52:
1227:
582:. Apart from man-made noise, it is the strongest component over the range of about 20 to 120 MHz. Little cosmic noise below 20MHz penetrates the ionosphere, while its eventual disappearance at frequencies in excess of 1.5 GHz is probably governed by the mechanisms generating it and its absorption by hydrogen in interstellar space.
630:
in a circuit will reduce electromagnetic noise. Twisting the wires decreases the loop size in which a magnetic field can run through to produce a current between the wires. Small loops may exist between wires twisted together, but the magnetic field going through these loops induces a current flowing
254:
when the charge carriers (such as electrons) traverse a gap. If electrons flow across a barrier, then they have discrete arrival times. Those discrete arrivals exhibit shot noise. Typically, the barrier in a diode is used. Shot noise is similar to the noise created by rain falling on a tin roof. The
436:
and beyond, the transit-time effect takes place and the noise input impedance of the transistor decreases. From the frequency at which this effect becomes significant, it increases with frequency and quickly dominates other sources of noise.
622:
can be thought of as a
Faraday cage for wiring and can protect the wires from unwanted noise in a sensitive circuit. The shield must be grounded to be effective. Grounding the shield at only one end can avoid a ground loop on the
794:. Telecommunication systems strive to increase the ratio of signal level to noise level in order to effectively transfer data. Noise in telecommunication systems is a product of both internal and external sources to the system.
607:
allows an AC signal from one part of the circuit to be picked up in another part through the interaction of electric fields. Where coupling is unintended, the effects can be addressed through improved circuit layout and
599:
enclosing a circuit can be used to isolate the circuit from external noise sources. A Faraday cage cannot address noise sources that originate in the circuit itself or those carried in on its inputs, including the power
860:
1231:
821:
is proportional to the square of the voltage across it, noise voltage (density) can be described by taking the square root of the noise power density, resulting in volts per root hertz (
578:, their large number leads to appreciable collective effects. Cosmic noise has been observed in a range from 8 MHz to 1.43 GHz, the latter frequency corresponding to the 21-cm
315:
615:. Ground loops occur when there is a voltage difference between two ground connections. A good way to fix this is to bring all the ground wires to the same potential in a ground bus.
432:
If the time taken by the electrons to travel from emitter to collector in a transistor becomes comparable to the period of the signal being amplified, that is, at frequencies above
890:, can reduce overall noise in the bandwidth of interest. This technique allows retrieval of signals below the nominal detection threshold of an instrument. This is an example of
338:
exhibit shot noise because the electrons randomly leave the cathode and arrive at the anode (plate). A tube may not exhibit the full shot noise effect: the presence of a
591:
In many cases noise found on a signal in a circuit is unwanted. There are many different noise reduction techniques that can reduce the noise picked up by a circuit.
2018:
39:
776:(CNR) at the radio receiver input would result in a certain signal-to-noise ratio in the detected message signal. In a digital communications system, a certain
492:
Phenomenon in which a signal transmitted in one circuit or channel of a transmission system creates undesired interference onto a signal in another channel.
646:
Thermal noise can be reduced by cooling of circuits - this is typically only employed in high accuracy high-value applications such as radio telescopes.
114:. The noise is a summation of unwanted or disturbing energy from natural and sometimes man-made sources. Noise is, however, typically distinguished from
914:
451:
While noise may be generated in the electronic circuit itself, additional noise energy can be coupled into a circuit from the external environment, by
1037:
744:
A noise signal is typically considered as a linear addition to a useful information signal. Typical signal quality measures involving noise are
420:, at random and unpredictable times. Each shift in offset voltage or current lasts for several milliseconds to seconds. It is also known as
2011:
416:
Burst noise consists of sudden step-like transitions between two or more discrete voltage or current levels, as high as several hundred
201:
JohnsonâNyquist noise (more often thermal noise) is unavoidable, and generated by the random thermal motion of charge carriers (usually
824:
373:
Where current divides between two (or more) paths, noise occurs as a result of random fluctuations that occur during this division.
