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2789:, according to State Council Decree No. 98 of March 28, 1983, owning a typewriter, both by businesses or by private persons, was subject to an approval given by the local police authorities. People previously convicted of any crime or those who because of their behaviour were considered to be "a danger to public order or to the security of the state" were refused approval. In addition, once a year, typewriter owners had to take the typewriter to the local police station, where they would be asked to type a sample of all the typewriter's characters. It was also forbidden to borrow, lend, or repair typewriters other than at the places that had been authorized by the police.
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2135:. Actual brushes and paste were later replaced by hot-wax machines equipped with cylinders that applied melted adhesive wax to developed prints of "typeset" copy. This copy was then cut out with knives and rulers, and slid into position on layout sheets on slanting layout tables. After the "copy" had been correctly positioned and squared up using a T-square and set square, it was pressed down with a brayer, or roller. The whole point of the exercise was to create so-called "camera-ready copy" which existed only to be photographed and then printed, usually by
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at the page. The Fitch was one of the first machines to allow prompt correction of mistakes with its visible writing; it was said to be the second machine operating on the visible writing system. The typebars were positioned behind the paper and the writing area faced upwards so that the result could be seen instantly. A curved frame kept the emerging paper from obscuring the keyboard, but the Fitch was soon eclipsed by machines in which the paper could be fed more conveniently at the rear.
2876:
1734:). This incorporated a thin layer of material that prevented ink from penetrating and was relatively soft and easy to remove from the page. An ordinary soft pencil eraser could quickly produce perfect erasures on this kind of paper. However, the same characteristics that made the paper erasable made the characters subject to smudging due to ordinary friction and deliberate alteration after the fact, making it unacceptable for business correspondence, contracts, or any archival use.
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627:
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194:
1718:(a thin stainless-steel rectangle about 2 by 3 inches (51 by 76 mm) with several tiny holes in it) to prevent the pressure of erasing on the upper copies from producing carbon smudges on the lower copies. To correct copies, typists had to go from one carbon copy layer to the next carbon copy layer, trying not to get their fingers dirty as they leafed through the carbon papers, and moving and repositioning the eraser shield and eraser for each copy.
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1768:. Correction fluid was a kind of opaque, white, fast-drying paint that produced a fresh white surface onto which, when dry, a correction could be retyped. However, when held to the light, the covered-up characters were visible, as was the patch of dry correction fluid (which was never perfectly flat, and frequently not a perfect match for the color, texture, and luster of the surrounding paper). The standard trick for solving this problem was
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typing of columns of numbers, freeing the operator from the need to manually position the carriage. The first models had one tab stop and one tab key; later ones allowed as many stops as desired, and sometimes had multiple tab keys, each of which moved the carriage a different number of spaces ahead of the decimal point (the tab stop), to facilitate the typing of columns with numbers of different length ($ 1.00, $ 10.00, $ 100.00, etc.)
537:
2274:. Being a typist was considered the right choice for a "good girl", meaning women who present themselves as being chaste and having good conduct. According to the 1900 census, 94.9% of stenographers and typists were unmarried women. This also led to an increase in schools and classes for typing in order to prepare for a future job. Moreover, the word "typewriter" also became associated with the women who typed during the timeperiod.
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manipulation of the keyboard alone. The two keys that achieve this are positioned at the top of the keyboard (seen in the detail image below). They are a "Lift" key that advances the paper, on the platen, to the next line and a "Return" key that causes the carriage to automatically swing back to the right, ready for one to type the new line. So an entire page could be typed without one's hands leaving the keyboard.
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some selected characters in running text, for emphasis. When a typewriter had this facility, it could still be fitted with a solid black ribbon; the lever was then used to switch to fresh ribbon when the first stripe ran out of ink. Some typewriters also had a third position which stopped the ribbon being struck at all. This enabled the keys to hit the paper unobstructed, and was used for cutting stencils for
1229:, with reverse-image letters molded into its surface. The Selectric used a system of latches, metal tapes, and pulleys driven by an electric motor to rotate the ball into the correct position and then strike it against the ribbon and platen. The typeball moved laterally in front of the paper, instead of the previous designs using a platen-carrying carriage moving the paper across a stationary print position.
1894:
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transcribing of letters, one after another, as in writing, whereby all writing whatsoever may be engrossed in paper or parchment so neat and exact as not to be distinguished from print; that the said machine or method may be of great use in settlements and public records, the impression being deeper and more lasting than any other writing, and not to be erased or counterfeited without manifest discovery."
40:
2161:). In Europe, where most languages have diacritics, a typical mechanical arrangement meant that hitting the accent key typed the symbol but did not advance the carriage, consequently the next character to be typed 'landed' on the same position. It was this method that carried across to the computer age whereas an alternative method (press the space bar simultaneously) did not.
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Massachusetts in 1880, and commercially released in 1884. The type is carried on a pair of interchangeable rotating sectors, one controlled by each half of the keyboard. A small hammer pushes the paper against the ribbon and type sector to print each character. The mechanism was later adapted to give a straight QWERTY keyboard and proportional spacing.
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52:
1545:, and other electronic communication techniques have largely replaced typewriters in the United States. Still, as of 2009, typewriters continued to be used by a number of government agencies and other institutions in the US, where they are primarily used to fill preprinted forms. According to a Boston typewriter repairman quoted by
197:
2422:, Kerouac had one single-spaced paragraph, 120 feet (37 m) long. Some scholars say the scroll was shelf paper; others contend it was a Thermal-fax roll; another theory is that the roll consisted of sheets of architect's paper taped together. Kerouac himself stated that he used 100-foot (30 m) rolls of
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1017:, reducing the number of sorts needed from 5 to 1. The typebars of "normal" characters struck a rod as they moved the metal character desired toward the ribbon and platen, and each rod depression moved the platen forward the width of one character. Dead keys had a typebar shaped so as not to strike the rod.
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1815:
The 1874 Sholes & Glidden typewriters established the "QWERTY" layout for the letter keys. During the period in which Sholes and his colleagues were experimenting with this invention, other keyboard arrangements were apparently tried, but these are poorly documented. The QWERTY layout of keys has
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in the 1970s. The first electronic daisywheel typewriter marketed in the world (in 1976) is the
Olivetti Tes 501, and subsequently in 1978, the Olivetti ET101 (with function display) and Olivetti TES 401 (with text display and floppy disk for memory storage). This has allowed Olivetti to maintain the
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Later models of IBM Executives and
Selectrics replaced inked fabric ribbons with "carbon film" ribbons that had a dry black or colored powder on a clear plastic tape. These could be used only once, but later models used a cartridge that was simple to replace. A side effect of this technology was that
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The IBM Selectric became a commercial success, dominating the office typewriter market for at least two decades. IBM also gained an advantage by marketing more heavily to schools than did
Remington, with the idea that students who learned to type on a Selectric would later choose IBM typewriters over
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The first typewriter to have the sliding type bars (laid out horizontally like a fan) that enable a typewriter to be "noiseless" was the
American made Rapid which appeared briefly on the market in 1890. The Rapid also had the remarkable ability for the typist to have entire control of the carriage by
517:
Malling-Hansen developed his typewriter further through the 1870s and 1880s and made many improvements, but the writing head remained the same. On the first model of the writing ball from 1870, the paper was attached to a cylinder inside a wooden box. In 1874, the cylinder was replaced by a carriage,
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used to type capital letters and other alternate "upper case" characters; when pressed and held down, would shift a typewriter's mechanism to allow a different typebar impression (such as 'D' instead of 'd') to press into the ribbon and print on a page. The concept of a shift key or modifier key was
1510:
The pace of change was so rapid that it was common for clerical staff to have to learn several new systems, one after the other, in just a few years. While such rapid change is commonplace today, and is taken for granted, this was not always so; in fact, typewriting technology changed very little in
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In 1941, IBM announced the
Electromatic Model 04 electric typewriter, featuring the revolutionary concept of proportional spacing. By assigning varied rather than uniform spacing to different sized characters, the Type 4 recreated the appearance of a typeset page, an effect that was further enhanced
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No. 2 in 1878. This key physically "shifted" either the basket of typebars, in which case the typewriter is described as "basket shift", or the paper-holding carriage, in which case the typewriter is described as "carriage shift". Either mechanism caused a different portion of the typebar to come in
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which prohibited the publishing of any written work that had not been previously officially reviewed and approved. Unapproved work was copied manually, most often on typewriters. In 1983, a new law required anyone who needed a typewriter to get police permission to buy or keep one. In addition, the
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of Kansas City invented what is considered the first practical power-operated typewriter in 1914. In 1920, after returning from Army service, he produced a successful model and in 1923 turned it over to the
Northeast Electric Company of Rochester for development. Northeast was interested in finding
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Some ribbons were inked in black and red stripes, each being half the width and running the entire length of the ribbon. A lever on most machines allowed switching between colors, which was useful for bookkeeping entries where negative amounts were highlighted in red. The red color was also used on
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1893 – Gardner typewriter. This typewriter, patented by Mr J Gardner in 1893, was an attempt to reduce the size and cost. Although it prints 84 symbols, it has only 14 keys and two change-case keys. Several characters are indicated on each key and the character printed is determined by the position
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1888 – Fitch typewriter – Made by the Fitch
Typewriter Company, Brooklyn, N.Y. and later in the UK with a slightly different look. Operators of the early typewriters had to work "blind": the typed text emerged only after several lines had been completed or the carriage was lifted to look underneath
642:
The index typewriter's niche appeal however soon disappeared as, on the one hand new keyboard typewriters became lighter and more portable, and on the other refurbished second-hand machines began to become available. The last widely available western index machine was the Mignon typewriter produced
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In the early part of the 20th century, a typewriter was marketed under the name
Noiseless and advertised as "silent". It was developed by Wellington Parker Kidder and the first model was marketed by the Noiseless Typewriter Company in 1917. Noiseless portables sold well in the 1930s and 1940s, and
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Before the shift key, typewriters had to have a separate key and typebar for upper-case letters; in essence, the typewriter had two keyboards, one above the other. With the shift key, manufacturing costs (and therefore purchase price) were greatly reduced, and typist operation was simplified; both
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This topic is discussed under "Creating
Professional-looking Text."; Williams 2003. pps. 31, 33. Another example of the limitation of the typewriter in regard to underlining, was the necessity to underline the titles of books and stand-alone works in Bibliographies—works that would otherwise have
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In typescript, a double hyphen (--) is often used for a long dash. Double hyphens in a typeset document are a sure sign that the type was set by a typist, not a typographer. A typographer will use an em dash, three-quarter em, or en dash, depending on context or personal style. The em dash is the
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A variation known as "Correcting
Selectrics" introduced a correction feature, later imitated by competing machines, where a sticky tape in front of the carbon film ribbon could remove the black-powdered image of a typed character, eliminating the need for little bottles of white dab-on correction
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In a conventional typewriter the type bar reaches the end of its travel simply by striking the ribbon and paper. The Noiseless, developed by Kidder, has a complex lever mechanism that decelerates the type bar mechanically before pressing it against the ribbon and paper in an attempt to dampen the
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The platen was mounted on a carriage that moved horizontally to the left, automatically advancing the typing position, after each character was typed. The carriage-return lever at the far left was then pressed to the right to return the carriage to its starting position and rotating the platen to
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design. There were minor variations from one manufacturer to another, but most typewriters followed the concept that each key was attached to a typebar that had the corresponding letter molded, in reverse, into its striking head. When a key was struck briskly and firmly, the typebar hit a ribbon
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The platen was mounted on a carriage that moved horizontally to the left, automatically advancing the typing position, after each character was typed. The carriage-return lever at the far left was then pressed to the right to return the carriage to its starting position and rotating the platen to
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In Latin America and Africa, mechanical typewriters are still common because they can be used without electrical power. In Latin America, the typewriters used are most often Brazilian models; Brazil continues to produce mechanical (Facit) and electronic (Olivetti) typewriters to the present day.
895:
To facilitate typewriter use in business settings, a tab (tabulator) key was added in the late nineteenth century. Before using the key, the operator had to set mechanical "tab stops", pre-designated locations to which the carriage would advance when the tab key was pressed. This facilitated the
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inch (3.2 mm) thick, with a brush attached from the center, while others looked like pink pencils, with a sharpenable eraser at the "lead" end and a stiff nylon brush at the other end. Either way, these tools made possible erasure of individual typed letters. Business letters were typed on
1574:-based manufacturer of mechanical typewriters, closed its doors, leading to a flurry of news reports that the "world's last typewriter factory" had shut down. The reports were quickly contested, with opinions settling to agree that it was indeed the world's last producer of manual typewriters.
1232:
Due to the physical similarity, the typeball was sometimes referred to as a "golfball". The typeball design had many advantages, especially the elimination of "jams" (when more than one key was struck at once and the typebars became entangled) and in the ability to change the typeball, allowing
638:
The index typewriter was briefly popular in niche markets. Although they were slower than keyboard type machines, they were mechanically simpler and lighter. They were therefore marketed as being suitable for travellers and, because they could be produced more cheaply than keyboard machines, as
262:
obtained a patent in Britain for a machine that, from the patent, appears to have been similar to a typewriter. The patent shows that this machine was created: " hath by his great study and paines & expence invented and brought to perfection an artificial machine or method for impressing or
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The difficulty with any other arrangement was ensuring the typebars fell back into place reliably when the key was released. This was eventually achieved with various ingenious mechanical designs and so-called "visible typewriters" which used frontstriking, in which the typebars struck forward
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1896 – The "Underwood 1 typewriter, 10" Pica, No. 990". This was the first typewriter with a typing area fully visible to the typist until a key is struck. These features, copied by all subsequent typewriters, allowed the typist to see and if necessary correct the typing as it proceeded. The
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poet, who would type articles overnight by jumping onto the keys of a manual typewriter. The writings were typed completely in lower case, because of the cockroach's inability to generate the heavy force needed to operate the shift key. The lone exception is the poem "CAPITALS AT LAST" from
792:
against the front side of the platen, became standard. One of the first was the Daugherty Visible, introduced in 1893, which also introduced the four-bank keyboard that became standard, although the Underwood which came out two years later was the first major typewriter with these features.
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This article examines the history, economics, and ergonomics of the typewriter keyboard. We show that David's version of the history of the market's rejection of Dvorak does not report the true history, and we present evidence that the continued use of Qwerty is efficient given the current
1687:
Typewriter eraser brushes were necessary for clearing eraser crumbs and paper dust, and using the brush properly was an important element of typewriting skill; if erasure detritus fell into the typewriter, a small buildup could cause the typebars to jam in their narrow supporting grooves.
