 2022, this blackout period was reduced to 48 hours.

1522:, a process by which state legislatures alter the borders of representative districts to increase the chances of their candidates winning their seats (cracking), and concentrating opponents in specific districts to eliminate their influence in other districts (packing). 613:

Where multi-member districts are used, the number of seats in a district may be altered to fulfill one of the purposes of changing electoral district boundaries: to ensure that the ratio between voters (or population) and the member is the same across districts.

1459:, various anti-Brexit pressure groups and online political influencers have moved to a position supporting and calling for widespread tactical voting to bring about more favourable election results under FPTP to those parties that support reform, most notably 1012:. The new electoral law barred people found guilty of "corrupt practices" from standing in elections, marginalized smaller parties, and effectively removed the right of Mongolian expatriates to vote, as they could not be registered in a specific constituency. 1211:

placed the Alliance in front of Labour and the Conservatives, and nearly all had them within contention. The continuing Liberal Party had until then received minimal support at elections and little influence on government, with the brief exception of the

1259:, they had committed in their manifesto to a slew of new reformist policies relating to modernisation and democratisation of various institutions through electoral reform. For general elections, they had committed to implementing the findings of the 802:

On February 1, 2017, the Liberal Minister of Democratic Institutions, Karina Gould, announced that a change of voting system would no longer be in her mandate, citing a lack of broad consensus among Canadians on what voting system would be best.

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The United Nations standards address safety of citizens, coercion, scrutiny, and eligibility to vote. They do not impose ballot styles, party diversity, or borders on electoral constituencies. Various global political movements, e.g.,

1153:. A Speaker's Conference on electoral reform in January 1917 unanimously recommended a mix of AV and STV for elections to the House of Commons. However, that July the Commons rejected STV by 32 votes in the committee stage of the 981:

Between 1996–2001 the PM was elected directly, while keeping a strong parliament. Direct election for the PM was abandoned afterwards, amid disappointment with the change. The earlier Westminster system was reinstated like it was

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In 1953 the federal state electoral threshold was replaced with a national electoral threshold, reducing party fragmentation. In 1972 the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18. The seat allocation method was 1987 switched from the

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Thailand changed electoral systems in 2019, moving from parallel voting to a mixed-member proportional representation system with a mixed single vote. Further reform in 2021 restored the parallel voting system and removed the

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in the new Scottish Parliament later introduced STV for local elections. However, such reforms encountered problems. When 7 percent of votes (over 140,000) were discounted or spoilt in the 2007 Scottish Parliamentary and

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The Province of Ontario permitted the use of instant runoff voting, often called the "ranked ballot", for municipal elections. IRV is not a proportional voting system and is opposed by both Election Districts Voting and

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Fair Elections Commission provides international observers to national elections that are likely to face challenges by the international community of nations, e.g., in 2001 in Yugoslavia, in 2002 in Zimbabwe.

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Furthermore, Election Districts Voting advocates proportional representation electoral reforms that enable large majorities of voters to directly elect party candidates of choice, not just parties of choice.

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attempt to introduce an Alternative Vote Bill in March 1923 was defeated by 208 votes to 178. On 2 May 1924, another private member's bill for STV was defeated 240 votes to 146 in the Commons.

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promising to vote against the measures, despite having promised to support similar such measures in the manifesto in 2010. To avoid a painful and humiliating defeat, Deputy Prime Minister

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The lack of ability to respect "natural" boundaries (those between municipal or community or infrastructure or natural areas) appears in some criticisms of particular reforms, such as the

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and the earlier expenses scandal pushed electoral reform up the agenda, something long supported by the Liberal Democrats. There were protests in favour of electoral reform organised by

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began a period of two-party dominance in British electoral politics, in which the Conservatives and Labour exchanged power with almost total dominance over seats won and votes cast (See

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government have reformed their electoral systems but so far none of those changes have followed a referendum, with the sole exception being extension of the franchise to (some) women in

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but there are other advocacy groups. One such group is The Equal Vote Coalition who has organized a multi-year research campaign involving many of the world experts on electoral reform.