2445:
1136:
Steinbach, Andrew; Martinis, John; Devoret, Michel (1996-05-13). "Observation of Hot-Electron Shot Noise in a
Metallic Resistor".
2004:
1817:
1466:
2365:
361:
and move diffusively within the material; the electrons do not have discrete arrival times. Shot noise has been demonstrated in
1633:
1236:
2475:
229:
642:. A sensitive circuit will pick up this frequency as noise. A notch filter tuned to the line frequency can remove the noise.
1970:
139:
135:
638:
are useful for eliminating a specific noise frequency. For example, power lines within a building run at 50 or 60 Hz
1199:
30:
This article is about fundamental noise processes in electronics. For electronic noise arising from outside sources, see
574:
Distant stars generate noise called cosmic noise. While these stars are too far away to individually affect terrestrial
2030:
1827:
925:
757:
1315:
White noise calculator, thermal noise - Voltage in microvolts, conversion to noise level in dBu and dBV and vice versa
1709:
1623:
1277:
1209:
1121:
1097:
1013:
127:
398:
noise, is a signal or process with a frequency spectrum that falls off steadily into the higher frequencies, with a
134:, which is an unwanted systematic alteration of the signal waveform by the communication equipment, for example in
84:
will generate thermal noise inherently. The final elimination of thermal noise in electronics can only be achieved
17:
2360:
2213:
2209:
1964:
1812:
1663:
1341:
1242:
271:
172:
2685:
2524:
919:
2495:
2324:
1497:
720:
446:
365:
resistors when the size of the resistive element becomes shorter than the electronâphonon scattering length.
233:
31:
2690:
2567:
2268:
2038:
1873:
1780:
975:
761:
497:
376:
For this reason, a transistor will have more noise than the combined shot noise from its two PN junctions.
123:
115:
35:
1304:
1030:
2465:
1628:
1350:
2303:
2091:
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2076:
2071:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
765:
2278:
1975:
1923:
1553:
1446:
936:
612:
196:
96:
73:
Noise generated by electronic devices varies greatly as it is produced by several different effects.
806:
724:
560:
can cause a variety of electrical disturbances. The intensity of solar noise varies over time in a
536:
cause industrial noise. These noises are produced by the discharge present in all these operations.
146:
2597:
2470:
1837:
1426:
772:
in cascaded amplifiers. In a carrier-modulated passband analogue communication system, a certain
250:
Shot noise in electronic devices results from unavoidable random statistical fluctuations of the
2519:
2485:
2480:
2440:
2293:
2233:
1760:
1695:
1658:
871:
867:
773:
728:
221:
145:
While noise is generally unwanted, it can serve a useful purpose in some applications, such as
43:
1179:
2654:
2391:
1949:
1794:
1638:
745:
575:
119:
111:
81:
631:
in opposite directions in alternate loops on each wire and so there is no net noise current.
402:
spectrum. It occurs in almost all electronic devices and results from a variety of effects.
2633:
2618:
2529:
2381:
2355:
2263:
1858:
1375:
1145:
903:
891:
516:
discharges in thunderstorms and other electrical disturbances occurring in nature, such as
206:
8:
2534:
2435:
2395:
1618:
1613:
1334:
1319:
604:
528:
Sources such as automobiles, aircraft, ignition electric motors and switching gear, High
456:
255:
flow of rain may be relatively constant, but the individual raindrops arrive discretely.
1996:
1149:
2460:
2410:
1674:
1564:
883:
863:
798:
686:
678:
452:
342:
tends to smooth out the arrival times (and thus reduce the randomness of the current).
225:
156:
103:
2141:
1074:
2587:
2544:
2405:
2400:
2027:
1888:
1883:
1679:
1503:
1400:
1385:
1365:
1273:
1205:
1161:
1117:
1093:
1009:
507:
167:
Different types of noise are generated by different devices and different processes.