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until after the mid-1880s. The typewriter quickly became an indispensable tool for practically all writing other than personal handwritten correspondence. It was widely used by professional writers, in offices, in business correspondence in private homes, and by students preparing written
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1884 – Hammond "Ideal" typewriter with case, by Hammond Typewriter Company Limited, United States. Despite an unusual, curved keyboard (see picture in citation), the Hammond became popular because of its superior print quality and changeable typeface. Invented by James Hammond of Boston,
1980:. To overcome this limitation, users typically typed more than one adjacent hyphen to approximate these symbols. This typewriter convention is still sometimes used today, even though modern computer word processing applications can input the correct en and em dashes for each font type.
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The determination of a make and/or model of typewriter is a 'classification' problem and several systems have been developed for this purpose. These include the original Haas Typewriter Atlases (Pica version) and (Non-Pica version) and the TYPE system developed by Philip Bouffard, the
564:, although Sholes soon disowned the machine and refused to use or even recommend it. The working prototype was made by clock-maker and machinist Matthias Schwalbach. Hall, Glidden and Soule sold their shares in the patent (US 79,265) to Densmore and Sholes, who made an agreement with
454:
After the market had matured under the market dominance of large companies from Britain, Europe and the United States—but before the advent of daisywheel and electronic machines—the typewriter market faced strong competition from less expensive typewriters from Asia, including
199:
1554:
A rather specialized market for typewriters exists due to the regulations of many correctional systems in the US, where prisoners are prohibited from having computers or telecommunication equipment, but are allowed to own typewriters. The Swintec corporation (headquartered in
3668:
242:, several people contributed insights and inventions that eventually resulted in ever more commercially successful instruments. Historians have estimated that some form of the typewriter was invented 52 times as thinkers and tinkerers tried to come up with a workable design.
2719:
to describe how a typewriter might be identified was William E. Hagan who wrote, in 1894, "All typewriter machines, even when using the same kind of type, become more or less peculiar by use as to the work done by them". Other early discussions of the topic were provided by
145:. The origins of this layout still need to be clarified. Similar typewriter keyboards, with layouts optimised for other languages and orthographies, emerged soon afterward, and their layouts have also become standard for computer keyboards in their respective markets.
634:
The index typewriter came into the market in the early 1880s. The index typewriter uses a pointer or stylus to choose a letter from an index. The pointer is mechanically linked so that the letter chosen could then be printed, most often by the activation of a lever.
1131:, in 1902. Like the manual Blickensderfer typewriters, it used a cylindrical typewheel rather than individual typebars. The machine was produced in several variants but apparently not a commercial success, having come to market ahead of its time, before ubiquitous
2285:" – adult comic books produced in Mexico for the American market, starting in the 1930s – often featured women typists. In one panel, a businessman in a three-piece suit, ogling his secretary's thigh, says, "Miss Higby, are you ready for—ahem!—er—dictation?"
1302:
The first of these was the relatively obscure Mag Card Executive, which used 88-character elements. Later, some of the same typestyles used for it were used on the 96-character elements used on the IBM Electronic Typewriter 50 and the later models 65 and 85.
6393:
nineteenth-century standard, still prescribed in many editorial style books, but the em dash is too long for use with the best text faces. Like the oversized space between sentences, it belongs to the padded and corseted aesthetic of Victorian typography.
53:
5737:
A previous version of this story did not clearly state that Godrej & Boyce appears to be the world's last maker of mechanical typewriters, which operate solely on human power. Numerous other manufacturers continue to make several types of electric
2301:
owner would have to register a typed sample of all its letters and numbers, to ensure that any illegal literature typed with it could be traced back to its source. The typewriter became increasingly popular as the interest in prohibited books grew.
593:
keyboard layout, which, because of the machine's success, was slowly adopted by other typewriter manufacturers. As with most other early typewriters, because the typebars strike upwards, the typist could not see the characters as they were typed.
1241:
the text typed on the machine could be easily read from the used ribbon, raising issues where the machines were used for preparing classified documents (ribbons had to be accounted for to ensure that typists did not carry them from the facility).
54:
1440:, though today that term almost always denotes a type of software program. Manufacturers of such machines included Olivetti (TES501, first totally electronic Olivetti word processor with daisywheel and floppy disk in 1976; TES621 in 1979 etc.),
1868:
On modern keyboards, the exclamation point is the shifted character on the 1 key, because these were the last characters to become "standard" on keyboards. Holding the spacebar down usually suspended the carriage advance mechanism (a so-called
1839:
are required to move their fingers between rows to type the most common letters. Although the QWERTY keyboard was the most commonly used layout in typewriters, a better, less strenuous keyboard was being searched for throughout the late 1900s.
126:
software. Nevertheless, typewriters remain common in some parts of the world. For example, typewriters are still used in many Indian cities and towns, especially in roadside and legal offices, due to a lack of continuous, reliable electricity.
1360:
356:, presented a gold medal to Father Azevedo for this invention. Many Brazilian people, as well as the Brazilian federal government recognize Fr. Azevedo as the inventor of the typewriter, a claim that has been the subject of some controversy.
1843:
One popular but incorrect explanation for the QWERTY arrangement is that it was designed to reduce the likelihood of internal clashing of typebars by placing commonly used combinations of letters farther from each other inside the machine.
865:
Certain models further reduced the number of keys and typebars by making each key perform three functions – each typebar could type three different characters. These little three-row machines were portable and could be used by journalists.
1318:
system. The system included a computer-driven input station to capture the key strokes on magnetic tape and insert the operator's format commands, and a Composer unit to read the tape and produce the formatted text for photo reproduction.
2085:(BS) – a keystroke that moved the cursor backwards one position (on a typewriter, this moved the physical platen backwards), to enable a character to be overtyped. Originally this was used to combine characters (for example, the sequence
840:
The result is that each typebar could type two different characters, cutting the number of keys and typebars in half (and simplifying the internal mechanisms considerably). The obvious use for this was to allow letter keys to type both
2507:
used typewriters for his entire career, and when he was no longer able to have them repaired, learned to do it himself; he repeatedly stated his belief that computers are bad for writing, maintaining that "Art is not supposed to be
233:
Although many modern typewriters have one of several similar designs, their invention was incremental, developed by numerous inventors working independently or in competition with each other over a series of decades. As with the
2934:
1916:
Many non-Latin alphabets have keyboard layouts that have nothing to do with QWERTY. The Russian layout, for instance, puts the common trigrams ыва, про, and ить on adjacent keys so that they can be typed by rolling the fingers.
764:
advance the paper vertically. A small bell was struck a few characters before the right hand margin was reached to warn the operator to complete the word and then use the carriage-return lever. Typewriters for languages written
2211:(HT), shortened from "horizontal tab" or "tabulator stop" – caused the print position to advance horizontally to the next pre-set "tab stop". This was used for typing lists and tables with vertical columns of numbers or words.
2528:
explains why he uses a manual typewriter: "I think the computer user does their thinking on the screen, and the non-computer user is compelled, because he or she has to retype a whole text, to do a lot more thinking in the
1142:. The Krums' machine, named the Morkrum Printing Telegraph, used a typewheel rather than individual typebars. This machine was used for the first commercial teletypewriter system on Postal Telegraph Company lines between
1567:), manufactures a variety of typewriters for use in prisons, made of clear plastic (to make it harder for prisoners to hide prohibited items inside it). As of 2011, the company had contracts with prisons in 43 US states.
1156:
After some 2,500 electric typewriters had been produced, Northeast asked Remington for a firm contract for the next batch. However, Remington was engaged in merger talks, which would eventually result in the creation of
56:
7664:, These guides are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02 on Questioned Documents. Copies of ASTM Standards can be obtained directly from
2609:(1950) for orchestra and typewriter, and it has since been used as the theme for numerous radio programs. The solo instrument is a real typewriter played by a percussionist. The piece was later made famous by comedian
1153:
new markets for their electric motors and developed Smathers's design so that it could be marketed to typewriter manufacturers, and from 1925 Remington Electric typewriters were produced powered by Northeast's motors.
7442:
1904:
The keyboards for other Latin languages are broadly similar to QWERTY but are optimised for the relevant orthography. In addition to some changes in the order of letters, perhaps the most obvious is the presence of
1856:
have been proposed to reduce the perceived inefficiencies of QWERTY, but none have been able to displace the QWERTY layout; their proponents claim considerable advantages, but so far none has been widely used. The
1035:
In English-speaking countries, ordinary typewriters printing fixed-width characters were standardized to print six horizontal lines per vertical inch, and had either of two variants of character width, one called
518:
moving beneath the writing head. Then, in 1875, the well-known "tall model" was patented, which was the first of the writing balls that worked without electricity. Malling-Hansen attended the world exhibitions in
1253:– each character and letterspace was allotted the same width on the page, from a capital "W" to a period. IBM did produce a successful typebar-based machine with five levels of proportional spacing, called the
1387:
electric typewriters introduced in 1973 switched to interchangeable Coronamatic (SCM-patented) ribbon cartridges. including fabric, film, erasing, and two-color versions. At about the same time, the advent of
1295:(MT/SC), the Mag Card Selectric Composer, and the Electronic Selectric Composer, IBM also made electronic typewriters with proportional spacing using the Selectric element that were considered typewriters or
500:, which went into commercial production in 1870 and was the first commercially sold typewriter. It was a success in Europe and was reported as being used in offices on the European continent as late as 1909.
708:
Underwood 1 typewriter, 1896 - The typewriter that would set the design standard for the new century, with four rows of keys, front strike visible and a single shift key. It also had a light and fast typing
198:
5755:
2693:. This is done primarily to determine 1) the make and/or model of the typewriter used to produce a document, or 2) whether or not a particular suspect typewriter might have been used to produce a document.
639:
budget machines for users who needed to produce small quantities of typed correspondence. For example, the Simplex Typewriter Company made index typewriters for 1/40 the price of a Remington typewriter.
1358:
2708:
The earliest reference in fictional literature to the potential identification of a typewriter as having produced a document was by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who wrote the Sherlock Holmes short story "
2259:
When Remington started marketing typewriters, the company assumed the machine would not be used for composing but for transcribing dictation, and that the person typing would be a woman. The 1800s
2111:(CR) – return to the first column of text. (Most typewriters switched automatically to the next line. In computer systems, "line feed" (see below) is a function that is controlled independently.)
869:
Such three-row machines were popular with WWI journalists because they were lighter and more compact than four-bank typewriters, while they could type just as fast and use just as many symbols.
680:
advance the paper vertically. A small bell was struck a few characters before the right hand margin was reached to warn the operator to complete the word and then use the carriage-return lever.
222:
5510:
2011:
and the use of all capitals to provide emphasis are additional examples of typographical conventions that derived from the limitations of the typewriter keyboard that still carry on today.
2384:
wrote in some of his novels – and possibly believed – that "a machine he called the 'Soft Typewriter' was writing our lives, and our books, into existence", according to a book review in
1359:
1161:
and no executives were willing to commit to a firm order. Northeast instead decided to enter the typewriter business for itself, and in 1929 produced the first Electromatic Typewriter.
5809:
1873:" feature), allowing one to superimpose multiple keystrikes on a single location. The ¢ symbol (meaning cents) was located above the number 6 on American electric typewriters, whereas
1436:, though the latter term was also frequently applied to less sophisticated machines that featured only a tiny, sometimes just single-row display. Sophisticated models were also called
6544:. Strizver states that "When available, true primes should be used for measurements, but typewriter quotes (not smart quotes) have become the accepted practice in digital typography."
6185:
2145:– a key that, when typed, does not advance the typing position, thus allowing another character to be overstruck on top of the original character. This was typically used to combine
1424:
Unlike the Selectrics and earlier models, these really were "electronic" and relied on integrated circuits and electromechanical components. These typewriters were sometimes called
352:
In 1861, Father Francisco João de Azevedo, a Brazilian priest, made his typewriter with basic materials and tools, such as wood and knives. In that same year, the Brazilian emperor
7582:
The earliest known reference to the identification potential of typewriting, curiously enough, appears in 'A Case of Identity', a Sherlock Holmes story by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle...
957:. With mechanical typewriters, the number of whose characters (sorts) was constrained by the physical limits of the machine, the number of keys required was reduced by the use of
1112:
in 1870. This device remotely printed letters and numbers on a stream of paper tape from input generated by a specially designed typewriter at the other end of a telegraph line.
55:
2518:
typewriter until his death. In 2009, the Lettera he obtained from a pawn shop in 1963, on which nearly all his novels and screenplays were written, was auctioned for charity at
647:
which was produced until 1934. Considered one of the very best of the index typewriters, part of the Mignon's popularity was that it featured interchangeable indexes as well as
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Boyer, Kate, and Kim England. "Gender, Work and Technology in the Information Workplace: From Typewriters to ATMs." Social & Cultural Geography 9.3 (2008): 241–256. Web.
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1972:
A number of typographical conventions stem from the typewriter's characteristics and limitations. For example, the QWERTY keyboard typewriter did not include keys for the
4173:
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Jocher, Katharine; Bliven, Bruce (1954). "Reviewed work: The Typewriter and the Men Who Made It., Richard N. Current; the Wonderful Writing Machine., Bruce Bliven, Jr".
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Bouffard, P.D. (1992), A PC-Based Typewriter Typestyle Classification System Standard, presented at the American Academy of Forensic Sciences meeting, New Orleans, LA.
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could take down information at rates up to 130 words per minute, whereas a writer with a pen was limited to a maximum of 30 words per minute (the 1853 speed record).
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Although electric typewriters would not achieve widespread popularity until nearly a century later, the basic groundwork for the electric typewriter was laid by the
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uses and collects manual typewriters. To control the size of his collection, he gifts autographed machines to appreciative fans and repair shops around the world.
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describes it merely as "the first writing mechanism whose invention was documented", but even that claim may be excessive since Turri's invention pre-dates it.
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8401:
360:
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mechanism was developed in the US by Franz X. Wagner from about 1892 and taken up, in 1895, by John T. Underwood (1857–1937), a producer of office supplies.