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South Korea reformed in 2019 from parallel voting to Mixed-member proportional representation. The formation of satellite parties reduced the effectiveness of this reform.

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Since 1900, there have been several attempts at more reform. A 1910 Royal Commission on Electoral Systems recommended AV be adopted for the Commons. A very limited use of

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Between December 2016 and January 2017, the Government of Canada undertook a survey of Canadian opinion regarding electoral reform, with some 360,000 responses received.

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because the European Parliament mandated the use of proportional representation (more specifically either a party list or single transferable vote) in their elections.

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campaign for soft-left cooperation is ongoing and have primarily focused on social media initiatives and sponsoring research into voting patterns. While the idea of a

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Boundaries between electoral constituencies (or "ridings" or "districts") should be redrawn at regular intervals, or by statutory rules and definitions, to eliminate

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tenements that were represented by two members while having very few voters, and by allocating more seats to districts in relatively newer factory towns and cities.

796:, the Standing Committee on Electoral Reform recommended the government design a new proportional system and hold a national referendum to gauge Canadians' support. 462:

Eligibility to vote (including widening of the vote, enfranchisement and extension of suffrage to those of certain age, gender or race/ethnicity previously excluded)

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over-represented in the results compared to a proportional system. As a result, both during the campaign and after, there were various calls for electoral reform.

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due to population movements. Some electoral reforms seek to fix these boundaries according to pre-existing jurisdictions or cultural or ecological criteria.

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Electoral constituencies and election district borders. This can include consideration of multiple-member districts as opposed to single-member districts.

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The electoral threshold for multi-party coalitions was reduced due to a court ruling from 10 percent to 8 percent for two-party coalitions in 2021.

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allowing anonymous contributions to political parties were introduced in 2017, and the limit on financial contributions by companies was removed.

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system. After two referendums in 1992 and 1993, New Zealand adopted MMP. In 2004, some local body elections in New Zealand were elected using

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There is continuous talk in Israel about "governability" ("משילות" in Hebrew). The following reforms were carried in the last three decades:

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to seek to improve the management of commonly-owned property and natural resources. Some electoral reforms seek to fix districts to avoid

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Liberal leader, who is now prime minister, Justin Trudeau, is believed to prefer a winner-take-all, preferential voting system known as

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from 2005 to 2011, argued that FPTP is not fit for purpose given the move towards multi-party politics seen in the country. Journalist

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in the late 1970s, but in which their influence was somewhat limited. Despite receiving roughly a quarter of the popular vote in both

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district in which the targeted minority group, such as blacks, is in the majority and thus elects a representative of that group.

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STV is currently used to elect the upper house at the national level and in four states, and the lower house in two states.

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system for directly elected mayors. While not specifically committing to elections by name, they had promised to abolish all

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In 2012 a Mixed-member majoritarian voting system with a combination of parallel and positive vote transfer was introduced.

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single-voting, forcing parties to run for both constituency seats or party-list seats and improving the proportionality.

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In 2020, a 1 percent electoral threshold was set and the election campaign financing law was reformed in Albania.

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On 8 April 1921, a private member's bill to introduce STV was rejected 211 votes to 112 by the Commons. A

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method used in some elections in England and Wales with first-past-the-post. The posts affected are the

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to parallel voting. A constitutional referendum was held 2022 to reduce the voting age from 20 to 18.

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Independent High Electoral Commission, Iraqi Council of Representatives Elections Law No. (9) of 2020

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The coalition had also committed to reforming the House of Lords into a primarily elected body, and

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won a narrow majority, winning 51 percent of the seats on 37 percent of the national vote, but the

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Electoral reform is a continuing process in the United States, motivated by concerns of both

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had expressed her opposition to changing the voting system to proportional representation.

