711:
2457:
2277:
250:
776:. The positively charged sodium ions Na will react toward the cathode, neutralizing the negative charge of OH there, and the negatively charged hydroxide ions OH will react toward the anode, neutralizing the positive charge of Na there. Without the ions from the electrolyte, the charges around the electrode would slow down continued electron flow;
707:, consuming electrons from the electrolyte. As a result, a negative charge cloud develops in the electrolyte around the cathode, and a positive charge develops around the anode. The ions in the electrolyte neutralize these charges, enabling the electrons to keep flowing and the reactions to continue.
377:
An electrolyte in a solution may be described as "concentrated" if it has a high concentration of ions, or "dilute" if it has a low concentration. If a high proportion of the solute dissociates to form free ions, the electrolyte is strong; if most of the solute does not dissociate, the electrolyte is
799:, two materials with different electron affinities are used as electrodes; electrons flow from one electrode to the other outside of the battery, while inside the battery the circuit is closed by the electrolyte's ions. Here, the electrode reactions convert chemical energy to electrical energy.
373:
can also be electrolytes as, for example, when sodium chloride is molten, the liquid conducts electricity. In particular, ionic liquids, which are molten salts with melting points below 100 °C, are a type of highly conductive non-aqueous electrolytes and thus have found more and more
295:
and
Siegmund Lewith found that different ion types displayed different effects on such things as the solubility of proteins. A consistent ordering of these different ions on the magnitude of their effect arises consistently in many other systems as well. This has since become known as the
2045:
Jiangshui Luo, Annemette H. Jensen, Neil R. Brooks, Jeroen
Sniekers, Martin Knipper, David Aili, Qingfeng Li, Bram Vanroy, Michael Wübbenhorst, Feng Yan, Luc Van Meervelt, Zhigang Shao, Jianhua Fang, Zheng-Hong Luo, Dirk E. De Vos, Koen Binnemans, Jan Fransaer (2015). "1,2,4-Triazolium
985:
intermediate between liquid and solid), in which mobile ions are orientationally or rotationally disordered while their centers are located at the ordered sites in the crystal structure. They have various forms of disorder due to one or more solid–solid
303:
While the origins of these effects are not abundantly clear and have been debated throughout the past century, it has been suggested that the charge density of these ions is important and might actually have explanations originating from the work of
780:
of H and OH through water to the other electrode takes longer than movement of the much more prevalent salt ions. Electrolytes dissociate in water because water molecules are dipoles and the dipoles orient in an energetically favorable manner to
381:
Alkaline earth metals form hydroxides that are strong electrolytes with limited solubility in water, due to the strong attraction between their constituent ions. This limits their application to situations where high solubility is required.
2152:
Syzdek J, Armand M, Marcinek M, Zalewska A, Żukowska G, Wieczorek W (2010). "Detailed studies on the fillers modification and their influence on composite, poly(oxyethylene)-based polymeric electrolytes".
824:
are separated by a small electrolyte-filled gap, and, as charge is passed through the device, the metal dissolves on one side and plates out on the other, causing the visible gap to slowly move along.
100:, while the anions are drawn to the electrode that has a deficit of electrons. The movement of anions and cations in opposite directions within the solution amounts to a current. Some gases, such as
1763:
Alfarouk KO, Ahmed SB, Ahmed A, Elliott RL, Ibrahim ME, Ali HS, Wales CC, Nourwali I, Aljarbou AN, Bashir AH, Alhoufie ST, Alqahtani SS, Cardone RA, Fais S, Harguindey S, Reshkin SJ (7 April 2020).
520:
is dependent upon the presence of calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), and potassium (K). Without sufficient levels of these key electrolytes, muscle weakness or severe muscle contractions may occur.
998:
properties and good mechanical flexibility as well as an improved electrode-electrolyte interfacial contact. In particular, protic organic ionic plastic crystals (POIPCs), which are solid
288:. Arrhenius proposed that, even in the absence of an electric current, solutions of salts contained ions. He thus proposed that chemical reactions in solution were reactions between ions.
2011:
Kamil
Perzyna, Regina Borkowska, Jaroslaw Syzdek, Aldona Zalewska, Wladyslaw Wieczorek (2011). "The effect of additive of Lewis acid type on lithium–gel electrolyte characteristics".
1921:
J, Estevez E, Baquero E, Mora-Rodriguez R (2008). "Anaerobic performance when rehydrating with water or commercially available sports drinks during prolonged exercise in the heat".
104:(HCl), under conditions of high temperature or low pressure can also function as electrolytes. Electrolyte solutions can also result from the dissolution of some biological (e.g.,
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2188:
Syzdek J, Armand M, Gizowska M, Marcinek M, Sasim E, Szafran M, Wieczorek W (2009). "Ceramic-in-polymer versus polymer-in-ceramic polymeric electrolytes—A novel approach".