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5724:
2296:
was a form of surreptitious self-publication used when the government was censoring what literature the public could see. The Soviet government signed a
2127:– taking text, a numerical table, or an image and pasting it into a document. The term originated when such compound documents were created using manual
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fluid and for hard erasers that could tear the paper. These machines also introduced selectable "pitch" so that the typewriter could be switched between
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In November 2012, Brother's UK factory manufactured what it claimed to be the last typewriter ever made in the UK; the typewriter was donated to the
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1264:, which was capable of right-margin justification (typing each line twice was required, once to calculate and again to print) and was considered a
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forward, permitting another character to be imprinted at the same location; thus a single dead key such as the acute accent could be combined with
507:
escapement to return the carriage on some of his models, which makes him a candidate for the title of inventor of the first "electric" typewriter.
122:
Typewriters were a standard fixture in most offices up to the 1980s. After that, they began to be largely supplanted by personal computers running
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1172:, purchased Northeast Electric, and the typewriter business was spun off as Electromatic Typewriters, Inc. In 1933, Electromatic was acquired by
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Die Schreibmaschine. Illustrierte Beschreibung aller gangbaren Schreibmaschinen nebst gründlicher Anleitung zum Arbeiten auf sämtlichen Systemen
1948:
This typed page uses a number of typographic conventions stemming from the mechanical limitations of the typewriter: two hyphens in place of an
1800:
standard and continues to be used long after the reasons for its adoption (including reduction of key/lever entanglements) have ceased to apply.
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The only fully electromechanical Selectric Typewriter with fully proportional spacing and which used a Selectric type element was the expensive
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From 1829 to 1870, many printing or typing machines were patented by inventors in Europe and America, but none went into commercial production.
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A modern description of the examination procedure is laid out in ASTM Standard E2494-08 (Standard Guide for Examination of Typewritten Items).
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mechanism (a disk with the letters molded on the outside edge of the "petals"). The daisy wheel concept first emerged in printers developed by
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The next step in the development of the electric typewriter came in 1910, when Charles and Howard Krum filed a patent for the first practical
788:, so the typist could not see the text as it was typed. What was typed was not visible until a carriage return caused it to scroll into view.
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ANSI INCITS 154-1988 (R1999) Office Machines and Supplies – Alphanumeric Machines – Keyboard Arrangement (formerly ANSI X3.154-1988 (R1999))
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to the next on-screen line of text. (But not to the beginning of that line – a CR is also needed if that effect is desired.)
1932:. They were not easy to operate, but professional typists used them for a long time until the development of electronic word processors and
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in exchange for more zealous and exclusive promotion of the Latin alphabet for the Azerbaijani language; this offer, however, was declined.
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terminal was a popular example of a Selectric-based computer terminal, and similar mechanisms were employed as the console devices for many
713:
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series follows a disabled war veteran who learns to type because her handwriting has been impaired, and soon she becomes a popular typist.
2167:(LF), also called "newline" – Whereas most typewriters rolled the paper forward automatically on a "carriage return), this is an explicit
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Nietzsches Schreibkugel. Ein Blick auf Nietzsches Schreibmaschinenzeit durch die Restauration der Schreibkugel. Eberwein-Typoskriptverlag
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Questions about morals made a salacious businessman making sexual advances to a female typist into a cliché of office life, appearing in
2117:– a marker used to indicate where the next character will be printed. The cursor was originally a term to describe the clear slider on a
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A different fluid was available for correcting stencils. It sealed up the stencil ready for retyping but did not attempt to color match.
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The final major development of the typewriter was the electronic typewriter. Most of these replaced the typeball with a plastic or metal
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Some electric typewriters were patented in the 19th century, but the first machine known to be produced in series is the Cahill of 1900.
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Prototype of the Sholes and Glidden typewriter, the first commercially successful typewriter, and the first with a QWERTY keyboard (1873)
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Waller, Robert A. "Women and the Typewriter During the First Fifty Years, 1873–1923". Studies in Popular Culture 9.1 (1986): 39–50. Web.
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label makers are the most common index typewriters today, and perhaps the most common typewriters of any kind still being manufactured.
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2659:, starring Romain Duris and Déborah François, centers on a young secretary in the 1950s striving to win typewriting speed competitions.
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3452:"History of Computers and Computing, Birth of the modern computer, The bases of digital computers, typewriter and computer keyboard"
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was accustomed to typing from awkward positions: "balancing his typewriter on his attic bed, because there was no room on his desk".
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world record in the design of electronic typewriters, proposing increasingly advanced and performing models in the following years.
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and Super ("Windows" or "Apple") keys on modern computer keyboards. The generalized concept of a shift key reached its apex in the
808:
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5550:
Davies, Margery W. (14 January 2004). "Women Clerical Workers and the Typwriter: The Writing Machine". In Kramarae, Cheris (ed.).
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rather than a typewriter. Composer typeballs physically resembled those of the Selectric typewriter but were not interchangeable.
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By the mid-19th century, the increasing pace of business communication had created a need to mechanize the writing process.
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No. 3 Typewriter have two separate shift keys, a "CAP" shift (for uppercase) and a "FIG" shift (for numbers and symbols).
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heavyweight, high-rag-content bond paper, not merely to provide a luxurious appearance, but also to stand up to erasure.
17:
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on a roll of paper so he would not be interrupted by having to change the paper. Within two weeks of starting to write
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1983:
Other examples of typewriter practices that are sometimes still used in desktop publishing systems include inserting a
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8020:. Photographers: Anthony Casillo and Bruce Curtis; foreword: Tom Hanks. San Francisco: Chronical Books. p. 208.
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series of newspaper columns, which were later compiled into a series of books. According to his literary conceit, a
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become the de facto standard for English-language typewriter and computer keyboards. Other languages written in the
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type (10 characters per inch) and elite type (12 per inch), even within one document. Even so, all Selectrics were
510:
The Hansen Writing Ball was produced with only upper-case characters. The Writing Ball was a template for inventor
349:, or machine for writing with keys"). It was an advanced machine that let the user see the writing as it was typed.
2626:(BTO), a comedic musical percussion group, has performed at numerous art festivals, clubs, and parties since 2004.
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In most of the early typewriters, the typebars struck upward against the paper, pressed against the bottom of the
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2690:
1254:
7900:– Improvement in Type-Writing Machines (the patent that laid the basis for the Sholes & Glidden Type Writer)
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Kroemer, Karl H.E (2014), "Keyboards and keying an annotated bibliography of the literature from 1878 to 1999",
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David, P. A. (1986). "Understanding the Economics of QWERTY: the Necessity of History". In Parker, William N.,
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2008:
1996:
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developed multiple patents, of which his first in 1843 was created as an aid to blind people, such as the 1845
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2338:(1876). Research showed that Twain's memory was incorrect and that the first book submitted in typed form was
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layout may have possibly been the first attempt at optimizing the keyboard layout for efficiency advantages.
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1 million on a redesign of the Electromatic Typewriter, launching the IBM Electric Typewriter Model 01.
574:
531:
6892:"The Typewriter Under the Bed: Introducing Digital Humanities through Banned Books and Endangered Knowledge"
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The typewriter was a useful machine during the censorship era of the Soviet government, starting during the
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A very early typewritten letter as part of a court case in the Utah Territory, from Appeal #6544, dated 1886
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South Korean improviser Ryu Hankil frequently performs on typewriters, most prominently in his 2009 album
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by including the 1937 innovation of carbon-film ribbons that produced clearer, sharper words on the page.
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Several online-only virtual museums collect and display information about typewriters and their history:
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were entering the workforce. In the United States, women often started in the professional workplace as
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computers. These mechanisms used "ruggedized" designs compared to those in standard office typewriters.
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material. Some were thin, flat disks, pink or gray, approximately 2 inches (51 mm) in diameter by
845:, but normally the number keys were also duplexed, allowing access to special symbols such as percent,
327:
186:
170:
6073:"How inventing Liquid Paper got a secretary fired and then turned her into an exec worth $ 25 million"
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2535:(the "Unabomber") infamously used two old manual typewriters to write his polemic essays and messages.
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114:
The first commercial typewriters were introduced in 1874, but did not become common in offices in the
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3190:
Before the Computer: IBM, NCR, Burroughs, and Remington Rand and the Industry They Created, 1865–1956
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typewriters are of the index type--albeit with a very much larger index and number of type elements.
659:. This is something very few keyboard machines were capable of--and only at considerable added cost.
618:
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545:
419:
7408:"Becoming Typewriter : Ryu Hankil : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive"
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Some of IBM's advances were later adopted in less expensive machines from competitors. For example,
1079:
800:
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8279:
8214:
7539:
Interpol (1969) "System for Identification of Typewriter Makes Using the Card Index", ICPO-Interpol
7471:
Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents, Second Edition (Forensic and Police Science Series)
3817:"Rasmus Malling-Hansen Invents the Hansen Writing Ball, the First Commercially Produced Typewriter"
3240:
1618:
The early 21st century saw revival of interest in typewriters among certain subcultures, including
427:
303:" which, in common with many other early machines, is listed as the "first typewriter". The London
300:
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The Mac is not a typewriter: A style manual for creating professional-level type on your Macintosh
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Although they were pushed out of the market in most of the world by keyboard machines, successful
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in 1873 and Paris in 1878 and he received the first-prize for his invention at both exhibitions.
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purposely used the limitations of a typewriter (or more precisely, a particular typist) in his
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1988:
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were less and less necessary; only the original need be typed, and photocopies made from it.
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4198:"Controlling the Kanjisphere: The Rise of the Sino-Japanese Typewriter and the Birth of CJK"
3715:"The archives times – March – April 2013 – Lost and found, a 1984 photo revives those times"
2676:, a 2016 documentary film, investigates the culture of typewriter enthusiasts, including an
2522:
for US$ 254,500; McCarthy obtained an identical replacement for $ 20 to continue writing on.
914:, special signs attached to or on top of the base letter: for example, a combination of the
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2218:(VT) control character, named by analogy with HT, was designed for use with early computer
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In 1931, an electric typewriter was introduced by Varityper Corporation. It was called the
1177:
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561:
386:
174:
7521:
Hodgins, Cpl. J.H. (January 1963). "A Punchcard System for Identification of Typescript".
4904:"Bert Kerschbaumer, "The Cahill Electrical Typewriters," ETCetera No. 100 (December 2012)"
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of an inch) used for any measurement, the most common one being the height of a typeface.
8:
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2058:). Similarly, the exclamation point was created by combining an apostrophe and a period (
2026:. Typists who trained on these machines learned the habit of using the lowercase letter
1929:
1898:
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497:
481:
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153:
7110:"Cormac McCarthy's Typewriter Brings $ 254,500 at Auction – ArtsBeat Blog – NYTimes.com"
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The Devil in the White City: A Saga of Magic and Murder at the Fair that Changed America
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as part of his regular routine both on screen and stage, most notably in the 1963 film
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1944:
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In 1823, Italian Pietro Conti da Cilavegna invented a new model of the typewriter, the
207:
166:
142:
93:
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5261:
2497:
before a mechanical failure and lack of replacement parts forced him to upgrade to an
2475:, a quarterly magazine about historic writing machines, and is the author of the book
1835:
The QWERTY layout is not the most efficient layout possible for the English language.
1559:), which, as of 2011, still produced typewriters at its overseas factories (in Japan,
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Haas, Josef and Bernhard Haas. (1985), "ATLAS der Schreibmaschinenschrift, Non-PICA".
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The first typewriter to be commercially successful was patented in 1868 by Americans
477:
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138:
73:
6343:"Before the computer, there was something almost as complex: the Chinese typewriter"
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2556:
has used various models of the Smith Corona Electra 210 to write his biographies of
1638:
According to the standards taught in secretarial schools in the mid-20th century, a
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The Eclectisaurus online Museum of Typewriters by manufacturers from Adler to Voss.
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Due to falling sales, IBM sold its typewriter division in 1991 to the newly formed
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Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus
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277:
invented a typewriter for his blind friend Countess Carolina Fantoni da Fivizzano.
266:
In 1802, Italian Agostino Fantoni developed a particular typewriter to enable his
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3697:"This is How Some of the World's Familiar Inventions Looked at the Time of Birth"
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2797:
Public and private collections of typewriters exist around the world, including:
2583:
2511:
2396:, his typewriter is a living, insect-like entity (voiced by North American actor
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that he was the first important writer to present a publisher with a typewritten
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1965:
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the competition in the workplace as businesses replaced their old manual models.
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745:
586:
557:
396:
364:
134:
123:
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3618:"Cembalo Scrivano – macchina per scrivere – Industria, manifattura, artigianato"
2121:; on typewriters, it was the paper that moved and the insertion point was fixed.
399:) developed several models and a fully functioning prototype typewriter in 1867.
217:
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1957:
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the corrected page, but this was possible only with high quality photocopiers.
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Comparison of full-keyboard, single-shift, and double-shift typewriters in 1911
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By about 1910, the "manual" or "mechanical" typewriter had reached a somewhat
622:
Victor typewriter, 1889 - The first successful typewriter to use a daisy wheel
614:
Columbia 2 typewriter, 1886 - Early index typewriter with proportional spacing
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3986:. Records of the Patent and Trademark Office, Record Group 241. 23 June 1868.
3338:
3284:
2940:
US Army Quartermaster soldiers in typewriter repair shop, Tours, France, 1919
2769:
in charge of maintaining records of the typewriters and their owners. In the
2766:
2532:
2519:
2443:
2297:
2282:
2208:
2078:
Some terminology from the typewriter age has survived into the computer era.
1933:
1705:
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1526:
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The Brother WP1, an electronic typewriter complete with a small screen and a
1221:
typewriter in 1961, which replaced the typebars with a spherical element (or
1218:
1204:
1109:
765:
656:
447:
182:
115:
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to create a derivative that would produce letter prints cheaper and faster.
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8541:
8495:
8294:
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7974:
6696:"John Naughton: Log on to an old-time typewriter; now try to cut and paste"
4928:"P. Robert Aubert, "The Last Service Call," ETCetera No. 33(December 1995)"
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2409:
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1044:, for twelve. This differed from the use of these terms in printing, where
966:
915:
431:
411:
312:
7928:
6941:"Samizdat: How did people in the Soviet Union circumvent state censorship"
6220:
5972:
Swimming in the steno pool : a retro guide to making it in the office
5946:
The typewriter revolution : a typist's companion for the 21st century
5561:
5424:
4748:
1480:
Electronic typewriter – the final stage in typewriter development. A 1989
47:, were long-time standards in government agencies, newsrooms, and offices.
