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278:: unlike with neon lamps, filament lamps, or LEDs, the brightness of the surface appears the same from all angles of view; electroluminescent light is not directional. The light emitted from the surface is perfectly homogeneous and is well-perceived by the eye. EL film produces single-frequency (monochromatic) light that has a very narrow bandwidth, is uniform and visible from a great distance.
663:
transparent hydrogel electrodes sandwiching an insulating elastomer sheet. The elastomer changes luminance and capacitance when stretched, rolled, and otherwise deformed. In addition to its ability to emit light under a strain of greater than 480% of its original size, the group's HLEC was shown to be capable of being integrated into a
531:. They readily provide gentle, even illumination for the entire display while consuming relatively little electric power. This makes them convenient for battery-operated devices such as pagers, wristwatches, and computer-controlled thermostats, and their gentle green-cyan glow is common in the technological world.
623:
company iFire
Technology Corp. TDEL is based on inorganic electroluminescent (IEL) technology that combines both thick-and thin-film processes. The TDEL structure is made with glass or other substrates, consisting of a thick-film dielectric layer and a thin-film phosphor layer sandwiched between two
667:
system. Three six-layer HLEC panels were bound together to form a crawling soft robot, with the top four layers making up the light-up skin and the bottom two the pneumatic actuators. The discovery could lead to significant advances in health care, transportation, electronic communication and other
538:
circuit within the device. This converter often makes a faintly audible whine or siren sound while the backlight is activated. Line-voltage-operated devices may be activated directly from the power line; some electroluminescent nightlights operate in this fashion. Brightness per unit area increases
588:
The display applications are primarily passive (i.e., voltages are driven from the edge of the display cf. driven from a transistor on the display). Similar to LCD trends, there have also been Active Matrix EL (AMEL) displays demonstrated, where the circuitry is added to prolong voltages at each
454:
Electroluminescent automotive instrument panel backlighting, with each gauge pointer also an individual light source, entered production on 1960 Chrysler and
Imperial passenger cars, and was continued successfully on several Chrysler vehicles through 1967 and marketed as "Panelescent Lighting".
662:
Engineers have developed an electroluminescent "skin" that can stretch more than six times its original size while still emitting light. This hyper-elastic light-emitting capacitor (HLEC) can endure more than twice the strain of previously tested stretchable displays. It consists of layers of
270:
Electroluminescent technologies have low power consumption compared to competing lighting technologies, such as neon or fluorescent lamps. This, together with the thinness of the material, has made EL technology valuable to the advertising industry. Relevant advertising applications include
281:
In principle, EL lamps can be made in any color. However, the commonly used greenish color closely matches the peak sensitivity of human vision, producing the greatest apparent light output for the least electrical power input. Unlike neon and fluorescent lamps, EL lamps are not
271:
electroluminescent billboards and signs. EL manufacturers can control precisely which areas of an electroluminescent sheet illuminate, and when. This has given advertisers the ability to create more dynamic advertising that is still compatible with traditional advertising spaces.
589:
pixel. The solid-state nature of TFEL allows for a very rugged and high-resolution display fabricated even on silicon substrates. AMEL displays of 1280×1024 at over 1000 lines per inch (LPI) have been demonstrated by a consortium including Planar
Systems.
471:
at roughly the same time that the
Chrysler instrument panels entered production. These lamps have proven extremely reliable, with some samples known to be still functional after nearly 50 years of continuous operation.
558:
material. Displays using this technology were manufactured for medical and vehicle applications where ruggedness and wide viewing angles were crucial, and liquid crystal displays were not well developed. In 1992,
655:(EL wire), has also made its way into clothing as many designers have brought this technology to the entertainment and nightlife industry. From 2006, t-shirts with an electroluminescent panel stylized as an audio
298:
Electroluminescent devices are fabricated using either organic or inorganic electroluminescent materials. The active materials are generally semiconductors of wide enough bandwidth to allow the exit of the light.