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for voters in England and in UK-wide elections. These measures were implemented with the

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Gallop, Nick in The Constitution and Constitutional Reform p.v29 (Philip Allan, 2011)

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Butler DE (1953), "The Electoral System in Britain 1918–1951", Oxford University Press

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Mongolia's new election rules handicap smaller parties, clear way for two-horse race

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to closed proportional lists was announced in 2022, leading to the passage of the

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all three opposition parties promised some measure of electoral reform before the

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The Queen 'was opposed to changing voting system to proportional representation'

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In 2016, it was reported that in a conversation with a Labour peer in 1997, the

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Seven provincial level referendums on electoral reform have been held to date:

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Also, a large non-party organization advocating electoral reform nationally is

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Paul McKeever's Testimony to the Select Committee on Electoral Reform (Canada)

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Ukraine reformed in 2020 from parallel voting to Proportional representation.

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protested that "the decision to conduct an STV election at the same time as a

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In 2019, the electoral law for Mongolian legislative elections was changed to

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FPTP ... It Works for Canada / Notre Systeme Electoral ... Ca March pour Moi

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In 2005, a majority of votes cast in an electoral reform referendum held in

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was used to elect some of its members starting in 1867. The passage of the

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Scrutineering (election monitoring by candidates, political parties, etc.)

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of May that year, the Government proposed the introduction of compulsory

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Merrick, Jane; Brady, Brian; Owen, Jonathan; Smith, Lewis (9 May 2010).

2472:"Clause 18 — Modification of Method of Voting in Certain Constituencies" 2416:"Clause 15 — Modification of Method of Voting in Certain Constituencies" 2281: 2269: 678:). Reforms of the past without referendums initiated the partial use of 349: 1682:"British Columbia Referendum on Electoral Reform (2005) – Participedia" 1341: 446: 316: 195: 1853:"Ontario proposal would let municipalities adopt ranked-ballot voting" 3593: 3283: 2386:

Royal commission appointed to enquire into electoral systems (1910).

2165: 2117: 1681: 580: 117: 2968:"June poll was 'hold your nose election,' says vote reform campaign" 2270:"How Rules Matter: Electoral Reform in Taiwan, Social Science, 2010" 1429: 556: 399: 205: 30: 3387:"Why a progressive alliance pact would be a disaster for the left" 3533: 3313:"Why progressive alliances in politics don't work | Daisy Cooper" 3113:"Queen's speech: voters will need photo ID for general elections" 2713: 2681: 2653: 2625: 2597: 2577: 2535: 2504: 2476: 2448: 2420: 1139: 560: 459:

Rules about political parties, typically changes to election laws

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The 2013 the compensation mechanism was adjusted to reduce the

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necessitate different ballot design compared to X voting under

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Changes to the electoral threshold in Georgia are considered.

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2015 Canadian election: seats do not reflect the popular vote

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Measures against bribery, coercion, and conflicts of interest

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made the electoral system fairer by eliminating many of the

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proportional representation by the single transferable vote

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was expected to deliver a hung parliament. In the end the

3581: 3548:: No electoral system is more "democratic" than any other 1971:"Germany's top court annuls 3% threshold for EU election" 1697:"Statement from Premier MacLauchlan regarding Plebiscite" 469:) and how they are able to get their names onto ballots ( 2216:"512/2021 Z.z. – Zákon, ktorým sa mení a dopĺňa záko..." 2044:"Greek MPs approve end to bonus seats, lower voting age" 465:

How candidates and political parties are able to stand (

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Elections in the United Kingdom § Electoral reform

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Left Foot Forward: Leading the UK's progressive debate

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In 2020 the proportional representation with modified

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or may be advances toward wider and deeper democracy.