8566:
8536:
8355:
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7082:
6641:
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4724:
Mother of Writing: The Origin and Development of a Hmong Messianic Script
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2414:
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was particularly difficult, and called for the use of a device called an
1666:
1497:
1465:
1413:
1393:
1366:
A recording of the sound of typing on a Smith-Corona electric typewriter.
1284:
1139:
880:
842:
392:
346:
7432:"Déborah François interview for Populaire: 'Acting felt like a fantasy'"
6890:
Bolintineanu, Alexandra; Thirugnanasampanthan, Jaya (29 November 2018).
4952:"U.S. Patent 1,286,351 filed in May, 1910, and issued in December, 1918"
4889:
4865:
4230:
4197:
585:
Remington began production of its first typewriter on March 1, 1873, in
8510:
8396:
7991:(2nd ed.). Bournemouth, UK: British Typewriter Museum Publishing.
7577:
4976:
4077:
4061:
4018:
2743:
2579:
2493:
2446:
2329:
2321:
2278:
2231:
2118:
2043:
2004:
1862:
1481:
1445:
1375:
1276:
1265:
1187:, because a narrow cylinder-like wheel could be replaced to change the
1068:
626:
259:
239:
235:
8018:
Typewriters: Iconic Machines from the Golden Age of Mechanical Writing
7867:
6553:
6327:
6294:
5970:
5321:
4696:
Typewriters: Iconic Machines from the Golden Age of Mechanical Writing
3741:"From behind the scenes – Godrej Prima and the Stenographers handbook"
2353:
2014:
Many older typewriters did not include a separate key for the numeral
100:
document composed of ink and paper. By the end of the 19th century, a
8551:
4272:
4247:
4242:
4240:
2925:
2677:
2539:
2525:
2498:
2439:
2365:
2304:
2239:
2178:
2164:
2097:). Subsequently it facilitated "erase and retype" corrections (using
2082:
1910:
1623:
1560:
1551:, "Every maternity ward has a typewriter, as well as funeral homes".
1449:
1226:
1184:
958:
911:
829:
316:
267:
161:
84:, and each one causes a different single character to be produced on
8045:
The Typewriter Revolution: A Typist's Companion for the 21st Century
7569:
6908:
6891:
6589:
Eats, Shoot & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation
4010:
2777:
of each organization sent data on organization's typewriters to the
2477:
The Typewriter Revolution: A Typist's Companion for the 21st Century
1788:
536:
8606:
8274:
7819:
7241:"Tom Hanks just sent a typewriter to an Arlington shop. Here's why"
6311:
6146:
3130:
3110:
2782:
2702:
2423:
2293:
2142:
2128:
1870:
1757:
1726:
Paper companies produced a special form of typewriter paper called
1670:
1564:
1461:
1323:
1209:
970:
905:
756:), making a printed mark on the paper wrapped around a cylindrical
504:
423:
249:
In 1575, an Italian printmaker, Francesco Rampazetto, invented the
7137:"No Country for Old Typewriters: A Well-Used One Heads to Auction"
6454:
The Complete Manual of Typography: A Guide to Setting Perfect Type
4577:
4237:
3285:"Ettore Sottsass, Perry King. Valentine Portable Typewriter. 1968"
3066:, the fifth Qajar king of Persia (Iran), made in late 19th century
1092:
noiseless standards continued to be manufactured until the 1960s.
7908:– typewriter ribbon, by George K. Anderson of Memphis, Tennessee.
6896:
KULA: Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies
6868:
KULA: knowledge creation, dissemination, and preservation studies
3677:. New. Vol. 17, no. 1. New York. 6 July 1867. p. 3
2191:
1977:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1820:
sometimes use variants of the QWERTY layouts, such as the French
1761:
1515:
1457:
1444:(Brother WP1 and WP500 etc., where WP stood for word processor),
493:
226:
97:
69:
8188:
Germany 'may revert to typewriters' to counter hi-tech espionage
6889:
6532:(3rd ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 199.
4364:"Underwood 1 Typewriter, 1897 | Science Museum Group Collection"
3402:(in Italian). Museo dinamico della tecnologia Adriano Olivetti.
857:
factors contributed greatly to mass adoption of the technology.
8479:
8472:
8467:
8457:
7493:
Haas, Josef. (1972), "ATLAS der Schreibmaschinenschrift, PICA".
6373:(third ed.). Hartley & Marks, Publishers. p. 80.
5210:"IBM Reinvented the Typewriter With the Selectric 50 Years Ago"
4490:
Approaches to the History of Written Culture: A World Inscribed
3509:(in Italian). Modena: Tipografia Vincenzi e Rossi. p. 150.
1893:
1878:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1810:
1793:
1661:
1604:
1571:
1401:
1143:
974:
785:
757:
590:
519:
131:
107:
77:
8199:
8169:
7634:(2nd ed.). Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith. p. 1042.
6577:
been italicized, if that capability existed on the typewriter.
5752:"Wite Out? World's 'last typewriter factory' apparently isn't"
4844:
Acocella, Joan, "The Typing Life: How writers used to write",
2816:
Chestnut Ridge Typewriter Museum (Fairmont, West Virginia, US)
2105:.) Only the latter concept has survived into the computer age.
2073:
8304:
8071:
7473:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 177–189.
4721:
Smalley, William A.; Vang, Chia Koua; Yang, Gnia Yee (1990).
2195:
1658:
The traditional erasing method involved the use of a special
1642:
was supposed to have no mistakes and no visible corrections.
1538:
753:
439:
85:
39:
8119:
Video showcasing historical typewriters, with soundtrack by
7979:
Beeching was the Director of the British Typewriter Museum.
7940:. Routledge Revivals (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge.
7039:"JACK KEROUAC on THE STEVE ALLEN SHOW with Steve Allen 1959"
6126:
5670:. Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 27 April 2011. Archived from
3909:. American Printing House for the Blind, Inc. Archived from
6530:
Type Rules: The Designer's Guide to Professional Typography
4866:"The Modern Typewriter and ITS Probable Future Development"
4774:"How to prepare a mimeograph stencil by using a typewriter"
2255:
Humorous "Get out! Can't you see I'm busy" postcard (1900s)
2187:
1874:
1188:
652:
7705:"News & Notes: The Great Rumanian Typewriter Decree".
5833:"Contrary to Reports, Typewriter Industry "Far From Dead""
5425:"The History of Smith Corona | Since 1877 to Present"
5374:"Quickprint closes after 72 years, presses roll elsewhere"
4313:"Fitch typewriter, 1891 | Science Museum Group Collection"
2801:
Schreibmaschinenmuseum Peter Mitterhofer (Parcines, Italy)
1213:
IBM Selectric II (dual Latin/Hebrew typeball and keyboard)
8259:
6512:
6404:
4578:"Remington Standard No. 2: 'Lower Case' vs. 'Shift Key'?"
3165:
2819:
Technical Museum of the Empordà (Figueres, Girona, Spain)
2778:
2199:
2022:, and some even older ones also lacked the numeral zero,
1314:, the Composer would be adapted as the output unit for a
1173:
750:
484:
was the first typewriter manufactured commercially (1870)
407:
169:
typewriter, featured in the permanent collections of the
89:
7558:
Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science
6866:
6562:. Regents of the University of Minnesota. Archived from
2912:
Hammond 1B typewriter, invented 1870s, manufactured 1881
8170:
Documentary Film – The Typewriter (In the 21st Century)
7654:
6554:
Regents of the University of Minnesota (18 July 2007).
5267:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p.
4389:"Mechanical Typewriter Explained: How Typewriters Work"
910:
Languages such as French, Spanish, and German required
8176:
Kremlin returns to typewriters to avoid computer leaks
6431:(2nd ed.). Berkeley, California: Peachpit Press.
6255:"Instructions for Using the Blickensderfer Typewriter"
3871:
3502:
3241:"Typewriters, Writing a Social History of Urban India"
2825:
Lu Hanbin Typewriter Museum Shanghai (Shanghai, China)
1518:, completely exiting from a market it once dominated.
137:, developed for typewriters in the 1870s, remains the
7630:
Osborn, Albert S. (1973) . "Questioned Typewriting".
5696:. Fixed-mobile-convergence.tmcnet.com. 15 June 2011.
5668:"The death of the typewriter? Don't write it off yet"
5612:"Company News; I.B.M. to Complete Unit Sale in March"
3310:"Valentine, Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum"
2592:
as a percussion instrument, along with (elsewhere) a
1040:
for ten characters per horizontal inch and the other
872:
Such three-row machines, such as the Bar-Let and the
824:, with a "FIG" shift key as well as a "CAP" shift key
7206:
6456:. Berkeley, California: Peachpit Press. p. 80.
5806:"Has The Last Typewriter Factory Closed? Not Really"
3267:"Fact of Fiction? The Legend of the QWERTY Keyboard"
2822:
Musée de la machine à écrire (Lausanne, Switzerland)
2485:
used a Hermes 2000 model manual typewriter to write
606:
Hall 1 typewriter, 1881 - The first index typewriter
221:
An Elliott-Fisher book typewriter on display at the
80:
characters. Typically, a typewriter has an array of
6515:"U&lc Online Issue 41.1.1: Top Ten Type Crimes"
6407:"U&lc Online Issue 41.1.1: Top Ten Type Crimes"
6295:"Computer-Controlled Drills for First-Year Russian"
4633:
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office
4419:
Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office
4393:
Gadget Explained – Reviews Gadgets Electronics Tech
2781:. This posed a significant risk for dissidents and
2705:'s typewriter classification system, among others.
2701:'s Termatrex Typewriter classification system, and
1525:, the introduction of low-cost, truly high-quality
402:By 1900, notable typewriter manufacturers included
7984:
7430:
6994:The Iron Whim: A Fragmented History of Typewriting
6478:
6293:
6128:
5263:The Iron Whim: A Fragmented History of Typewriting
5260:
4852:The Iron Whim: A Fragmented History of Typewriting
4196:
2305:Writers with notable associations with typewriters
2266:During World Wars I and II, increasing numbers of
2242:operating systems to designate a given "terminal".
7826:(in French). Perrier Machines de Bureau, Lausanne
6234:
5508:, "Display typewriter", issued 1986-11-04
4669:Smithsonian National Museum of American History.
3887:(3). University of Illinois Press. Archived from
3847:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 291.
2568:
104:who used such a device was also referred to as a
8634:
7938:The Writing Machine: A History of the Typewriter
7921:The Writing Machine: A History of the Typewriter
5721:"World's last typewriter plant stops production"
5694:"Texas inmates have clear choice in typewriters"
5492:M.P.S. Macchine per scrivere Olivetti e non solo
4977:Colin Hempstead, William E. Worthington (2005).
4288:"Two Hammond 'Ideal' typewriters, one with case"
3961:
3881:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
2807:Liverpool Typewriter Museum (Liverpool, England)
2009:practice of underlining text in place of italics
1888:
1852:A number of radically different layouts such as
1521:The increasing dominance of personal computers,
1233:multiple fonts to be used in a single document.
1123:Another electric typewriter was produced by the
1074:
731:of the case keys, which choose one of six cases.
525:
5587:"The Society-Changing Invention of Typewriters"
5108:. IBM Archives. 23 January 2003. Archived from
4766:
4720:
4486:
2804:Museo della Macchina da Scrivere (Milan, Italy)
2412:, a fast typist at 100 words per minute, typed
1752:made its appearance, under brand names such as
343:Cembalo scrivano o macchina da scrivere a tasti
157:Peter Mitterhofer's typewriter prototype (1864)
7619:, Rochester, NY: The Genesee Press, p. 23
7297:"Why Robert Caro Now Has Only Ten Typewriters"
7134:
6990:
6642:"The Carriage Return and Line Feed Characters"
6127:Liebowitz, S. J.; Stephen E. Margolis (1990).
5489:
5258:
4062:"The Original Typewriter Enterprise 1867–1873"
3931:
3588:"Thurber's Chirographer – Scientific American"
3012:1920s Underwood typewriter with Swedish layout
2471:in Cincinnati who collects typewriters, edits
1291:In addition to its electronic successors, the
887:with a similar three-row typewriter keyboard.
8215:
7330:"IMSLP16532-Satie_-_Parade_(orch._score).pdf"
6090:
5779:"Reports of typewriter's death are premature"
5058:. 03.ibm.com. 23 January 2003. Archived from
4038:. Wisconsin Historical Society. 22 March 2007
3260:
3258:
2986:SH-280, a small machine with 2,268 characters
2924:Hammond 1B, as used by a newspaper office in
2900:for the Sholes, Glidden, and Soule typewriter
2848:Chuck & Rich's Antique Typewriter Website
2549:used a Royal typewriter to compose his books.
1607:offered to donate western typewriters to the
1456:(PWP, i.e. Personal Word Processor line) and
287:
281:
250:
43:Mechanical desktop typewriters, such as this
7600:. Albany, NY: Banks & Brothers. p.
6141:(April 1990). The University of Chicago: 1.
5939:
5937:
5449:
3996:
3372:"The Typing Life: How writers used to write"
2831:German Typewriter Museum (Bayreuth, Germany)
2828:Wattens Typewriter Museum (Wattens, Austria)
2074:Terminology repurposed for the computer age
1847:
92:ribbon selectively against the paper with a
8617:The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
7269:. Vol. Fall 1999, no. 152. 1999.
6209:Universal Access in the Information Society
5475:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5082:"Changing the Type of Typewriter Made Easy"
4658:"My Typewriter Collection: Bar-Let Model 2"
3946:
1603:more difficult. In 1997, the government of
630:A Mignon Model 4 index typewriter from 1924
60:A typewriter being used to type "Knowledge"
8222:
8208:
7682:(in Romanian). jurnalul.ro. Archived from
7594:Hagan, William E. (1894). "Chapter VIII".
7160:
7158:
7156:
6505:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6366:
5912:"Ainda se fabricam máquinas de escrever? (
5494:. Fondazione Natale Capellaro. p. 74.
5452:"Mid2Mod: Back in the day: Typing erasers"
4709:"Principles of Telegraphy, Teletypewriter"
4160:
4158:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4055:
4053:
3255:
3193:. Princeton University Press. p. 38.
1633:
1352:Smith-Corona Prestige Auto 12 being tapped
96:. Thereby, the machine produces a legible
7554:"Landmarks in Typewriting Identification"
7547:
7545:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7352:"Boston Orchestra Makes Typewriters Sing"
7337:International Music Score Library Project
6907:
6611:
6242:Economic History and the Modern Economist
5934:
5824:
5776:
5296:"IBM Office Products Division highlights"
5147:
5145:
5005:"The history of IBM electric typewriters"
4412:
4271:
3904:
3645:Antique typewriters: from Creed to QWERTY
3533:
3527:
2689:Typewritten documents may be examined by
2226:to be fed until the next line's position.