640:. High luminance inorganic blue phosphor is used in combination with specialized color conversion materials, which absorb the blue light and re-emit red or green light, to generate the other colors.
648:
Electroluminescent lighting is now used as an application for public safety identification involving alphanumeric characters on the roof of vehicles for clear visibility from an aerial perspective.
286:
devices so no extra circuitry is needed to regulate the amount of current flowing through them. A new technology now being used is based on multispectral phosphors that emit light from 600 to 400
636:
and better performance than the previous triple pattern process, with increased contrast, grayscale rendition, and color uniformity across the panel. Color By Blue is based on the physics of
246:
It has been recently shown that as a solar cell improves its light-to-electricity efficiency (improved open-circuit voltage), it will also improve its electricity-to-light (EL) efficiency.
570:
Recently, blue-, red-, and green-emitting thin film electroluminescent materials that offer the potential for long life and full-color electroluminescent displays have been developed.
577:
is commonly used as the front (transparent) electrode, while the back electrode is coated with reflective metal. Additionally, other transparent conducting materials, such as
405:
573:
The EL material must be enclosed between two electrodes and at least one electrode must be transparent to allow the escape of the produced light. Glass coated with
195:
Spectrum of a blue/green electroluminescent light source for a clock radio (similar to the one seen in the above image). Peak wavelength is at 492 nm and the
2348:
1213:
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sets of electrodes to create a matrix of pixels. Inorganic phosphors within this matrix emit light in the presence of an alternating electric field.
1641:
832:
534:
EL backlights require relatively high voltage (between 60 and 600 volts). For battery-operated devices, this voltage must be generated by a
2084:
2295:
1013:
997:
822:
Ron
Khormaei, et al., "High-Resolution Active Matrix Electroluminescent Display", Society for Information Display Digest, p. 137, 1994.
302:
The most typical inorganic thin-film EL (TFEL) is ZnS:Mn with yellow-orange emission. Examples of the range of EL material include:
985:
89:
741:
290:
nm depending on the drive frequency; this is similar to the color-changing effect seen with aqua EL sheet but on a larger scale.
61:
1037:
2268:
857:
1783:
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2342:
392:
The most common electroluminescent (EL) devices are composed of either powder (primarily used in lighting applications) or
68:
42:
2283:
2416:
1751:
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in the US. In these devices, bright, long-life light emission is achieved in thin-film yellow-emitting manganese-doped
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when the capacitor is charged. By making one of the contacts transparent, the large area exposed emits light.
235:) or through excitation by impact of high-energy electrons accelerated by a strong electric field (as with the
46:
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507:, which used a Sylvania electroluminescent display panel as part of its display-keyboard interface (
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2014:
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126:
709:"Correlation of Electroluminescence with Open-CIrcuit Voltage from Thin-Film CdTe Solar Cells"
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in operation (uses 0.08 W at 230 V, and dates from 1960; lit diameter is 59 mm)
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Overview of electroluminescent display technology, and thediscovery of electroluminescence
8:
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Powder phosphor-based electroluminescent panels are frequently used as backlights for
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Color By Blue (CBB) was developed in 2003. The Color By Blue process achieves higher
543:
168:
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Thin-film phosphor electroluminescence was first commercialized during the 1980s by
427:
has patents dating to 1938 on flat electroluminescent panels that are still made as
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129:, both with electroluminescent backlight switched on (top) and switched off (bottom)
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2019:
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223:– light. Prior to recombination, electrons and holes may be separated either by
2145:
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423:, is a term used since at least 1961 to describe electroluminescent panels.
1998:
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Chrysler
Corporation press release introducing Panelescent (EL) Lighting on
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955:"Super elastic electroluminescent 'skin' will soon create mood robots"
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first introduced cars with EL panel lighting in its 1960 model year.
