Electronic health record

553:, 62.6 percent of respondents (1,369 physicians, practice managers, and other healthcare providers) say they use mobile devices in the performance of their job. Mobile devices are increasingly able to sync up with electronic health record systems thus allowing physicians to access patient records from remote locations. Most devices are extensions of desk-top EHR systems, using a variety of software to communicate and access files remotely. The advantages of instant access to patient records at any time and any place are clear, but bring a host of security concerns. As mobile systems become more prevalent, practices will need comprehensive policies that govern security measures and patient privacy regulations. 605:, the organization that accredits American hospitals to provide healthcare services, states, 'As health information technology (HIT) and 'converging technologies'—the interrelationship between medical devices and HIT—are increasingly adopted by health care organizations, users must be mindful of the safety risks and preventable adverse events that these implementations can create or perpetuate. Technology-related adverse events can be associated with all components of a comprehensive technology system and may involve errors of either commission or omission. These unintended adverse events typically stem from human-machine interfaces or organization/system design." The Joint Commission cites as an example the 131:. Pre-printed forms, standardization of abbreviations and standards for penmanship were encouraged to improve the reliability of paper medical records. An example of possible medical errors is the administration of medication. Medication is an intervention that can turn a person's status from stable to unstable very quickly. With paper documentation it is very easy to not properly document the administration of medication, the time given, or errors such as giving the "wrong drug, dose, form, or not checking for allergies" and could affect the patient negatively. It has been reported that these errors have been reduced by "55-83%" because records are now online and require certain steps to avoid these errors. 1198:

centralised European health record system will become a reality even before 2020. However, the concept of a centralised supranational central server raises concern about storing electronic medical records in a central location. The privacy threat posed by a supranational network is a key concern. Cross-border and Interoperable electronic health record systems make confidential data more easily and rapidly accessible to a wider audience and increase the risk that personal data concerning health could be accidentally exposed or easily distributed to unauthorised parties by enabling greater access to a compilation of the personal data concerning health, from different sources, and throughout a lifetime.

484:'s estimates of savings. "Office-based physicians in particular may see no benefit if they purchase such a product—and may even suffer financial harm. Even though the use of health IT could generate cost savings for the health system at large that might offset the EHR's cost, many physicians might not be able to reduce their office expenses or increase their revenue sufficiently to pay for it. For example, the use of health IT could reduce the number of duplicated diagnostic tests. However, that improvement in efficiency would be unlikely to increase the income of many physicians." One CEO of an EHR company has argued if a physician performs tests in the office, it might reduce his or her income. 1160:

in the project www.epsos.eu/. To allow for global shared workflow, studies will be locked when they are being read and then unlocked and updated once reading is complete. Radiologists will be able to serve multiple health care facilities and read and report across large geographical areas, thus balancing workloads. The biggest challenges will relate to interoperability and legal clarity. In some countries it is almost forbidden to practice teleradiology. The variety of languages spoken is a problem and multilingual reporting templates for all anatomical regions are not yet available. However, the market for e-health and teleradiology is evolving more rapidly than any laws or regulations.

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desires to examine archived data. One proposed solution to the challenge of long-term accessibility and usability of data by future systems is to standardize information fields in a time-invariant way, such as with XML language. Olhede and Peterson report that "the basic XML-format has undergone preliminary testing in Europe by a Spri project and been found suitable for EU purposes. Spri has advised the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare and the Swedish National Archive to issue directives concerning the use of XML as the archive-format for EHCR (Electronic Health Care Record) information."

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versus paper medical records, as acknowledged by the increased security requirements for electronic medical records included in the Health Information and Accessibility Act and by large-scale breaches in confidential records reported by EMR users. Concerns about security contribute to the resistance shown to their adoption. When users log in into the electronic health records, it is their responsibility to make sure the information stays confidential and this is done by keeping their passwords unknown to others and logging off before leaving the station.

623:(FDA) memorandum noted that EHR unintended consequences include EHR-related medical errors from (1) errors of commission (EOC), (2) errors of omission or transmission (EOT), (3) errors in data analysis (EDA), and (4) incompatibility between multi-vendor software applications or systems (ISMA), examples were cited. The FDA also noted that the "absence of mandatory reporting enforcement of H-IT safety issues limits the numbers of medical device reports (MDRs) and impedes a more comprehensive understanding of the actual problems and implications." 259: 546:, was reported to have significant usability issues. Furthermore, studies such as the one conducted in BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, also showed that although the implementation of electronic medical records systems has been a great assistance to general practitioners there is still much room for revision in the overall framework and the amount of training provided. It was observed that the efforts to improve EHR usability should be placed in the context of physician-patient communication. 40: 87:

programs. EHR combines all patients demographics into a large pool, and uses this information to assist with the creation of "new treatments or innovation in healthcare delivery" which overall improves the goals in healthcare. Combining multiple types of clinical data from the system's health records has helped clinicians identify and stratify chronically ill patients. EHR can improve quality care by using the data and analytics to prevent hospitalizations among high-risk patients.

1102: 9611: 8889: 703:(PIPEDA) was given Royal Assent in Canada on 13 April 2000 to establish rules on the use, disclosure and collection of personal information. The personal information includes both non-digital and electronic form. In 2002, PIPEDA extended to the health sector in Stage 2 of the law's implementation. There are four provinces where this law does not apply because its privacy law was considered similar to PIPEDA: Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec. 8919: 8929: 574:

Computers, laptops, all-in-one computers, tablets, mouse, keyboards and monitors are all hardware devices that may be utilized. Other considerations will include supporting work surfaces and equipment, wall desks or articulating arms for end users to work on. Another important factor is how all these devices will be physically secured and how they will be charged that staff can always utilize the devices for EHR charting when needed.

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security awareness among health care professionals in countries such as Spain. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) has developed a framework to mitigate the harm of these threats that is comprehensive but not so specific as to limit the options of healthcare professionals who may have access to different technology. With the increase of clinical notes being shared electronically as a result of the

353:: Interoperable, collaboratively developed, standardization-based health records systems could increase the speed of vaccination campaigns as well as reduce their costs or workloads. According to Dr. Bob Kocher, as of 2021 there are "1,000 different electronic health record systems in the U.S., and almost every hospital and clinic has a slightly different system tailored to its own needs" which caused difficulties and delays 805:

Some countries have enacted laws requiring safeguards to be put in place to protect the security and confidentiality of medical information. These safeguards add protection for records that are shared electronically and give patients some important rights to monitor their medical records and receive notification for loss and unauthorized acquisition of health information. The United States and the EU have imposed mandatory

630:(AMIA) contains recommendations on EHR-related patient safety, transparency, ethics education for purchasers and users, adoption of best practices, and re-examination of regulation of electronic health applications. Beyond concrete issues such as conflicts of interest and privacy concerns, questions have been raised about the ways in which the physician-patient relationship would be affected by an electronic intermediary. 818:

law requires the entities to inform the individuals in the event of breach while the EU Directive currently requires breach notification only when the breach is likely to adversely affect the privacy of the individual. Personal health data is valuable to individuals and is therefore difficult to make an assessment whether the breach will cause reputational or financial harm or cause adverse effects on one's privacy.

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an EHR archive might function, their research "describes a co-operative trusted notary archive (TNA) which receives health data from different EHR-systems, stores data together with associated meta-information for long periods and distributes EHR-data objects. TNA can store objects in XML-format and prove the integrity of stored data with the help of event records, timestamps and archive e-signatures."