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Factors which affect the rate of voter participation (

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2019 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum

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2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum

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2005 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum

2539:. 6 February 1918. pp. HC Deb vol 101 cc2269–91 2128: 1239:

but were switched to a closed party list before the

2396:. Vol. Cd.5163. London: HMSO. p. 37, §139 1443:are campaigning for electoral reform including the 2943: 2252:"How Does South Korea's New Election System Work?" 1935:"How did Denmark get proportional representation?" 1597: 2601:. 4 March 1931. pp. HC Deb vol 249 cc536–537 2558: 2556: 2554: 2023:"Germany passes law to shrink its XXL parliament" 1766:"Stephane Dion: Canada Needs a new Voting System" 1451:, Make Votes Count Coalition, Fairshare, and the 730:2018 British Columbia electoral reform referendum 720:2009 British Columbia electoral reform referendum 705:2005 British Columbia electoral reform referendum 506:Financing of candidates' and referendum campaigns 398:which alters how public desires are expressed in 3611: 2424:. 4 July 1917. pp. HC Deb vol 95 cc1133–255 858:Elections in Georgia (country) § Background 637:Proportional Representation Society of Australia 2204:. October 28, 2019 – via www.reuters.com. 1953:"The European Parliament: electoral procedures" 1122:the multi-member district were elected through 794:final report, Strengthening Democracy in Canada 2551: 1455:. In the lead up to, and especially since the 1185:landslide victory for the Labour Party in 1945 827:The Danish electoral system was reformed from 598:system proposed for the United Kingdom by the 579:democracy sets boundaries to fit exactly with 3430:"Electoral Code becomes effective in Ukraine" 3338:"'There is nowhere we can't win,' say Greens" 2525: 2523: 2480:. 31 January 1918. HC Deb vol 101 cc1778–1823 1719: 1717: 1482:Senedd Cymru (Members and Elections) Act 2024 1279:of PR in all of these. They also adopted the 372: 3599:Guide to different types of Electoral Reform 3362:"The false hope of a 'Progressive Alliance'" 2149:"Lesotho and the limits of electoral reform" 1872:"Proposal for a Modern AV PR Election Model" 1382:, leader of UKIP, declared support for AV+. 3047:"Grandee casts doubt over electoral system" 2677:"Representation of the People (No. 2) Bill" 2657:. 2 July 1931. HL Deb vol 81 cc565, 594–597 2649:"Representation of the People (No. 2) Bill" 2621:"Representation of the People (No. 2) Bill" 2581:. 3 February 1931. HC Deb vol 247 col 1773. 2573:"Representation of the People (No. 2) Bill" 2364: 2362: 1987: 1694: 659:best where just two parties are competing. 3605:Guardian Special Report – Electoral Reform 2520: 2452:. 22 January 1918. HL Deb vol 27 cc973–974 1714: 872:Electoral system of Germany § History 379: 365: 2508:. 4 February 1918. HL Deb vol 28 cc321–56 2006: 1245:European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999 1037:. The Royal Commission recommended that 990:was done gradually between 1996 and 2014. 533: 3110: 3091: 2359: 2356:Paul, History of Reform (1884), p. 63-69 2041: 1898:. Fair Vote Canada. 2015. Archived from 1041:(MMP) be adopted instead of the current 1031:Royal Commission on the Electoral System 896:in compensating between federal states. 750:mixed-member proportional representation 715:2007 Ontario electoral reform referendum 2707:Representation of the People Bill No. 2 2094:"Finance Bill 2017 passed in Lok Sabha" 1988:Hoffmeister, Kalojan (April 29, 2022). 566: 3612: 2685:. 2 July 1931. HL Deb vol 81 cc609–610 2629:. 4 March 1931. HC Deb vol 249 cc415–6 1850: 1807: 1723: 1578: 1559: 1394:also supported a move away from FPTP. 689:were cast in favour of change to STV. 3512:Caltech/MIT Voting Technology Project 3479:A Handbook of Electoral System Design 3456:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2881: 2879: 2368:Butler D (2004). "Electoral reform", 2249: 2131:"Iraq's Endless Electoral Law Debate" 2007:nikoladze, Tatia (December 2, 2021). 1695:MacLauchlan, Wade (8 November 2016). 1494:Electoral reform in the United States 1029:began in 1986 with the report of the 811:for provincial or federal elections. 