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panels manufactured by the
Electronic Tube Division of Sylvania at
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236:
208:
148:, in which a material emits light in response to the passage of an
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2222:
2187:
1713:
1658:
1358:
1336:
779:
Revolution in lamps: a chronicle of 50 years of progress, 2nd ed.
564:
332:
254:
467:, produced and marketed an EL night light, under the trade name
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547:
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318:
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A Casio digital LCD watch with an electroluminescent backlight
475:
Later in the 1960s, Sylvania's
Electronic Systems Division in
2182:
2024:
1388:
1314:
766:
Proceedings of the
National Electronics Conference, Volume 17
582:
404:
336:
803:
Standard
Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Eleventh Edition
2200:
1022:
876:"iFire: Sparking a New Revolution in Flat Panel Technology"
682:
508:
293:
893:
875:
768:, National Engineering Conference, Inc., 1961; page 328
479:
developed and manufactured several instruments for the
231:(in semiconductor electroluminescent devices such as
742:"Terbium Oxide Used as Electroluminescent Materials"
659:, the T-Qualizer, saw a brief period of popularity.
2349:
Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
593:
Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
952:
2642:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
399:
2663:
219:. The excited electrons release their energy as
199:spectral bandwidth is quite wide at about 85 nm.
262:instrument panel with "Panelescent Lighting".
2078:
1038:
463:The Sylvania Lighting Division in Salem and
387:
2296:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
2207:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode
2085:
2071:
1045:
1031:
833:"Active Matrix Electroluminescence (AMEL)"
797:
795:
435:displays. Electroluminescent panels are a
724:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
916:"Fashion Geek: Clothes Accessories Tech"
651:Electroluminescent lighting, especially
598:Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent
518:
403:
294:Examples of electroluminescent materials
253:
190:
120:
792:
514:
2664:
2092:
706:
539:with increased voltage and frequency.
2066:
1026:
855:
203:Electroluminescence is the result of
2343:Ferroelectric liquid crystal display
953:Cornell University (March 3, 2016).
585:can be used as the front electrode.
183:), or organic electroluminescence.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2417:Light-emitting electrochemical cell
801:Donald G. Fink and H. Wayne Beaty,
643:
13:
2616:Large-screen television technology
739:
346:III and Group V elements, such as
324:Thin-film zinc sulfide doped with
249:
14:
2703:
2290:Organic light-emitting transistor
976:
781:, The Fairmont Press, Inc., 2001
16:Optical and electrical phenomenon
2653:Comparison of display technology
927:
856:Akkad, Omar El (17 March 2006).
627:
443:between the outside plates is a
23:
2284:Electroluminescent Quantum Dots
1562:Parabolic aluminized reflector
946:
921:
908:
886:
805:, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978,
707:Raguse, John (April 15, 2015).
458:
179:), or other mechanical action (
34:needs additional citations for
2355:Laser-powered phosphor display
1507:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
930:"T-Qualizer: The beat goes on"
868:
849:
825:
816:
771:
759:
733:
700:
550:(Oy Lohja Ab) in Finland, and
400:Light-emitting capacitor (LEC)
377:, where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine
317:(producing greenish light) or
1:
2621:Optimum HDTV viewing distance
2611:History of display technology
2499:Computer-generated holography
693:
321:(producing bright blue light)
2201:Organic light-emitting diode
2195:Light-emitting diode display
1052:
726:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2015.2417761
567:EL display on some watches.
396:(for information displays.)