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and decreases risk of lost paperwork and is cost efficient. Due to the digital information being searchable and in a single file, EMRs (electronic medical records) are more effective when extracting medical data for the examination of possible trends and long term changes in a patient. Population-based studies of medical records may also be facilitated by the widespread adoption of EHRs and EMRs.

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further the letter states: "Before synthetic patient identities become a public health problem, the legitimate EHR market might benefit from applying Turing Test-like techniques to ensure greater data reliability and diagnostic value. Any new techniques must thus consider patients' heterogeneity and are likely to have greater complexity than the Allen eighth-grade-science-test is able to grade."

1291: 534:, a very large U.S. healthcare IT industry trade group, observed in 2009 that EHR adoption rates "have been slower than expected in the United States, especially in comparison to other industry sectors and other developed countries. A key reason, aside from initial costs and lost productivity during EMR implementation, is lack of efficiency and usability of EMRs currently available." The U.S. 415:

ancillary services or provider notes. This type of event monitoring has been implemented using the Louisiana Public health information exchange linking statewide public health with electronic medical records. This system alerted medical providers when a patient with HIV/AIDS had not received care in over twelve months. This system greatly reduced the number of missed critical opportunities.

650:, "The Extent And Importance of Unintended Consequences Related To Computerized Provider Order Entry," which seeks to understand the degree and significance of unplanned adverse consequences related to computerized physician order entry and understand how to interpret adverse events and understand the importance of its management for the overall success of computer physician order entry. 1088:). Synchronization programs for distributed storage models, however, are only useful once record standardization has occurred. Merging of already existing public healthcare databases is a common software challenge. The ability of electronic health record systems to provide this function is a key benefit and can improve healthcare delivery. 752:

entries made in a patient's electronic record. Waiting to chart patient notes until the end of the day and making addendums to records well after the patient visit can be problematic, in that this practice could result in less than accurate patient data or indicate possible intent to illegally alter the patient's record.

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implementation of the Cross Border Health Directive and the EU Commission's plans to centralize all health records are of prime concern to the EU public who believe that the health care organizations and governments cannot be trusted to manage their data electronically and expose them to more threats.

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entities. These entities include, but are not limited to, primary care physicians, hospitals, insurance companies, and patients. Mandl et al. have noted that "choices about the structure and ownership of these records will have profound impact on the accessibility and privacy of patient information."

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The purpose of a personal data breach notification is to protect individuals so that they can take all the necessary actions to limit the undesirable effects of the breach and to motivate the organization to improve the security of the infrastructure to protect the confidentiality of the data. The US

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In cross-border use cases of EHR implementations, the additional issue of legal interoperability arises. Different countries may have diverging legal requirements for the content or usage of electronic health records, which can require radical changes to the technical makeup of the EHR implementation

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In some communities, hospitals attempt to standardize EHR systems by providing discounted versions of the hospital's software to local healthcare providers. A challenge to this practice has been raised as being a violation of Stark rules that prohibit hospitals from preferentially assisting community

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EMRs can be continuously updated (within certain legal limitations: see below). If the ability to exchange records between different EMR systems were perfected ("interoperability"), it would facilitate the coordination of health care delivery in nonaffiliated health care facilities. In addition, data

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and assists in ensuring data is up-to-date, accurate and legible. It also allows open communication between the patient and the provider, while providing "privacy and security." It can reduce risk of data replication as there is only one modifiable file, which means the file is more likely up to date

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to assess the difference between synthetic and real patients. The letter states: "In the EHR context, though a human physician can readily distinguish between synthetically generated and real live human patients, could a machine be given the intelligence to make such a determination on its own?" and

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The Lloyd George envelope digitisation project is the aim to have all paper copies of all historic patient data transferred onto computer systems. as part of the roll out new patients will no longer be given a transit label to register when moving practices. Not only is it a step closer to a Digital

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The European Commission wants to boost the digital economy by enabling all Europeans to have access to online medical records anywhere in Europe by 2020. With the newly enacted Directive 2011/24/EU on patients' rights in cross-border healthcare due for implementation by 2013, it is inevitable that a

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The sharing of patient information between health care organizations and IT systems is changing from a "point to point" model to a "many to many" one. The European Commission is supporting moves to facilitate cross-border interoperability of e-health systems and to remove potential legal hurdles, as

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The required length of storage of an individual electronic health record will depend on national and state regulations, which are subject to change over time. Ruotsalainen and Manning have found that the typical preservation time of patient data varies between 20 and 100 years. In one example of how

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EHRs are almost invariably detrimental to physician productivity, whether the data is entered during the encounter or sometime thereafter. It is possible for an EHR to increase physician productivity by providing a fast and intuitive interface for viewing and understanding patient clinical data and

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Using an EMR to read and write a patient's record is not only possible through a workstation but, depending on the type of system and health care settings, may also be possible through mobile devices that are handwriting capable, tablets and smartphones. Electronic Medical Records may include access

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For several decades, electronic health records (EHRs) have been touted as key to increasing of quality care. Electronic health records are used for other reasons than charting for patients; today, providers are using data from patient records to improve quality outcomes through their care management

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At the same time they reported negative effects in communication, increased overtime, and missing records when a non-customized EMR system was utilized. Customizing the software when it is released yields the highest benefits because it is adapted for the users and tailored to workflows specific to

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Ambulance services in Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom have introduced the use of EMR systems. EMS Encounters in the United States are recorded using various platforms and vendors in compliance with the NEMSIS (National EMS Information System) standard. The benefits of electronic

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Electronic records may help with the standardization of forms, terminology, and data input. Digitization of forms facilitates the collection of data for epidemiology and clinical studies. However, standardization may create challenges for local practice. Overall, those with EMRs that have automated

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The terms EHR, electronic patient record (EPR) and EMR have often been used interchangeably, but differences between the models are now being defined. The electronic health record (EHR) is a more longitudinal collection of the electronic health information of individual patients or populations. The

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In addition to the TNA archive described by Ruotsalainen and Manning, other combinations of EHR systems and archive systems are possible. Again, overall requirements for the design and security of the system and its archive will vary and must function under ethical and legal principles specific to

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Additionally, considerations about long-term storage of electronic health records are complicated by the possibility that the records might one day be used longitudinally and integrated across sites of care. Records have the potential to be created, used, edited, and viewed by multiple independent

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While there is no argument that electronic documentation of patient visits and data brings improved patient care, there is increasing concern that such documentation could open physicians to an increased incidence of malpractice suits. Disabling physician alerts, selecting from dropdown menus, and

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is increasingly used to search EMRs, especially through searching and analyzing notes and text that would otherwise be inaccessible for study when seeking to improve care. One study found that several machine learning methods could be used to predict the rate of a patient's mortality with moderate

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of research in the field, various different philosophical approaches to the EHR exist. The health information systems literature has seen the EHR as a container holding information about the patient, and a tool for aggregating clinical data for secondary uses (billing, audit, etc.). However, other

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Klein, Harry; Mazor, Tali; Siegel, Ethan; Trukhanov, Pavel; Ovalle, Andrea; Vecchio Fitz, Catherine Del; Zwiesler, Zachary; Kumari, Priti; Van Der Veen, Bernd; Marriott, Eric; Hansel, Jason; Yu, Joyce; Albayrak, Adem; Barry, Susan; Keller, Rachel B.; MacConaill, Laura E.; Lindeman, Neal; Johnson,

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Björnsson, Bergthor; Borrebaeck, Carl; Elander, Nils; Gasslander, Thomas; Gawel, Danuta R.; Gustafsson, Mika; Jörnsten, Rebecka; Lee, Eun Jung; Li, Xinxiu; Lilja, Sandra; Martínez-Enguita, David; Matussek, Andreas; Sandström, Per; Schäfer, Samuel; Stenmarker, Margaretha; Sun, X. F.; Sysoev, Oleg;

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as part of its electronic healthcare initiative. UMIAS - the Unified Medical Information and Analytical System - connects more than 660 clinics and over 23,600 medical practitioners in Moscow. UMIAS covers 9.5 million patients, contains more than 359 million patient records and supports more than

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The idea of a centralized electronic health record system was poorly received by the public who are wary that governments may use of the system beyond its intended purpose. There is also the risk for privacy breaches that could allow sensitive health care information to fall into the wrong hands.