1314:
2514:
2455:
2298:
2248:
1981:
1954:
1928:
1508:
1441:
1405:
1246:
1153:
1070:
817:, so its power density is measured in watts per hertz (W/Hz). Since the power in a
810:
674:
635:
533:
517:
357:
Conductors and resistors typically do not exhibit shot noise because the electrons
354:
because the cathode current splits randomly between the screen grid and the anode.
251:
2613:
2505:
2430:
2386:
2253:
1959:
1913:
1878:
1868:
1746:
1436:
1395:
1308:
941:
909:
689:(MSE) in volts squared. Examples of electrical noise-level measurement units are
659:
476:
460:
362:
2592:
2420:
2334:
2223:
1588:
1533:
1513:
1327:
930:
791:
639:
619:
464:
77:
1157:
482:
Caused when signals of different frequencies share the same non-linear medium.
332:
is the bandwidth in hertz. The
Schottky formula assumes independent arrivals.
2679:
2308:
2258:
2137:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2065:
1944:
1918:
1653:
1528:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1461:
1456:
1380:
971:
579:
385:
180:
168:
89:
85:
106:, noise is an error or undesired random disturbance of a useful information
2659:
2450:
2339:
2273:
2243:
2168:
1643:
1593:
1523:
1165:
947:
769:
627:
596:
569:
339:
232:. A communication system affected by thermal noise is often modelled as an
1061:
Kish, L. B.; Granqvist, C. G. (November 2000). "Noise in nanotechnology".
882:
If the noise source is correlated with the signal, such as in the case of
2628:
2623:
2562:
2288:
2228:
2218:
1669:
1648:
1583:
1575:
1518:
1451:
1390:
1252:
561:
557:
411:
335:
217:
63:
2557:
2490:
2425:
2238:
1570:
1559:
1543:
1538:
1370:
399:
358:
245:
176:
131:
56:
179:, which needs a steep potential barrier) or manufacturing quality and
2664:
2649:
2582:
2577:
2552:
1863:
967:
814:
553:
513:
487:
417:
389:
184:
2415:
2283:
2133:
818:
802:
424:
for the popping or crackling sounds it produces in audio circuits.
347:
202:
611:
Ground loops â When grounding a circuit, it is important to avoid
2188:
855:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathrm {V} /{\sqrt {\mathrm {Hz} }}}
682:
670:
529:
351:
343:
210:
502:
Modification or disruption of a signal travelling along a medium
2163:
1548:
1300:
887:
658:
in an electronic system is typically measured as an electrical
150:
107:
2329:
2193:
2183:
2178:
1770:
1731:
1724:
1421:
790:(normalized signal-to-noise ratio) would result in a certain
702:
51:
130:(SNIR) measures. Noise is also typically distinguished from
2158:
886:, the intentional introduction of additional noise, called
698:
694:
666:
552:. Under normal conditions, there is approximately constant
175:), while other types depend mostly on device type (such as
76:
In particular, noise is inherent in physics and central to
1349:
2173:
2026:
690:
545:
433:
1135:
40:
electromagnetically induced acoustic noise and vibration
38:. For acoustic noise due to electromagnetic fields, see
828:
1003:
827:
274:
258:
The root-mean-square value of the shot noise current
183:
defects, such as conductance fluctuations, including
70:
is an unwanted disturbance in an electrical signal.
813:. The spectral distribution of noise can vary with
915:Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
854:
309:
159:sources add according to the sum of their powers.
2677:
1090:Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems
228:. The amplitude of the signal has very nearly a
1204:. Technical Publications. 1991. pp. 3â6.
1004:Motchenbacher, C. D.; Connelly, J. A. (1993).
556:from the Sun due to its high temperature, but
2012:
1335:
1060:
1301:Active Filter (Sallen & Key) Noise Study
874:level in these terms (at room temperature).