1939:
1407:
860:
255:, a machine to impress letters in papers.
8131:Early Typewriter Collectors' Association
7982:
7964:
7744:"10 Typewriter Museums You Should Visit"
7648:
7343:
5830:
5749:
5718:
5400:"IBM Selectric Typewriter Resource Page"
4854:(Cornell) 2007, by Darren Wershler-Henry
4487:Lyons, Martyn; Marquilhas, Rita (2017).
4194:
3538:(2nd ed.). Harvard Business Press.
3482:"Italian Inventors and their Inventions"
3369:
2641:
2400:) and actually dictates the book to him.
2352:
2250:
1943:
1892:
1787:
1690:
1649:
1333:
1270:
1208:
1115:
1078:
815:
807:
799:
775:
712:
703:
695:
687:
625:
617:
609:
601:
535:
476:
216:
192:
179:Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum
160:
152:
50:
38:
8069:
8047:. Woodstock, VT: The Countryman Press.
8015:
7520:
7294:
7232:
7153:
7107:
6591:. New York: Gotham Books. p. 135.
6340:
6291:
6244:. Basil Blackwell, New York and Oxford.
6206:
6183:
5879:
5803:
5207:
4980:Encyclopedia of 20th Century Technology
4627:Mosher, Charles Philo (10 April 1917).
4603:"Typing Through Time: Keyboard History"
4538:
4507:
4155:
4126:
4059:
4050:
3186:
2738:Typewriter examination was used in the
2684:
2662:The manga (2015–2020) and anime (2018)
1533:technologies, and the pervasive use of
245:Some early typing instruments include:
27:Mechanical device for typing characters
14:
8635:
8148:Ding, click clack – typewriter is back
7629:
7614:
7542:
7469:Kelly, Mary W. (2006). "Typewriters".
7457:
7238:
7215:"I Am TOM. I Like to TYPE. Hear That?"
7164:
7149:from the original on 4 September 2014.
7083:"Harlan Ellison Webderland: Interview"
6938:
6797:"1876 Sholes, Gidden, Soule invention"
6722:"Keyboard Design for the LISP Machine"
6636:
6634:
6556:"University of Minnesota Style Manual"
6485:(1st ed.). New Castle, Delaware.
6451:
5644:Keene, Cindy Atoji (1 February 2009).
5549:
5142:
4749:"A Brief Chronology of the Typewriter"
4626:
4544:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4030:
4028:
3898:
3865:
3840:
3534:Utterback, James M. Utterback (1996).
3506:Intorno invenzioni e scoperte italiane
2263:had floral ornamentation on the case.
1987:between sentences, and the use of the
1924:with thousands of characters, such as
572:) to commercialize the machine as the
466:
341:created a prototype typewriter called
8203:
7935:
7918:
7735:
7677:
7593:
7551:
7468:
7212:
6665:
6586:
6261:from the original on 21 February 2014
6098:"How to correct a mimeograph stencil"
6070:
6046:"Escaping the Bonds of Erasable Bond"
5975:. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 232.
5968:
5861:from the original on 19 December 2013
5643:
5290:
5288:
5233:
4958:from the original on 25 December 2016
4863:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4607:Das Keyboard Mechanical Keyboard Blog
4462:"The typewriter: an informal history"
3834:
3768:
3762:
3642:
3557:
3555:
3462:from the original on 5 September 2016
3432:from the original on 28 November 2012
3384:from the original on 3 December 2013.
2765:) were a controlled technology, with
2680:repair store in Berkeley, California.
2038:("oh") for the zero. A cents symbol,
1796:" layout of typewriter keys became a
1645:
377:article and inspired other inventors.
223:Historic Archive and Museum of Mining
8042:
7923:. London: George Allen & Unwin.
7741:
7445:from the original on 11 January 2022
7428:
7374:
7167:"The Hidden World of the Typewriter"
6991:Wershler-Henry, Darren Sean (2007).
6300:The Slavic and East European Journal
6108:from the original on 16 October 2012
5943:
5656:from the original on 26 August 2013.
5646:"Typewriters ring on in the fringes"
4870:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts
4784:from the original on 16 October 2012
4575:
4368:collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk
4342:collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk
4317:collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk
4248:"The Remington Type-Writing Machine"
3536:Mastering The Dynamics Of Innovation
2813:– MoP (Haverhill, Massachusetts, US)
2364:Universal Portable in his office at
1125:Blickensderfer Manufacturing Company
683:
7678:Betea, Lavinia (13 February 2009).
7202:from the original on 4 August 2017.
7165:Joiner, James (11 September 2013).
7135:Patricia Cohen (30 November 2009).
6845:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History
6631:
6341:Makinen, Julie (3 September 2016).
6184:Francis, Darryl (1 November 2015).
5948:. Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press.
5914:Are typewriters still manufactured?
5750:Stanglin, Douglas (26 April 2011).
5236:Scientific Examination of Documents
5151:
5035:National Museum of American History
4176:from the original on 3 October 2016
4091:
4025:
3797:from the original on 2 January 2014
3775:. London: Guilbert Pitman. p.
3400:museocasertaolivetti.altervista.org
2171:on computer systems that moves the
2153:can be generated by first pressing
1964:indents for paragraphs, and double
1783:
1737:
1570:In April 2011, Godrej and Boyce, a
1287:available by changing the type ball
1099:
768:operate in the opposite direction.
597:
24:
8126:Oliveira Typewriter (em português)
7912:
7844:
7794:"Museo della Macchina da Scrivere"
7349:
7108:Kennedy, Randy (4 December 2009).
6939:Aleeva, Ekaterina (10 July 2017).
5922:from the original on 25 April 2012
5831:Rohrlich, Justin (25 April 2011).
5812:from the original on 13 March 2012
5727:from the original on 29 April 2011
5700:from the original on 26 April 2012
5584:
5431:from the original on 22 March 2017
5285:
5208:Jackson, Nicholas (27 July 2011).
5094:from the original on 26 June 2018.
5056:"IBM Electric Typewriter Model 01"
4940:from the original on 30 July 2016.
4916:from the original on 30 July 2016.
4821:
4576:Mark, Adams on (24 October 2013).
4513:
4413:McCormack, Harry S. (2 May 1907).
4305:
3874:"The Three Lives of Frank H. Hall"
3861:from the original on 26 June 2018.
3809:
3598:from the original on 27 March 2015
3552:
3207:from the original on 26 June 2018.
2835:Tayfun Talipoğlu Typewriter Museum
2728:, and again in his 1929 textbook,
1340:
1020:
739:
578:. This was the origin of the term
568:(then famous as a manufacturer of
25:
8674:
8160:Typewriters experience a comeback
8099:
7388:from the original on 4 April 2012
7382:"The Boston Typewriter Orchestra"
7362:from the original on 8 March 2012
7295:Helfand, Zach (22 October 2021).
7247:. Boston Globe Media Partners LLC
7089:from the original on 8 March 2012
6370:The elements of typographic style
6172:understanding of keyboard design.
5855:"UK's 'last typewriter' produced"
4526:from the original on 29 July 2011
4522:. The Virtual Typewriter Museum.
4344:. Science Museum Group Collection
4150:from the original on 6 June 2021.
4066:The Wisconsin Magazine of History
3521:William Austin Burt's Typographer
3406:from the original on 21 June 2017
3264:
2869:Peter Mitterhofer 1864 typewriter
2368:, which is now maintained by the
2309:
2246:
2149:with letters they modified (e.g.
1699:
1299:instead of typesetting machines.
828:A significant innovation was the
367:(US), built a machine called the
7969:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
7860:
7838:
7812:
7798:Museo della macchina da scrivere
7786:
7761:
7698:
7671:
7623:
7608:
7587:
7533:
7514:
7505:
7496:
7487:
7422:
7400:
7322:
7288:
7259:
7192:"Why typewriters beat computers"
7184:
7128:
7116:from the original on 28 May 2011
7101:
7075:
7049:
7031:
7011:
6984:
6958:
6932:
6883:
6859:
6833:
6824:
6815:
6789:
6764:
6739:
6714:
6688:
6659:
6614:"Invention of the Backspace Key"
6605:
6580:
6547:
6470:
6445:
6420:
6398:
6360:
6334:
6285:
6273:
6247:
6200:
6177:
6161:from the original on 3 July 2008
6120:
6064:
6038:
6013:
5987:
5962:
5904:
5873:
5847:
5797:
5777:Romenesko, Jim (26 April 2011).
5770:
5758:from the original on 7 July 2012
5743:
5712:
5686:
5531:from the original on 28 May 2013
5124:"A different type of dance move"
4551:Machines of Loving Grace website
4437:"A Brief History of Typewriters"
4137:
4114:from the original on 2 July 2016
3078:An Olivetti Studio 45 Typewriter
3071:
3055:
3039:typewriter robotron S 1001 from
3032:
3017:
3005:
2991:
2976:
2957:
2945:
2933:
2917:
2905:
2889:
2874:
2862:
1721:
1654:Triumph typewriter eraser (1960)
1489:
1473:
1374:Problems playing this file? See
1356:
1293:Magnetic Tape Selectric Composer
1198:
1048:is a linear unit (approximately
837:contact with the ribbon/platen.
771:
8229:
7847:"The Virtual Typewriter Museum"
7680:"La Miliţie cu maşina de scris"
6612:Kelechava, Brad (17 May 2016).
6513:Upper and Lower Case Magazine.
6405:Upper and Lower Case Magazine.
6186:"AZERTY & QWERTZ keyboards"
6071:Mejia, Zameena (23 July 2018).
5804:Memmott, Mark (26 April 2011).
5660:
5637:
5604:
5578:
5543:
5517:
5498:
5483:
5443:
5417:
5392:
5366:
5340:
5322:"IBM MT/ST (1964 – late 1970s)"
5314:
5259:Wershler-Henry, Darren (2005).
5252:
5238:. CRC Press. pp. 106–107.
5227:
5201:
5171:
5116:
5098:
5074:
5048:
5023:
4997:
4970:
4944:
4920:
4896:
4857:
4796:
4741:
4727:. University of Chicago Press.
4714:
4702:
4687:
4675:
4663:
4651:
4639:
4620:
4595:
4569:
4480:
4454:
4429:
4406:
4381:
4356:
4330:
4292:Science Museum Group Collection
4280:
4188:
3990:
3972:
3965:Hvem er Skrivekuglens Opfinder?
3955:
3940:
3925:
3872:Hendrickson, Walter B. (1956).
3783:
3732:
3707:
3689:
3661:
3636:
3610:
3580:
3513:
3503:Gianfrancesco Rambelli (1844).
3496:
3474:
3444:
3418:
3388:
3370:Acocella, Joan (9 April 2007).
3363:
3172:. Vol. 18 (2nd ed.).
2884:, invented in 1865 (1870 model)
2837:(Odunpazarı, Eskişehir, Turkey)
2050:with a slash character (typing
1920:Typewriters were also made for
299:patented a machine called the "
273:Between 1801 and 1808, Italian
7820:"Musée de la Machine à Ecrire"
7742:Ways, Mark (28 October 2021).
7552:Crown, David A. (March 1967).
7112:. Artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com.
6968:. Rehr, Darryl. Archived from
6481:The Typographic Desk Reference
6135:Journal of Law & Economics
5918:. Mundoestranho.abril.com.br.
5450:Dana@mid2mod (3 August 2011).
5185:. 7 March 2012. Archived from
3345:
3327:
3302:
3277:
3233:
3211:
3180:
3159:
3047:, this sample is owned by the
2952:Typebars in a 1920s typewriter
2851:Mr. Martin's Typewriter Museum
2792:
2646:Typewriting speed competition
2569:Typewriters in popular culture
820:Corona #3 typewriter owned by
575:Sholes and Glidden Type-Writer
13:
1:
8346:Sholes and Glidden typewriter
7983:Beeching, Wilfred A. (1990).
7965:Beeching, Wilfred A. (1974).
7429:Dehn, Georgia (27 May 2013).
7239:Patkin, Abby (5 April 2023).
7019:J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography
6025:Perspectives on History | AHA
5553:Technology and Women's Voices
5031:"IBM Electromatic Typewriter"
4850:, April 9, 2007, a review of
4553:. Alan Seaver. Archived from
4338:"Gardner typewriter, c. 1893"
4170:The Virtual Typewriter Museum
3772:The History of the Typewriter
3647:. Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer Pub.
3152:
2753:, typewriters (together with
2699:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
2653:The 2012 French comedy movie
2582:'s 1917 score for the ballet
2458:
2261:Sholes and Glidden typewriter
1889:Keyboards for other languages
1588:, which has made the ongoing
532:Sholes and Glidden typewriter
526:Sholes and Glidden typewriter
8300:Underwood Typewriter Company
7824:Musée de la machine à écrire
7523:Journal of Forensic Sciences
7267:"The Art of Biography No. 2"
7213:Hanks, Tom (3 August 2013).
7017:Carpenter, Humphrey (1978).
6997:. Cornell University Press.
6477:Rosendorf, Theodore (2009).
6001:. November 1947. p. 128
5995:"Rotating Typewriter Eraser"
5404:www.covingtoninnovations.com
5354:. 23 January 2003. p. 2
5302:. 23 January 2003. p. 2
4203:The Journal of Asian Studies
4195:Mullaney, Thomas S. (2016).
4060:Current, Richard N. (1949).
4036:"First Practical Typewriter"
3484:. YourGuideToItaly.com. 2010
2467:, a philosophy professor at
2335:The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
899:
804:Remington 2 typewriter, 1878
795:
436:Underwood Typewriter Company
7:
8596:Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing
8585:Boston Typewriter Orchestra
8265:Imperial Typewriter Company
8136:The Classic Typewriter Page
8121:Boston Typewriter Orchestra
8076:. Lewiston, Maine: Penmor.
6666:Stoll, Cliff (April 2020).
6367:Bringhurst, Robert (2004).
6292:Purcell, Edward T. (1974).
5348:"IBM typewriter milestones"
5106:"IBM Typewriter Milestones"
4808:The Classic Typewriter Page
4682:"1921 Corona Folding No. 3"
4441:The Classic Typewriter Page
4144:The Classic Typewriter Page
4104:"Antique Index Typewriters"
3905:Anonymous (24 April 2011).
