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to modulate the light intensity incident on a photodiode, a time-resolved electric field measurement can be reconstructed from the obtained voltage trace. As the signals obtained from vgcc the crystalline probes are optical, they are inherently resistant to electrical noise pickup, hence can be used for low-noise field measurement even in areas with high levels of electromagnetic noise in the vicinity of the probe. Furthermore, as the polarisation rotation due to the
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in nonlinear crystals (e.g. KDP, BSO, K*DP) can be used for electric field sensing via polarisation state modulation techniques. In this scenario, an unknown electric field results in polarisation rotation of a laser beam propagating through the electro-optic crystal; through inclusion of polarisers
236:, thus changing the direction of propagation of the beam inside the prism. Electro-optic deflectors have only a small number of resolvable spots, but possess a fast response time. There are few commercial models available at this time. This is because of competing
102:(or quadratic electro-optic effect, QEO effect): change in the refractive index proportional to the square of the electric field. All materials display the Kerr effect, with varying magnitudes, but it is generally much weaker than the
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can be constructed by deflecting the beam into and out of a small aperture such as a fiber. This design can be low loss (<3 dB) and polarization independent depending on the crystal configuration.
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Electro-optic measurements of strong electromagnetic pulses from intense laser-matter interactions have been demonstrated in both the nanosecond and picosecond (sub-petawatt) laser pulse driver regimes.
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field measurements are obtained, with no need for numerical integration to reconstruct electric fields, as is the case with conventional probes sensitive to the time-derivative of the electric field.
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Robinson, T. S.; Consoli, F.; Giltrap, S.; Eardley, S. J.; Hicks, G. S.; Ditter, E. J.; Ettlinger, O.; Stuart, N. H.; Notley, M.; De
Angelis, R.; Najmudin, Z.; Smith, R. A. (20 April 2017).
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In
December 2015, two further electro-optic effects of type (b) were theoretically predicted to exist but have not, as yet, been experimentally observed.
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92:(or linear electro-optic effect): change in the refractive index linearly proportional to the electric field. Only certain crystalline solids show the
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Consoli, F.; De
Angelis, R.; Duvillaret, L.; Andreoli, P. L.; Cipriani, M.; Cristofari, G.; Di Giorgio, G.; Ingenito, F.; Verona, C. (15 June 2016).
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Using a less strict definition of the electro-optic effect allowing also electric fields oscillating at optical frequencies, one could also include
329:"Time-resolved absolute measurements by electro-optic effect of giant electromagnetic pulses due to laser-plasma interaction in nanosecond regime"
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that varies slowly compared with the frequency of light. The term encompasses a number of distinct phenomena, which can be subdivided into
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Changes in absorption can have a strong effect on refractive index for wavelengths near the absorption edge, due to the
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deflectors, the small number of resolvable spots and the relatively high price of electro-optic crystals.
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Castles, F. (2015-12-03). "Linear electro-optic effects due to high-order spatial dispersion".
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74:: creation of an absorption band at some wavelengths, which gives rise to a change in colour
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is a change in the optical properties of a material in response to an
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of electro-optic crystals. The index of refraction is changed by the
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can be built by putting the electro-optic crystal between two linear
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141:(absorption depends on the light intensity) to category a) and the
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are usually built with electro-optic crystals exhibiting the
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Changes in optical properties from applied electric fields
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65:: change in the absorption in some semiconductor
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290:(6). American Physical Society (APS): 063804.
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63:Quantum-confined Stark effect
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410:10.1038/s41598-017-01063-1
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119:Electron-refractive effect
224:Electro-optic deflectors
181:Electro-optic modulators
187:Electro-optic modulator
132:Kramers–Kronig relation
452:Federal Standard 1037C
446:public domain material
155:photorefractive effect
465: (in support of
72:Electrochromic effect
217:Amplitude modulators
211:or in one path of a
205:Amplitude modulators
139:nonlinear absorption
57:Franz–Keldysh effect
34:electro–optic effect
18:Electro-optic effect
402:2017NatSR...7..983R
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143:optical Kerr effect
485:2015-05-07 at the
390:Scientific Reports
333:Scientific Reports
248:The electro-optic
353:10.1038/srep27889
284:Physical Review A
151:photoconductivity
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100:Kerr effect
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209:polarizers
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314:1050-2947
160:The term
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483:Archived
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398:Bibcode
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