797:Noise is a random process, characterized by
171:is unavoidable at non-zero temperature (see
1270:Electronic Noise and Fluctuations in Solids
310:{\displaystyle i_{n}={\sqrt {2Iq\Delta B}}}
2019:
2005:
1342:
1328:
723:). Noise may also be characterized by its
512:Also called static noise, it is caused by
209:, which happens regardless of any applied
95:Electronic noise is a common component of
27:Random fluctuation in an electrical signal
1267:
1111:
2446:Output power of an analog TV transmitter
1028:
906:for noise reduction through cancellation
50:
1818:Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio
1114:Noise and Fluctuations: An Introduction
999:
997:
995:
128:signal-to-noise plus interference ratio
14:
2678:
1634:Equivalent pulse code modulation noise
677:(RMS) voltage (identical to the noise
2476:Direct-broadcast satellite television
2000:
1323:
1116:, Dover Publications Inc, p. 2,
768:(PSNR) in image and video coding and
427:
230:Gaussian probability density function
1757:(energy per symbol to noise density)
992:
922:for digital signals subject to noise
140:total harmonic distortion plus noise
136:signal-to-noise and distortion ratio
2366:Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)
1288:Practical Electronics for Inventors
1087:
1054:
328:is the charge of an electron, and Î
24:
1828:Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio
1261:
1006:Low-noise electronic system design
845:
842:
830:
758:signal-to-quantization noise ratio
368:
299:
265:is given by the Schottky formula.
55:Random fluctuations of voltage in
25:
2702:
1742:(energy per bit to noise density)
1710:Carrier-to-receiver noise density
1624:Effective input noise temperature
1294:
1092:, John Wiley, pp. 208, 218,
649:
634:Notch filters â Notch filters or
1353:(physics and telecommunications)
1230: This article incorporates
1225:
440:
379:
190:
2361:Quadrature amplitude modulation
1965:Block-matching and 3D filtering
1813:Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)
1664:Noise, vibration, and harshness
1243:General Services Administration
1043:from the original on 2023-05-20
544:Noise that originates from the
394:Flicker noise, also known as 1/
224:is nearly equal throughout the
216:Thermal noise is approximately
173:fluctuation-dissipation theorem
2525:Television channel frequencies
1272:. Cambridge University Press.
1192:
1172:
1129:
1105:
1081:
1022:
960:
926:Generationârecombination noise
920:Error detection and correction
405:
162:
13:
1:
2496:Digital television transition
2325:Multichannel television sound
1498:Additive white Gaussian noise
1286:Scherz, Paul. (2006, Nov 14)
1075:10.1016/S0026-2714(00)00063-9
1031:"Noise in Electronic Systems"
985:
933:for noise reduction in modems
586:
447:Electromagnetic compatibility
239:
234:additive white Gaussian noise
32:electromagnetic compatibility
2568:Field strength in free space
2269:Horizontal blanking interval
1874:Interference (communication)
1781:Signal-to-interference ratio
1771:Signal, noise and distortion
1112:MacDonald, D. K. C. (2006),
1063:Microelectronics Reliability
976:electromagnetic interference
762:analog-to-digital conversion
124:signal-to-interference ratio
36:electromagnetic interference
7:
2466:Superheterodyne transmitter
1629:Equivalent noise resistance
1069:(11). Elsevier: 1833â1837.
897:
10:
2707:
2304:Vertical blanking interval
978:from specific transmitters
766:peak signal-to-noise ratio
470:
444:
409:
383:
243:
194:
97:noise in signal processing
29:
2642:
2606:
2543:
2504:
2374:
2348:
2317:
2279:Nominal analogue blanking
2202:
2151:
2037:
1937:
1924:Total variation denoising
1906:
1897:
1851:
1688:
1604:
1490:
1414:
1358:
1158:10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.38
1029:Sobering, Tim J. (1999).
937:Noise (signal processing)
877:
953:
944:and for audio and images
725:probability distribution
350:exhibit more noise than
147:random number generation
2598:Television interference
2471:Television receive-only
1838:Contrast-to-noise ratio
801:properties such as its
92:would remain inherent.
2520:Microwave transmission
2486:Terrestrial television
2481:Television transmitter
2441:Intermediate frequency
2234:Chrominance subcarrier
1761:Modulation error ratio
1696:Carrier-to-noise ratio
1659:Noise spectral density
1238:Federal Standard 1037C
1232:public domain material
1088:Ott, Henry W. (1976),
1008:. Wiley Interscience.