335:, which includes a trace of
328:(producing orange-red color)
186:
7:
1752:Automotive light bulb types
1602:Intelligent street lighting
858:"The next big (flat) thing"
671:
241:electroluminescent displays
10:
2708:
2411:Vacuum fluorescent display
2135:Electroluminescent display
1515:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
777:Raymond Kane, Heinz Sell,
489:electroluminescent display
342:Semiconductors containing
274:An EL film is a so-called
171:), reactions in a liquid (
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2598:
2560:
2519:
2464:
2368:
2267:
2258:Liquid crystal on silicon
2162:
2109:
2100:
2007:
1962:
1954:Stage lighting instrument
1903:
1826:
1742:
1667:
1537:
1477:
1425:
1397:
1275:
1177:
1149:
1140:
1060:
388:Practical implementations
215:in a material, usually a
2672:Condensed matter physics
2449:Fourteen-segment display
2252:Digital Light Processing
2015:Battlefield illumination
1772:high-intensity discharge
1204:Electrochemiluminescence
713:Journal of Photovoltaics
505:Apollo Guidance Computer
417:Light-emitting capacitor
173:electrochemiluminescence
156:. This is distinct from
2455:Sixteen-segment display
2141:Rear-projection display
1875:Electroluminescent wire
653:electroluminescent wire
529:liquid crystal displays
352:gallium arsenide (GaAs)
227:the material to form a
205:radiative recombination
167:), chemical reactions (
2302:Field-emission display
2217:Liquid-crystal display
1557:Multifaceted reflector
524:
501:Sudbury, Massachusetts
493:Emporium, Pennsylvania
477:Needham, Massachusetts
465:Danvers, Massachusetts
413:
408:An electroluminescent
367:organic semiconductors
348:indium phosphide (InP)
339:that acts as a dopant.
267:
200:
130:
127:liquid crystal display
2439:Eight-segment display
2433:Seven-segment display
1947:ellipsoidal reflector
1552:Ellipsoidal reflector
1236:Fluorescent induction
1214:field-induced polymer
678:List of light sources
522:
407:
360:Light-emitting diodes
356:gallium nitride (GaN)
257:
233:light-emitting diodes
194:
163:resulting from heat (
146:electrical phenomenon
124:
58:"Electroluminescence"
2677:Electrical phenomena
2561:Display capabilities
2444:Nine-segment display
2146:Plasma display panel
1784:Rear position lights
1757:Daytime running lamp
1685:Mechanically powered
1572:Aviation obstruction
688:Photoelectric effect
515:Display backlighting
383:(yellow-green light)
43:improve this article
2590:See-through display
2494:Holographic display
2172:Quantum dot display
1192:Electron-stimulated
481:Apollo Lunar Module
431:and backlights for
284:negative resistance
276:Lambertian radiator
181:mechanoluminescence
134:Electroluminescence
2632:Color Light Output
2626:High Dynamic Range
2428:Dot-matrix display
2423:Lightguide display
2094:Display technology
2035:Luminous gemstones
1209:Electroluminescent
1187:Cathodoluminescent
1016:2006-11-12 at the
1011:8 September, 1959.
1000:2006-11-12 at the
988:2012-04-30 at the
862:The Globe and Mail
746:Stanford Materials
525:
414:
268:
201:
131:
2659:
2658:
2585:Always-on display
2376:Electromechanical
2364:
2363:
2060:
2059:
1577:Balanced-arm lamp
1533:
1532:
1417:Yablochkov candle
1285:Acetylene/Carbide
1255:Radioluminescence
1127:Luminous efficacy
1073:Color temperature
638:photoluminescence
544:Sharp Corporation
503:manufactured the
169:chemiluminescence
119:
118:
111:
93:
2699:
2637:Flexible display
2599:Related articles
2479:Autostereoscopic
2178:Electronic paper
2124:Cathode-ray tube
2107:
2106:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2064:
2063:
1860:Christmas lights
1794:Safety reflector
1789:Reversing lights
1724:Navigation light
1675:Bicycle lighting
1565:
1518:
1510:
1484:
1243:Photoluminescent
1226:Fluorescent lamp
1199:Chemiluminescent
1147:
1146:
1115:Bi-pin lamp base
1110:Lightbulb socket
1047:
1040:
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1024:
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896:. Federal Signal
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838:. Archived from
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789:, pages 122–124
775:
769:
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728:
719:(4): 1175–1178.