447:). The electric charge symbols of plus (+) and minus (−) indicate that the substance is ionic in nature and has an imbalanced distribution of electrons, the result of
926:
Dry polymer electrolytes – differ from liquid and gel electrolytes in the sense that salt is dissolved directly into the solid medium. Usually it is a relatively high-
167:, and as a response to sweating due to strenuous athletic activity. Commercial electrolyte solutions are available, particularly for sick children (such as
1300:
213:(in blood, serum, urine, or other fluids). Thus, mentions of electrolyte levels usually refer to the various ion concentrations, not to the fluid volumes.
451:. Sodium is the main electrolyte found in extracellular fluid and potassium is the main intracellular electrolyte; both are involved in fluid balance and
1326:
1613:
378:
weak. The properties of electrolytes may be exploited using electrolysis to extract constituent elements and compounds contained within the solution.
2109:
Syzdek J, Borkowska R, Perzyna K, Tarascon JM, Wieczorek W (2007). "Novel composite polymeric electrolytes with surface-modified inorganic fillers".
662:(sugar) to utilise the co-transport mechanism of sodium and glucose. Commercial preparations are also available for both human and veterinary use.
619:, electrolyte drinks containing sodium and potassium salts replenish the body's water and electrolyte concentrations after dehydration caused by
523:
Electrolyte balance is maintained by oral, or in emergencies, intravenous (IV) intake of electrolyte-containing substances, and is regulated by
965:
are made, and inert ceramic phase is introduced. There are two major classes of such electrolytes: polymer-in-ceramic, and ceramic-in-polymer.
1484:
385:
In 2021, researchers have found that electrolyte can "substantially facilitate electrochemical corrosion studies in less conductive media".
272:
put forth his explanation of solid crystalline salts disassociating into paired charged particles when dissolved, for which he won the 1903
1907:
1143:
849:
Hot, softened glass is an electrolytic conductor, and some glass manufacturers keep the glass molten by passing a large current through it.
791:
Electrolytic conductors are used in electronic devices where the chemical reaction at a metal-electrolyte interface yields useful effects.
1715:"Electrochemical corrosion tests in an environment of low-conductive ethanol-gasoline blends: Part 1 – Testing of supporting electrolytes"
1815:
817:
tanks, the electrolyte simultaneously deposits metal onto the object to be plated, and electrically connects that object in the circuit.
1007:
2323:
Leaist DG, Lyons PA (1981). "Multicomponent diffusion of electrolytes with incomplete dissociation. Diffusion in a buffer solution".
1665:"Protic ionic liquid and ionic melts prepared from methanesulfonic acid and 1H-1,2,4-triazole as high temperature PEMFC electrolytes"
2006:
2004:
1663:
Jiangshui Luo, Jin Hu, Wolfgang Saak, Rüdiger
Beckhaus, Gunther Wittstock, Ivo F. J. Vankelecom, Carsten Agert, Olaf Conrad (2011).
2386:
2046:
perfluorobutanesulfonate as an archetypal pure protic organic ionic plastic crystal electrolyte for all-solid-state fuel cells".
2001:
489:
function. Various mechanisms exist in living species that keep the concentrations of different electrolytes under tight control.
1230:
M Andreev, JJ de Pablo, A Chremos, J F Douglas (2018). "Influence of ion solvation on the properties of electrolyte solutions".
1956:
1204:
1276:
1214:
1179:
2083:
276:
in
Chemistry. Arrhenius's explanation was that in forming a solution, the salt dissociates into charged particles, to which
1432:
1404:
1368:
788:
In other systems, the electrode reactions can involve the metals of the electrodes as well as the ions of the electrolyte.
635:
or starvation; the study says that athletes exercising in extreme conditions (for three or more hours continuously, e.g. a
332:), NaCl, is placed in water, the salt (a solid) dissolves into its component ions, according to the dissociation reaction:
1986:
1027:
1465:"'Zur Lehre von der Wirkung der Salze' (about the science of the effect of salts): Franz Hofmeister's historical papers"
2657:
2544:
1266:
2887:
2048:
85:
also exist. In medicine and sometimes in chemistry, the term electrolyte refers to the substance that is dissolved.
2697:
2237:
496:
are considered electric tissues of the body. Muscles and neurons are activated by electrolyte activity between the
128:. A substance that dissociates into ions in solution or in the melt acquires the capacity to conduct electricity.
2707:
733:
For example, in a solution of ordinary table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) in water, the cathode reaction will be
1292:
599:
interpretations since they are inherently linked to sodium levels. One important test conducted on urine is the
595:. The electrolytes measured most often are sodium and potassium. Chloride levels are rarely measured except for
2635:
1669:
1054:
1322:
2717:
2281:
1638:
1506:
Gregory KP, Elliott GR, Robertson H, Kumar A, Wanless EJ, Webber GB, Craig VS, Andersson GG, Page AJ (2022).