872:equivalent input noise
868:operational amplifiers
856:
774:carrier-to-noise ratio
741:) in watts per hertz.
729:noise spectral density
636:band-rejection filters
626:Twisted pair wiring â
603:Capacitive coupling â
576:communications systems
311:
222:power spectral density
59:
44:Noise (disambiguation)
42:. For other uses, see
2686:Electrical parameters
2392:Broadcast transmitter
1976:Denoising autoencoder
1950:Anisotropic diffusion
1795:Signal-to-noise ratio
1639:Impulse noise (audio)
1554:JohnsonâNyquist noise
1442:Government regulation
1251: (in support of
857:
746:signal-to-noise ratio
618:Shielding cables â A
312:
197:JohnsonâNyquist noise
120:signal-to-noise ratio
118:, for example in the
112:communication channel
104:communication systems
82:electrical resistance
80:. Any conductor with
54:
2634:Zero reference pulse
2619:Field strength meter
2356:Frequency modulation
2264:Horizontal scan rate
1859:List of noise topics
1201:Communication Theory
904:Active noise control
892:stochastic resonance
825:
272:
207:electrical conductor
2691:Noise (electronics)
2573:Noise (electronics)
2436:Intercarrier method
2396:Transmitter station
2031:broadcasting topics
1619:Circuit noise level
1614:Channel noise level
1150:1996PhRvL..76...38M
605:Capacitive coupling
457:capacitive coupling
324:is the DC current,
220:, meaning that its
2461:Split sound system
2411:Differential phase
1675:Pseudorandom noise
1565:Quantization error
1376:Noise cancellation
1307:2015-05-22 at the
1290:. ed. McGraw-Hill.
1268:Sh. Kogan (1996).
974:or other unwanted
884:quantisation error
864:Integrated circuit
852:
851:
687:mean squared error
679:standard deviation
453:inductive coupling
428:Transit-time noise
307:
226:frequency spectrum
157:Uncorrelated noise
142:(THD+N) measures.
60:
2673:
2672:
2588:Radiation pattern
2406:Differential gain
2028:Analog television
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1929:Wavelet denoising
1889:Thermal radiation
1884:Spectrum analyzer
1680:Statistical noise
1504:Atmospheric noise
1401:Noise temperature
1386:Noise measurement
1366:Acoustic quieting
1180:"Partition noise"
1144:(20): 38.6â38.9.
866:devices, such as
849:
819:resistive element
764:and compression,
595:Faraday cage â A
534:fluorescent lamps
508:Atmospheric noise
459:, or through the
305:
16:(Redirected from
2698:
2515:Frequency offset
2456:Residual carrier
2401:Cavity amplifier
2299:Television lines
2021:
2014:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1982:Deep Image Prior
1971:Shrinkage Fields
1955:Bilateral filter
1904:
1903:
1509:Background noise
1406:Phase distortion
1344:
1337:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1283:
1256:
1250:
1245:. Archived from
1229:
1228:
1216:
1215:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1001:
979:
964:
861:
859:
858:
853:
850:
848:
840:
838:
833:
811:spectral density
675:root mean square
525:Industrial noise
518:corona discharge
346:and screen-grid
316:
314:
313:
308:
306:
289:
284:
283:
252:electric current
236:(AWGN) channel.