704:
644:New applications
575:indium tin oxide
433:instrument panel
425:General Electric
289:
177:sonoluminescence
150:electric current
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
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2542:Slide projector
2532:Movie projector
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2020:Bioluminescence
2003:
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1663:
1587:Emergency light
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1393:
1364:Magnesium torch
1271:
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1142:
1136:
1093:Light pollution
1068:Accent lighting
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1051:
1018:Wayback Machine
1002:Wayback Machine
990:Wayback Machine
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579:carbon nanotube
563:introduced its
536:boost converter
517:
461:
447:that gives off
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331:Naturally blue
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250:Characteristics
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152:or to a strong
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978:
977:External links
975:
972:
971:
945:
928:Jain, Bupesh.
920:
907:
885:
867:
848:
845:on 2012-07-22.
824:
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740:Loewen, Eric.
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485:Command Module
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161:light emission
154:electric field
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1989:Infrared lamp
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1622:Pendant light
1620:
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1617:Neon lighting
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1492:Mercury-vapor
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1435:Deuterium arc
1433:
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1427:Gas discharge
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1132:Task lighting
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1088:Light fixture
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984:
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960:
959:Science Daily
956:
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935:
931:
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917:
911:
895:
889:
881:
880:www.ifire.com
877:
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811:0-07-020974-X
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628:Color By Blue
625:
622:
619:developed by
618:
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382:
381:Terbium oxide
379:
369:, such as (PF
368:
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265:
261:
260:Dodge Charger
256:
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217:semiconductor
214:
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165:incandescence
162:
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113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2692:Luminescence
2547:Transparency
2520:Static media
2474:Stereoscopic
1895:Strobe light
1890:Plasma globe
1865:Crackle tube
1855:Bubble light
1816:trafficators
1811:Turn signals
1637:Street light
1592:Gas lighting
1525:Sodium vapor
1497:Metal-halide
1399:Electric arc
1208:
1151:Incandescent
1120:Edison screw
962:. Retrieved
958:
948:
937:. Retrieved
933:
923:
910:
898:. Retrieved
888:
879:
870:
861:
851:
840:the original
827:
818:
802:
778:
773:
765:
761:
749:. Retrieved
745:
735:
716:
712:
702:
665:soft robotic
661:
650:
647:
631:
604:
600:
597:
596:
587:
581:coatings or
572:
569:
556:zinc sulfide
541:
533:
526:
474:
468:
462:
459:Night lights
453:
429:night lights
420:
416:
415:
391:
308:zinc sulfide
301:
297:
280:
273:
269:
245:
229:p-n junction
202:
137:
133:
132:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2511:Fog display
2484:Multiscopic
2401:Fiber-optic
2313:Quantum dot
2040:Signal lamp
1994:Stroboscope
1870:DJ lighting
1806:Stop lights
1777:sealed beam
1729:Searchlight
1469:Xenon flash
1412:Klieg light
1260:Solid-state
1221:Fluorescent
1179:Luminescent
914:Diana Eng.