500:Safety of voters and election workers 2919:"AV referendum: Where parties stand" 2331:Yuda, Masayuki (16 September 2021). 2330: 2129:Feyzullah Tuna Aygün (Mar 2, 2023). 1453:Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform 1233:Elections to the European Parliament 1194: 1189:British General Elections since 1945 965:for seat allocation was reformed to 517:Electoral reforms can contribute to 3587: 3276: 2531:"Consideration of Lords Amendments" 2500:"Representation of the People Bill" 2444:"Representation of the People Bill" 2256:Korea Economic Institute of America 1851:Morrow, Adrian (24 February 2014). 1337:a bill proposing elections under PR 1235:in mainland Britain used FPTP from 1161:and used until 1948 in some cases. 13: 3500: 3443: 3092:Woodcock, Andrew (17 March 2021). 2876: 1701:Government of Prince Edward Island 1579:Semini, Llazar (October 5, 2020). 524: 486:. Preferential ballots as used in 14: 3631: 3467: 3412:"A way forward for Senedd reform" 2314:"Thailand's New Electoral System" 2171: 2159: 2042:Maltezou, Renee (July 22, 2016). 1724:Wherry, Aaron (8 December 2014). 1640:Perspectives on Political Science 1155:Representation of the People Bill 1102: 842: 814: 3472: 2956:from the original on 2022-01-12. 2717:. Dates 1931–01–23 to 1931–07–27 1808:Bryden, Joan (1 December 2016). 1560:Semini, Llazar (July 30, 2020). 1487: 1209:polls throughout the early 1980s 1117:Representation of the People Act 986:percent (approximately 4 seats). 775: 748:. The NDP promised to implement 410:Reforms can include changes to: 348: 37: 3422: 3404: 3379: 3354: 3330: 3305: 3270: 3246: 3222: 3197: 3172: 3147: 3123: 3104: 3085: 3069: 3057: 3039: 3021: 3003: 2985: 2960: 2936: 2911: 2899:from the original on 2018-03-29 2864:from the original on 2010-04-14 2840: 2814: 2798: 2782:"1997 Labour Party Manifesto -" 2774: 2749: 2729: 2714:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2697: 2682:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2669: 2654:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2641: 2626:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2613: 2598:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2585: 2578:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2565: 2536:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2505:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2492: 2477:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2464: 2449:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2436: 2421:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2408: 2379: 2350: 2324: 2306: 2288: 2262: 2243: 2225: 2208: 2190: 2153:www.africaresearchinstitute.org 2141: 2122: 2111: 2086: 2072: 2054: 2035: 2015: 2000: 1981: 1963: 1945: 1927: 1909: 1885: 1863: 1844: 1820: 1801: 1776: 1758: 1736: 1600:The Australian Electoral System 1374:were under-represented and the 1348:House of Lords Reform Bill 2012 1319:campaign, the possibility of a 1250: 1027:Electoral reform in New Zealand 1022:Electoral reform in New Zealand 3594:Electoral Reform Society (UK) 3575: 3454:Principles of Electoral Reform 2250:Admin, Blog (April 15, 2020). 1688: 1674: 1628: 1606: 1591: 1572: 1553: 1539: 1422:police and crime commissioners 1226:plurality in each constituency 1171:In January 1931, the minority 1151:Government of Ireland Act 1914 1082:Taiwan reformed 2008 from the 1069: 1015: 405: 1: 3507:AEI-Brookings Election Reform 3111:Waterson, Jim (10 May 2021). 2887:"2010 Labour Party Manifesto" 2848:"2010 Conservative Manifesto" 1874:. ElectionDistrictsVoting.com 1617:. ElectionDistrictsVoting.com 1533: 1424:in England and Wales. In the 1257:Labour regained power in 1997 617: 16:Change in an electoral system 2155:. Africa Research Institute. 1181:wartime coalition government 1084:single non-transferable vote 967:single non-transferable vote 761:advocating his variation of 630: 7: 3522: 3254:"Labour Party Constitution" 1870:Election Districts Voting. 1613:Election Districts Voting. 1097:proportional representation 1089: 1056: 1003: 920:proportional representation 887:Webster/Sainte-Laguë method 837:proportional representation 680:proportional representation 645:proportional representation 608:proportional representation 419:proportional representation 211:Right to stand for election 10: 3636: 3066:, 30 April 2015, Channel 4 3015:The Constitution Unit Blog 2168:Montsame, 24 December 2019 1646:(1): 46–63. January 2002. 