559:, may lead to cardiac and neurological complications and, unless they are rapidly resolved, will result in a
2379:
508:. Electrolytes may enter or leave the cell membrane through specialized protein structures embedded in the
17:
2882:
2682:
2549:
305:
2722:
2692:
2677:
2645:
1714:
669:, sports drinks, milk, nuts, and many fruits and vegetables (whole or in juice form) (e.g., potatoes,
2737:
2484:
1049:
938:
478:
398:
876:
Gel electrolytes – closely resemble liquid electrolytes. In essence, they are liquids in a flexible
2752:
2650:
448:
394:
261:
168:
156:
1555:
Kasimir P. Gregory, Erica J. Wanless, Grant B. Webber, Vince S. J. Craig, Alister J. Page (2021).
1554:
27:
Ionic solids whose dissociation in water frees up ions carrying the electrical current in solution
2757:
2702:
2687:
2640:
2620:
2579:
2554:
2534:
2514:
2372:
1557:"The Electrostatic Origins of Specific Ion Effects: Quantifying the Hofmeister Series for Anions"
1464:
885:
863:
768:
gas will be liberated into solution where it reacts with the sodium and hydroxyl ions to produce
576:
548:
82:
2344:
Kaminsky M (1957). "Ion-solvent interaction and the viscosity of strong-electrolyte solutions".
1107:
2846:
2747:
1080:
828:
632:
458:
All known multicellular lifeforms require a subtle and complex electrolyte balance between the
432:
1360:
1353:
2867:
2712:
2608:
2529:
2044:
1829:
927:
901:
836:
796:
604:
402:
117:
1867:在正常人体内，钠离子占细胞外液阳离子总量的92%，钾离子占细胞内液阳离子总量的98%左右。钠、钾离子的相对平衡，维持着整个细胞的功能和结构的完整。钠、钾是人体内最主要的电解质成分...
810:
connects the plates electrically while keeping the hydrogen and oxygen fuel gases separated.
2877:
2872:
2590:
2574:
2559:
2395:
2301:
2197:
2118:
2010:
1519:
1392:
1059:
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921:
584:
536:
195:
284:" many years earlier. Faraday's belief had been that ions were produced in the process of
8:
2742:
2727:
2662:
2630:
2625:
2441:
958:
769:
699:
normally cannot pass through the electrolyte; instead, a chemical reaction occurs at the
544:
505:
497:
2305:
2201:
2122:
1523:
1396:
846:
the humidity of air is sensed by measuring the conductivity of a nearly dry electrolyte.
571:
Measurement of electrolytes is a commonly performed diagnostic procedure, performed via
2732:
2603:
2414:
2254:
2065:
1791:
1764:
1742:
1686:
1594:
1581:
1556:
1135:
1075:
962:
934:
859:
596:
556:
517:
501:
440:
89:
2456:
351:
It is also possible for substances to react with water, producing ions. For example,
2806:
2494:
2232:
2213:
2170:
2134:
1938:
1796:
1746:
1734:
1664:
1630:
1598:
1586:
1537:
1428:
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1272:
1247:
1210:
1185:
1175:
1139:
1127:
1123:
942:
877:
821:
714:
587:. The interpretation of these values is somewhat meaningless without analysis of the
560:
474:
297:
113:
101:
2524:
2258:
2166:
2069:
2024:
1960:
1690:
2672:
2667:
2479:
2419:
2353:
2332:
2309:
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2209:
2205:
2162:
2130:
2126:
2057:
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1930:
1786:
1776:
1730:
1726:
1678:
1576:
1568:
1527:
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1037:
1019:
987:
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600:
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269:
257:
253:
184:
125:
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2087:
1391:. Vol. 1 (15 ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. p. 587.
982:
946:
905:
588:
509:
329:
277:
121:
1882:
1662:
1480:
2775:
2429:
1982:
954:
814:
592:
452:
352:
1189:
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2409:
2217:
2174:
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1880:
1738:
1634:
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1131:
991:
909:
881:
624:
463:
459:
364:
321:
226:
210:
70:
2230:
1781:
92:
is applied to such a solution, the cations of the solution are drawn to the
2613:
2569:
2504:
2446:
2424:
1942:
1908:"Reproductive Consequences of Electrolyte Disturbances in Domestic Animals"
1800:
1590:
1541:
1251:
1011:
868:
Solid electrolytes can be mostly divided into four groups described below.
703:, providing electrons to the electrolyte. Another reaction occurs at the
682:
655:
648:
513:
470:
285:
180:
109:
2841:
2564:
2489:
2357:
1206:
Polymer
Electrolytes: Characterization Techniques and Energy Applications
1070:
1015:
666:
654:
A home-made electrolyte drink can be made by using water, sugar and salt
644:
628:
552:
540:
532:
370:
273:
46:
33:
2364:
2336:
1427:(1 ed.). New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 296–302.