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Another potential problem is electronic time stamps. Many physicians are unaware that EHR systems produce an electronic time stamp every time the patient record is updated. If a malpractice claim goes to court, through the process of discovery, the prosecution can request a detailed record of all

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Some EMR systems automatically monitor clinical events, by analyzing patient data from an electronic health record to predict, detect and potentially prevent adverse events. This can include discharge/transfer orders, pharmacy orders, radiology results, laboratory results and any other data from

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The increased transparency, portability, and accessibility acquired by the adoption of electronic medical records may increase the ease with which they can be accessed by healthcare professionals, but also can increase the amount of stolen information by unauthorized persons or unscrupulous users

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Desai, Rishi J.; Matheny, Michael E.; Johnson, Kevin; Marsolo, Keith; Curtis, Lesley H.; Nelson, Jennifer C.; Heagerty, Patrick J.; Maro, Judith; Brown, Jeffery; Toh, Sengwee; Nguyen, Michael; Ball, Robert; Dal Pan, Gerald; Wang, Shirley V.; Gagne, Joshua J.; Schneeweiss, Sebastian (20 December

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An important consideration in the process of developing electronic health records is to plan for the long-term preservation and storage of these records. The field will need to come to consensus on the length of time to store EHRs, methods to ensure the future accessibility and compatibility of

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Each healthcare environment functions differently, often in significant ways. It is difficult to create a "one-size-fits-all" EHR system. Many first generation EHRs were designed to fit the needs of primary care physicians, leaving certain specialties significantly less satisfied with their EHR

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These threats can either be internal, external, intentional and unintentional. Therefore, one will find health information systems professionals having these particular threats in mind when discussing ways to protect the health information of patients. It has been found that there is a lack of

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While it is currently unknown precisely how long EHRs will be preserved, it is certain that length of time will exceed the average shelf-life of paper records. The evolution of technology is such that the programs and systems used to input information will likely not be available to a user who

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EMRs may eventually help improve care coordination. An article in a trade journal suggests that since anyone using an EMR can view the patient's full chart, it cuts down on guessing histories, seeing multiple specialists, smooths transitions between care settings, and may allow better care in

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The majority of the countries in Europe have made a strategy for the development and implementation of the Electronic Health Record Systems. This would mean greater access to health records by numerous stakeholders, even from countries with lower levels of privacy protection. The forthcoming

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When a health facility has documented their workflow and chosen their software solution they must then consider the hardware and supporting device infrastructure for the end users. Staff and patients will need to engage with various devices throughout a patient's stay and charting workflow.

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records in ambulances include: patient data sharing, injury/illness prevention, better training for paramedics, review of clinical standards, better research options for pre-hospital care and design of future treatment options, data based outcome improvement, and clinical decision support.

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This liability concern was of special concern for small EHR system makers. Some smaller companies may be forced to abandon markets based on the regional liability climate. Larger EHR providers (or government-sponsored providers of EHRs) are better able to withstand legal assaults.

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for data recording. There are more than ten PMS providers currently in the UK. Collecting data directly from PMSs for epidemiological analysis abolishes the need for veterinarians to manually submit individual reports per animal visit and therefore increases the reporting rate.

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The success of eHealth interventions is largely dependent on the ability of the adopter to fully understand workflow and anticipate potential clinical processes prior to implementations. Failure to do so can create costly and time-consuming interruptions to service delivery.

473:, surveyors found that hospital administrators and physicians who had adopted EHR noted that any gains in efficiency were offset by reduced productivity as the technology was implemented, as well as the need to increase information technology staff to maintain the system. 5298:. table 4, page 3, Appendix B, p. 7–8 (with examples), and p. 5, summary. Memo obtained and released by Fred Schulte and Emma Schwartz at the Huffington Post Investigative Fund, now part of the Center for Public Integrity, in a 3 August 2010 article. Archived from 970:(CDM) is a specification that describes how data from multiple sources (e.g., multiple EHR systems) can be combined. Many CDMs use a relational model (e.g., the OMOP CDM). A relational CDM defines names of tables and table columns and restricts what values are valid. 641:

minimizing the number of clinically irrelevant questions, but that is almost never the case. The other way to mitigate the detriment to physician productivity is to hire scribes to work alongside medical practitioners, which is almost never financially viable.

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Sundermann, Alexander J.; Miller, James K.; Marsh, Jane W.; Saul, Melissa I.; Shutt, Kathleen A.; Pacey, Marissa; Mustapha, Mustapha M.; Ayres, Ashley; Pasculle, A. William; Chen, Jieshi; Snyder, Graham M.; Dubrawski, Artur W.; Harrison, Lee H. (March 2019).

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practice, the replacement of paper recording systems with electronic methods of storing animal patient information escalated from the 1980s and the majority of clinics now use electronic medical records. In a sample of 129 veterinary practices, 89% used a

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The Breach notification law in the EU provides better privacy safeguards with fewer exemptions, unlike the US law which exempts unintentional acquisition, access, or use of protected health information and inadvertent disclosure under a good faith belief.

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Customization can have its disadvantages. There is, of course, higher costs involved to implementation of a customized system initially. More time must be spent by both the implementation team and the healthcare provider to understand the workflow needs.

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Paul, Margaret M.; Greene, Carolyn M.; Newton-Dame, Remle; Thorpe, Lorna E.; Perlman, Sharon E.; McVeigh, Katherine H.; Gourevitch, Marc N. (1 June 2015). "The state of population health surveillance using electronic health records: A narrative review".

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Failure or damages caused during installation or utilization of an EHR system has been feared as a threat in lawsuits. Similarly, it's important to recognize that the implementation of electronic health records carries with it significant legal risks.

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from an electronic system can be used anonymously for statistical reporting in matters such as quality improvement, resource management, and public health communicable disease surveillance. However, it is difficult to remove data from its context.

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to rapidly identify common exposures among patients suspected of being part of an outbreak, for epidemic forecasting, and for early outbreak detection, especially in identified potential pandemic pathogen (PPP) hotspot regions and potentially as

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made changes, said to be only for the duration of the crisis, to the information sharing system GP Connect across England, meaning that patient records are shared across primary care. Only patients who have specifically opted out are excluded.

671:(EU), a new directly binding instrument, a regulation of the European Parliament and of the council, was passed in 2016 to go into effect in 2018 to protect the processing of personal data, including that for purposes of health care, the 470: 780:(WHO) administration intentionally does not contribute to an internationally standardized view of medical records nor to personal health records. However, WHO contributes to minimum requirements definition for developing countries. 460:

emergency situations. EHRs may also improve prevention by providing doctors and patients better access to test results, identifying missing patient information, and offering evidence-based recommendations for preventive services.