3083:
2691:forensic document examiners
2624:Boston Typewriter Orchestra
2573:
2131:techniques for typographic
1434:word-processing typewriters
1146:and New York City in 1910.
1071:(aka mimeograph machines).
953:, and others were separate
416:Imperial Typewriter Company
32:Typewriter (disambiguation)
10:
8679:
8164:United Press International
8141:
7889:
7769:"Schreib Maschinen Museum"
7615:Osborn, Albert S. (1908),
7021:, Unwin Paperbacks p.207.
6527:
6476:
6426:
5719:CBC News (26 April 2011).
5179:"The Selectric Typewriter"
5154:"The Selectric Typewriter"
4983:. Routledge. p. 605.
3980:"Drawing for a Typewriter"
3357:Victoria and Albert Museum
3187:Cortada, James W. (2015).
3064:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
2855:
2715:In non-fiction, the first
2042:was created by combining (
1808:
1741:
1511:its first 80 or 90 years.
1505:
1225:) slightly smaller than a
1202:
1024:
903:
890:
780:Daugherty typewriter, 1893
692:Hammond 1 typewriter, 1885
529:
470:
371:which appeared in an 1867
187:Victoria and Albert Museum
171:Metropolitan Museum of Art
148:
29:
8575:
8529:
8488:
8445:
8364:
8321:Blickensderfer typewriter
8313:
8270:Oliver Typewriter Company
8237:
8016:Casillo, Anthony (2017).
7987:Century of the Typewriter
7967:Century of the Typewriter
7721:10.1080/03064228608534006
7358:. National Public Radio.
5857:. BBC. 20 November 2012.
5781:. Poynter. Archived from
5504:
4699:. 2017. pp. 116; 197–198.
4671:"Corona No. 3 Typewriter"
4215:10.1017/S0021911816000577
3962:Johanne Agerskov (1925).
3169:Oxford English Dictionary
2845:Virtual Typewriter Museum
2370:University of Mississippi
2348:
2018:or the exclamation point
2003:, as quotation marks and
1859:Blickensderfer typewriter
1848:Other layouts for English
1804:
1778:
1430:dedicated word processors
973:, which did not move the
969:) would be assigned to a
546:Christopher Latham Sholes
420:Oliver Typewriter Company
8602:Repetitive strain injury
8280:Royal Typewriter Company
8070:Wichary, Marcin (2023).
6668:"When Slide Rules Ruled"
6528:Strizver, Ilene (2010).
6427:Williams, Robin (2003).
5880:Cornell, Svante (2005).
5326:Museum of Obsolete Media
4647:"Three-Bank Typewriters"
3703:. May 1929. p. 751.
3622:Lombardia Beni Culturali
3289:The Museum of Modern Art
2637:
2616:Who's Minding the Store?
2452:archys life of mehitabel
1748:In the 1950s and 1960s,
1584:Russian typewriters use
1275:Composer output showing
1061:
700:Fitch 1 typewriter, 1888
428:Royal Typewriter Company
8663:19th-century inventions
8557:Speech-to-text reporter
8372:Lucien Stephen Crandall
8250:Commodore International
8112:Most Definitely My Type
7617:Typewriting as Evidence
6560:University of Minnesota
6130:"The Fable of the Keys"
5490:Giuseppe Silmo (2007).
3932:Otto Burghagen (1898).
3748:www.archives.godrej.com
3643:Adler, Michael (1997).
3523:. Science Museum. 1829.
3314:Smithsonian Institution
3174:Oxford University Press
3062:Personal typewriter of
3026:Deutsches Technikmuseum
2971:, with 2,450 characters
2726:Typewriting as Evidence
2514:wrote his novels on an
2341:Life on the Mississippi
2054:, then backspace, then
1732:Eaton's Corrasable Bond
1634:Correction technologies
380:Between 1864 and 1867,
8043:Polt, Richard (2015).
7936:Adler, M. H. (2023) .
6966:"The First Typewriter"
6751:Typography for Lawyers
6452:Felici, James (2003).
6282:(retrieved 2012-07-04)
5944:Polt, Richard (2015).
5585:AO (29 January 2020).
4629:"Type-Writing Machine"
4415:"Type-Writing Machine"
3821:History of Information
3669:"Type Writing Machine"
3341:, London. 19 May 2016.
3024:Chinese typewriter at
2999:Hermes 3000 typewriter
2724:in his 1908 treatise,
2649:
2377:
2344:(1883, also by Twain).
2256:
2222:, and would cause the
2030:("ell") for the digit
1969:
1940:Typewriter conventions
1907:precomposed characters
1901:
1801:
1696:
1655:
1609:Republic of Azerbaijan
1408:Electronic typewriters
1345:
1288:
1214:
1106:Universal Stock Ticker
1084:
1083:Rapid typewriter, 1890
861:Three-bank typewriters
832:, introduced with the
825:
813:
805:
781:
718:
710:
701:
693:
631:
623:
615:
607:
541:
503:Malling-Hansen used a
485:
288:
282:
251:
230:
214:
190:
181:in New York; London's
158:
61:
48:
8422:Lyman Cornelius Smith
8417:James Fields Smathers
8392:Rasmus Malling-Hansen
8255:E. Remington and Sons
7919:Adler, M. H. (1973).
7085:. Harlanellison.com.
6841:"Decree on the Press"
6221:10.1007/s102090100012
6104:. SIL International.
5562:10.4324/9780203221938
5527:. Mindmachine.co.uk.
5506:US patent 4620808
5234:Ellen, David (2005).
4864:Gould, R. T. (1928).
4780:. SIL International.
4545:Seaver, Alan (2011).
3907:"Hall Braille Writer"
3841:Larson, Erik (2004).
3791:"Early Office Museum"
3769:Mares, G. C. (1909).
2673:California Typewriter
2645:
2356:
2318:dictated to a typist.
2254:
1989:typewriter apostrophe
1947:
1896:
1791:
1764:; it was invented by
1695:Erasing Shield (1992)
1694:
1653:
1579:London Science Museum
1557:Moonachie, New Jersey
1344:
1334:Later electric models
1274:
1212:
1150:James Fields Smathers
1129:Stamford, Connecticut
1116:Early electric models
1082:
1025:Further information:
961:. Diacritics such as
819:
811:
803:
779:
716:
707:
699:
691:
629:
621:
613:
605:
566:E. Remington and Sons
539:
490:Rasmus Malling-Hansen
480:
404:E. Remington and Sons
337:In 1855, the Italian
238:, the telephone, and
220:
205:
164:
156:
141:for English-language
59:
42:
8612:Speed typing contest
7632:Questioned Documents
7597:Disputed Handwriting
6747:"Tabs and tab stops"
6587:Truss, Lynn (2004).
5969:Peril, Lynn (2011).
5888:Taylor & Francis
5843:on 24 February 2016.
5152:IBM (7 March 2012).
4804:"Noiseless Portable"
4258:(342): 43–44. 1876.
3456:history-computer.com
3426:"Henry Mill Patents"
3229:on 27 December 2016.
3223:www.officemuseum.com
3176:. 1989. p. 789.
3101:Duplicating machines
2730:Questioned Documents
2685:Forensic examination
2442:named "Archy" was a
2382:William S. Burroughs
2203:space-cadet keyboard
2034:, and the uppercase
1922:East Asian languages
1766:Bette Nesmith Graham
1630:, and street poets.
1312:letterpress printing
883:was developed for a
843:upper and lower case
562:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
175:Museum of Modern Art
45:Underwood Typewriter
30:For other uses, see
8402:John Jonathon Pratt
8336:Hansen Writing Ball
8326:Data Recall Diamond
8181:The Daily Telegraph
7872:www.mrmartinweb.com
7868:"Typewriter Museum"
7708:Index on Censorship
7686:on 4 September 2015
7438:The Daily Telegraph
6803:on 14 December 2012
6102:LinguaLinks Library
5785:on 4 September 2011
5618:. 12 January 1991.
4778:LinguaLinks Library
4547:"Daugherty Visible"
4264:1876Natur..14...43.
4108:Early Office Museum
3951:. Schauenburg 2005.
3674:Scientific American
3567:Early Office Museum
3359:. 25 February 2008.
3121:Projection keyboard
3043:-Elektronik at the
2984:Japanese typewriter
2882:Hansen Writing Ball
2631:Becoming Typewriter
2516:Olivetti Lettera 32
2435:archy and mehitabel
1899:Olivetti Lettera 22
1897:Italian typewriter
1426:display typewriters
1266:typesetting machine
1217:IBM introduced the
1176:, which then spent
1075:"Noiseless" designs
1069:stencil duplicators
668:Chinese typewriters
498:Hansen Writing Ball
482:Hansen Writing Ball
473:Hansen Writing Ball
467:Hansen Writing Ball
391:, a carpenter from
374:Scientific American
361:John Jonathon Pratt
297:William Austin Burt
18:Electric typewriter
8658:Italian inventions
8653:1873 introductions
8412:Christopher Sholes
8351:Olivetti Valentine
8331:Hammond Typewriter
7666:ASTM International
7660:2006-03-31 at the
7655:ASTM International
7219:The New York Times
7063:on 21 October 2007
7045:. 12 January 2015.
6972:on 1 February 2009
6726:Xah Keyboard Guide
6566:on 17 January 2009
6052:. 19 February 2010
5616:The New York Times
4840:2007-09-29 at the
3428:. Todayinsci.com.
3166:"typewriter (2)".
3106:Friden Flexowriter
2965:Chinese typewriter
2811:Museum of Printing
2710:A Case of Identity
2650:
2454:, written in 1933.
2378:
2257:
2186:later extended to
2137:offset lithography
1970:
1968:between paragraphs
1902:
1883:computer keyboards
1802:
1697:
1669:that contained an
1656:
1646:Typewriter erasers
1523:desktop publishing
1346:
1289:
1262:Selectric Composer
1215:
1085:
1031:Pitch (typewriter)
1027:Point (typography)
826:
814:
806:
782:
719:
711:
702:
694:
632:
624:
616:
608:
542:
486:
457:Brother Industries
295:In 1829, American
231:
215:
191:
167:Olivetti Valentine
159:
143:computer keyboards
62:
49:
8630:
8629:
8521:Typewriter eraser
8365:Prominent figures
7641:978-0-87585-207-2
7480:978-0-8493-2044-6
7004:978-0-8014-4586-6
6598:978-1-59240-087-4
6539:978-0-470-54251-4
6492:978-1-58456-231-3
6463:978-0-321-12730-3
6438:978-0-201-78263-9
6380:978-0-88179-206-5
6347:Los Angeles Times
6021:"Erasing History"
5999:Popular Mechanics
5571:978-0-203-22193-8
5380:. 18 January 2012
5378:Superior Telegram
5278:978-0-8014-4586-6
5245:978-0-8493-3925-7
5158:Icons of Progress
5130:. 20 January 2020
5090:: 83. July 1931.
5087:Popular Mechanics
5011:. 23 January 2003
4990:978-1-57958-464-1
4876:(3940): 717–738.
4753:www.quadibloc.com
4734:978-0-226-76287-6
4693:Anthony Casillo.
4500:978-3-319-54136-5
4468:. 23 January 2003
3947:Dieter Eberwein.
3894:on 6 August 2010.
3854:978-1-4000-7631-4
3750:. Godrej archives
3720:. Godrej archives
3701:Popular Mechanics
3654:978-0-7643-0132-2
3545:978-0-87584-740-5
3335:"ETTORE SOTTSASS"
3200:978-1-4008-7276-3
3126:Teletype Model 33
3116:Letter (alphabet)
3096:Computer keyboard
2763:computer printers
2717:document examiner
2665:Violet Evergarden
2648:(The Hague, 1954)
2469:Xavier University
2326:his autobiography
2290:Russian Civil War
2281:and movies. The "
2169:control character
2147:diacritical marks
1704:Erasing a set of
1361:
1310:began to replace
951:⟨ñ⟩
947:⟨é⟩
943:metal typesetting
849:, and ampersand,
749:(usually made of
684:Other typewriters
461:Silver Seiko Ltd.
382:Peter Mitterhofer
252:scrittura tattile
213:typewriter in use
203:
139:de facto standard
74:electromechanical
57:
16:(Redirected from
8670:
8547:Data entry clerk
8501:Correction fluid
8407:Clarence Seamans
8377:Frank Haven Hall
8224:
8217:
8210:
8201:
8200:
8113:
8095:
8066:
8039:
8010:
7990:
7978:
7959:
7932:
7907:
7899:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7864:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7853:
7842:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7831:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7790:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7779:
7773:Typewritermuseum
7765:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7739:
7733:
7732:
7715:(1): 2–3. 1986.
7702:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7691:
7675:
7669:
7652:
7646:
7645:
7627:
7621:
7620:
7612:
7606:
7605:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7549:
7540:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7518:
7512:
7509:
7503:
7500:
7494:
7491:
7485:
7484:
7466:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7434:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7347:
7341:
7340:
7334:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7263:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7210:
7204:
7203:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7162:
7151:
7150:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7121:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7079:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7068:
7059:. Archived from
7053:
7047:
7046:
7035:
7029:
7015:
7009:
7008:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6936:
6930:
6929:
6911:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6847:. 25 August 2015
6837:
6831:
6828:
6822:
6819:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6808:
6799:. Archived from
6793:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6743:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6675:Ingersoll Museum
6672:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6638:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6584:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6551:
6545:
6543:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6510:
6504:
6496:
6484:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6389:
6387:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6297:
6289:
6283:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6251:
6245:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6168:
6166:
6132:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6068:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6050:Or What You Will
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6017:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6006:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5941:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5839:. Archived from
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5734:
5732:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5650:The Boston Globe
5641:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5474:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5292:
5283:
5282:
5266:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5149:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5112:on 27 June 2017.
5102:
5096:
5095:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4932:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4908:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4861:
4855:
4832:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4718:
4712:
4711:. 1967. p. A-15.
4706:
4700:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:10.1038/014043a0
4244:
4235:
4234:
4200:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4162:
4153:
4151:
4135:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4100:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4032:
4023:
4022:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3913:on 27 April 2012
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3878:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3745:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3225:. Archived from
3215:
3209:
3208:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3163:
3091:Chorded keyboard
3075:
3059:
3036:
3021:
3009:
2995:
2980:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2921:
2909:
2893:
2878:
2866:
2775:First Department
2755:printing presses
2740:Leopold and Loeb
2547:David McCullough
2404:J. R. R. Tolkien
2358:William Faulkner
2096:
2092:
2088:
2069:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2002:
1994:
1966:carriage returns
1954:sentence spacing
1885:have ^ instead.