1229:
324:
interactions between solvent and solute molecules, in a process called "
2785:
2519:
2499:
2250:
2061:
1682:
1572:
1532:
1507:
843:
832:
710:
580:
572:
408:
172:
2314:
2289:
1765:"The Interplay of Dysregulated pH and Electrolyte Imbalance in Cancer"
1713:
Matějovský L, Staš M, Dumská K, Pospíšil M, Macák J (1 January 2021).
1169:
2831:
2821:
2811:
2780:
2436:
2233:"Imidazolium methanesulfonate as a high temperature proton conductor"
1920:
1034:
1030:
1023:
978:
803:
782:
777:
688:
640:
473:
of electrolytes is important. Such gradients affect and regulate the
424:
416:
360:
356:
325:
316:
Electrolyte solutions are normally formed when salt is placed into a
176:
149:
145:
133:
93:
1934:
839:
coating, while the electrolyte layer behaves as one capacitor plate.
2509:
950:
765:
749:
718:
696:
636:
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616:
428:
202:
164:
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137:
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such as water and the individual components dissociate due to the
2816:
930:
700:
692:
670:
659:
524:
467:
420:
317:
206:
188:
141:
1448:
Franz
Hofmeister (1888). "Zur Lehre Von Der Wirkung Der Salze".
2290:"Mayer's Ionic Solution Theory Applied to Electrolyte Mixtures"
2276:
1003:
999:
773:
528:
493:
486:
412:
129:
74:
2108:
1881:
Open
Resources for Nursing, Ernstmeyer K, Christman E (2021),
1508:"Understanding specific ion effects and the Hofmeister series"
2801:
1703:
Brown, Chemistry: The
Central Science, 14th edition, pg. 680.
1171:
Battery technology crash course : a concise introduction
1064:
704:
482:
249:
78:
2187:
2151:
1712:
1505:
1359:(4th ed.). New York City: Columbia University. p.
1462:
1086:
900:
migrate through the ceramic phase by means of vacancies or
695:
is applied, the electrolyte will conduct electricity. Lone
355:
gas dissolves in water to produce a solution that contains
194:
In science, electrolytes are one of the main components of
183:). Electrolyte monitoring is important in the treatment of
62:
237:
but in modern contexts related to electricity, and λυτός (
73:
like water. Upon dissolving, the substance separates into
2836:
2231:
Jiangshui Luo, Olaf Conrad, Ivo F. J. Vankelecom (2013).
1762:
897:
831:
the chemical effect is used to produce an extremely thin
591:
and is often impossible without parallel measurements of
281:
105:
50:
1067:(interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions)
466:
environments. In particular, the maintenance of precise
256:, father of the concept of electrolyte dissociation in
2102:
531:flushing out excess levels. In humans, electrolyte
81:, which disperse uniformly throughout the solvent.
1469:Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science
1352:
961:and conductivity of such electrolytes, very often
2859:
2181:
2145:
1447:
152:in a liquid phase are examples of electrolytes.
88:Electrically, such a solution is neutral. If an
1611:
1203:Winie T, Arof AK, Thomas S (18 February 2020).
1202:
968:
820:In operation-hours gauges, two thin columns of
1828:(in Simplified Chinese) (1): 1. Archived from
1105:
291:Shortly after Arrhenius's hypothesis of ions,
2380:
1923:Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
1865:
1857:
1822:
1623:
1010:to a Brønsted base and in essence are protic
1612:Shi J, Sun X, Chunhe Y, Gao Q, Li Y (2002).
973:Organic ionic plastic crystals – are a type
241:), meaning "able to be untied or loosened".
2322:
1350:
388:
2387:
2373:
1959:. Webmd.com. 28 April 2008. Archived from
1346:
1344:
752:gas will bubble up; the anode reaction is
374:applications in fuel cells and batteries.
2394:
2313:
1790:
1780:
1580:
1531:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1382:
1380:
1018:, have found to be promising solid-state
205:, mentions of electrolytes usually refer
2343:
2287:
1463:W. Kunz, J. Henle, B. W. Ninham (2004).
1167:
1108:"The structure of electrolyte solutions"
709:
248:
1758:
1756:
1386:
1341:
1264:
915:
891:
643:) who do not consume electrolytes risk
603:test to determine the occurrence of an
411:, the primary ions of electrolytes are
209:to the ions, and (especially) to their
14:
2860:
1813:
1719:Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
1413:
1377:
1106:Enderby JE, Neilson GW (1 June 1981).