469:Panelescent
125:Views of a
2666:Categories
2552:Laser beam
2506:Volumetric
2466:3D display
2406:Nixie tube
2386:Split-flap
2271:generation
2245:Blue Phase
2165:generation
2112:generation
1984:Grow light
1979:Germicidal
1969:Scientific
1966:Industrial
1922:Floodlight
1908:Theatrical
1850:Blacklight
1845:Aroma lamp
1834:Decorative
1744:Automotive
1734:Solar lamp
1697:Glow stick
1680:Flashlight
1612:Nightlight
1607:Light tube
1582:Chandelier
1539:Stationary
1481:discharge
1407:Carbon arc
1277:Combustion
1143:generation
1141:Methods of
939:2022-12-08
787:0881733784
694:References
617:technology
613:flat panel
601:technology
546:in Japan,
441:dielectric
439:where the
410:nightlight
394:thin films
175:), sound (
158:black body
99:April 2014
69:newspapers
2606:Scan line
2580:DisplayID
2537:Neon sign
2527:Monoscope
2369:Non-video
2130:Jumbotron
2050:Reflected
2030:Light art
1942:Spotlight
1927:Footlight
1912:Cinematic
1880:Lava lamp
1642:in the US
1547:Reflector
1464:Xenon arc
1445:Neon lamp
1374:Rushlight
1354:Limelight
1103:Hong Kong
657:equalizer
634:luminance
437:capacitor
326:manganese
306:Powdered
237:phosphors
209:electrons
187:Mechanism
2687:Lighting
2489:Hologram
2396:Eggcrate
2381:Flip-dot
2327:display
2308:Laser TV
2279:microLED
2209:(AMOLED)
2163:Current
2119:Eidophor
1762:Headlamp
1702:Headlamp
1690:Tactical
1668:Portable
1649:Torchère
1330:Petromax
1325:Kerosene
1295:Campfire
1265:LED lamp
1061:Concepts
1054:Lighting
1014:Archived
998:Archived
986:Archived
964:March 4,
900:July 23,
894:"air-el"
813:pp 22-28
672:See also
621:Canadian
615:display
609:phosphor
497:Raytheon
445:phosphor
365:Certain
264:Chrysler
140:) is an
2573:CEA-861
2203:(OLED)
2188:Gyricon
2045:Sources
1999:Tanning
1885:Marquee
1830:Display
1714:Lantern
1707:outdoor
1659:Troffer
1502:ceramic
1359:Luchina
1337:Lantern
1230:compact
1228: (
1164:Halogen
1159:Regular
918:. 2009.
668:areas.
611:-based
607:) is a
565:Indiglo
449:photons
333:diamond
221:photons
142:optical
83:scholar
2457:(SISD)
2351:(TDEL)
2345:(FLCD)
2292:(OLET)
2260:(LCoS)
2219:(LCD)
2197:(LED)
2174:(QLED)
2148:(PDP)
1767:hidden
1632:Sconce
1457:Sulfur
1452:Plasma
1384:Tilley
1379:Safety
1342:Fanous
1305:Carcel
1300:Candle
1290:Argand
1169:Nernst
1098:Hawaii
809:
785:
751:Sep 3,
548:Finlux
487:using
354:, and
319:silver
315:copper
288:
225:doping
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2628:(HDR)
2451:(FSD)
2435:(SSD)
2419:(LEC)
2413:(VFD)
2357:(LPD)
2304:(FED)
2298:(SED)
2269:Next
2254:(DLP)
2183:E Ink
2137:(ELD)
2126:(CRT)
2025:Laser
1937:Scoop
1564:(PAR)
1517:(HQI)
1509:(HMI)
1483:(HID)
1389:Torch
1347:Paper
1315:Flare
1083:Glare
843:(PDF)
836:(PDF)
583:PEDOT
561:Timex
419:, or
344:Group
337:boron
313:with
311:doped
258:1966
213:holes
90:JSTOR
76:books
2568:EDID
2390:Vane
2336:TMOS
2331:IMoD
2325:MEMS
2152:ALiS
2110:Past
1932:Gobo
1440:Neon
1310:Diya
966:2016
934:CNET
902:2016
807:ISBN
783:ISBN
753:2024
683:OLED
605:TDEL
509:DSKY
483:and
211:and
197:FWHM
144:and
62:news
2240:LED
2233:IPS
2223:TFT
1369:Oil
1320:Gas
721:doi
511:).
499:in
421:LEC
243:).
239:in
207:of
45:by
2668::
2228:TN
957:.
932:.
878:.
860:.
794:^
744:.
715:.
711:.
495:.
362:).
350:,
138:EL
2086:e
2079:t
2072:v
1232:)
1046:e
1039:t
1032:v
968:.
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603:(
375:2
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371:6
358:(
136:(
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87:·
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73:·
66:·
39:.
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