1525: 1491: 1439:A number of groups in the 1147:single transferable voting 1106: 1035:Towards A Better Democracy 1019: 994: 943: 929: 925: 907: 869: 865: 855: 851: 829:first-past-the-post voting 822: 622: 492:first-past-the-post voting 488:single transferable voting 3529:Election Districts Voting 2993:"Square pegs, round hole" 1652:10.1080/10457090209602384 1416:, elected mayors in nine 1277:additional member systems 1159:university constituencies 1132:Great Reform Bill of 1832 1077: 1039:Mixed Member Proportional 1010:plurality-at-large voting 972: 946:Electoral reform in India 903: 653: 2274:Social Science Quarterly 2166:Law on Elections amended 2135:The Washington Institute 1939:Electoral Reform Society 1784:"Preferred Voting Model" 1598:Farrell and McAllister. 1445:Electoral Reform Society 1047:single transferable vote 939: 883:largest remainder method 833:additional member system 676:British Columbia in 1916 641:single transferable vote 456:Vote-counting procedures 3582:PR Society of Australia 3552:Electoral Reform Canada 3366:UK in a changing Europe 1748:Liberal Party of Canada 1516:campaign financing laws 1408:proposed replacing the 1404:In 2021 home secretary 1376:Scottish National Party 1299:Scottish first minister 956: 494:and some other systems. 2952:. London. 5 May 2011. 2761:www.europarl.europa.eu 2389:Report with Appendices 1312:was deeply mistaken". 534:Role of United Nations 519:democratic backsliding 277:Next general elections 2370:Parliamentary Affairs 1788:Green Party of Canada 1457:2019 general election 1356:2015 general election 1317:2010 general election 1290:agree to a settlement 1205:Limehouse Declaration 1199:With the rise of the 1107:Further information: 916:majority bonus system 856:Further information: 755:Instant Runoff Voting 746:next federal election 742:2015 federal election 596:alternative vote plus 427:instant-runoff voting 161:Boundary delimitation 3601:– New Statesman (UK) 3557:Voting Reform Canada 2239:. December 27, 2019. 2187:Reuters, 20 May 2016 1977:. February 27, 2014. 1470:progressive alliance 1465:Unite to Remain pact 1418:combined authorities 1325:Take Back Parliament 1201:SDP-Liberal Alliance 932:Elections in Hungary 894:negative vote weight 567:Electoral boundaries 262:Elections by country 3161:. December 17, 2021 2950:The Daily Telegraph 2786:labour-party.org.uk 2300:www.taipeitimes.com 2068:. January 24, 2020. 1959:. October 31, 2023. 1957:European Parliament 1905:on 26 January 2016. 1310:Scottish Parliament 1306:first-past-the-post 1237:their start in 1979 1043:first-past-the-post 963:Sainte-Laguë method 910:Elections in Greece 792:commitment. In its 695:first-past-the-post 604:district magnitudes 355:Politics portal 3544:2016-03-07 at the 3490:International IDEA 3484:2009-12-24 at the 3277:Pogrund, Gabriel. 3186:. January 16, 2021 2237:Yonhap News Agency 2183:2016-07-01 at the 1857:The Globe and Mail 1754:on 6 October 2015. 1744:"Electoral Reform" 1434:Elections Act 2022 1410:supplementary vote 1360:Conservative Party 1346:See main article: 1281:supplementary vote 1261:Jenkins Commission 1149:(STV) came in the 918:was replaced with 600:Jenkins Commission 2855:Conservative Home 2320:. March 21, 2019. 2302:. April 17, 2022. 1923:. April 20, 2021. 1602:. pp. 60–61. 1508:Electoral College 1449:Make Votes Matter 1388:Cabinet Secretary 1372:Liberal Democrats 1203:following 1981's 1195:Late 20th century 425:(runoff voting), 396:electoral systems 389: 388: 307:Election security 290:elections in 2024 244:Electoral systems 171:Electoral college 141:Anonymous elector 3627: 3620:Electoral reform 3571:(Facebook group) 3534:Fair Vote Canada 3450:Dummett, Michael 3438: 3437: 3434:Interfax-Ukraine 3426: 3420: 3419: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3373: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3324: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3299: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3258: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3216: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3184:Best for Britain 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3159:Best for Britain 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3135:Best for Britain 3127: 3121: 3120: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3089: 3083: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3053:. 