1784:Keyboard layouts
1750:correction fluid
1744:Correction fluid
1738:Correction fluid
1682:
1681:
1677:
1548:The Boston Globe
1493:
1477:
1398:correction fluid
1363:
1362:
1343:
1316:phototypesetting
1168:, a division of
1100:Electric designs
1057:
1056:
1052:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
964:
952:
948:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
852:
848:
822:Ernest Hemingway
598:Index typewriter
550:Frank Haven Hall
512:Frank Haven Hall
390:
339:Giuseppe Ravizza
291:
286:, also known as
285:
275:Pellegrino Turri
270:sister to write.
254:
204:
58:
21:
8678:
8677:
8673:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8668:
8667:
8633:
8632:
8631:
8626:
8577:
8571:
8525:
8516:Typewriter desk
8484:
8453:Keyboard layout
8441:
8437:Ettore Sottsass
8427:Samuel W. Soulé
8360:
8309:
8233:
8228:
8196:, July 15, 2014
8184:, July 11, 2013
8166:, Dec. 19, 2011
8153:Quad-City Times
8144:
8111:
8102:
8084:
8055:
8028:
7999:
7948:
7915:
7913:Further reading
7903:
7895:
7892:
7887:
7886:
7876:
7874:
7866:
7865:
7861:
7851:
7849:
7843:
7839:
7829:
7827:
7818:
7817:
7813:
7803:
7801:
7792:
7791:
7787:
7777:
7775:
7767:
7766:
7762:
7752:
7750:
7740:
7736:
7704:
7703:
7699:
7689:
7687:
7676:
7672:
7662:Wayback Machine
7653:
7649:
7642:
7628:
7624:
7613:
7609:
7592:
7588:
7570:10.2307/1141378
7550:
7543:
7538:
7534:
7519:
7515:
7510:
7506:
7501:
7497:
7492:
7488:
7481:
7467:
7458:
7448:
7446:
7427:
7423:
7413:
7411:
7410:. 10 March 2001
7406:
7405:
7401:
7391:
7389:
7380:
7379:
7375:
7365:
7363:
7348:
7344:
7332:
7328:
7327:
7323:
7313:
7311:
7293:
7289:
7279:
7277:
7265:
7264:
7260:
7250:
7248:
7237:
7233:
7223:
7221:
7211:
7207:
7198:. 30 May 2008.
7190:
7189:
7185:
7175:
7173:
7163:
7154:
7133:
7129:
7119:
7117:
7106:
7102:
7092:
7090:
7081:
7080:
7076:
7066:
7064:
7055:
7054:
7050:
7037:
7036:
7032:
7016:
7012:
7005:
6989:
6985:
6975:
6973:
6964:
6963:
6959:
6949:
6947:
6937:
6933:
6909:10.5334/kula.30
6888:
6884:
6865:
6864:
6860:
6850:
6848:
6839:
6838:
6834:
6829:
6825:
6820:
6816:
6806:
6804:
6795:
6794:
6790:
6780:
6778:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6755:
6753:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6730:
6728:
6720:
6719:
6715:
6705:
6703:
6694:
6693:
6689:
6679:
6677:
6670:
6664:
6660:
6650:
6648:
6646:Daniel Miessler
6640:
6639:
6632:
6622:
6620:
6610:
6606:
6599:
6585:
6581:
6569:
6567:
6552:
6548:
6540:
6519:
6517:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6475:
6471:
6464:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6425:
6421:
6411:
6409:
6403:
6399:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6365:
6361:
6351:
6349:
6339:
6335:
6290:
6286:
6278:
6274:
6264:
6262:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6239:
6235:
6205:
6201:
6182:
6178:
6164:
6162:
6125:
6121:
6111:
6109:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6081:
6079:
6069:
6065:
6055:
6053:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6029:
6027:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6004:
6002:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5967:
5963:
5956:
5942:
5935:
5925:
5923:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5898:
5890:. p. 283.
5878:
5874:
5864:
5862:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5829:
5825:
5815:
5813:
5802:
5798:
5788:
5786:
5775:
5771:
5761:
5759:
5748:
5744:
5730:
5728:
5717:
5713:
5703:
5701:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5677:
5675:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5642:
5638:
5628:
5626:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5595:
5593:
5583:
5579:
5572:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5532:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5499:
5488:
5484:
5468:
5467:
5460:
5458:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5432:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5408:
5406:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5383:
5381:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5357:
5355:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5331:
5329:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5305:
5303:
5294:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5257:
5253:
5246:
5232:
5228:
5218:
5216:
5206:
5202:
5192:
5190:
5189:on 3 April 2012
5177:
5176:
5172:
5162:
5160:
5150:
5143:
5133:
5131:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5063:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5039:
5037:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5014:
5012:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4991:
4975:
4971:
4961:
4959:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4937:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4913:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4862:
4858:
4842:Wayback Machine
4833:
4822:
4812:
4810:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4787:
4785:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4755:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4719:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4692:
4688:
4680:
4676:
4668:
4664:
4656:
4652:
4644:
4640:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4609:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4586:
4584:
4582:Type-Writer.org
4574:
4570:
4560:
4558:
4543:
4539:
4529:
4527:
4512:
4508:
4501:
4485:
4481:
4471:
4469:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4443:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4411:
4407:
4397:
4395:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4321:
4319:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4246:
4245:
4238:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4177:
4164:
4163:
4156:
4138:Polt, Richard.
4136:
4127:
4117:
4115:
4102:
4101:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4058:
4051:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4026:
4011:10.2307/2573562
3995:
3991:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3960:
3956:
3945:
3941:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3903:
3899:
3891:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3855:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3678:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3641:
3637:
3627:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3532:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3368:
3364:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3263:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3201:
3185:
3181:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3141:Typewriter desk
3086:
3079:
3076:
3067:
3060:
3051:
3037:
3028:
3022:
3013:
3010:
3001:
2996:
2987:
2981:
2972:
2962:
2953:
2950:
2941:
2938:
2929:
2922:
2913:
2910:
2901:
2894:
2885:
2879:
2870:
2867:
2858:
2795:
2687:
2647:
2640:
2590:Mach. à écrire"
2576:
2571:
2512:Cormac McCarthy
2461:
2390:film adaptation
2351:
2312:
2307:
2298:Decree on Press
2249:
2160:
2156:
2109:carriage return
2099:correction tape
2094:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2046:) a lower case
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2000:
1997:straight quotes
1992:
1958:quotation marks
1942:
1891:
1850:
1828:and the German
1813:
1807:
1786:
1781:
1746:
1740:
1724:
1702:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1648:
1640:business letter
1636:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1485:
1478:
1438:word processors
1410:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1308:offset printing
1297:word processors
1207:
1201:
1133:electrification
1118:
1102:
1077:
1064:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1033:
1023:
1021:Character sizes
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
962:
950:
946:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
908:
902:
893:
863:
850:
846:
798:
774:
742:
740:Standardization
686:
600:
587:Ilion, New York
570:sewing machines
558:Samuel W. Soule
534:
528:
475:
469:
384:
365:Centre, Alabama
328:Charles Thurber
193:
151:
135:keyboard layout
124:word processing
88:by striking an
51:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8676:
8666:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8628:
8627:
8625:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8592:
8587:
8581:
8579:
8578:health aspects
8573:
8572:
8570:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8533:
8531:
8527:
8526:
8524:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8506:Erasing shield
8503:
8498:
8492:
8490:
8486:
8485:
8483:
8482:
8477:
8476:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8449:
8447:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8439:
8434:
8432:Kyota Sugimoto
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8387:Carlos Glidden
8384:
8382:James Densmore
8379:
8374:
8368:
8366:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8317:
8315:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8241:
8239:
8235:
8234:
8227:
8226:
8219:
8212:
8204:
8198:
8197:
8185:
8173:
8167:
8157:
8156:, May 18, 2009
8143:
8140:
8139:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8108:
8101:
8100:External links
8098:
8097:
8096:
8082:
8067:
8053:
8040:
8026:
8013:
8012:
8011:
7997:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7946:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7909:
7901:
7891:
7888:
7885:
7884:
7859:
7845:Robert, Paul.
7837:
7811:
7785:
7760:
7734:
7697:
7670:
7647:
7640:
7622:
7607:
7586:
7564:(1): 105–111.
7541:
7532:
7513:
7504:
7495:
7486:
7479:
7456:
7421:
7399:
7373:
7350:Hurley, Sean.
7342:
7321:
7301:The New Yorker
7287:
7258:
7245:www.boston.com
7231:
7205:
7183:
7152:
7142:New York Times
7127:
7100:
7074:
7057:"Blog archive"
7048:
7030:
7010:
7003:
6983:
6957:
6931:
6882:
6858:
6832:
6823:
6814:
6788:
6772:"What is TTY?"
6763:
6738:
6713:
6687:
6658:
6630:
6604:
6597:
6579:
6546:
6538:
6491:
6469:
6462:
6444:
6437:
6419:
6397:
6379:
6359:
6333:
6312:10.2307/306437
6284:
6272:
6246:
6233:
6199:
6176:
6147:10.1086/467198
6119:
6089:
6063:
6037:
6012:
5986:
5961:
5955:978-1581573114
5954:
5933:
5903:
5897:978-1135796693
5896:
5872:
5846:
5823:
5796:
5769:
5742:
5711:
5685:
5659:
5636:
5603:
5591:History Things
5577:
5570:
5542:
5525:"Smith-Corona"
5516:
5497:
5482:
5442:
5416:
5391:
5365:
5339:
5328:. 19 July 2020
5313:
5284:
5277:
5251:
5244:
5226:
5200:
5170:
5141:
5115:
5097:
5073:
5062:on 26 May 2013
5047:
5022:
4996:
4989:
4969:
4943:
4919:
4895:
4856:
4847:The New Yorker
4820:
4795:
4765:
4740:
4733:
4713:
4701:
4686:
4674:
4662:
4650:
4638:
4619:
4594:
4568:
4557:on 11 May 2013
4537:
4514:Robert, Paul.
4506:
4499:
4479:
4453:
4428:
4405:
4380:
4355:
4329:
4304:
4279:
4236:
4209:(3): 725–753.
4187:
4166:"The Mignon 2"
4154:
4125:
4090:
4072:(4): 391–407.
4049:
4024:
4005:(2): 197–198.
3989:
3971:
3954:
3939:
3924:
3897:
3864:
3853:
3833:
3808:
3782:
3761:
3731:
3706:
3688:
3660:
3653:
3635:
3609:
3592:todayinsci.com
3579:
3551:
3544:
3526:
3512:
3495:
3473:
3443:
3417:
3387:
3377:The New Yorker
3362:
3344:
3326:
3301:
3276:
3265:Stamp, Jimmy.
3254:
3232:
3210:
3199:
3179:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3070:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3052:
3038:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2975:
2973:
2963:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2904:
2902:
2898:patent drawing
2895:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2794:
2791:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2669:
2660:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2606:The Typewriter
2601:Leroy Anderson
2597:
2594:roulette wheel
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:Lyndon Johnson
2550:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2523:
2509:
2505:Harlan Ellison
2502:
2483:William Gibson
2480:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2427:
2407:
2401:
2398:Peter Boretski
2386:The New Yorker
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2319:
2311:
2310:Early adopters
2308:
2306:
2303:
2283:Tijuana bibles
2248:
2247:Social effects
2245:
2244:
2243:
2236:teletypewriter
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:fan-fold paper
2206:
2176:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2140:
2122:
2112:
2106:
2075:
2072:
2063:
2059:
1941:
1938:
1936:in the 1980s.
1934:laser printers
1890:
1887:
1849:
1846:
1824:, the Italian
1818:Latin alphabet
1809:Main article:
1806:
1803:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1742:Main article:
1739:
1736:
1730:(for example,
1723:
1720:
1711:erasing shield
1701:
1700:Erasing shield
1698:
1647:
1644:
1635:
1632:
1601:Latin alphabet
1543:text messaging
1535:web publishing
1531:inkjet printer
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1418:Diablo Systems
1409:
1406:
1371:
1365:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1328:IBM System/360
1203:Main article:
1200:
1197:
1170:General Motors
1159:Remington Rand
1140:teletypewriter
1117:
1114:
1108:, invented by
1101:
1098:
1076:
1073:
1063:
1060:
1022:
1019:
904:Main article:
901:
898:
892:
889:
885:teletypewriter
862:
859:
797:
794:
773:
770:
741:
738:
737:
736:
732:
728:
724:
685:
682:
674:Embossing tape
657:character sets
599:
596:
554:Carlos Glidden
530:Main article:
527:
524:
488:In 1865, Rev.
471:Main article:
468:
465:
452:
451:
400:
395:(then part of
378:
357:
350:
335:
309:
308:
305:Science Museum
293:
278:
271:
264:
256:
150:
147:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8675:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8640:
8638:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8597:
8593:
8591:
8590:Etaoin shrdlu
8588:
8586:
8583:
8582:
8580:
8574:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8534:
8532:
8528:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8493:
8491:
8487:
8481:
8478:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8454:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8444:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8363:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8341:IBM Selectric
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8312:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8238:Manufacturers
8236:
8232:
8225:
8220:
8218:
8213:
8211:
8206:
8205:
8202:
8195:
8194:
8189:
8186:
8183:
8182:
8177:
8174:
8171:
8168:
8165:
8161:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8103:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8083:9798985873900
8079:
8075:
8074:
8073:Shift Happens
8068:
8064:
8060:
8056:
8054:9781581573114
8050:
8046:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8027:9781452154886
8023:
8019:
8014:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7998:9780951679005
7994:
7989:
7988:
7981:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7963:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7947:9781032481135
7943:
7939:
7934:
7933:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7917:
7916:
7906:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7893:
7873:
7869:
7863:
7848:
7841:
7825:
7821:
7815:
7799:
7795:
7789:
7774:
7770:
7764:
7749:
7748:Typing Lounge
7745:
7738:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7709:
7701:
7685:
7681:
7674:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7656:
7651:
7643:
7637:
7633:
7626:
7618:
7611:
7603:
7599:
7598:
7590:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7548:
7546:
7536:
7528:
7524:
7517:
7508:
7499:
7490:
7482:
7476:
7472:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7444:
7440:
7439:
7433:
7425:
7409:
7403:
7387:
7384:. Wordpress.