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will supply integrated electronic health records with a single digital record for every citizen. Lyniate Rhapsody, already used in used in 79 NHS Trusts, will be used to integrate the multiple health and social care systems.

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An ideal EHR system will have record standardization but interfaces that can be customized to each provider environment. Modularity in an EHR system facilitates this. Many EHR companies employ vendors to provide customization.

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could be used or modified for various purposes that use electronic medical records i.a. via securely sharing anonymized patient treatments, medical history and individual outcomes (including by common primary care physicians).

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Fernández-Alemán JL, Sánchez-Henarejos A, Toval A, Sánchez-García AB, Hernández-Hernández I, Fernandez-Luque L (June 2015). "Analysis of health professional security behaviors in a real clinical setting: an empirical study".

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Hopkins, Richard S.; Tong, Catherine C.; Burkom, Howard S.; Akkina, Judy E.; Berezowski, John; Shigematsu, Mika; Finley, Patrick D.; Painter, Ian; Gamache, Roland; Vilas, Victor J. Del Rio; Streichert, Laura C. (July 2017).

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Spiranovic, Caroline; Matthews, Allison; Scanlan, Joel; Kirkby, Kenneth C. (2 January 2016). "Increasing knowledge of mental illness through secondary research of electronic health records: opportunities and challenges".

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Veterinary electronic medical record data are being used to investigate antimicrobial efficacy; risk factors for canine cancer; and inherited diseases in dogs and cats, in the small animal disease surveillance project

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Desai, Angel N.; Kraemer, Moritz U. G.; Bhatia, Sangeeta; Cori, Anne; Nouvellet, Pierre; Herringer, Mark; Cohn, Emily L.; Carrion, Malwina; Brownstein, John S.; Madoff, Lawrence C.; Lassmann, Britta (1 August 2019).

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In the United States, Great Britain, and Germany, the concept of a national centralized server model of healthcare data has been poorly received. Issues of privacy and security in such a model have been of concern.

244:, other technologies, involvement of physicians in changes to software, and other means which could possibly reduce the documentation burden to below paper-based records documentation and low-level documentation. 119:

While there is still a considerable amount of debate around the superiority of electronic health records over paper records, the research literature paints a more realistic picture of the benefits and downsides.

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Levine, Kristin S.; Leonard, Hampton L.; Blauwendraat, Cornelis; Iwaki, Hirotaka; Johnson, Nicholas; Bandres-Ciga, Sara; Ferrucci, Luigi; Faghri, Faraz; Singleton, Andrew B.; Nalls, Mike A. (19 January 2023).

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NHS and reduce the movement of records between practices, The Project also frees up space in practices that are used to store records as well as having the added benefit of being more environmentally friendly

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Bruce E.; Rollins, Barrett J.; Do, Khanh T.; Beardslee, Brian; Shapiro, Geoffrey; Hector-Barry, Suzanne; Methot, John; Sholl, Lynette; Lindsay, James; Hassett, Michael J.; Cerami, Ethan (6 October 2022).

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Adapted from the IEEE definition of interoperability, and legal definitions used by the FCC (47 CFR 51.3), in statutes regarding copyright protection (17 USC 1201), and e-government services (44 USC 3601)

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The steep price and provider uncertainty regarding the value they will derive from adoption in the form of return on investment has a significant influence on EHR adoption. In a project initiated by the

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Papadouka V, Schaeffer P, Metroka A, Borthwick A, Tehranifar P, Leighton J, et al. (November 2004). "Integrating the New York citywide immunization registry and the childhood blood lead registry".

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platform for health care informatics. Respective standards are available with ISO/HL7 10781:2009 Electronic Health Record-System Functional Model, Release 1.1 and subsequent set of detailing standards.

616:(NHS) reports specific examples of potential and actual EHR-caused unintended consequences in its 2009 document on the management of clinical risk relating to the deployment and use of health software. 5430:

Colligan L, Potts HW, Finn CT, Sinkin RA (July 2015). "Cognitive workload changes for nurses transitioning from a legacy system with paper documentation to a commercial electronic health record".

991:: model that defines how electronic health record data, medical billing data or other healthcare data from multiple institutions can be harmonized and queried in unified way. It is maintained by 756:

healthcare providers. In 2006, however, exceptions to the Stark rule were enacted to allow hospitals to furnish software and training to community providers, mostly removing this legal obstacle.

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Maekawa Y, Majima Y (2006). "Issues to be improved after introduction of a non-customized Electronic Medical Record system (EMR) in a Private General Hospital and efforts toward improvement".

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electronic patient record across its six hospitals, which will reduce more than 100 different IT systems down to just a handful, was "chicken feed" when compared to the NHS's overall budget.

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When care is provided at two different facilities, it may be difficult to update records at both locations in a co-ordinated fashion. Two models have been used to satisfy this problem: a

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MEDMARX database where of 176,409 medication error records for 2006, approximately 25 percent (43,372) involved some aspect of computer technology as at least one cause of the error.

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Greenhalgh T, Stramer K, Bratan T, Byrne E, Russell J, Potts HW (June 2010). "Adoption and non-adoption of a shared electronic summary record in England: a mixed-method case study".

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Wanyan T, Honarvar H, Azad A, Ding Y, Glicksberg BS (8 September 2021). "Deep Learning with Heterogeneous Graph Embeddings for Mortality Prediction from Electronic Health Records".

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Jayaraman, Prem Prakash; Forkan, Abdur Rahim Mohammad; Morshed, Ahsan; Haghighi, Pari Delir; Kang, Yong-Bin (March 2020). "Healthcare 4.0: A review of frontiers in digital health".

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in question. (especially when fundamental legal incompatibilities are involved) Exploring these issues is therefore often necessary when implementing cross-border EHR solutions.

697:, an increase in sensitive terms used across the records of all patients, including minors, are increasingly shared amongst care teams, complicating efforts to maintain privacy. 5658: 1832: 3869: 732:

Legal liability in all aspects of healthcare was an increasing problem in the 1990s and 2000s. The surge in the per capita number of attorneys in the USA and changes in the

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EMR, in contrast, is the patient record created by providers for specific encounters in hospitals and ambulatory environments and can serve as a data source for an EHR.

6144: 55:) is the systematized collection of patient and population electronically stored health information in a digital format. These records can be shared across different 9312: 5246:"Health informatics – Guidance on the management of clinical risk relating to the deployment and use of health software (formerly ISO/TR 29322:2008(E)). DSCN18/2009" 90:

EHR systems are designed to store data accurately and to capture the state of a patient across time. It eliminates the need to track down a patient's previous paper

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Newschaffer CJ, Bush TL, Penberthy LT (June 1997). "Comorbidity measurement in elderly female breast cancer patients with administrative and medical records data".

9545: 9500: 8018: 7148: 1942: 1470: 1012: 988: 7507: 2792:

Moloney, Max; Digby, Geneviève; MacKinnon, Madison; Morra, Alison; Barber, David; Queenan, John; Gupta, Samir; To, Teresa; Lougheed, M. Diane (17 January 2023).

646: 543: 4814: 4679: 480:

concluded that the cost savings may occur only in large integrated institutions like Kaiser Permanente, and not in small physician offices. They challenged the

367:, generally reduce the burden on users to partake in research and make previously siloed primary care data more valuable to society at larger or other patients. 6974:

US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), National Resource Center for Health Information Technology

5967: 5277: 5245: 4545:"Primary Care Patients Use Interactive Preventive Health Record Integrated With Electronic Health Record, Leading to Enhanced Provision of Preventive Services" 4395: 1674: 4937: 3503:

Swinckels, Laura; Bennis, Frank C.; Ziesemer, Kirsten A.; Scheerman, Janneke F. M.; Bijwaard, Harmen; Keijzer, Ander de; Bruers, Josef Jan (20 August 2024).