30 April 2015. 3043: 3037: 3036: 3035:. 20 March 2015. 3025: 3019: 3018: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2979: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2947: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2930: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2898: 2891: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2863: 2852: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2818: 2812: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2768: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2743: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2527: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2383: 2377: 2366: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2194: 2188: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2126: 2120: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1994:www.euractiv.com 1985: 1979: 1978: 1975:www.euractiv.com 1967: 1961: 1960: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1897: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1838: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1750:. Archived from 1740: 1734: 1733: 1721: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1623: 1622: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1543: 1504:disfranchisement 1476:A reform of the 1461:Best for Britain 1420:in England, and 1285:hereditary peers 1275:, and opted for 1063:election silence 809:Fair Vote Canada 779: 687:British Columbia 668:Fair Vote Canada 573:malapportionment 549:labour movements 484:voting equipment 467:nomination rules 451:recall elections 431:Condorcet Voting 423:two-round system 392:Electoral reform 381: 374: 367: 353: 352: 332:Election science 327:Electoral reform 181:Election silence 166:Crossover voting 123:Two-round system 41: 19: 18: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3624: 3610: 3609: 3590: 3578: 3546:Wayback Machine 3525: 3503: 3486:Wayback Machine 3475: 3470: 3446: 3444:Further reading 3441: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3396: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3371: 3369: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3322: 3320: 3317:The Independent 3311: 3310: 3306: 3297: 3295: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3238: 3236: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3214: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3189: 3187: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3164: 3162: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3139: 3137: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3109: 3105: 3098:The Independent 3090: 3086: 3080:The Independent 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3029:"Politics Live" 3027: 3026: 3022: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2977: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2928: 2926: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2832: 2830: 2827:The Independent 2819: 2815: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2788: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2766: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2529: 2528: 2521: 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London 1384:Baron O'Donnell 1321:hung parliament 1308:ballot for the 1253: 1197: 1136:rotten boroughs 1119: 1105: 1092: 1080: 1072: 1059: 1049:instead of the 1024: 1018: 1006: 997: 975: 959: 951:Electoral bonds 948: 942: 934: 928: 912: 906: 874: 868: 860: 854: 845: 825: 817: 789: 788: 787: 785: 780: 768:Gallagher Index 656: 633: 625: 620: 569: 536: 527: 525:Nation-building 439:approval voting 408: 394:is a change in 385: 347: 342: 341: 337:Paper candidate 312:Electoral fraud 302: 294: 293: 267:Close elections 257: 249: 248: 234:Political party 224: 216: 215: 136: 128: 127: 49: 24:Politics series 17: 12: 11: 5: 3633: 3623: 3622: 3608: 3607: 3602: 3596: 3589: 3588:United Kingdom 3586: 3585: 3584: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3566: 3562:2013-02-09 at 3554: 3549: 3536: 3531: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3468:External links 3466: 3465: 3464: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3421: 3418:. 10 May 2022. 3403: 3378: 3353: 3329: 3304: 3269: 3245: 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