88:, and even then
21:
18:Electrical noise
2706:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2638:
2614:Distortionmeter
2602:
2539:
2500:
2431:Frequency mixer
2387:Antenna (radio)
2370:
2344:
2313:
2254:Composite video
2198:
2147:
2033:
2025:
1995:
1986:
1960:Non-local means
1933:
1914:Low-pass filter
1899:
1893:
1879:Noise generator
1869:Colors of noise
1847:
1754:
1750:
1739:
1735:
1684:
1606:
1600:
1580:Coherent noise
1556:(thermal noise)
1486:
1410:
1396:Noise reduction
1354:
1348:
1309:Wayback Machine
1297:
1280:
1264:
1262:Further reading
1259:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1138:Phys. Rev. Lett
1134:
1130:
1124:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1086:
1082:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1002:
993:
988:
983:
982:
965:
961:
956:
942:Noise reduction
910:Colors of noise
900:
880:
870:commonly quote
841:
839:
834:
829:
826:
823:
822:
789:
782:
736:
718:
711:
652:
589:
477:Intermodulation
473:
449:
443:
430:
414:
408:
392:
384:Main articles:
382:
371:
369:Partition noise
288:
279:
275:
273:
270:
269:
264:
248:
242:
199:
193:
165:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2421:Dipole antenna
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
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1295:External links
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1249:on 2022-01-22.
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792:bit error rate
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650:Quantification
648:
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640:line frequency
632:
628:Twisting wires
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620:shielded cable
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441:Coupled noise
438:
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425:
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422:popcorn noise
419:
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397:
391:
387:
386:Flicker noise
380:Flicker noise
377:
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205:), inside an
204:
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191:Thermal noise
188:
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182:
181:semiconductor
178:
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170:
169:Thermal noise
160:
158:
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143:
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137:
133:
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125:
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109:
105:
100:
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93:
91:
90:quantum noise
87:
86:cryogenically
83:
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71:
69:
65:
58:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2660:Hanover bars
2572:
2451:Pre-emphasis
2375:Transmission
2340:Zweikanalton
2244:Color killer
2169:Clear-Vision
1841:
1831:
1821:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1764:
1745:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1699:
1644:Noise figure
1605:Engineering
1594:Worley noise
1524:Cosmic noise
1447:Human health
1431:
1287:
1269:
1247:the original
1237:
1200:
1194:
1183:. Retrieved
1174:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1113:
1107:
1089:
1083:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1045:. Retrieved
1024:
1005:
962:
948:Phonon noise
881:
807:distribution
796:
784:
777:
770:noise figure
753:
749:
743:
738:
731:
719:), dBrn(144-
713:
706:
681:) in volts,
662:
655:
653:
645:
613:ground loops
597:Faraday cage
590:
570:Cosmic noise
558:solar storms
549:
498:Interference
450:
431:
421:
415:
395:
393:
375:
372:
356:
340:space charge
336:Vacuum tubes
334:
329:
325:
321:
319:
259:
257:
249:
215:
200:
166:
155:
144:
138:(SINAD) and
116:interference
101:
94:
75:
72:
67:
61:
48:
2629:VIT signals
2624:Vectorscope
2563:Earth bulge
2545:Propagation
2508:& bands
2506:Frequencies
2289:Raster scan
2229:Chrominance
2219:Black level
2214:front porch
1670:Phase noise
1649:Noise floor
1584:Value noise
1576:White noise
1519:Burst noise
1437:Environment
1432:Electronics
1415:Noise in...
1391:Noise power
1253:MIL-STD-188
705:, and dBrn(
656:noise level
562:solar cycle
550:solar noise
541:Solar noise
412:Burst noise
406:Burst noise
163:Noise types
64:electronics
2680:Categories
2558:Distortion
2491:Transposer
2426:Dummy load
2382:Amplifiers
2349:Modulation
2239:Colorburst
2210:Back porch
1938:2D (Image)
1571:Shot noise
1560:Pink noise
1544:Infrasound
1539:Grey noise
1371:Distortion
1185:2021-11-05
1047:2024-04-07
986:References
799:stochastic
760:(SQNR) in
608:grounding.