531: 3505:"The Use of Deep Learning and Machine Learning on Longitudinal Electronic Health Records for the Early Detection and Prevention of Diseases: Scoping Review" 354: 287: 3144:

Puri V, Sachdeva S, Kaur P (1 May 2019). "Privacy preserving publication of relational and transaction data: Survey on the anonymization of patient data".

2104: 6743: 5315:"Challenges in ethics, safety, best practices, and oversight regarding HIT vendors, their customers, and patients: a report of an AMIA special task force" 5114:

Understanding And Communicating Social Informatics: A Framework For Studying And Teaching The Human Contexts of Information And Communication Technologies

948:: an open community developed specification for a shared health record with web-based content developed online by experts. Strong multilingual capability. 9747: 5190:

USA Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (December 2008). "Safely implementing health information and converging technologies".

4757: 4518: 439:

Several possible advantages to EHRs over paper records have been proposed, but there is debate about the degree to which these are achieved in practice.

6828: 111:(PHR) is an electronic application for recording personal medical data that the individual patient controls and may make available to health providers. 9907: 7595: 4334: 992: 4151: 492: 6598:

Williams SD, Hollinshead W (November 2004). "Perspectives on integrated child health information systems: parents, providers, and public health".

6017:"Newly Issued Final Rules under Stark and Anti-kickback Laws Permit Furnishing of Electronic Prescribing and Electronic Health Records Technology" 2223:"Identifying and visualising multimorbidity and comorbidity patterns in patients in the English National Health Service: a population-based study" 7228: 4742: 957:

SMART (Substitutable Medical Apps, reusable technologies): an open platform specification to provide a standard base for healthcare applications.

503: 5745:

Lee, Jennifer; Yang, Samuel; Holland-Hall, Cynthia; Sezgin, Emre; Gill, Manjot; Linwood, Simon; Huang, Yungui; Hoffman, Jeffrey (10 June 2022).

4628: 3895: 9805: 7897: 6664: 1383: 1305: 1174: 1112: 919: 784: 748:

the use of templates can encourage physicians to skip a complete review of past patient history and medications, and thus miss important data.

535: 6457:

Ruotsalainen P, Manning B (2007). "A notary archive model for secure preservation and distribution of electrically signed patient documents".

5299: 4125: 9673: 7183: 1274:

A letter published in Communications of the ACM describes the concept of generating synthetic patient population and proposes a variation of

890: 4569: 3214:

Guo, Uta; Chen, Lu; Mehta, Parag H (September 2017). "Electronic health record innovations: Helping physicians – One less click at a time".

214:: For such purposes, electronic medical records could potentially be made available in securely anonymized or pseudonymized forms to ensure 9103: 7009: 6950: 889:– an international communications protocol standard for representing and transmitting radiology (and other) image-based data, sponsored by 2172:

Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Aguilar GR, Gray A, et al. (Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators) (February 2022).

1043:

Development and maintenance of these interfaces and customizations can also lead to higher software implementation and maintenance costs.

7917: 7173: 5940: 5473: 3372: 2644:"Broadening the reach of the FDA Sentinel system: A roadmap for integrating electronic health record data in a causal analysis framework" 1211: 542:

studied usability in 2011 and lists a number of specific issues that have been reported by health care workers. The U.S. military's EHR,

6042: 5830: 4095: 8418: 7178: 7162: 5990: 2057:"Impact of providing patients access to electronic health records on quality and safety of care: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1389: 909: 5662: 8759: 7943: 7933: 7912: 7892: 7789: 7266: 6016: 1224: 1220: 591: 549:

However, physicians are embracing mobile technologies such as smartphones and tablets at a rapid pace. According to a 2012 survey by

17: 4575:. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, George Washington University Medical Center, and Institute for Health Policy. 2006. Archived from 9585: 7726: 7153: 1421:"The emergence of national electronic health record architectures in the United States and Australia: models, costs, and questions" 627: 344: 5804: 4424:

Himmelstein DU, Wright A, Woolhandler S (January 2010). "Hospital computing and the costs and quality of care: a national study".

2017: 1906: 9595: 8358: 8088: 7938: 7902: 7837: 7589: 7188: 7168: 7158: 4215:"Implementation of an innovative, integrated electronic medical record (EMR) and public health information exchange for HIV/AIDS" 4188: 872: 707: 6877: 6642: 6060: 5896: 4353: 2378: 518:

The implementation of EMR can potentially decrease identification time of patients upon hospital admission. A research from the

9190: 9175: 7606: 6958: 6764:

Gill, M. (2007) Attitudes to clinical audit in veterinary practice, Royal Veterinary College elective project, unpublished work

6089: 1052:

archived data with yet-to-be developed retrieval systems, and how to ensure the physical and virtual security of the archives.

850: 452:

Several studies call into question whether EHRs improve the quality of care. One 2011 study in diabetes care, published in the

135:

notes and records, order entry, and clinical decision support had fewer complications, lower mortality rates, and lower costs.

3695:

Hripcsak, G.; Soulakis, N. D.; Li, L.; Morrison, F. P.; Lai, A. M.; Friedman, C.; Calman, N. S.; Mostashari, F. (1 May 2009).

1715:"Tensions and paradoxes in electronic patient record research: a systematic literature review using the meta-narrative method" 9407: 9367: 7041: 5729: 5174: 5121: 4376: 1320: 253: 6969:

US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC)

6148: 9463: 9093: 9083: 8658: 7815: 1399: 1310: 1246: 1207: 1032:

This customization can often be done so that a physician's input interface closely mimics previously utilized paper forms.

904: 2864:

Shah, Shahid Munir; Khan, Rizwan Ahmed (2020). "Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record: Opportunities and Challenges".

9958: 8098: 6427: 5644: 1353: 1189:

500,000 different transactions daily. Approximately 700,000 Muscovites use remote links to make appointments every week.

433: 275: 6121: 1946: 1474: 411:

to Personal Health Records (PHR) which makes individual notes from an EMR readily visible and accessible for consumers.

9999: 9994: 9825: 9561: 8794: 8136: 7289: 5914: 1358: 1315: 672: 9666: 9195: 8965: 7534: 3554: 1146: 155:. It is a way of helping people understand their own health condition and involving them actively in its management. 6250: 6219: 5975: 5252: 5213: 4399: 4262:

Berg M (1997). "Of Forms, Containers, and the Electronic Medical Record: Some Tools for a Sociology of the Formal".

3265:

Dymek, Christine; Kim, Bryan; Melton, Genevieve B; Payne, Thomas H; Singh, Hardeep; Hsiao, Chun-Ju (23 April 2021).

1682: 8093: 8013: 7281: 7002: 6978: 5747:"Prevalence of Sensitive Terms in Clinical Notes Using Natural Language Processing Techniques: Observational Study" 522:

showed that since the adoption of EMR a relative decrease in time by 65% has been recorded (from 130 to 46 hours).

477: 6043:"New Stark Law Exceptions and Anti-Kickback Safe Harbors For Electronic Prescribing and Electronic Health Records" 4945: 3744:

Meckawy, Rehab; Stuckler, David; Mehta, Adityavarman; Al-Ahdal, Tareq; Doebbeling, Bradley N. (29 November 2022).