7383:
7377:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7346:
7338:
7331:
7325:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7291:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7262:
7246:
7242:
7235:
7220:
7216:
7209:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7187:
7172:
7168:
7161:
7159:
7157:
7148:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7131:
7115:
7111:
7104:
7088:
7084:
7078:
7062:
7058:
7052:
7044:
7040:
7034:
7028:
7027:0 04 928039 2
7024:
7020:
7014:
7006:
7000:
6996:
6995:
6987:
6971:
6967:
6961:
6946:
6942:
6935:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6886:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6869:
6862:
6846:
6842:
6836:
6827:
6818:
6802:
6798:
6792:
6777:
6776:Computer Hope
6773:
6767:
6752:
6748:
6742:
6727:
6723:
6717:
6702:. 23 May 2009
6701:
6697:
6691:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6647:
6643:
6637:
6635:
6619:
6618:The ANSI Blog
6615:
6608:
6600:
6594:
6590:
6583:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6550:
6541:
6535:
6531:
6516:
6508:
6502:
6494:
6488:
6483:
6482:
6473:
6465:
6459:
6455:
6448:
6440:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6408:
6401:
6394:
6382:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6363:
6348:
6344:
6337:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6296:
6288:
6281:
6276:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6243:
6237:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6215:(2): 99–160,
6214:
6210:
6203:
6196:(4): 292–295.
6195:
6191:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6131:
6123:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6093:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6051:
6047:
6041:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5965:
5957:
5951:
5947:
5940:
5938:
5921:
5917:
5915:
5907:
5899:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5876:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5827:
5811:
5807:
5800:
5784:
5780:
5773:
5757:
5754:. USA Today.
5753:
5746:
5739:
5726:
5722:
5715:
5699:
5695:
5689:
5674:on 3 May 2011
5673:
5669:
5663:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5640:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5592:
5588:
5581:
5573:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5556:. Routledge.
5555:
5554:
5546:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5507:
5501:
5493:
5486:
5478:
5472:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5379:
5375:
5369:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5289:
5280:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5264:
5255:
5247:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5215:
5211:
5204:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5174:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5146:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4992:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4973:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4936:
4929:
4923:
4912:
4905:
4899:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4835:Newyorker.com
4831:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4736:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4717:
4710:
4705:
4698:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4645:Alan Seaver.
4642:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4502:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4483:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4241:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4191:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4054:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3999:Social Forces
3993:
3985:
3984:docsteach.org
3981:
3975:
3967:
3964:
3958:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3928:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3837:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3765:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3716:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3656:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3568:
3564:
3563:"Typewriters"
3558:
3556:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3522:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3499:
3483:
3477:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3340:
3339:Design Museum
3336:
3330:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3242:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3219:"Typewriters"
3214:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2955:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2883:
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2764:
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2759:copy machines
2756:
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2599:The composer
2598:
2596:and a pistol.
2595:
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2578:
2577:
2563:
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2555:
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2533:Ted Kaczynski
2531:
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2292:(1917–1922).
2291:
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2237:
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2220:line printers
2217:
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2152:
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2126:
2125:cut and paste
2123:
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2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2089:, backspace,
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2045:
2044:over-striking
2012:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1981:
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1838:
1837:Touch-typists
1833:
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1812:
1799:
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1776:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
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1735:
1733:
1729:
1728:erasable bond
1722:Erasable bond
1719:
1717:
1716:eraser shield
1713:
1712:
1707:
1706:carbon copies
1693:
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1394:carbon copies
1391:
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1300:
1298:
1294:
1286:
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1278:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1255:IBM Executive
1252:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:IBM Selectric
1211:
1206:
1205:IBM Selectric
1199:IBM Selectric
1196:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
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1110:Thomas Edison
1107:
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772:Frontstriking
769:
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766:right-to-left
761:
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496:invented the
495:
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448:Olympia-Werke
445:
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313:Stenographers
306:
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206:Video of the
188:
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183:Design Museum
180:
176:
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163:
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146:
144:
140:
136:
133:
128:
125:
120:
119:assignments.
117:
116:United States
112:
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103:
99:
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91:
87:
83:
79:
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71:
67:
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8622:Touch typing
8594:
8576:Cultural and
8562:Stenographer
8542:Audio typist
8496:Carbon paper
8295:Smith Corona
8290:Silver Seiko
8230:
8193:The Guardian
8191:
8179:
8151:
8072:
8044:
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7986:
7966:
7937:
7920:
7875:. Retrieved
7871:
7862:
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7840:
7828:. Retrieved
7823:
7814:
7802:. Retrieved
7800:(in Italian)
7797:
7788:
7776:. Retrieved
7772:
7763:
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7747:
7737:
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7700:
7688:. Retrieved
7684:the original
7673:
7650:
7631:
7625:
7616:
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7436:
7424:
7414:12 September
7412:. Retrieved
7402:
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7376:
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7355:
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7312:. Retrieved
7300:
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7261:
7249:. Retrieved
7244:
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7218:
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7186:
7174:. Retrieved
7171:The Atlantic
7170:
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7130:
7118:. Retrieved
7103:
7091:. Retrieved
7077:
7065:. Retrieved
7061:the original
7051:
7042:
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6986:
6974:. Retrieved
6970:the original
6960:
6948:. Retrieved
6945:www.rbth.com
6944:
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6899:
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6844:
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6801:the original
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6775:
6766:
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6750:
6741:
6729:. Retrieved
6725:
6716:
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6700:the Guardian
6699:
6690:
6678:. Retrieved
6674:
6661:
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6645:
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6617:
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6564:the original
6559:
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6529:
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6480:
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6422:
6410:. Retrieved
6400:
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6350:. Retrieved
6346:
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6306:(1): 56–68.
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6249:
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6101:
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6076:
6066:
6054:. Retrieved
6049:
6040:
6028:. Retrieved
6024:
6015:
6003:. Retrieved
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5989:
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5964:
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5924:. Retrieved
5913:
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5875:
5865:12 September
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5849:
5841:the original
5836:
5826:
5814:. Retrieved
5799:
5787:. Retrieved
5783:the original
5772:
5760:. Retrieved
5745:
5738:typewriters.
5736:
5729:. Retrieved
5714:
5702:. Retrieved
5688:
5676:. Retrieved
5672:the original
5662:
5649:
5639:
5627:. Retrieved
5615:
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5590:
5580:
5552:
5545:
5535:12 September
5533:. Retrieved
5519:
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5455:
5445:
5433:. Retrieved
5419:
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5403:
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5377:
5368:
5356:. Retrieved
5352:IBM Archives
5351:
5342:
5330:. Retrieved
5325:
5316:
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5300:IBM Archives
5299:
5262:
5254:
5235:
5229:
5217:. Retrieved
5214:The Atlantic
5213:
5203:
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5187:the original
5182:
5173:
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5157:
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5127:
5118:
5110:the original
5100:
5085:
5076:
5066:12 September
5064:. Retrieved
5060:the original
5050:
5038:. Retrieved
5034:
5025:
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5009:IBM Archives
5008:
4999:
4979:
4972:
4962:16 September
4960:. Retrieved
4946:
4922:
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4873:
4869:
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4851:
4845:
4811:. Retrieved
4807:
4798:
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4768:
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4752:
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4665:
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4641:
4632:
4622:
4610:. Retrieved
4606:
4597:
4585:. Retrieved
4581:
4571:
4559:. Retrieved
4555:the original
4550:
4540:
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4519:
4509:
4493:. Springer.
4489:
4482:
4470:. Retrieved
4466:IBM Archives
4465:
4456:
4444:. Retrieved
4440:
4431:
4422:
4418:
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4396:. Retrieved
4392:
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4341:
4332:
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4316:
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4291:
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4251:
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4190:
4178:. Retrieved
4169:
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4107:
4081:. Retrieved
4069:
4065:
4040:. Retrieved
4002:
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3927:
3915:. Retrieved
3911:the original
3900:
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3884:
3880:
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3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3820:
3811:
3799:. Retrieved
3785:
3771:
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3752:. Retrieved
3747:
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3709:
3700:
3691:
3679:. Retrieved
3672:
3663:
3644:
3638:
3626:. Retrieved
3624:(in Italian)
3621:
3612:
3600:. Retrieved
3591:
3582:
3570:. Retrieved
3566:
3535:
3529:
3520:
3515:
3505:
3498:
3486:. Retrieved
3476:
3466:19 September
3464:. Retrieved
3455:
3446:
3434:. Retrieved
3420:
3408:. Retrieved
3399:
3390:
3375:
3365:
3347:
3329:
3317:. Retrieved
3313:
3304:
3292:. Retrieved
3288:
3279:
3270:
3245:. Retrieved
3235:
3227:the original
3222:
3213:
3189:
3182:
3167:
3161:
3041:VEB Robotron
3025:
2967:produced by
2840:
2796:
2785:authors. In
2771:Soviet Union
2761:, and later
2751:Eastern Bloc
2748:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2722:A. S. Osborn
2714:
2707:
2695:
2688:
2671:
2663:
2654:
2630:
2614:
2604:
2589:
2588:includes a "
2584:
2558:Robert Moses
2492:
2491:and half of
2486:
2476:
2472:
2465:Richard Polt
2451:
2444:reincarnated
2433:
2419:
2413:
2410:Jack Kerouac
2393:
2385:
2339:
2333:
2287:
2276:
2272:copy typists
2265:
2258:
2234:, short for
2216:vertical tab
2183:modifier key
2150:
2077:
2013:
1985:double space
1982:
1971:
1919:
1915:
1903:
1867:
1851:
1842:
1834:
1814:
1797:
1774:
1770:photocopying
1754:Liquid Paper
1747:
1727:
1725:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1686:
1659:
1657:
1637:
1617:
1613:
1593:reconversion
1583:
1576:
1569:
1553:
1546:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1484:Typestar 110
1454:Smith-Corona
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1411:
1390:photocopying
1385:Smith-Corona
1382:
1373:
1321:
1306:By 1970, as
1305:
1301:
1290:
1285:Italic fonts
1259:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1216:
1193:
1182:
1163:
1155:
1148:
1137:
1122:
1119:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1065:
1041:
1037:
1034:
967:acute accent
916:acute accent
909:
894:
878:
871:
868:
864:
855:
839:
827:
790:
783:
762:
746:standardized
743:
678:
672:
661:
641:
637:
633:
584:
579:
573:
543:
516:
509:
502:
487:
453:
432:Smith Corona
372:
368:
342:
332:Chirographer
321:
317:telegraphers
310:
244:
232:
209:
129:
121:
113:
105:
101:
94:type element
76:machine for
65:
63:
36:
8643:Typewriters
8567:Typesetting
8537:Copy typist
8530:Occupations
8489:Accessories
8356:Hermes 3000
8231:Typewriters
7529:(1): 68–81.
7314:14 December
7280:14 December
6976:16 February
6807:29 December
6386:10 November
5837:Minyanville
5128:Industrious
4516:"Daugherty"
4373:22 November
4348:23 November
4322:23 November
3917:29 February
3738:Silver Reed
3396:"Scrittura"
3353:"Valentine"
3319:18 February
3271:Smithsonian
3146:UNIVAC 1102
2928:around 1910
2793:Collections
2712:" in 1891.
2611:Jerry Lewis
2554:Robert Caro
2552:Biographer
2488:Neuromancer
2430:Don Marquis
2420:On the Road
2415:On the Road
2394:Naked Lunch
2376:as a museum
2324:claimed in
2316:Henry James
2133:page layout
2005:prime marks
1956:, straight
1667:hard rubber
1660:typewriter
1590:Azerbaijani
1498:floppy disk
1466:VideoWriter
1414:daisy wheel
1392:meant that
997:to produce
881:Murray code
589:. It had a
393:South Tyrol
385: [
354:D. Pedro II
347:harpsichord
301:Typographer
8637:Categories
8511:Ink ribbon
8446:Components
8397:Henry Mill
8092:1420907615
7956:1381545570
7877:23 January
7852:23 January
7830:23 January
7804:23 January
7778:23 January
7753:23 January
7176:23 January
7120:11 January
7067:23 October
6950:9 December
6877:1126556820
6851:9 December
5981:1036875148
5163:20 January
4520:Collection
3801:1 December
3681:14 January
3602:20 January
3488:25 January
3294:27 January
3243:. The Wire
3153:References
3136:Typescript
2744:Alger Hiss
2580:Erik Satie
2545:Historian
2520:Christie's
2494:Count Zero
2459:Late users
2447:free-verse
2330:manuscript
2322:Mark Twain
2279:vaudeville
2238:– used in
2119:slide rule
1911:diacritics
1881:-standard
1863:DHIATENSOR
1624:steampunks
1376:media help
1251:monospaced
912:diacritics
580:typewriter
463:of Japan.
283:tachigrafo
260:Henry Mill
236:automobile
70:mechanical
66:typewriter
8552:Secretary
8063:907103984
8036:959698333
7729:220951010
7690:24 August
7309:0028-792X
7275:0031-2037
6926:158322355
6918:2398-4112
6902:(1): 22.
6501:cite book
6320:0037-6752
6265:3 January
6229:207064170
6190:Word Ways
5624:0362-4331
4882:0035-9114
4223:0021-9118
4140:"Simplex"
2926:Saskatoon
2678:eponymous
2656:Populaire
2540:Tom Hanks
2526:Will Self
2501:computer.
2499:Apple IIc
2440:cockroach
2388:. In the
2366:Rowan Oak
2362:Underwood
2240:Unix-like
2165:line feed
2157:and then
2083:backspace
1952:, double
1861:with its
1832:layouts.
1563:, and/or
1561:Indonesia
1450:Canon Cat
1227:golf ball
1185:Varityper
1164:In 1928,
959:dead keys
937:produced
925:produced
900:Dead keys
834:Remington
830:shift key
796:Shift key
369:Pterotype
359:In 1865,
345:("Scribe
326:American
289:tachitipo
258:In 1714,
240:telegraph
210:Valentine
208:Olivetti
165:The 1969
8607:Samizdat
8275:Olivetti
8007:24700251
7905:US349026
7658:Archived
7443:Archived
7392:16 March
7386:Archived
7366:16 March
7360:Archived
7200:Archived
7196:BBC News
7147:Archived
7114:Archived
7093:30 March
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