631:(heavy sweating), diarrhea, vomiting,
159:is needed when a person has prolonged
2368:
2084:"The Roll-to-Roll Battery Revolution"
1450:Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol
1271:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1146:from the original on 18 December 2021
853:
729:(NaOH) from a solution of common salt
615:According to a study paid for by the
1989:from the original on 7 December 2014
1883:"Chapter 15 Fluids and Electrolytes"
1753:
1487:from the original on 20 January 2022
1163:
1161:
2076:
1889:, Chippewa Valley Technical College
1863:(in Simplified Chinese) (10). 张定昌.
1512:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
1323:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903"
1232:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
871:
691:are placed in an electrolyte and a
676:
665:Electrolytes are commonly found in
24:
2346:Discussions of the Faraday Society
2049:Energy & Environmental Science
1850:
1629:(in Simplified Chinese) (4): 243.
1425:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1303:from the original on 23 April 2018
884:are often applied to increase the
53:, but not through the movement of
25:
2899:
2325:The Journal of Physical Chemistry
2269:
1985:. Rehydrate.org. 7 October 2014.
1983:"Oral Rehydration Salt Suppliers"
1158:
617:Gatorade Sports Science Institute
535:is regulated by hormones such as
328:". For example, when table salt (
2455:
2275:
2238:Journal of Materials Chemistry A
1351:Harris W, Levey J, eds. (1975).
1329:from the original on 8 July 2018
280:(1791-1867) had given the name "
2294:The Journal of Chemical Physics
2224:
2167:10.1016/j.electacta.2009.04.025
2025:10.1016/j.electacta.2011.06.014
1975:
1949:
1914:
1900:
1874:
1844:
1807:
1706:
1697:
1656:
1605:
1548:
1499:
1456:
1441:
1389:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
2210:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.01.070
2131:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.05.061
1866:
1858:
1823:
1731:10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114879
1670:Journal of Materials Chemistry
1624:
1315:
1285:
1258:
1223:
1196:
1168:Petrovic S (29 October 2020).
1112:Reports on Progress in Physics
1099:
1055:Elektrolytdatenbank Regensburg
610:
566:
233:-), prefix originally meaning
13:
1:
1355:The New Columbia Encyclopedia
1092:
896:Solid ceramic electrolytes –
658:. It is important to include
625:excessive alcohol consumption
57:. This includes most soluble
45:is a substance that conducts
969:Organic plastic electrolytes
953:, etc.) and a salt with low
311:
216:
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1481:10.1016/j.cocis.2004.05.005
1043:
957:. In order to increase the
306:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
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2904:
2086:. Ev World. Archived from
1124:10.1088/0034-4885/44/6/001
919:
857:
680:
392:
268:In his 1884 dissertation,
260:for which he received the
244:
31:
2794:
2766:
2588:
2545:Metal–air electrochemical
2464:
2453:
2402:
1423:Cillispie C, ed. (1970).
1297:National Cancer Institute
1209:. John Wiley & Sons.
1050:Electrochemical machining
806:, a solid electrolyte or
124:", which contain charged
96:that has an abundance of
32:For the R.E.M. song, see
2190:Journal of Power Sources
2111:Journal of Power Sources
1852:
1816:
1614:
1244:10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00518
1083:(background electrolyte)
1031:perfluorobutanesulfonate
1002:organic salts formed by
577:ion-selective electrodes
549:electrolyte disturbances
395:Electrochemical gradient
389:Physiological importance
262:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
83:Solid-state electrolytes
49:through the movement of
1814:Ye S(, Tang Z( (1986).
1782:10.3390/cancers12040898
1387:McHenry C, ed. (1992).
1268:Fluids and Electrolytes
864:Solid-state electrolyte
829:electrolytic capacitors
492:Both muscle tissue and
481:, and are critical for
477:of the body as well as
157:electrolyte replacement
2847:Semipermeable membrane
2636:Lithium–iron–phosphate
1081:Supporting electrolyte
730:
656:in precise proportions
527:, in general with the
265:
2718:Rechargeable alkaline
2396:Electrochemical cells
1887:Nursing Fundamentals
713:
605:electrolyte imbalance
585:medical technologists
537:antidiuretic hormones
449:chemical dissociation
403:Electrolyte imbalance
399:Acid–base homeostasis
252:
196:electrochemical cells
118:polystyrene sulfonate
2888:Acid–base physiology
2698:Nickel–metal hydride
2358:10.1039/DF9572400171
2288:Friedman HL (1960).
2284:at Wikimedia Commons
1957:"Rehydration drinks"
1060:Ion transport number
922:Polymer electrolytes
916:Polymer electrolytes
892:Ceramic electrolytes
545:parathyroid hormones
308:over 200 years ago.