2794:"Primary care asthma surveillance: a review of knowledge translation tools and strategies for quality improvement" 9833: 9775: 9473: 9140: 7884: 2995:"PAX: Using Pseudonymization and Anonymization to Protect Patients' Identities and Data in the Healthcare System" 1394: 736:

system caused an increase in the cost of every aspect of healthcare, and healthcare technology was no exception.

172:

Electronic medical records could also be studied to quantify disease burdens – such as the number of deaths from

6691:"New programmes and the best doctors, or how Moscow healthcare is being developed / News / Moscow City Web Site" 9145: 8912: 8784: 8218: 3746:"Effectiveness of early warning systems in the detection of infectious diseases outbreaks: a systematic review" 843:) – transaction protocols used for transmitting patient data. Popular in the United States for transmission of 6809: 4768: 4703:"Systematic review: impact of health information technology on quality, efficiency, and costs of medical care" 4522: 4065: 9639: 9581: 7259: 7089: 7074: 1606: 1336: 1331: 1124: 267: 241: 181: 4758:"Defining and testing EMR usability: Principles and proposed methods of EMR usability evaluation and rating" 3640:"Automated data mining of the electronic health record for investigation of healthcare-associated outbreaks" 2138: 9659: 9591: 9160: 9088: 8764: 7064: 5063:"Factors Determining the Success and Failure of eHealth Interventions: Systematic Review of the Literature" 4661: 3095:"Use and Understanding of Anonymization and De-Identification in the Biomedical Literature: Scoping Review" 982: 620: 562: 428:

research traditions see the EHR as a contextualised artifact within a socio-technical system. For example,

4785: 4159: 236:

burdens for medical facility personnel can be a further issue with EHRs. This burden could be reduced via

9483: 9337: 9205: 9098: 8408: 7584: 7094: 6995: 6982: 1348: 932:– a family of data exchange formats for medical purposes that is used in the German public health system. 840: 557: 519: 158:

They could also be useful in research, enabling various scientific analyses and novel tools (see below).

4961:"Using Natural Language Processing to Measure and Improve Quality of Diabetes Care: A Systematic Review" 9810: 9556: 9155: 8388: 6380:"Public standards and patients' control: how to keep electronic medical records accessible but private" 4786:

NISTIR 7804: Technical Evaluation, Testing and Validation of the Usability of Electronic Health Records

637:

for healthcare professionals may be significantly increased as they become familiar with a new system.

606: 192: 6910:

Mendelson D (August 2004). "HealthConnect and the duty of care: a dilemma for medical practitioners".

9882: 9078: 9047: 8817: 8037: 7616: 7112: 7084: 6731: 4838:"A study of general practitioners' perspectives on electronic medical records systems in NHSScotland" 3189:"Alle gesetzlich Versicherten betroffen: Bürgerrechtler klagen gegen Weitergabe von Gesundheitsdaten" 880: 875:(EN 12967), a services standard for inter-system communication in a clinical information environment. 777: 506:, one of the biggest NHS organisations, said that the £450 million cost over 15 years to install the 6530: 4129: 1015:: First defined in 2006 by HMO Research Network. Since 2015, by Health Care System Research Network. 406:

Technical and social framework that enables information to move electronically between organizations

9838: 9626: 9491: 9468: 9302: 9007: 8609: 8531: 8526: 8446: 8206: 8103: 7611: 7252: 5548:"The extent and importance of unintended consequences related to computerized provider order entry" 5383:"The extent and importance of unintended consequences related to computerized provider order entry" 4438: 1761:"Griffin Hospital reports of dozens of patient medical records breaches", CtPost.com, 29 March 2010 1259: 1128: 173: 1120: 556:

Other advanced computational techniques have allowed EHRs to be evaluated at a much quicker rate.

9701: 9566: 9252: 9237: 9217: 9170: 9032: 8589: 8563: 7981: 7971: 7653: 7442: 7032: 6201: 5189: 4576: 1077: 613: 595: 5363: 4642: 4519:"Improve Care Coordination using Electronic Health Records | Providers & Professionals" 2530:

Byun J, Schwartz AG, Lusk C, Wenzlaff AS, de Andrade M, Mandal D, et al. (September 2018).

1625: 9963: 9815: 9752: 9541: 9357: 9287: 8181: 8129: 7104: 7069: 6668: 6525: 5721: 4433: 1378: 951: 926:

provides international technical specifications for EHRs. ISO 18308 describes EHR architectures

694: 539: 364: 339: 297: 108: 33: 6936: 5944: 9795: 9762: 9402: 9377: 9362: 9232: 9002: 8958: 8832: 8718: 8691: 8664: 8616: 8570: 8265: 7219: 7058: 6046: 4719: 4702: 4328: 4103: 2717: 2700: 1990: 338:: Real-time analysis and data mining of the records could be used, along with other data, in 301: 6173:

Kierkegaard P (2012). "Medical data breaches: Notification delayed is notification denied".

6002: 5713: 5139:"Social informatics in the information sciences: Current activities and emerging directions" 2584:"Anonymization of electronic medical records for validating genome-wide association studies" 9968: 9516: 9496: 9372: 9227: 8852: 8812: 8679: 8493: 8488: 8468: 8403: 8255: 7523: 7052: 6849:

Kartoun U (January 2018). "A Leap from Artificial to Intelligence". Letters to the editor.

5165: 2883: 2595: 2346: 1263: 1081: 429: 325: 188: 6064: 6020: 4006:

Porter A, Badshah A, Black S, Fitzpatrick D, Harris-Mayes R, Islam S, et al. (2020).

3980: 1552:

Cowie MR, Blomster JI, Curtis LH, Duclaux S, Ford I, Fritz F, et al. (January 2017).

8: 9551: 9347: 9332: 9327: 9277: 8932: 8874: 8857: 8516: 8233: 7648: 7036: 5991:"Electronic HeaĠlth Records: Interoperability Challenges and Patient's Right for Privacy" 978: 806: 496: 329: 315: 203:(via guidelines and improved medical history sharing), and novel life-saving treatments. 63:

or other information networks and exchanges. EHRs may include a range of data, including

5805:"Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act – Implementation Schedule" 3531: 3267:"Building the evidence-base to reduce electronic health record–related clinician burden" 2887: 2599: 2350: 2315: 2280: 9942: 9696: 9511: 9425: 9292: 9282: 9150: 9135: 9062: 8822: 8779: 8769: 8558: 8511: 8478: 8473: 8223: 8201: 7415: 7364: 7223: 7214: 7018: 6791: 6575: 6562: 6404: 6379: 5808: 5781: 5746: 5617: 5596: 5572: 5547: 5523: 5496: 5455: 5407: 5382: 5339: 5314: 5089: 5062: 5043: 5017: 4985: 4960: 4913: 4888: 4864: 4837: 4570:"Health Information Technology in the United States: The Information Base for Progress" 4500: 4279: 4239: 4214: 4047: 3957: 3922: 3851: 3838: 3805: 3780: 3745: 3721: 3696: 3672: 3639: 3614: 3581: 3480: 3445: 3425: 3348: 3315: 3291: 3266: 3247: 3169: 3121: 3094: 3070: 3045: 3021: 2994: 2970: 2937: 2907: 2873: 2841: 2828: 2793: 2676: 2643: 2618: 2583: 2556: 2531: 2512: 2428: 2403: 2370: 2260: 2198: 2173: 2154: 2120: 2105:"Sharing electronic records with patients led to improved control of type two diabetes" 2081: 2056: 2024: 1917: 1883: 1858: 1808: 1781: 1739: 1714: 1578: 1553: 1505: 1447: 1420: 1326: 634: 587: 488: 237: 60: 6744:"Northern Ireland to become first UK country with connected electronic patient record" 4213:

Herwehe J, Wilbright W, Abrams A, Bergson S, Foxhood J, Kaiser M, et al. (2011).

