151:, a careful study of the various Bacon/Shakespeare theories, including that of Gallup, and concluded that there was no evidence that the biliteral cipher was used in Shakespeare's works. The Friedmans illustrated that despite Gallup's theories, the range of type forms used in the printing of the works of Shakespeare conformed to the normal printing practices of the time, meaning many different fonts were used in an apparently haphazard manner. The Friedmans also reported that outside experts examined the letter fonts used in the printing of Shakespeare's plays and concluded that, with few exceptions, it was not possible to unambiguously separate them into two groups, as the Bacon biliteral cipher requires. The Friedmans pointed out that Gallup, in attempting to use Bacon's biliteral cipher to decode Shakespeare's works, had been able to take advantage of the variable fonts to give her great freedom in arbitrarily selecting most of the letters of her message, with the result that she found "what it was she was determined to find."
20:
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120:. During Gallup's time at Riverbank she published many books containing decipherments of purported hidden messages in the work of Bacon and other writers. Her decipherments "discovered" that Bacon was the son of Queen Elizabeth, heir to the throne, and the author of the works of
85:" in early Shakespeare printing, believing that the use of different printing fonts was an attempt to conceal messages concerning the authorship of the works and other statements about the secret history of the times. This type of cipher, also known as
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Gallup came to this conclusion in 1895. In subsequent years she published a large body of literature claiming to have uncovered deciphered content in the work of Bacon, Shakespeare and others. Her first book was
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The
Shakespearean Ciphers Examined: An Analysis of Cryptographic Systems Used As Evidence That Some Author Other Than William Shakespeare Wrote the Plays Commonly Attributed to Him
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for some twenty years and became a high school principal. She used her married name Gallup but retained her maiden name, Wells.
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The
Biliteral Cypher of Sir Francis Bacon Discovered in his Works and Deciphered by Mrs Elizabeth Wells Gallup
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77:(1561–1626) and, together with her sister Kate Wells, initially worked on the theories of Dr.
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None of Gallup's decoding assistants at
Riverbank were ever able to duplicate her work.
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which was supposed to have been hidden in cipher-form in Bacon/Shakespeare's works.
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Gallup was born in 1848. She studied at
Michigan State Normal College (now
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Concerning the bi-literal cypher of
Francis Bacon discovered in his works
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A series on alternative authorship theories for the works of
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In later years her work was largely sponsored by
Colonel
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Friedman, William F.; Friedman, Elizebeth S. (1957).
34:– 1934) was an American educator and exponent of the
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274:History of the Shakespeare authorship question
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16:American educator and philosopher (1848–1934)
73:She was interested in the life and work of
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118:Elizebeth Smith (later Elizebeth Friedman)
93:within the same text to conceal messages.
669:Baconian theory of Shakespeare authorship
377:List of Shakespeare authorship candidates
201:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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132:. Gallup also published the play
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719:American expatriates in Germany
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291:Declaration of Reasonable Doubt
279:Shakespeare attribution studies
248:Shakespeare authorship question
714:American expatriates in France
185:, Howard publishing co., 1910.
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649:19th-century American writers
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38:of Shakespearean authorship.
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141:Elizebeth Smith Friedman
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448:Charles Wisner Barrell
110:Riverbank Laboratories
28:Elizabeth Wells Gallup
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56:University of Marburg
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473:Ignatius L. Donnelly
285:Is Shakespeare Dead?
147:, in 1957 published
543:John Denham Parsons
518:Sandra Day O'Connor
392:Christopher Marlowe
259:William Shakespeare
145:William F. Friedman
143:, with her husband
122:Christopher Marlowe
558:William Rubinstein
181:Elizabeth Gallup,
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583:Roger Stritmatter
578:John Paul Stevens
538:Orville Ward Owen
468:Jeffery Donaldson
453:Charles Beauclerk
172:Friedmans, p. 188
79:Orville Ward Owen
66:Gallup taught in
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463:Charles Champlin
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639:1934 deaths
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608:James Wilde
533:John Orloff
478:Bert Fields
438:Delia Bacon
321:Crollalanza
628:Categories
588:Mark Twain
443:Ros Barber
416:Proponents
370:Candidates
155:References
351:Oxfordian
346:Nevillean
341:Marlovian
91:typefaces
30:(1848 in
326:Derbyite
316:Baconian
309:Theories
267:Overview
68:Michigan
54:and the
52:Sorbonne
108:at his
50:), the
336:Lanier
331:Florio
207:718233
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128:, and
62:Career
203:OCLC
112:in
630::
163:^
124:,
58:.
240:e
233:t
226:v
209:.
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