587:Mitigation
548:is called
532:wires and
445:See also:
418:microvolts
363:mesoscopic
359:thermalize
246:Shot noise
240:Shot noise
177:shot noise
132:distortion
126:(SIR) and
57:pink noise
2665:Sparklies
2650:Dot crawl
2643:Artifacts
2583:Path loss
2578:Null fill
2553:Beam tilt
2294:Safe area
1864:Acoustics
1427:Buildings
968:crosstalk
815:frequency
554:radiation
514:lightning
488:Crosstalk
390:1/f noise
300:Δ
203:electrons
185:1/f noise
2655:Ghosting
2416:Diplexer
2284:Overscan
2249:Color TV
2142:System F
2138:System E
2134:819-line
2128:System N
2124:System L
2120:System K
2116:System I
2112:System H
2108:System G
2104:System D
2100:System C
2096:System B
2092:625-line
2086:System M
2082:525-line
2077:455-line
2072:441-line
2066:System A
2062:405-line
2057:375-line
2052:343-line
2047:180-line
1898:Denoise
1305:Archived
1166:10060428
1038:Archived
898:See also
803:variance
748:(SNR or
348:tetrodes
344:Pentodes
2607:Testing
2189:PALplus
2039:Systems
1907:General
1900:methods
1805:,
1359:General
1146:Bibcode
972:jamming
623:shield.
600:supply.
530:voltage
471:Sources
461:antenna
352:triodes
211:voltage
122:(SNR),
2164:NTSC-J
1967:(BM3D)
1689:Ratios
1549:Jitter
1500:(AWGN)
1452:Images
1276:
1208:
1164:
1120:
1096:
1012:
888:dither
878:Dither
809:, and
320:where
151:dither
108:signal
2330:NICAM
2318:Sound
2203:Video
2194:SECAM
2184:PAL-S
2179:PAL-M
1978:(DAE)
1775:SINAD
1725:dBrnC
1666:(NVH)
1607:terms
1482:Video
1467:Ships
1462:Rooms
1457:Radio
1422:Audio
1351:Noise
1234:from
1041:(PDF)
1034:(PDF)
966:E.g.
954:Notes
703:dBrnC
685:or a
667:watts
660:power
479:noise
463:of a
218:white
110:in a
68:noise
2593:Skew
2274:Luma
2212:and
2159:NTSC
1832:SQNR
1822:SINR
1274:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1162:PMID
1118:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1010:ISBN
727:and
721:line
699:dBrn
695:dBm0
683:dBÎźV
673:, a
654:The
400:pink
388:and
34:and
2535:VHF
2530:UHF
2174:PAL
1842:CNR
1807:SNR
1765:MER
1154:doi
1071:doi
862:).
756:),
691:dBu
671:dBm
669:or
665:in
546:Sun
455:or
434:VHF
149:or
102:In
62:In
2682::
2140:,
2126:,
2122:,
2118:,
2114:,
2110:,
2106:,
2102:,
2098:,
1751:/N
1736:/N
1718:kT
1303:.
1255:).
1241:.
1160:.
1152:.
1142:76
1140:.
1067:40
1065:.
1036:.
994:^
894:.
805:,
712:â
701:,
697:,
693:,
467:.
213:.
187:.
153:.
99:.
66:,
2394:/
2144:)
2136:(
2130:)
2094:(
2088:)
2084:(
2068:)
2064:(
2020:e
2013:t
2006:v
1844:)
1840:(
1834:)
1830:(
1824:)
1820:(
1809:)
1803:N
1801:/
1799:S
1797:(
1791:)
1789:I
1787:/
1785:S
1783:(
1777:)
1773:(
1767:)
1763:(
1753:0
1749:s
1747:E
1738:0
1734:b
1732:E
1720:)
1716:/
1714:C
1712:(
1706:)
1704:N
1702:/
1700:C
1698:(
1343:e
1336:t
1329:v
1311:.
1282:.
1214:.
1188:.
1168:.
1156::
1148::
1077:.
1073::
1050:.
1018:.
846:z
843:H
836:/
831:V
788:0
785:N
783:/
781:b
778:E
754:N
752:/
750:S
739:f
737:(
735:0
732:N
717:2
714:f
710:1
707:f
663:N
564:.
520:.
396:f
330:B
326:q
322:I
303:B
297:q
294:I
291:2
286:=
281:n
277:i
263:n
260:i
46:.
20:)
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