2464: 2239: 2222: 2189: 9917: 9892: 9737: 9709: 9576: 9506: 9435: 9430: 9352: 9267: 9247: 9052: 8918: 8892: 8774: 8744: 8723: 8686: 8669: 8584: 8548: 8538: 8433: 8353: 8297: 8260: 8245: 8186: 8153: 8122: 6919: 6885: 6611: 6607: 6580: 6543: 6539: 6501: 6492:

Olhede T, Peterson HE (2000). "Archiving of care related information in XML-format".

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2015 IEEE 17th International Conference on High Performance and Communications (HPCC)

1888: 1874: 1813: 1744: 1730: 1583: 1523: 1452: 967: 424: 324:: Artificial intelligence systems could use this data among other integrated data to 200: 152: 32:

This article is about all types of electronic health records. For prescriptions, see

27:

Digital collection of patient and population electronically stored health information

6955: 6795: 6096: 5675: 4504: 3251: 2516: 2419: 2221:

Kuan, Valerie; Denaxas, Spiros; Patalay, Praveetha; et al. (29 November 2022).

2174:"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis" 768: 232:: While such records could enable avoiding duplication of work via records-sharing, 9790: 9615: 9571: 9536: 9531: 9521: 9392: 9342: 9322: 9272: 9262: 9165: 9012: 8951: 8902: 8594: 8579: 8456: 8331: 8287: 8067: 7046: 6979:

Security Aspects in Electronic Personal Health Record: Data Access and Preservation

6858: 6783: 6713: 6603: 6570: 6535: 6470: 6466: 6399: 6391: 6314: 6182: 5776: 5758: 5690: 5686: 5612: 5604: 5567: 5559: 5518: 5508: 5443: 5439: 5402: 5394: 5334: 5326: 5313:

Goodman KW, Berner ES, Dente MA, Kaplan B, Koppel R, Rucker D, et al. (2010).

5084: 5074: 5027: 4980: 4972: 4908: 4900: 4859: 4849: 4714: 4482: 4443: 4306: 4271: 4234: 4226: 4029: 4019: 3952: 3934: 3855: 3833: 3817: 3775: 3757: 3716: 3708: 3667: 3651: 3609: 3593: 3526: 3516: 3475: 3457: 3409: 3343: 3331: 3327: 3286: 3278: 3223: 3153: 3116: 3106: 3065: 3057: 3016: 3006: 2965: 2949: 2891: 2823: 2805: 2758: 2712: 2671: 2655: 2613: 2603: 2551: 2543: 2496: 2460: 2423: 2415: 2354: 2310: 2292: 2234: 2193: 2185: 2146: 2112: 2076: 2068: 1878: 1870: 1803: 1793: 1734: 1726: 1656: 1573: 1565: 1531: 1515: 1442: 1432: 602: 481: 223: 167: 2500: 1496:

Chris Kimble (2014). "Electronic Health Records: Cure-All or Chronic Condition?".

9973: 9902: 9526: 9417: 9222: 9127: 9121: 9022: 8922: 8867: 8728: 8713: 8696: 8636: 8631: 8575: 8553: 8250: 8196: 8176: 7966: 7633: 7512: 7457: 6962: 4447: 3157: 2297: 1368: 1363: 1296: 899:– a standardized messaging and text communications protocol between hospital and 386:

Digital formatting enables information to be used and shared over secure networks

258: 215: 148: 127:

Handwritten paper medical records may be poorly legible, which can contribute to

6303:"Optimising workflow in andrology: a new electronic patient record and database" 5915:"Ben Kerschberg, Electronic Health Records Dramatically Increase Corporate Risk" 5716:

Health Care Information Systems: A Practical Approach for Health Care Management

4701:

Chaudhry B, Wang J, Wu S, Maglione M, Mojica W, Roth E, et al. (May 2006).

4230: 2895: 1994: 9932: 9887: 9877: 9872: 9848: 9727: 9719: 9440: 9382: 9317: 9257: 9242: 9185: 9180: 9017: 8754: 8708: 8521: 8451: 8270: 8059: 7781: 7771: 7209: 6717: 6186: 5852: 5274:"Internal FDA Report on Adverse Events Involving Health Information Technology" 4275: 3939: 3896:"COVID-19 vaccine rollout may be delayed - with IT system 'failing constantly'" 3762: 2810: 2659: 2588:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2358: 2150: 1907:"Electronic Health Record Error Prevention Approach Using Ontology in Big Data" 1660: 1373: 936:

The U.S. federal government has issued new rules of electronic health records.

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Kierkegaard P (2011). "Electronic health record: Wiring Europe's healthcare".

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Kierkegaard P (2011). "Electronic health record: Wiring Europe's healthcare".

1569: 954:: HL7's proposed model for interfacing with clinical decision support systems. 561:

success, with the most successful approach including using a combination of a

9988: 9937: 9922: 9897: 9770: 9387: 9307: 9057: 8997: 8837: 8626: 8621: 8483: 8423: 8326: 8072: 7766: 7751: 7741: 7539: 7470: 7394: 6889: 6787: 6395: 5772: 5039: 3948: 3829: 3821: 3771: 3663: 3605: 3555:"New AI technology integrates multiple data types to predict cancer outcomes" 3471: 3421: 3373:"Tackling the beast: Using GNU Health to help the fight against the | Joinup" 3339: 3235: 3227: 3165: 2961: 2903: 2819: 2770: 2726: 2667: 2508: 2306: 2248: 2023:. Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. 2003. Archived from 1798: 1527: 685:

Natural and environmental threats, such as earthquakes, hurricanes and fires.

233: 196: 128: 6690: 5807:. Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada. 1 April 2004. Archived from 4854: 3282: 2608: 2547: 2281:"Virus exposure and neurodegenerative disease risk across national biobanks" 2055:

Neves AL, Freise L, Laranjo L, Carter AW, Darzi A, Mayer E (December 2020).

1770:

Kate Ramunni; "UCLA hospital scandal grows" Los Angeles Times, 5 August 2008

678:

Threats to health care information can be categorized under three headings:

39: 9927: 9859: 8842: 8827: 8653: 8378: 8228: 8213: 8159: 8008: 7843: 7805: 7794: 7746: 7554: 7079: 6923: 6615: 6584: 6547: 6505: 6478: 6413: 6364: 6328: 6287: 5790: 5698: 5626: 5608: 5581: 5532: 5451: 5416: 5348: 5199: 5166:

Why Things Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences

5098: 4994: 4922: 4887:

Fiks AG, Alessandrini EA, Forrest CB, Khan S, Localio AR, Gerber A (2011).

4873: 4728: 4496: 4455: 4320: 4248: 4043: 3966: 3847: 3789: 3730: 3681: 3623: 3540: 3489: 3357: 3300: 3243: 3130: 3079: 3030: 3011: 2979: 2837: 2778: 2734: 2685: 2627: 2565: 2437: 2366: 2324: 2256: 2207: 2090: 1892: 1817: 1748: 1587: 1456: 1228: 1085: 507: 72: 64: 5497:"Electronic Health Record Implementation: A Review of Resources and Tools" 4487: 4470: 2762: 2472: 1535: 787:(ISO) however has settled thorough word for standards in the scope of the 9912: 9732: 9397: 8701: 8646: 8543: 8398: 8373: 8191: 7869: 7832: 7549: 7374: 6227: 5495:

Aguirre, R. R.; Suarez, O.; Fuentes, M.; Sanchez-Gonzalez, M. A. (2019).