2708:Polysulfide–bromide
2550:Nickel oxyhydroxide
2442:Thermogalvanic cell
2337:10.1021/j150612a033
2306:1960JChPh..32.1134F
2202:2009JPS...194...66S
2155:Electrochimica Acta
2123:2007JPS...173..712S
2013:Electrochimica Acta
1677:(28): 10426–10436.
1567:(45): 15007–15015.
1524:2022PCCP...2412682G
1518:(21): 12682–12718.
1397:1991neb..book.....G
1299:. 2 February 2011.
1265:Wilkins LW (2007).
1026:. Examples include
994:and have therefore
959:mechanical strength
928:dielectric constant
770:sodium hypochlorite
506:intracellular fluid
498:extracellular fluid
2883:Physical chemistry
2471:(non-rechargeable)
2415:Concentration cell
2251:10.1039/C2TA00713D
2062:10.1039/C4EE02280G
1963:on 23 October 2008
1683:10.1039/C0JM04306K
1573:10.1039/D1SC03568A
1533:10.1039/D2CP00847E
1076:Strong electrolyte
860:Fast-ion conductor
854:Solid electrolytes
756:2 NaCl → 2 Na + Cl
731:
597:arterial blood gas
518:muscle contraction
502:interstitial fluid
441:hydrogen carbonate
433:hydrogen phosphate
365:hydrogen carbonate
266:
114:synthetic polymers
90:electric potential
2855:
2854:
2331:(12): 1756–1762.
2315:10.1063/1.1730863
2280:Media related to
1278:978-1-58255-923-0
1238:(14): 4029–4034.
1216:978-3-527-34200-6
1181:978-3-030-57269-3
1020:proton conductors
988:phase transitions
908:. There are also
888:of such systems.
878:lattice framework
741:O + 2e → 2 OH + H
715:Electrolytic cell
561:medical emergency
298:Hofmeister series
126:functional groups
102:hydrogen chloride
69:, dissolved in a
16:(Redirected from
2895:
2651:Lithium–titanate
2596:
2472:
2459:
2420:Electric battery
2389:
2382:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2340:
2319:
2317:
2300:(4): 1134–1149.
2279:
2263:
2262:
2245:(6): 2238–2247.
2228:
2222:
2221:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2161:(4): 1314–1322.
2149:
2143:
2142:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2056:(4): 1276–1291.
2042:
2029:
2028:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1826:
1825:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1784:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1637:. Archived from
1627:
1626:
1620:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1584:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1535:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1434:978-0-684101-125
1420:
1411:
1410:
1406:978-085-229553-3
1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:978-0-231035-729
1358:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1103:
1038:methanesulfonate
1028:1,2,4-triazolium
1006:transfer from a
947:polyphosphazenes
872:Gel electrolytes
808:proton conductor
727:sodium hydroxide
677:Electrochemistry
601:specific gravity
589:clinical history
516:". For example,
293:Franz Hofmeister
270:Svante Arrhenius
258:aqueous solution
254:Svante Arrhenius
179:) and athletes (
169:oral rehydration
122:polyelectrolytes
21:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2790:
2769:
2762:
2683:Nickel–hydrogen
2641:Lithium–polymer
2597:
2594:
2593:
2584:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2398:
2393:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2229:
2225:
2186:
2182:
2150:
2146:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2090:on 10 July 2011
2082:
2081:
2077:
2043:
2032:
2009:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1935:10.1139/H07-188
1919:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1879:
1875:
1854:
1853:电解质紊乱对晚期肿瘤的治疗影响
1851:Tu Z( (2004).
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1832:on 3 March 2017
1818:
1812:
1808:
1761:
1754:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1644:on 2 March 2017
1641:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1553:
1549:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1461:
1457:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1349:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1263:
1259:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1201:
1197:
1182:
1166:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1046:
983:state of matter
971:
924:
918:
894:
874:
866:
858:Main articles:
856:
759:
744:
740:
724:
685:
679:
613:
569:
510:plasma membrane
446:
438:
405:
391:
347:
343:
339:
330:sodium chloride
314:
278:Michael Faraday
247:
219:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2901:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2776:Atomic battery
2772:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2748:Vanadium redox
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2723:Silver–cadmium
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2693:Nickel–lithium
2690:
2685:
2680:
2678:Nickel–cadmium
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2646:Lithium–sulfur
2643:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2595:(rechargeable)
2591:Secondary cell
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2515:Edison–Lalande
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2430:Trough battery
2427:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2341:
2320:
2285:
2271:
2270:External links
2268:
2265:
2264:
2223:
2180:
2144:
2117:(2): 712–720.
2101:
2075:
2030:
2000:
1974:
1948:
1929:(2): 290–298.
1913:
1899:
1873:
1843:
1806:
1752:
1705:
1696:
1655:
1604:
1547:
1498:
1475:(1–2): 19–37.
1455:
1440:
1433:
1412:
1405:
1376:
1369:
1340:
1314:
1284:
1277:
1257:
1222:
1215:
1195:
1180:
1157:
1118:(6): 593–653.
1097:
1096:
1094:
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1089:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1042:
970:
967:
955:lattice energy
920:Main article:
917:
914:
912:electrolytes.
910:glassy-ceramic
893:
890:
873:
870:
855:
852:
851:
850:
847:
840:
825:
818:
815:electroplating
811:
800:
762:
761:
757:
746:
745:
742:
738:
722:
681:Main article:
678:
675:
612:
609:
593:renal function
568:
565:
453:blood pressure
444:
436:
390:
387:
353:carbon dioxide
349:
348:
345:
341:
337:
313:
310:
246:
243:
218:
215:
211:concentrations
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2900:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
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2818:
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2810:
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2805:
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2800:
2799:
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2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
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2771:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Sodium–sulfur
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Potassium ion
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
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2551:
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2533:
2531:
2530:Lithium metal
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Aluminium–air
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Galvanic cell
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
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2383:
2378:
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2370:
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2018:
2014:
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1298:
1294:
1293:"electrolyte"
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1241:
1237:
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1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:ionic liquids
1009:
1008:Brønsted acid
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:melting point
989:
984:
980:
976:
975:organic salts
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
929:
923:
913:
911:
907:
903:
902:interstitials
899:
889:
887:
883:
879:
869:
865:
861:
848:
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834:
830:
826:
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734:
728:
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622:
618:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
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586:
582:
578:
574:
573:blood testing
564:
562:
558:
557:overhydration
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:
465:
464:extracellular
461:
460:intracellular
456:
454:
450:
442:
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430:
426:
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404:
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368:
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335:
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331:
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323:
322:thermodynamic
319:
309:
307:
301:
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294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
263:
259:
255:
251:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:Ancient Greek
225:derives from
224:
214:
212:
208:
207:metonymically
204:
199:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
181:sports drinks
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:In medicine,
153:
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147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:polar solvent
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
35:
30:
19:
2868:Electrolytes
2826:
2753:Zinc–bromine
2560:Silver oxide
2495:Chromic acid
2467:Primary cell
2447:Voltaic pile
2425:Flow battery
2349:
2345:
2328:
2324:
2297:
2293:
2282:Electrolytes
2242:
2236:
2226:
2196:(1): 66–72.
2193:
2189:
2183:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:the original
2078:
2053:
2047:
2016:
2012:
1991:. Retrieved
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1961:the original
1951:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1902:
1891:, retrieved
1886:
1876:
1864:
1856:
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:the original
1821:
1809:
1772:
1768:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1699:
1674:
1668:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1639:the original
1622:
1607:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1472:
1468:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1424:
1388:
1354:
1331:. Retrieved
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1296:
1287:
1267:
1260:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1205:
1198:
1174:. Springer.
1170:
1148:. Retrieved
1115:
1111:
1101:
1016:molten state
972:
925:
895:
886:conductivity
875:
867:
790:
787:
772:- household
763:
747:
732:
686:
683:Electrolysis
667:fruit juices
664:
653:
649:hyponatremia
633:intoxication
614:
570:
522:
514:ion channels
491:
457:
406:
384:
380:
376:
371:Molten salts
369:
350:
315:
302:
290:
286:electrolysis
267:
238:
234:
230:
222:
220:
201:In clinical
200:
193:
154:
110:polypeptides
87:
42:
40:
38:
29:
18:Electrolytic
2878:Urine tests
2873:Blood tests
2842:Salt bridge
2827:Electrolyte
2758:Zinc–cerium
2743:Solid state
2728:Silver–zinc
2703:Nickel–zinc
2688:Nickel–iron
2663:Molten salt
2631:Dual carbon
2626:Lithium ion
2621:Lithium–air
2580:Zinc–carbon
2555:Silicon–air
2535:Lithium–air
1967:25 December
1893:28 February
1817:细胞膜钠泵及其临床意义
1307:18 December
1150:18 December
1071:Salt bridge
1035:imidazolium
977:exhibiting
904:within the
844:hygrometers
645:dehydration
629:diaphoresis
611:Rehydration
567:Measurement
553:dehydration
541:aldosterone
533:homeostasis
274:Nobel Prize
223:electrolyte
120:), termed "
47:electricity
43:electrolyte
34:Electrolite
2862:Categories
2795:Cell parts
2786:Solar cell
2768:Other cell
2733:Sodium ion
2604:Automotive
1993:4 December
1775:(4): 898.
1725:: 114879.
1491:8 November
1190:1202758685
1093:References
1024:fuel cells
990:below the
979:mesophases
963:composites
880:. Various
837:insulating
833:dielectric
804:fuel cells
785:the ions.
717:producing
689:electrodes
581:urinalysis
551:, such as
547:. Serious
409:physiology
393:See also:
229:ήλεκτρο- (
173:Suero Oral
171:solution,
2832:Half-cell
2822:Electrode
2781:Fuel cell
2658:Metal–air
2609:Lead–acid
2525:Leclanché
2437:Fuel cell
2218:0378-7753
2175:0013-4686
2139:0378-7753
2094:20 August
2019:: 58–65.
1747:229508133
1739:1572-6657
1635:0441-3776
1599:244578563
1561:Chem. Sci
1333:5 January
1140:250852242
1132:0034-4885
951:siloxanes
882:additives
797:batteries
778:diffusion
697:electrons
641:triathlon
475:hydration
471:gradients
455:control.
425:magnesium
417:potassium
361:carbonate
357:hydronium
326:solvation
312:Formation
221:The word
217:Etymology
177:Pedialyte
150:phosphate
146:magnesium
134:potassium
98:electrons
94:electrode
55:electrons
2812:Catalyst
2673:Nanowire
2668:Nanopore
2614:gel–VRLA
2575:Zinc–air
2480:Alkaline
2259:96622511
2070:84176511
1987:Archived
1943:18347684
1801:32272658
1691:94400312
1615:离子液体研究进展
1591:34976339
1542:35543205
1485:Archived
1327:Archived
1301:Archived
1252:29611710
1144:Archived
1044:See also
981:(i.e. a
842:In some
802:In some
766:chlorine
750:hydrogen
719:chlorine
671:avocados
637:marathon
621:exercise
525:hormones
512:called "
479:blood pH
429:chloride
264:in 1903
203:medicine
185:anorexia
165:diarrhea
161:vomiting
138:chloride
2817:Cathode
2570:Zamboni
2540:Mercury
2505:Daniell
2352:: 171.
2302:Bibcode
2198:Bibcode
2119:Bibcode
1859:中华中西医杂志
1836:3 March
1792:7226178
1769:Cancers
1648:1 March
1582:8612401
1520:Bibcode
1393:Bibcode
1014:in the
996:plastic
931:polymer
906:lattice
822:mercury
783:solvate
701:cathode
693:voltage
660:glucose
529:kidneys
494:neurons
468:osmotic
439:), and
421:calcium
318:solvent
245:History
231:ēlectro
189:bulimia
142:calcium
116:(e.g.,
75:cations
2807:Binder
2565:Weston
2490:Bunsen
2257:
2216:
2173:
2137:
2068:
1941:
1799:
1789:
1745:
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1633:
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1540:
1431:
1403:
1367:
1275:
1250:
1213:
1188:
1178:
1138:
1130:
1004:proton
1000:protic
774:bleach
725:) and
504:, and
487:muscle
431:(Cl),
427:(Mg),
423:(Ca),
415:(Na),
413:sodium
401:, and
367:ions.
363:, and
148:, and
130:Sodium
79:anions
65:, and
2802:Anode
2520:Grove
2500:Clark
2403:Types
2255:S2CID
2066:S2CID
1743:S2CID
1687:S2CID
1642:(PDF)
1619:(PDF)
1595:S2CID
1136:S2CID
1065:ITIES
705:anode
687:When
575:with
483:nerve
419:(K),
239:lytos
235:amber
175:, or
112:) or
67:bases
63:acids
59:salts
2837:Ions
2214:ISSN
2171:ISSN
2135:ISSN
2096:2010
1995:2014
1969:2018
1939:PMID
1895:2024
1838:2017
1824:上海医学
1797:PMID
1735:ISSN
1650:2017
1631:ISSN
1625:化学通报
1587:PMID
1538:PMID
1493:2021
1429:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1335:2017
1309:2021
1273:ISBN
1248:PMID
1211:ISBN
1186:OCLC
1176:ISBN
1152:2021
1128:ISSN
1087:VTPR
1033:and
1022:for
939:PMMA
898:ions
862:and
764:and
760:+ 2e
748:and
647:(or
555:and
543:and
485:and
462:and
443:(HCO
435:(HPO
346:(aq)
344:+ Cl
342:(aq)
340:→ Na
336:NaCl
282:ions
187:and
77:and
51:ions
2510:Dry
2354:doi
2333:doi
2310:doi
2247:doi
2206:doi
2194:194
2163:doi
2127:doi
2115:173
2058:doi
2021:doi
1931:doi
1787:PMC
1777:doi
1727:doi
1723:880
1679:doi
1577:PMC
1569:doi
1528:doi
1477:doi
1361:155
1240:doi
1236:122
1120:doi
943:PAN
935:PEO
835:or
827:In
813:In
795:In
737:2 H
721:(Cl
673:).
651:).
639:or
583:by
579:or
500:or
407:In
338:(s)
300:.
163:or
106:DNA
41:An
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