5220: 5031: 4008:"Electronic health records in ambulances: the ERA multiple-methods study" 3655: 3597: 1275: 711: 219: 80: 56: 5563: 5513: 5398: 4601: 3712: 3316:"Automatic classification of scanned electronic health record documents" 2116: 1713:

Greenhalgh T, Potts HW, Wong G, Bark P, Swinglehurst D (December 2009).

1437: 398:

Decrease billing processing time and create more accurate billing system

59:

settings. Records are shared through network-connected, enterprise-wide

9785: 9682: 8789: 8674: 8641: 8413: 8363: 8348: 8343: 8336: 8321: 8311: 7517: 7379: 7320: 6878:"A Breakthrough for A.I. Technology: Passing an 8th-Grade Science Test" 5546:

Ash JS, Sittig DF, Poon EG, Guappone K, Campbell E, Dykstra RH (2007).

5381:

Ash JS, Sittig DF, Poon EG, Guappone K, Campbell E, Dykstra RH (2007).

5292:"FDA, Obama digital medical records team at odds over safety oversight" 5260:

Examples of potential harm presented by health software, Annex A, p. 38

3093:

Chevrier R, Foufi V, Gaudet-Blavignac C, Robert A, Lovis C (May 2019).

2701:"Surveillance Systems to Track and Evaluate Obesity Prevention Efforts" 1241: 923: 854: 644:

As a result, many have conducted studies like the one discussed in the

456:, found evidence that practices with EHR provided better quality care. 271: 222:

occur. There are concerns about the efficacy of some currently applied

6774:

Carruthers H (2009). "Disease surveillance in small animal practice".

6563:"Quality improvement in pediatric well care with an electronic record" 4311: 4034: 4024: 4007: 3413: 2699:

Hoelscher, Deanna M.; Ranjit, Nalini; Pérez, Adriana (20 March 2017).

1519: 487:

Doubts have been raised about cost saving from EHRs by researchers at

9780: 8862: 8604: 8599: 8463: 8441: 8316: 8280: 7692: 7687: 7638: 7305: 7127: 6987: 4643:"Information Technology: Not a Cure for the High Cost of Health Care" 3504: 3314:

Goodrum, Heath; Roberts, Kirk; Bernstam, Elmer V. (1 December 2020).

2953: 2335:"Massive health-record review links viral illnesses to brain disease" 1547: 1545: 1386:, the Australian government's shared electronic health summary system 900: 76: 6862: 5874: 5494: 3442: 1859:"Medication errors: prevention using information technology systems" 83:, personal statistics like age and weight, and billing information. 8368: 8145: 8003: 7986: 7976: 7874: 7761: 7756: 7666: 7656: 7465: 7447: 7384: 7359: 7315: 7310: 6813: 5022: 4602:

Evidence on the costs and benefits of health information technology

3923:"MatchMiner: an open-source platform for cancer precision medicine" 3697:"Syndromic Surveillance Using Ambulatory Electronic Health Records" 3092: 2878: 2041: 860: 7244: 6732:

https://pcse.england.nhs.uk/services/medical-records/digitisation/

6518: 5763: 5079: 4680:"£450m cost of US records system is 'chicken-feed' says trust CEO" 3806:"A Practitioner-Driven Research Agenda for Syndromic Surveillance" 3521: 3111: 1681:. Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT. Archived from 1542: 1510: 1342:

Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act

1255: 389:

Track care (e.g. prescriptions) and outcomes (e.g. blood pressure)

226:

and data protection techniques, including the applied encryption.

9867: 9800: 8974: 8847: 8307: 8275: 8168: 7864: 7628: 7621: 7564: 7233: 6937:

Investigating Decentralized Management of Health and Fitness Data

3870:"Electronic Health Records May Be Delaying COVID-19 Vaccinations" 3044:

Tamersoy A, Loukides G, Nergiz ME, Saygin Y, Malin B (May 2012).

2999:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

1782:"Ethical issues in electronic health records: A general overview" 945: 866: 844: 836: 769:

Contribution under UN administration and accredited organizations

311: 68: 6973: 6956:

Open-Source EHR Systems for Ambulatory Care: A Market Assessment

6829:"Companion Animal Practice Based Disease Surveillance in the UK" 6826: 3502: 1471:"Mobile Tech Contributions to Healthcare and Patient Experience" 1046: 916:

designed to provide open, granular access to medical information

9843: 9297: 8045: 7996: 7907: 7799: 7736: 7712: 7697: 7569: 7559: 7528: 7502: 7399: 7389: 7369: 6631:"Images can now cross borders, but what about the legislation?" 4073: 2485: 1967:"Health Information Exchanges and Your EMR Selection Process", 1184:

In 2011, Moscow's government launched a major project known as

869:(EN 13940), supports continuity of care record standardization. 3582:"Real-time Epidemic Forecasting: Challenges and Opportunities" 3399: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2581: 2277: 2171: 2139:"What is digital health technology and what can it do for me?" 525: 9458: 7702: 7671: 7661: 7579: 7574: 7544: 7344: 7132: 7117: 6827:

Brodbelt D, Midleton S, O'Neil D, Sumers J, Church D (2011).

6428:"Where do I Find Medical Record Retention Laws for My State?" 4765:

Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS)

4212: 4005: 2938:"Uplifting Primary Care Through the Electronic Health Record" 1780:

Ozair FF, Jamshed N, Sharma A, Aggarwal P (April–June 2015).

1185: 1002: 961: 886: 432:

would see the EHR as an actant in a network, and research in

147:

Sharing their electronic health records with people who have

4743:"7 big reasons why EHRs consume physicians' days and nights" 4423: 4296: 3743: 3043: 2402:

Solomon DH, Liu CC, Kuo IH, Zak A, Kim SC (September 2016).

1981:"Clinical Information Technologies and Inpatient Outcomes". 701:

Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act

180:

and contributors to diseases, especially when combined with

8114: 7848: 7707: 7643: 7600: 6951:

Can Electronic Health Record Systems Transform Health Care?

6300: 5659:"German doctors say no to centrally stored patient records" 4886: 2852: 2747: 1554:"Electronic health records to facilitate clinical research" 733: 715: 8943: 4547:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 19 June 2013 3694: 3050:

IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine

3046:"Anonymization of longitudinal electronic medical records" 2791: 2640: 2577: 2575: 1779: 1551: 1223:

was selected to provide data integration technologies for

436:(CSCW) sees the EHR as a tool supporting particular work. 357:, with similar problems being reported in other countries. 5744: 5597:"Electronic Health Records: Then, Now, and in the Future" 4889:"Electronic medical record use in pediatric primary care" 3919: 3636: 1258:(Veterinary Companion Animal Surveillance System) at the 977:: Initially started as Mini-Sentinel in 2008. Use by the 929: 913: 788: 471:

Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information

7149:

American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics

6147:. Regents of the University of Minnesota. Archived from 5312: 4809:

U.S. Medicine – The Voice of Federal Medicine, May 2009.

4471:"Electronic health records and quality of diabetes care" 4469:

Cebul RD, Love TE, Jain AK, Hebert CJ (September 2011).

2529: 2450: 2054: 1833:"To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System (1999)" 6095:. World Health Organization. March 2001. Archived from 5552: