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objects to help remove hair from their bodies. All elk have small and clearly defined rump patches with short tails. They have different coloration based on the seasons and types of habitats, with gray or lighter coloration prevalent in the winter and a more reddish, darker coat in the summer. Subspecies living in arid climates tend to have lighter colored coats than do those living in forests. Most have lighter yellow-brown to orange-brown coats in contrast to dark brown hair on the head, neck, and legs during the summer. Forest-adapted
Manchurian and Alashan wapitis have red or reddish-brown coats with less contrast between the body coat and the rest of the body during the summer months. Calves are born spotted, as is common with many deer species, and lose them by the end of summer. Adult Manchurian wapiti may retain a few orange spots on the back of their summer coats until they are older. This characteristic has also been observed in the forest-adapted
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1989:, affects the brain tissue in elk, and has been detected throughout their range in North America. First documented in the late 1960s in mule deer, the disease has affected elk on game farms and in the wild in a number of regions. Elk that have contracted the disease begin to show weight loss, changes in behavior, increased watering needs, excessive salivation and urinating and difficulty swallowing, and at an advanced stage, the disease leads to death. No risks to humans have been documented, nor has the disease been demonstrated to pose a threat to domesticated cattle. In 2002,
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2092:. The habitat of Siberian elk in Asia is similar to that of the Rocky Mountain subspecies in North America. During the Late Pleistocene their range was much more extensive, being distributed across Eurasia, with remains being found as far west as France. These populations are most closely related to modern Asian populations of the elk. Their range collapsed at the start of the Holocene, possibly because they were specialized to cold periglacial tundra-steppe habitat. When this environment was replaced largely by closed forest the red deer might have outcompeted the elk.
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1597:, where the largest males are estimated to weigh up to 600 kg (1,300 lb). More typically, male Roosevelt elk weigh around 318 to 499 kg (701 to 1,100 lb), while females weigh 261 to 283 kg (575 to 624 lb). Male tule elk weigh 204–318 kg (450–701 lb) while females weigh 170–191 kg (375–421 lb). The whole weights of adult male Manitoban elk range from 288 to 478 kilograms (635 to 1,054 lb). Females have a mean weight of 275 kilograms (606 lb). The elk is the second largest extant species of deer, after the
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the antlers laid back. A bull may get violent and hit the cow with his antlers. During courtship, the bull is more peaceful and approaches her with his head and antlers raised. The male signals his intention to test the female for sexual receptivity by flicking his tongue. If not ready, a cow will lower her head and weave from side to side while opening and closing her mouth. The bull will stop in response in order not to scare her. Otherwise, the bull will copiously lick the female and then mount her.
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predation. Large bull elk are less vulnerable and can afford to wander alone, while cows stay in larger groups for protection for their calves. Bulls are more vulnerable to predation by wolves in late winter, after they have been weakened by months of chasing females and fighting. Males that have recently lost their antlers are more likely to be preyed upon.
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cover. The
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem elk herds comprise as many as 40,000 individuals. During the spring and fall, they take part in the longest elk migration in the continental U.S., traveling as much as 168 mi (270 km) between summer and winter ranges. The Teton herd consists of between 9,000 and 13,000 elk and they spend winters on the
1866:, whereas the supplementally fed gut microbiome may have less fiber-digesting bacteria. Therefore, transitioning from natural foraging to concentrated alfalfa pellets can cause changes in the gut microbiome that might affect the elk's ability to efficiently digest their natural diet or could potentially lead to imbalances that affect overall health.
1917:, which includes Yellowstone National Park, bears are the most significant predators of calves while healthy bulls have never been recorded to be killed by bears and such encounters can be fatal for bears. The killing of cows in their prime is more likely to affect population growth than the killing of bulls or calves.
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was undertaken to study the descendants of this release. There is significant hybridization of elk with red deer. These deer have had an adverse impact on forest regeneration of some plant species, as they consume more palatable species, which are replaced with those that are less favored by the elk.
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cycle of only a day or two, and matings usually involve a dozen or more attempts. By the autumn of their second year, females can produce one and, very rarely, two offspring. Reproduction is most common when cows weigh at least 200 kilograms (440 lb). Dominant bulls follow groups of cows during
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A bull interacts with cows in his harem in two ways: herding and courtship. When a female wanders too far away from the harem's range, the male will rush ahead of her, block her path and aggressively rush her back to the harem. Herding behavior is accompanied by a stretched out and lowered neck and
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deer species. During the summer group size can reach 400 individuals. For most of the year, adult males and females are segregated into different herds. Female herds are larger while bulls form small groups and may even travel alone. Young bulls may associate with older bulls or female groups. Male
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period is eight to nine months and the offspring weigh around 16 kilograms (35 lb). When the females are near to giving birth, they tend to isolate themselves from the main herd, and will remain isolated until the calf is large enough to escape predators. Calves are born spotted, as is common
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by the time they are six months old. Elk will leave their natal (birth) ranges before they are three years old. Males disperse more often than females, as adult cows are more tolerant of female offspring from previous years. Elk live 20 years or more in captivity but average 10 to 13 years in the
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During the fall, elk grow a thicker coat of hair, which helps to insulate them during the winter. Both male and female North
American elk grow thin neck manes; females of other subspecies may not. By early summer, the heavy winter coat has been shed. Elk are known to rub against trees and other
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basin, with sporadic reports of deformed hooves. Since then, the disease has spread rapidly with increased sightings throughout southwest
Washington and into Oregon. The disease is characterised by deformed, broken, or missing hooves and leads to severe lameness in elk. The primary cause is not
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into areas of higher altitude in the spring, following the retreating snows, and the opposite direction in the fall. Hunting pressure impacts migration and movement. During the winter, they favor wooded areas for the greater availability of food to eat. Elk do not appear to benefit from thermal
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covers and protects them. This is shed in the summer when the antlers have fully developed. Bull elk typically have around six tines on each antler. The
Siberian and North American elk carry the largest antlers while the Altai wapiti has the smallest. Roosevelt bull antlers can weigh 18 kg
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Elk have thick bodies with slender legs and short tails. They have a shoulder height of 0.75–1.5 m (2 ft 6 in – 4 ft 11 in) with a nose-to-tail length of 1.6–2.7 m (5 ft 3 in – 8 ft 10 in). Males are larger and weigh 178–497 kg
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Elk may avoid predation by switching from grazing to browsing. Grazing puts an elk in the compromising situation of being in an open area with its head down, leaving it unable to see what is going on in the surrounding area. Living in groups also lessens the risk of an individual falling to
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Younger, less dominant bulls, known as "spike bulls" because their antlers have not yet forked, will harass unguarded cows. These bulls are impatient and will not perform any courtship rituals and will continue to pursue a female even when she signals him to stop. As such, they are less
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from Asia depict antler-less female elk, which have been interpreted as symbolizing life and sustenance. They were also frequently overlaid with boats and associated with rivers, suggesting they also represented paths to the underworld. Petroglyphs of elk were carved into cliffs by the
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known to affect the spinal cord and brain tissue of elk and other species, leading to death. The definitive host is the white-tailed deer, in which it normally has no ill effects. Snails and slugs, the intermediate hosts, can be inadvertently consumed by elk during grazing. The
1838:. Elk have a tendency to do most of their feeding in the mornings and evenings, seeking sheltered areas in between feedings to digest. Their diets vary somewhat depending on the season, with native grasses being a year-round supplement, tree bark being consumed in winter, and
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and played a spiritual role in their society. The male elk was admired for its ability to attract mates, and Lakota men will play a courting flute imitating a bugling elk to attract women. Men used elks' antlers as love charms and wore clothes decorated with elk images.
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and female herds come together during the mating season, which may begin in late August. Males try to intimidate rivals by vocalizing and displaying with their antlers. If neither bull backs down, they engage in antler wrestling, sometimes sustaining serious injuries.
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The long-term impact will be an alteration of the types of plants and trees found, and in other animal and plant species dependent upon them. As in Chile and
Argentina, the IUCN has declared that red deer and elk populations in New Zealand are an invasive species.
2023:. Researchers are attempting to eradicate the disease through vaccinations and herd-management measures, which are expected to be successful. Nevertheless, research has been ongoing since 2002, and a successful vaccine has yet to be developed as of 2016.
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word meaning "white rump", after the distinctive light fur around the tail region which the animals may fluff-up or raise to signal their agitation or distress to one another, when fleeing perceived threats, or among males courting females and
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sprouts which rise in the spring, elk have had some impact on aspen groves which have been declining in some regions where elk exist. Range and wildlife managers conduct surveys of elk pellet groups to monitor populations and resource use.
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2781:(B.P.O.E.) chose the elk as its namesake because a number of its attributes seemed appropriate for cultivation by members of the fraternity. Jewel-encrusted, gold-mounted elk teeth are prized possessions of many members of the B.P.O.E.
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Nol, Pauline; Olsen, Steven C.; Rhyan, Jack C.; Sriranganathan, Nammalwar; McCollum, Matthew P.; Hennager, Steven G.; Pavuk, Alana A.; Sprino, Phillip J.; Boyle, Stephen M.; Berrier, Randall J.; Salman, Mo D. (10 February 2016).
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in
Wyoming by collecting the antlers which are shed each winter. They are then auctioned, with 80% of the proceeds returned to the refuge. In 2010, 2,520 kilograms (5,560 lb) of antlers were auctioned, which brought in over
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While elk are not generally harvested for meat production on a large scale, some restaurants offer the meat as a specialty item and it is also available in some grocery stores. The meat has a taste somewhere between beef and
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in commercial livestock. The mode of transmission is also not known, but it appears to be highly contagious among elk. Studies are being undertaken by government departments to determine how to halt or eliminate the disease.
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variation in antlers, mane and rump patch development are based on "climatic-related lifestyle factors". Of the six subspecies of elk known to have inhabited North
America in historical times, four remain, including the
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The introduction of deer to New
Zealand began in the middle of the 19th century, and current populations are primarily European red deer, with only 15 percent being elk. In 1905 18 American wapiti were released in
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Couch, Claire E.; Wise, Benjamin L.; Scurlock, Brandon M.; Rogerson, Jared D.; Fuda, Rebecca K.; Cole, Eric K.; Szcodronski, Kimberly E.; Sepulveda, Adam J.; Hutchins, Patrick R.; Cross, Paul C. (8 April 2021).
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The elk ranges from central Asia through to
Siberia and east Asia and in North America. They can be found in open deciduous woodlands, boreal forests, upland moors, mountainous areas and grasslands. The
1699:, which advertise the male's fitness over great distances. Unusual for a vocalization produced by a large animal, buglings can reach a frequency of 4000 Hz. This is achieved by blowing air from the
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with many deer species, and they lose their spots by the end of summer. After two weeks, calves are able to join the herd, and are fully weaned at two months of age. Elk calves are as large as an adult
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Recent DNA analyses suggest that there are no more than three or four total subspecies of elk. All American forms, aside from possibly the Tule and the Roosevelt's elk, seem to belong to one subspecies—
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Although breakdown figures for each game species are not available in the 2006 National Survey from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, hunting of wild elk is most likely the primary economic impact.
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As of 2014, population figures for all North American elk subspecies were around one million. Prior to the European colonization of North America, there were an estimated 10 million on the continent.
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beginning in 1913 and throughout the mid-20th Century, and now remain at a stable population of approximately 1,400 individuals. Since the late 1990s, they were reintroduced and recolonized in the
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2019:-like symptoms that may last for years. Though bison are more likely to transmit the disease to other animals, elk inadvertently transmitted brucellosis to horses in Wyoming and cattle in
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of the same species (adapted to local environments through minor changes in appearance and behavior). Populations vary in antler shape and size, body size, coloration and mating behavior.
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Elk dwell in open forest and forest-edge habitats, grazing on grasses and sedges and browsing higher-growing plants, leaves, twigs and bark. Male elk have large, blood- and nerve-filled
1728:. A male elk's urethra points upward so that urine is sprayed almost at a right angle to the penis. The urine soaks into their hair and gives them a distinct smell which attracts cows.
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1342:) also belong to the wapiti, and were not distinguishable from each other by mitochondrial DNA studies. These Chinese subspecies are sometimes treated as a distinct species, namely the
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Antlers are also used in artwork, furniture and other novelty items. All Asian subspecies, along with other deer, have been raised for their antlers in central and eastern Asia by
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reproductively successful, and a cow may stay close to the big bull to avoid harassment. Dominant bulls are intolerant of spike bulls and will chase them away from their harems.
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from August into early winter. A bull will defend his harem of 20 cows or more from competing bulls and predators. Bulls also dig holes in the ground called wallows, in which
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1322:) is clearly distinct from the Siberian forms, but not distinguishable from the Alashan wapiti. Still, due to the insufficient genetic material that rejects monophyly of
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Cook JG, Irwin LL, Bryant LD, Riggs RA, Thomas JW (1998). "Relations of forest cover and condition of elk: a test of the thermal cover hypothesis in summer and winter".
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Antlers are made of bone, which can grow at a rate of 2.5 centimeters (0.98 in) per day. While actively growing, a soft layer of highly vascularized skin known as
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2007:
occasionally affects elk in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the only place in the U.S. where the disease is still known to exist, though this can extend out to the
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1326:, some researchers consider it premature to include the Manchurian wapiti as a true subspecies of wapiti, and that it likely needs to be elevated to its own species,
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Angers, Rachel C.; Seward, Tanya S.; Napier, Dana; Green, Michael; Hoover, Edward; Spraker, Terry; O'Rourke, Katherine; Balachandran, Aru; Telling, Glenn C. (2009).
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Ripple, W.; Larsen, Eric J.; Renkin, Roy A.; Smith, Douglas W. (2001). "Trophic cascades among wolves, elk and aspen on Yellowstone National Park's northern range".
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4970:. Quarterly Newsletter of the International Association for Bear Research and Management (IBA) and the IUCN/SSC Bear Specialist Group. (2002), p.7, vol. 11, no. 2
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populations survived into the early Holocene (until around 3000 years ago) in southern Sweden and the Alps, where the environment remained favorable.
610:, a loud series of throaty whistles, bellows, screams, and other vocalizations that establish dominance over other males and aim to attract females.
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industry in several countries, including the United States and Canada. The elk is hunted as a game species, and their meat is leaner, and higher in
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and other herbivores. This negative impact on native animal species has led the IUCN to identify the elk as one of the world's 100 worst invaders.
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Elk are ruminants and therefore have four-chambered stomachs. Unlike white-tailed deer and moose, which are chiefly browsers, elk are similar to
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2844:. However, consuming velvet from elk in North America may be risky since velvet from animals infected with chronic wasting disease may contain
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study of captive elk in Pennsylvania attributed the cause of death in 33 of 65 cases to either gastrointestinal parasites (21 cases, primarily
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1862:. The elk gut microbiome is typically characterized by a diverse community of bacteria specialized in breaking down complex plant fibers and
1318:) is, more or less, physically identical to the American forms, and thus may belong to this subspecies, too. However, the Manchurian wapiti (
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in 1918 after going extinct there in 1875. The Rocky Mountain elk subspecies was reintroduced by hunter-conservation organizations into the
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1707:. Cows produce an alarm bark to alert other members of the herd to danger, while calves will produce a high-pitched scream when attacked.
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2178:, although a wild population has not yet established. Since 2015, elk have also been reintroduced in a number of other states, including
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Strain RB51 Overexpressing Superoxide Dismutase and Glycosyltransferase Genes Does Not Induce Adequate Protection against Experimental
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Hattel, Arthur L.; Shaw, Daniel P.; Fisher, Jenny S.; Brooks, Jason W.; Love, Brenda C.; Drake, Thomas R.; Wagner, Donald C. (2007).
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and tree sprouts during the summer. Elk consume an average of 9.1 kilograms (20 lb) of vegetation daily. Particularly fond of
764:, and the meaning of the word "elk" to English-speakers became rather vague, acquiring a meaning similar to "large deer". The name
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2166:. In the state of Kentucky, the elk population in 2022 had increased to over 15,000 animals. In 2016, a male elk, likely from the
1500:
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2011:. In domesticated cattle, brucellosis causes infertility, abortions, and reduced milk production. It is transmitted to humans as
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4699:"Effects of supplemental feeding on the fecal bacterial communities of Rocky Mountain elk in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem"
1565:(392–1,096 lb) while females weigh 171–292 kg (377–644 lb). The largest of the subspecies is the Roosevelt elk (
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Amor, Jacqueline M.; Newman, Robert; Jensen, William F.; Rundquist, Bradley C.; Walter, W. David; Boulanger, Jason R. (2019).
2112:. These elk, originally from Rocky Mountain herds, exhibit modified behavior due to having been held in captivity, under less
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McIntosh, Terese; Rosatte, Rick; Campbell, Doug; Welch, Kate; Fournier, Dominique; Spinato, Maria; Ogunremi, Oladele (2007).
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in Alaska. Reintroduction of the elk into Ontario began in the early 20th century and is ongoing with limited success.
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Ludt, Christian J.; Schroeder, Wolf; Rottmann, Oswald; Kuehn, Ralph (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of red deer (
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724:, have had mixed success. Some cultures revere the elk as having spiritual significance. Antlers and velvet are used in
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have been identified in elk. Most of these parasites seldom lead to significant mortality among wild or captive elk.
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Elk and red deer were introduced to Argentina in the early 20th century. There they are now considered an
1159:. The cross-bred animals have resulted in the disappearance of virtually all pure elk blood from the area. Key
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DNA studies conducted in 2004 on hundreds of samples from red deer and elk subspecies and other species of the
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3520:"Skull and Antlers of Extinct Eastern Elk Unearthed at Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge in Northwestern N.Y."
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annually and on ranches in the United States, Canada and New Zealand, it is collected and sold to markets in
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subspecies is darker, and more reddish, in coloration than other populations. The Alashan wapiti of northern
837:
5166:"Evidence of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infections in free-ranging elk (Cervus elaphus) in southern Ontario"
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packs mostly prey on elk calves, though they can sometimes take a winter- or disease-weakened adult. In the
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for the first time in nearly 300 years. Once locally extinct, dispersing elk are now regularly spotted in
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There are many past and ongoing examples of reintroduction into areas of the US. Elk were reintroduced in
1613:-driven. In late winter and early spring, the testosterone level drops, which causes the antlers to shed.
19:
This article is about the species called "elk" in North America. For the species called "elk" in Eurasia (
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6797:"Elk of Theodore Roosevelt National Park - Theodore Roosevelt National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
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Brook, S.M.; Pluháček, J.; Lorenzini, R.; Lovari, S.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Mattioli, S. (2019) .
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Lovari, S.; Lorenzini, R.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Carden, R.F.; Brook, S.M.; Mattioli, S. (2018).
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4766:"Characterisation of the bacterial community in the gastrointestinal tracts of elk (Cervus canadensis)"
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wild. In some subspecies that suffer less predation, they may live an average of 15 years in the wild.
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Elk and red deer produce fertile offspring in captivity, and the two species have freely inter-bred in
701:; the animal's adaptability in these areas may, in fact, be so successful as to threaten the sensitive
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4054:"Evidence of biphonation and source-filter interactions in the bugles of male North American wapiti (
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is the smallest of all the subspecies, has the lightest coloration, and is one of the least-studied.
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4821:"Neonatal mortality of elk driven by climate, predator phenology and predator community composition"
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6315:"Introduced red deer reduce tree regeneration in Pureora Forest, central North Island, New Zealand"
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1605:
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218:
653:, elk once had a much wider distribution in the past; prehistoric populations were present across
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3599:
Mattioli, Stefano (2011). "Family Cervidae (Deer)". In Wilson, D. E.; Mittermeier, R. A. (eds.).
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are relatively common in North America and New Zealand. Native Americans have used elk hides for
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1978:
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872:
42:
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6738:"Seasonal home ranges and habitat selection of three elk (Cervus elaphus) herds in North Dakota"
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McConnell, B. R.; Smith, J. G. (1970). "Frequency Distributions of Deer and Elk Pellet Groups".
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but rather the largest member of the wider deer family (Cervidae) known from the fossil record.
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6914:"Elk, Pa.'s largest wild animal, have become a tourism boom in the northwest part of the state"
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Metz, M. C.; et al. (2018). "Predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons".
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1997:
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4985:"How climate impacts the composition of wolf-killed elk in northern Yellowstone National Park"
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Kim, Jong-Hui; Hong, Sung Wook; Park, Beom-Young; Yoo, Jae Gyu; Oh, Mi-Hwa (1 February 2019).
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Nichol AM, Judson HG, Taylor AW (2003). "The effect of hybridisation on venison production".
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that they were "for their unusual largeness improperly termed Elks by ignorant people". Both
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of the southwestern U.S. hundreds of years ago. The elk was of particular importance to the
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in parts of Asia; the production of ground antler and velvet supplements is also a thriving
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region of the U.S. where the now extinct eastern elk once lived. They were reintroduced to
1993:
banned the importation of elk antler velvet due to concerns about chronic wasting disease.
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1160:
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725:
634:
602:
each year as weather warms-up. Males also engage in ritualized mating behaviors during the
38:
6714:
6428:
4868:
Hayward, M. W.; Jędrzejewski, W.; Jędrzejewska, B. (2012). "Prey preferences of the tiger
3250:
1703:
through the nasal cavities. Elk can produce deeper pitched (150 Hz) sounds using the
8:
12326:
12248:
12198:
11982:
11684:
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Studies on the Taxonomic Review and Survey Techniques for Mammals in the Korean Peninsula
3273:
2919:
2891:
2750:
1895:
1795:
1782:
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deer family, strongly indicate that elk, or wapiti, should be a distinct species, namely
1065:
1053:
1013:
820:
183:
7307:
6991:
6753:
6247:, ed. (1951). "Preliminary reports of The New Zealand - American Fiordland Expedition".
6128:
5239:
Bildfell, Robert J.; Whipps, Christopher M.; Gillin, Colin M.; Kent, Michael L. (2007).
5101:
5056:
5000:
4836:
4714:
4661:
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2197:, encroaching on Argentinian ecosystems where they compete for food with the indigenous
970:
refers to North America as a "lande ... full of many beastes, as redd dere" in his 1584
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4698:
4628:
4409:
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3805:
3457:
3161:
2659:
2059:
2049:
Elk hoof disease was first noticed in the state of Washington in the late 1990s in the
1953:
1392:
1362:
1229:
1184:
884:
783:
713:
474:
412:
213:
7637:
7281:
7127:
6109:"Diet of Huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina"
4679:
4449:
4341:
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Wildlife on the Wind: A Field Biologist's Journey and an Indian Reservation's Renewal
7187:
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2008:
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860:
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626:
588:
447:
6965:
6596:
6144:
5274:
5125:
4901:
4312:
Smith BL, Anderson SH (2001). "Does Dispersal Help Regulate the Jackson Elk Herd?".
4052:
Reby D, Wyman MT, Frey R, Passilongo D, Gilbert J, Locatelli Y, Charlton BD (2016).
3461:
1777:
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6757:
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5980:"Elk return to Missouri after 150-year absence Missouri Department of Conservation"
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Elk have played an important role in the cultural history of a number of peoples.
1789:
As is true for many species of deer, especially those in mountainous regions, elk
693:
to countries outside of its natural range where it has been introduced, including
12777:
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12183:
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11756:
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9862:
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6762:
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4723:
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3380:
1906:
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1093:(and hence early relatives or possible ancestors of the elk) first appear in the
967:
524:
12756:
12743:
7016:
6864:"Rocky Mountain elk population size and herd composition in Oregon, 2015 - 2019"
6378:
5288:
Belay ED, Maddox RA, Williams ES, Miller MW, Gambetti P, Schonberger LB (2004).
5138:
3350:
3271:
2986:
The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World
1183:
of elk described, with six from North America and four from Asia, although some
165:
147:
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6902:. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
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2012:
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A bull elk in spring, shedding its winter coat and with its antlers covered in
1457:
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1292:
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848:
658:
485:
374:
367:
7672:
7390:"2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation"
6136:
5109:
5043:; Creel, Scott (2010). "Nutritionally mediated risk effect of wolves on elk".
4781:
3637:
3453:
2917:
2840:, where it is used in medicine. Some cultures consider antler velvet to be an
720:. Efforts to eliminate infectious diseases from elk populations, primarily by
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Medora, Mailing Address: PO Box 7; Us, ND 58645 Phone: 701 623-4466 Contact.
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203:
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91:
12704:
7589:(Press release). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 22 May 2006. Archived from
6272:
6249:
Bulletin of the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
5008:
4929:"Elk Calf Mortality Post–Wolf Restoration Bears Remain Top Summer Predators"
4765:
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12533:
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1507:
1427:
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1256:
1129:
991:
803:
670:
646:
606:, including posturing to attract females, antler-wrestling (sparring), and
540:
426:
381:
12782:
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1032:
12686:
12626:
12609:
12513:
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8859:
8850:
8763:
8606:
8528:
8411:
8336:
8327:
7704:
7044:
6515:"2020-2021 Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources Elk Report"
5653:
2876:
2856:
2841:
2814:
2745:
2135:
2038:
2004:
1990:
1949:
1747:
1731:
1491:
1402:
1237:
1152:
1048:
999:
729:
721:
698:
576:
360:
270:
136:
66:
6898:"Roosevelt elk population size and herd composition 2015 - 2019" (PDF).
5787:"Plan for Elk Watching and Nature Tourism in North Central Pennsylvania"
5646:
Erxleben, 1777 (Cervidae, Mammalia) from the Late Pleistocene of France"
1105:, but do not appear in the North American fossil record until the early
12678:
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12396:
12336:
12298:
12258:
11273:
11173:
10998:
10590:
10012:
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9383:
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8883:
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8649:
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8444:
7985:
7806:
4632:
4413:
4327:
4214:
4076:
4053:
3809:
3178:
3163:
History of the State of Maine. Volume II: Discourse on Western Planting
2822:
2461:
2281:
2127:
1891:
1859:
1687:
1578:
1574:
1180:
859:
or another language of northern Europe. By the 8th century, during the
757:
690:
614:
111:
76:
12691:
7425:
5139:
Thorne, E. T.; Williams, E. S.; Samuel, W. M.; Kistner, T. P. (2002).
5064:
3085:
466:
Reconstructed (light green) and current (dark green) native ranges of
12660:
12386:
12381:
12331:
12303:
11973:
11894:
11747:
11618:
11609:
11083:
10657:
10648:
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10624:
10488:
10060:
9844:
9778:
9664:
9179:
8975:
8664:
8588:
8468:
8019:
7904:
7894:
7788:
7779:
7180:
The Deer Goddess of Ancient Siberia: A Study in the Ecology of Belief
5828:
5143:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 351–387.
4030:
3884:
3123:
2837:
2742:
2695:
2587:
2389:
2151:
2139:
2055:
2043:
2016:
1863:
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1098:
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717:
694:
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584:
544:
230:
116:
60:
12571:
11940:
7333:
6187:
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
5548:. Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife. 2017. Archived from
4624:
4206:
3801:
3572:
2086:
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
1695:
Bulls have a loud, high-pitched, whistle-like vocalization known as
1124:
Until recently, red deer and elk were considered to be one species,
629:
genetic studies, beginning in 1998, shows that the two are distinct
547:. The word "elk" originally referred to the European variety of the
12665:
12594:
12447:
12346:
12218:
11882:
11510:
11182:
10894:
10732:
10672:
10337:
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9230:
8706:
8697:
8673:
8561:
8435:
8185:
8061:
7757:
7735:
7723:
5494:"Mortality in Pennsylvania captive elk (Cervus elaphus): 1998–2006"
5376:. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, USDA. Archived from
2641:
2515:
2407:
2371:
2353:
2299:
2263:
2179:
2159:
2143:
2123:
2109:
2000:
1944:
1934:
1372:
1272:
1213:
1018:
Statistical, Political, and Historical Account of the United States
799:
708:
As a member of the Artiodactyla order (and distant relative of the
666:
618:
599:
532:
405:
290:
250:
106:
101:
86:
81:
71:
4373:"Ecology Of Elk Inhabiting Crater Lake National Park And Vicinity"
3050:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 662–663.
2104:
12528:
12523:
12472:
12467:
12278:
12263:
12087:
11922:
11783:
11642:
11032:
10819:
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10078:
10003:
9691:
9564:
9525:
9109:
9026:
8932:
8195:
8145:
7840:
3047:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
2872:
2868:
2806:
2802:
2713:
2425:
2245:
2187:
2032:
2027:
1930:
1902:
1887:
1855:
1831:
1700:
1280:
1188:
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1102:
1069:
1041:
741:
733:
709:
702:
654:
630:
563:
174:
156:
121:
96:
12652:
5241:"DNA-based identification of a hepatic trematode in an elk calf"
4926:
2832:
A male elk can produce 10 to 11 kilograms (22 to 24 lb) of
1076:
12462:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12391:
12351:
11931:
11500:
11405:
11228:
11218:
10834:
10346:
10186:
10168:
10159:
10045:
9967:
9919:
9910:
9368:
9359:
9294:
9285:
9275:
9197:
8730:
8543:
8393:
7729:
7717:
6036:"The History of Elk (Cervus canadensis) Restoration in Ontario"
4867:
2845:
2533:
2443:
2335:
1910:
1878:
Single bull elk in winter are vulnerable to predation by wolves
1827:
1785:
in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, after migrating there during the fall
1704:
1594:
1582:
1255:
Four subspecies described from the Asian continent include the
1094:
1089:
923:"is not the normal phonetic representative" of the Old English
686:
595:
536:
300:
260:
240:
12145:
5290:"Chronic Wasting Disease and Potential Transmission to Humans"
4243:
Youngquist, Robert S; Threlfall, Walter R (23 November 2006).
3601:
Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hooved Mammals
1966:
1818:
1140:. DNA evidence validates that elk are more closely related to
819:, the etymology of the word "elk" is "of obscure history". In
12406:
12361:
11955:
11913:
11488:
11158:
11149:
10443:
10370:
10361:
10292:
10021:
9976:
9835:
9760:
9640:
9631:
9142:
9133:
8625:
8616:
7825:
7816:
4927:
Barber, Shannon; Mech, L. David; White, P. J. (Summer 2005).
2880:
2737:
couple. The woman on the right is wearing an elk tooth dress.
2734:
2605:
2317:
2020:
1986:
1843:
1839:
1598:
1276:
1085:
548:
24:
5163:
3774:
2789:
1963:
are also commonly found parasites that can be fatal to elk.
798:), meaning "white rump". There is a subspecies of wapiti in
645:. Although it is currently only native to North America and
633:. The elk's wider rump-patch and paler-hued antlers are key
12371:
11101:
10431:
10319:
10301:
9958:
9811:
9215:
9082:
8898:
8172:
8133:
6288:
Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production
6107:
Galende, Gladys; Ramilo, Eduardo; Beati, Alejandro (2005).
5427:
4553:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. July 2006. Archived from
2826:
2818:
2817:
than beef, pork, and chicken. Elk meat is a good source of
2766:
2623:
2175:
1883:
842:
737:
674:
567:
528:
280:
10569:
6940:
6330:(1). New Zealand Ecological Society: 79–87. Archived from
4289:. The Wisconsin Elk Reintroduction Project. Archived from
3624:
Groves, C. (2006). "The genus Cervus in eastern Eurasia".
3322:
3249:. University of California Press, Berkeley. Archived from
1171:
are the former's wider rump patch and paler-hued antlers.
37:"Wapiti" redirects here. For other uses of the names, see
12560:
11711:
10310:
10256:
9188:
6966:"Tennessee Elk Season Dates, Regulations and Information"
6735:
5927:
5870:"Returning Elk to the Southeast: A 20-year Retrospective"
5717:. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 14 July 2021.
5287:
4695:
3382:
Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behavior, and Ecology
2810:
2221:
1609:(40 lb). The formation and retention of antlers are
1196:
458:
5344:. Agricultural Marketing Resource Center. Archived from
5238:
5039:
3385:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 211–219.
3202:
1199:
investigations of the Eurasian subspecies revealed that
9561:
7632:
7476:
4645:
4051:
3783:"Measurements and Weight Relationships in Manitoba Elk"
1252:) subspecies have been extinct for at least a century.
10104:
5491:
1858:
pellets leads to significant alterations in the elks'
1798:, having migrated south from the southern portions of
12549:
7479:"Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Elk Antler Velvet"
7151:
6034:
Hamr, Josef; Mallory, Frank F.; Filion, Ivan (2016).
5546:"Treponeme associated hoof disease in Washington elk"
4580:"The wolf has a story to tell in Banff National Park"
3166:. Cambridge Press of John Wilson and Son. p. 23.
2769:. An image of an elk and a moose appear on the state
998:
likewise called the species "red deer", but noted in
716:
which can be transmitted to and/or from domesticated
7638:
Yellowstone Elk – Greater Yellowstone Resource Guide
6522:
Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources
4397:
2099:
1854:
has found that supplemental feeding of concentrated
394:
356:
7252:"Courting on the Plains: 19th Century Lakota Style"
6243:
5730:"Virginia officials take no joy in elk celebration"
4242:
3574:한반도 포유류(척삭동물문: 포유강)의 분류학적 정립과 한국 지형에 맞는 포유류 조사기법 연구
7650:Smithsonian Institution - North American Mammals:
6285:
6106:
5923:"First elk seen in South Carolina since the 1700s"
4818:
4450:"Ungulate Migrations of the Western United States"
3297:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997072A142404453.en
3177:
3122:
3084:
2943:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997823A142396828.en
1869:
7395:. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006.
7154:"Wyoming Game and Fish issues 2,000 new elk tags"
6033:
4942:(3). National Park Service: 37–44. Archived from
4455:. United States Geological Survey. pp. 94–95
3594:
3592:
3203:Verts, B. J.; Carraway, Leslie N. (August 1998).
1080:Sparring bull elk in Banff National Park, Canada.
12879:Taxa named by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben
12810:
7584:"43rd annual elk antler auction held in Jackson"
6257:Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
5447:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
4479:Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives
4191:"Significance of Scent-marking in Roosevelt Elk"
4189:Bowyer, R. Terry; Kitchen, David W. (May 1987).
4164:South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks
575:for dominance. A similar trait is seen in other
7702:
7206:
6218:. Deer Farmer. 29 November 2003. Archived from
5403:"Brucellosis Detected in Wyoming Elk Hunt Area"
4819:Griffin KA, Hebblewhite M, et al. (2011).
4098:
2042:sp.) or bacterial infections (12 cases, mostly
6992:"Elk Population By State (Estimates and Info)"
5498:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
4982:
4763:
4608:
4503:
4246:Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology
4236:
3589:
2793:A cut of elk meat, showing the low fat content
1710:
958:was recognized as a relative of the red deer (
756:(moose, called "elk" in Europe) had long been
12131:
7688:
7448:"Nutritional Summary for Game meat, elk, raw"
7045:"Elk in Virginia: Return of a Native Species"
6837:"Oklahoma's elk population continues to grow"
4311:
4188:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3929:
3927:
3667:. University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology.
1943:(brainworm or meningeal worm) is a parasitic
1097:record 25 million years ago, during the
777:
7249:
6711:North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission
6543:"Michigan Estimates Elk Population at 1,196"
6239:
6237:
6113:Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment
5824:"Pennsylvania banks on elk to draw visitors"
5573:"WSU: Elk hoof disease will not be easy fix"
4103:. University of Toronto Press. p. 550.
2988:. Oxford University Press. pp. 133–134.
2983:
7553:
7101:"Looking At W.Va.'s Elk Herd Four Years In"
7098:
6820:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6650:"2023-2024 Elk Status & Harvest Trends"
5920:
5897:"Elk could be saving grace in coal country"
5850:. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
5085:
3910:. Quarto Publishing Group USA. p. 15.
3780:
1271:). Two distinct subspecies found in China,
30:"Elks" redirects here. For other uses, see
12146:Game animals and shooting in North America
12138:
12124:
7777:
7695:
7681:
7414:
6911:
6408:California Department of Fish and Wildlife
6210:
6208:
5614:. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.
5141:North American Elk: Ecology and Management
4978:
4976:
4027:Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
4004:
3924:
3756:California Department of Fish and Wildlife
3623:
3492:. Natural Resources Conservation Service.
2066:
1593:. Roosevelt elk have been introduced into
793:
787:
457:
192:
164:
146:
12012:
9484:
7576:
7504:
7364:"Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks"
7300:
7171:
7049:Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources
6983:
6771:
6761:
6575:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
6234:
6168:
6166:
6074:
6053:
5509:
5468:
5458:
5335:
5333:
5313:
5256:
5181:
5016:
4844:
4740:
4722:
4669:
4602:
4586:. Envirozine. 31 May 2007. Archived from
4442:
4275:
4075:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3905:
3841:
3839:
3781:Blood, D.A; Lovaas, A.L. (January 1966).
3424:
3422:
3295:
2941:
2215:New Zealand American Fiordland Expedition
539:in its native range of North America and
11893:
9283:
7177:
6989:
6900:Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife
6871:Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife
6677:
6454:"Idaho Big Game 2021 Season & Rules"
5232:
5157:
4467:
3877:"Friends of the Prairie Learning Center"
3829:Silva, M., & Downing, J. A. (1995).
3720:
3598:
3549:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3028:
3026:
2788:
2728:
2103:
2070:
1965:
1924:
1873:
1817:
1776:
1746:
1730:
1636:
1615:
1551:
1075:
1059:
1047:
1031:
8184:
7755:
7556:Encyclopedia of American Indian Costume
7338:Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks
7152:Angus M. Thuermer Jr. (28 April 2021).
6594:
6312:
6306:
6205:
6100:
5794:Pennsylvania Department of Conservation
5727:
5721:
5639:
5365:
5363:
4973:
4375:. National Park Service. Archived from
4370:
4364:
4334:
4101:The Natural History of Canadian Mammals
3511:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3159:
2779:Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks
1632:
747:
12811:
7902:
7382:
7356:
6990:Informer, Wildlife (10 January 2021).
6163:
6151:from the original on 30 September 2007
5485:
5339:
5330:
5198:
5132:
4920:
4894:
4639:
4572:
3962:
3933:
3836:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3428:
3419:
2913:
2911:
2724:
2222:Estimated number of elk per U.S. state
705:ecosystems and species it encounters.
613:Elk were long believed to belong to a
12576:
12575:
12119:
12011:
11880:
11879:
11485:
10568:
10103:
9560:
9022:
8168:
7754:
7676:
7440:
7344:from the original on 24 December 2016
7326:
7274:
6834:
6490:"Elk making a comeback across Kansas"
5821:
5695:from the original on 28 November 2020
5570:
4691:
4689:
3985:
3831:CRC handbook of mammalian body masses
3671:from the original on 10 November 2014
3626:European Journal of Wildlife Research
3538:
3442:European Journal of Wildlife Research
3378:
3365:
3330:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3239:
3196:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3032:
3023:
2992:
2984:Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006).
2979:
2977:
2848:that could result in a human getting
973:Discourse Concerning Western Planting
891:. Later, the species became known in
535:, and one of the largest terrestrial
12829:Extant Pleistocene first appearances
9320:
7535:from the original on 16 January 2021
7402:from the original on 6 December 2010
7370:from the original on 16 January 2021
7334:"California-Hawaii Elks Association"
7288:from the original on 16 January 2021
7262:from the original on 16 January 2021
7231:from the original on 16 January 2021
7128:"Elk in Wisconsin | | Wisconsin DNR"
7017:"Utah Statewide Elk Management Plan"
6794:
6084:. Petersen's Hunting. Archived from
6062:from the original on 18 January 2017
5990:from the original on 16 January 2021
5935:from the original on 16 January 2021
5822:Armas, Genaro C. (6 December 2010).
5691:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
5589:from the original on 16 January 2021
5526:from the original on 16 January 2021
5409:. Cheyenne, Wyoming. 9 November 2022
5360:
4983:Wilmers, C. C.; et al. (2020).
4540:
4528:from the original on 16 January 2021
4497:
4352:from the original on 13 January 2011
4263:from the original on 16 January 2021
4224:from the original on 16 January 2021
4117:
3762:from the original on 16 January 2021
3714:
3683:
3499:from the original on 16 January 2021
3311:
3265:
3227:from the original on 16 January 2021
1128:, with over a dozen subspecies. But
562:The name "wapiti" is derived from a
12819:IUCN Red List least concern species
8169:
7024:Utah Division of Wildlife Resources
6970:Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency
6945:South Dakota Game, Fish & Parks
6595:Bingham, Lloyd (6 September 2022).
6383:Arkansas Game & Fish Commission
5955:"Elk sightings on the rise in Iowa"
5894:
5876:from the original on 4 January 2021
5371:"Brucellosis and Yellowstone Bison"
4283:"Elk Biology and interesting facts"
3869:
3644:
3603:. Lynx Edicions. pp. 350–443.
3517:
3283:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3170:
3115:
2929:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2908:
2182:, and introduced to the islands of
2058:bacteria, which are known to cause
689:. The wapiti has also successfully
502:
13:
12227:
11486:
9023:
7422:"Elk Meat Nutritional Information"
6629:Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks
6313:Husheer, Sean W. (30 April 2007).
6193:from the original on 13 March 2016
6172:
6014:Alaska Department of Fish and Game
5633:
5204:
4686:
4612:The Journal of Wildlife Management
4152:
3857:from the original on 11 April 2020
3790:The Journal of Wildlife Management
3696:Alaska Department of Fish and Game
3072:
2974:
2784:
1726:they urinate and roll their bodies
1655:
1589:, and in the Canadian province of
1547:
907:, appearing in the Latinized form
810:), also known as the Altai maral.
712:), elk are susceptible to several
14:
12890:
7611:
7106:West Virginia Public Broadcasting
6355:
5872:. Wildlife Management Institute.
5220:from the original on 3 March 2016
4504:Pond, Wilson; Bell, Alan (2005).
3723:The Ultimate Guide to Elk Hunting
3544:
3526:from the original on 16 July 2017
3407:from the original on 20 July 2020
3141:from the original on 9 March 2021
3103:from the original on 9 March 2021
2883:covering, clothing and footwear.
2850:variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2100:Introductions and reintroductions
2054:known, but it is associated with
1834:. But like other deer, they also
855:, words probably borrowed from a
677:. The now-extinct North American
12559:
7628:Arizona Game and Fish Department
7547:
7531:. University of North Colorado.
7521:
7470:
7458:from the original on 18 May 2008
7314:from the original on 10 May 2013
7243:
7200:
7145:
7120:
7092:
7074:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
7062:
7037:
7009:
6958:
6933:
6905:
6892:
6856:
6828:
6788:
6729:
6699:
6671:
6642:
6614:
6588:
6560:
6535:
6507:
6482:
6446:
6421:
6396:
6183:Global Invasive Species Database
5715:"Michigan Elk: Past and Present"
5640:Croitor, Roman (December 2019).
5621:from the original on 9 June 2017
4908:from the original on 12 May 2008
4888:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00871.x
4846:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01856.x
4123:
3990:. Minneapolis: NorthWord Press.
3702:from the original on 5 June 2007
3689:
3522:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
2706:
2688:
2670:
2652:
2634:
2616:
2598:
2580:
2562:
2544:
2526:
2508:
2490:
2472:
2454:
2436:
2418:
2400:
2382:
2364:
2346:
2328:
2310:
2292:
2274:
2256:
2238:
1686:Problems playing this file? See
1671:
1531:
1515:
1499:
1483:
1117:) was not a member of the genus
966:were referred to as "red deer".
883:and possibly connected with the
217:
64:
8047:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
6371:
6349:
6279:
6027:
6002:
5972:
5947:
5921:Keith Allen (27 October 2016).
5914:
5888:
5862:
5840:
5815:
5779:
5754:
5707:
5681:
5601:
5564:
5538:
5421:
5395:
5281:
5170:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
5079:
4961:
4861:
4812:
4757:
4420:
4391:
4305:
4182:
4092:
4063:Journal of Experimental Biology
4045:
3899:
3823:
3744:
3617:
3565:
3475:
2890:have assisted employees at the
2108:Bull elk on a captive range in
1870:Predators and defensive tactics
1148:than they are to the red deer.
990:'s 1672 English translation of
8836:Central American red brocket (
6323:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
5728:Cochran, Bill (27 June 2004).
5571:Hogan, Jackson (1 June 2017).
5089:Nature Ecology & Evolution
4507:Encyclopedia of Animal Science
4130:Alternative Agriculture Series
3881:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
3211:University of California Press
3153:
2957:
2761:The Rocky Mountain elk is the
1808:Bridger–Teton National Forests
1009:Notes on the State of Virginia
915:borrowed directly from Latin:
1:
7633:Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation
7099:Caitlin Tan (13 March 2020).
6657:Nevada Department of Wildlife
6547:Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation
6433:Colorado Parks & Wildlife
6216:"Deer farming in New Zealand"
6041:The Canadian Field-Naturalist
5609:"Elk Hoof Disease Fact Sheet"
5340:Hansen, Ray (November 2006).
4680:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00107-0
4371:Jenkins, Kurt (31 May 2001).
4134:North Dakota State University
3986:Geist, Valerius (June 1993).
2902:
1915:Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
1852:Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
1174:
1163:differences that distinguish
1052:Elk crossing Opal Terrace at
637:differences that distinguish
559:by North American colonists.
12869:Mammals of the United States
9543:Large subfamily listed below
9531:Large subfamily listed below
9519:Large subfamily listed below
7529:"Colorado Indians: Shelters"
7484:Emerging Infectious Diseases
7424:. Wapiti.net. Archived from
6763:10.1371/journal.pone.0211650
6597:"Are There Elk in Missouri?"
6379:"History of Elk in Arkansas"
5766:Pennsylvania Game Commission
5667:10.1016/j.palwor.2019.12.001
5294:Emerging Infectious Diseases
5245:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
5214:Pennsylvania Game Commission
4724:10.1371/journal.pone.0249521
2965:Anfangsgründe der Naturlehre
1772:
1735:Elk bull inspecting a female
1020:used "red deer" to refer to
983:A Description of New England
843:
173:A cow (female) with calf in
7:
8038:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
8029:Indian spotted chevrotain (
7215:Utah State University Press
6912:Jason Nark (5 March 2021).
6678:Joel Gay (14 August 2019).
6568:"Minnesota 2020 Elk Counts"
4287:History of Elk in Wisconsin
3583:Incheon National University
3351:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.10.003
3247:"The Case of the Irish Elk"
2170:population, was sighted in
2088:(IUCN) list the species as
1830:in that they are primarily
1711:Reproduction and life cycle
1350:), which also includes the
1027:
808:Cervus canadensis sibiricus
665:, surviving into the early
10:
12895:
5511:10.1177/104063870701900322
5258:10.7589/0090-3558-43.4.762
1940:Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
832:
683:Cervus canadensis merriami
625:), but evidence from many
36:
29:
18:
12859:Mammals described in 1777
12584:
12486:
12415:
12312:
12239:
12225:
12151:
12086:
12058:
12034:
12025:
12021:
12007:
11974:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
11965:Domestic Bactrian camel (
11953:
11902:
11889:
11875:
11839:
11815:
11791:
11782:
11664:
11631:
11607:
11574:
11550:
11529:North Sulawesi babirusa (
11508:
11499:
11495:
11481:
11445:
11403:
11226:
11217:
11171:
11147:
11123:
11081:
11030:
11006:
10997:
10969:
10945:
10938:
10892:
10832:
10808:
10721:
10670:
10646:
10622:
10598:
10589:
10585:
10564:
10519:
10420:
10411:
10383:
10359:
10254:
10194:
10185:
10157:
10133:
10124:
10120:
10099:
10058:
10034:
9956:
9932:
9908:
9884:
9833:
9809:
9758:
9653:
9629:
9605:
9581:
9577:
9556:
9536:
9524:
9512:
9475:
9438:
9414:
9381:
9357:
9348:
9311:
9274:
9228:
9168:
9159:
9131:
9080:
9047:
9038:
9034:
9018:
8964:
8930:
8896:
8872:
8848:
8818:Amazonian brown brocket (
8752:
8719:
8695:
8662:
8638:
8614:
8605:
8541:
8490:
8466:
8433:
8382:
8349:
8325:
8193:
8180:
8164:
8151:Large family listed below
8144:
8139:Large family listed below
8132:
8116:Williamson's mouse-deer (
8059:
8017:
7993:
7984:
7893:
7838:
7814:
7805:
7768:
7764:
7750:
7712:
7562:. pp. 88, 137, 224.
7308:"The Michigan State Flag"
7184:Brill Academic Publishers
7178:Jacobson, Esther (2018).
6919:The Philadelphia Inquirer
6622:"Montana 2021 Elk Counts"
6137:10.1080/01650520400000822
5110:10.1038/s41559-018-0657-5
4989:Journal of Animal Ecology
4904:. National Park Service.
4825:Journal of Animal Ecology
4782:10.1007/s10482-018-1150-5
4348:. National Park Service.
4315:Wildlife Society Bulletin
3638:10.1007/s10344-005-0011-5
3585:. June 2019. p. 108.
3581:] (PhD) (in Korean).
3454:10.1007/s10344-005-0011-5
3290:: e.T55997072A142404453.
3189:Oxford English Dictionary
3160:Hakluyt, Richard (1584).
3134:Oxford English Dictionary
3096:Oxford English Dictionary
3005:The Canadian Encyclopedia
2963:Erxleben, J.C.P. (1777).
2936:: e.T55997823A142396828.
1882:Predators of elk include
1800:Yellowstone National Park
1330:. The Chinese forms (the
1314:; even the Siberian elk (
1064:Bull elk in late autumn,
1038:Yellowstone National Park
929:Oxford English Dictionary
863:, the moose was known as
816:Oxford English Dictionary
794:
788:
685:) once ranged south into
555:, but was transferred to
480:
473:
465:
456:
353:
348:
329:
322:
214:Scientific classification
212:
190:
181:
172:
163:
154:
145:
52:
10215:Domestic water buffalo (
8580:Central Asian red deer (
8205:Bornean yellow muntjac (
7643:17 December 2010 at the
7623:30 December 2010 at the
7256:Carnegie Magazine Online
7207:Smith, Bruce L. (2010).
6055:10.22621/cfn.v130i2.1842
5460:10.3389/fcimb.2016.00010
4099:Naughton, Donna (2014).
3379:Geist, Valerius (1998).
2232:Estimated Number of Elk
1715:Female elk have a short
1210:C. canadensis roosevelti
1187:consider them different
11093:Bates' pygmy antelope (
10880:Soemmerring's gazelle (
8985:Yucatan brown brocket (
8214:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
8098:Philippine mouse-deer (
7666:26 January 2016 at the
7452:Condé Nast Publications
7366:. Phoenixmasonry, Inc.
6680:"The Elk Hunting Mecca"
6010:"Elk Hunting In Alaska"
5009:10.1111/1365-2656.13200
4968:International Bear News
4770:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
4649:Biological Conservation
4430:. National Park Service
3099:(2nd ed.). 1989 .
2211:Fiordland National Park
2067:Distribution and status
1979:Chronic wasting disease
1929:At least 53 species of
1813:
1667:An American elk bugling
1645:Elk are among the most
1157:Fiordland National Park
948:
940:
888:
868:
778:
598:, which they routinely
43:Wapiti (disambiguation)
12352:Cougar (mountain lion)
12233:
11803:White-lipped peccary (
11739:Philippine warty pig (
11364:Yellow-backed duiker (
11328:Black-fronted duiker (
11301:White-bellied duiker (
10922:Przewalski's gazelle (
10145:Four-horned antelope (
8943:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
8502:Visayan spotted deer (
8361:European fallow deer (
8304:Northern red muntjac (
8250:Southern red muntjac (
7497:10.3201/eid1505.081458
5762:"History of Elk in PA"
5642:"A new form of wapiti
5306:10.3201/eid1006.031082
4160:"Elk (Cervus elaphus)"
3847:"Antlers Make a Point"
3429:Groves, Colin (2005).
3206:Land Mammals of Oregon
3137:(3rd ed.). 2012.
3044:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
2969:Systema regni animalis
2794:
2738:
2116:
2080:
1975:
1960:Dictyocaulus viviparus
1879:
1823:
1786:
1756:
1736:
1660:
1642:
1621:
1561:
1490:Artist's depiction of
1344:Central Asian red deer
1081:
1073:
1057:
1045:
986:referred to red deer.
916:
852:
591:, to varying degrees.
12834:Fauna of Central Asia
12791:Paleobiology Database
12231:
11983:Wild Bactrian camel (
11685:Bornean bearded pig (
11676:Palawan bearded pig (
11265:White-legged duiker (
10691:Red-fronted gazelle (
8370:Persian fallow deer (
8286:Roosevelt's muntjac (
7959:Himalayan musk deer (
7868:Reticulated giraffe (
6461:Idaho Fish & Game
6082:"Elk and Elk Hunting"
5431:"Vaccination of Elk (
5176:(11): 1146–51, 1154.
4346:Great Smoky Mountains
3944:National Park Service
3796:(1). Wiley: 135–140.
3547:"Elk Reintroductions"
3192:(3rd ed.). 2009.
2888:Boy Scouts of America
2792:
2763:official state animal
2732:
2107:
2090:least-concern species
2074:
1969:
1925:Parasites and disease
1877:
1821:
1781:Elk wintering at the
1780:
1750:
1734:
1659:
1640:
1619:
1569:), found west of the
1555:
1359:North American group
1079:
1063:
1051:
1035:
752:By the 17th century,
726:traditional medicines
32:Elks (disambiguation)
12874:Mammals of East Asia
12204:Snipe (common snipe)
12184:Ring-necked pheasant
12070:Pygmy hippopotamus (
11730:Oliver's warty pig (
11355:Red-flanked duiker (
10760:Erlanger's gazelle (
10480:Harnessed bushbuck (
10206:Wild water buffalo (
9683:East Caucasian tur (
9674:West Caucasian tur (
8827:Little red brocket (
8295:Truong Son muntjac (
8107:Vietnam mouse-deer (
8089:Greater mouse-deer (
7968:Siberian musk deer (
7554:Paterek, J. (1996).
7282:"Utah State Symbols"
7080:on 16 September 2021
6470:on 29 September 2021
6429:"Rocky Mountain Elk"
5689:"Rocky Mountain Elk"
5583:Longview, Washington
5348:on 28 September 2007
4195:Journal of Mammalogy
4023:Living with Wildlife
3665:Animal Diversity Web
3553:on 27 September 2006
3518:Gerhart, Dorothy C.
3038:"Order Artiodactyla"
1633:Behavior and ecology
1424:Asian/Eastern group
1312:Cervus c. canadensis
1036:Male elk in snow at
962:) of Europe, and so
911:, with the spelling
748:Naming and etymology
39:Elk (disambiguation)
12849:Herbivorous mammals
12199:Sharp-tailed grouse
12169:Hungarian partridge
11703:Celebes warty pig (
11694:Visayan warty pig (
11310:Red forest duiker (
11042:Günther's dik-dik (
10904:Mongolian gazelle (
10709:Heuglin's gazelle (
10700:Thomson's gazelle (
9854:Long-tailed goral (
9249:Mountain reedbuck (
9240:Southern reedbuck (
9092:East African oryx (
8994:White-tailed deer (
8773:Small red brocket (
8740:South Andean deer (
8683:Siberian roe deer (
8674:European roe deer (
8511:Philippine sambar (
8478:Père David's deer (
8080:Lesser mouse-deer (
7941:Kashmir musk deer (
7596:on 11 November 2012
7428:on 15 December 2010
6754:2019PLoSO..1411650A
6717:on 23 November 2021
6685:New Mexico Magazine
6245:Alick Lindsay Poole
6129:2005SNFE...40....1G
5102:2018NatEE...2.1619M
5057:2010Ecol...91.1184C
5041:Christianson, David
5001:2020JAnEc..89.1511W
4936:Yellowstone Science
4837:2011JAnEc..80.1246G
4715:2021PLoSO..1649521C
4662:2001BCons.102..227R
4401:Wildlife Monographs
4170:on 5 September 2006
3853:. 6 December 2013.
3851:National Geographic
3435:in eastern Eurasia"
3343:2004MolPE..31.1064L
3253:on 11 November 2005
2892:National Elk Refuge
2751:Ancestral Puebloans
2725:Cultural references
1981:, transmitted by a
1796:National Elk Refuge
1783:National Elk Refuge
1179:There are numerous
1066:Banff National Park
1054:Mammoth Hot Springs
1014:David Bailie Warden
821:Classical Antiquity
714:infectious diseases
184:Conservation status
12839:Fauna of East Asia
12423:American alligator
12234:
11851:Collared peccary (
11721:Flores warty pig (
11562:Giant forest hog (
11424:Maxwell's duiker (
11346:Ruwenzori duiker (
11292:Jentink's duiker (
11201:Sharpe's grysbok (
10957:Tibetan antelope (
10862:Bright's gazelle (
10796:Goitered gazelle (
10769:Mountain gazelle (
10742:Cuvier's gazelle (
10682:Mongalla gazelle (
10070:Pyrenean chamois (
9496:Tibetan antelope (
9450:Black wildebeest (
8277:Reeves's muntjac (
8241:Sumatran muntjac (
8232:Gongshan muntjac (
8005:Water chevrotain (
7932:Alpine musk deer (
7859:Southern giraffe (
7850:Northern giraffe (
7186:. pp. 96–97.
6880:on 1 November 2021
6121:Taylor and Francis
5959:Brownfield Ag News
5895:Roberts, Brandon.
5848:"Elk in Wisconsin"
5742:on 1 February 2013
5383:on 5 December 2010
4875:Journal of Zoology
4475:"Feeding Elk Cows"
4077:10.1242/jeb.131219
4033:on 10 January 2011
3950:on 15 January 2013
3906:Zumbo, J. (2000).
3887:on 18 October 2010
2795:
2739:
2117:
2114:selective pressure
2081:
2060:digital dermatitis
1976:
1954:Fascioloides magna
1880:
1824:
1802:and west from the
1787:
1757:
1737:
1661:
1643:
1641:Elk bulls sparring
1622:
1620:Rocky Mountain elk
1562:
1393:Rocky Mountain elk
1387:C. c. manitobensis
1230:Rocky Mountain elk
1226:C. c. manitobensis
1082:
1074:
1058:
1046:
988:Sir William Talbot
937:Middle High German
579:species, like the
389:C. c. manitobensis
315:C. canadensis
12864:Mammals of Canada
12806:
12805:
12616:Cervus canadensis
12586:Cervus canadensis
12578:Taxon identifiers
12547:
12546:
12519:Waterfowl hunting
12367:White-tailed deer
12232:Waterfowl hunters
12113:
12112:
12109:
12108:
12105:
12104:
12082:
12081:
12003:
12002:
11999:
11998:
11995:
11994:
11871:
11870:
11867:
11866:
11863:
11862:
11827:Chacoan peccary (
11778:
11777:
11766:Javan warty pig (
11757:Timor warty pig (
11564:H. meinertzhageni
11538:Togian babirusa (
11477:
11476:
11473:
11472:
11469:
11468:
11433:Walter's duiker (
11373:Abbott's duiker (
11337:Ogilby's duiker (
11283:Harvey's duiker (
11247:Brooke's duiker (
11213:
11212:
10993:
10992:
10934:
10933:
10871:Peter's gazelle (
10853:Grant's gazelle (
10787:Speke's gazelle (
10560:
10559:
10556:
10555:
10552:
10551:
10437:
10407:
10406:
10395:African buffalo (
10226:B. depressicornis
10181:
10180:
10095:
10094:
10091:
10090:
9863:Himalayan goral (
9685:C. cylindricornis
9552:
9551:
9548:
9547:
9508:
9507:
9471:
9470:
9459:Blue wildebeest (
9393:Common tsessebe (
9344:
9343:
9307:
9306:
9270:
9269:
9182:K. ellipsiprymnus
9155:
9154:
9014:
9013:
9010:
9009:
9006:
9005:
8954:P. mephistophiles
8910:P. mephistophiles
8601:
8600:
8297:M. truongsonensis
8259:Pu Hoat muntjac (
8160:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8128:
8127:
8071:Java mouse-deer (
7980:
7979:
7950:Black musk deer (
7923:Dwarf musk deer (
7914:Anhui musk deer (
7889:
7888:
7852:G. camelopardalis
7801:
7800:
7250:Duda, Kathryn M.
7132:dnr.wisconsin.gov
6996:Wildlife Informer
5901:Spectrumnews1.com
5803:on 10 August 2012
5735:The Roanoke Times
5644:Cervus canadensis
5552:on 20 August 2017
5433:Cervus canadensis
5407:The Cheyenne Post
5150:978-1-58834-018-4
5096:(10): 1619–1625.
5065:10.1890/09-0221.1
4521:978-0-8247-5496-9
4379:on 27 August 2009
4256:978-1-4377-1340-4
4110:978-1-4426-4483-0
4056:Cervus canadensis
3997:978-1-55971-208-8
3934:Pisarowicz, Jim.
3721:Robb, B. (2001).
3610:978-84-96553-77-4
3392:978-0-8117-0496-0
3220:978-0-520-21199-5
3057:978-0-8018-8221-0
2922:Cervus canadensis
2805:and is higher in
2777:of Michigan. The
2722:
2721:
2466:70,000 - 90,000
2009:Bighorn Mountains
1983:misfolded protein
1957:and the nematode
1766:white-tailed deer
1676:
1627:European red deer
1524:Manchurian wapiti
1462:C. c. alashanicus
1452:C. c. xanthopygus
1448:Manchurian wapiti
1320:C. c. xanthopygus
1297:C. c. alashanicus
1289:C. c. xanthopygus
1285:Manchurian wapiti
1138:Cervus canadensis
1022:Cervus canadensis
964:Cervus canadensis
956:Cervus canadensis
871:derived from the
861:Early Middle Ages
857:Germanic language
841:
813:According to the
627:mitochondrial DNA
589:white-tailed deer
557:Cervus canadensis
516:Cervus canadensis
495:
494:
468:Cervus canadensis
448:C. c. xanthopygus
368:C. c. alashanicus
333:Cervus canadensis
207:
155:A bull (male) in
140:
12886:
12844:Fauna of Siberia
12824:Elk and red deer
12799:
12798:
12786:
12785:
12773:
12772:
12760:
12759:
12757:NHMSYS0021109635
12747:
12746:
12734:
12733:
12721:
12720:
12708:
12707:
12695:
12694:
12682:
12681:
12669:
12668:
12656:
12655:
12643:
12642:
12630:
12629:
12620:
12619:
12618:
12605:
12604:
12603:
12573:
12572:
12564:
12563:
12555:
12499:Big-game hunting
12284:Northern pintail
12140:
12133:
12126:
12117:
12116:
12032:
12031:
12023:
12022:
12009:
12008:
11900:
11899:
11891:
11890:
11877:
11876:
11789:
11788:
11595:Common warthog (
11586:Desert warthog (
11506:
11505:
11497:
11496:
11483:
11482:
11382:Weyns's duiker (
11256:Peters' duiker (
11238:Aders's duiker (
11224:
11223:
11111:Royal antelope (
11069:Salt's dik-dik (
11060:Silver dik-dik (
11051:Kirk's dik-dik (
11004:
11003:
10981:Saiga antelope (
10943:
10942:
10882:N. soemmerringii
10751:Dorcas gazelle (
10596:
10595:
10587:
10586:
10580:
10566:
10565:
10453:Mountain nyala (
10436:
10435:
10427:
10418:
10417:
10373:P. nghetinhensis
10275:European bison (
10266:American bison (
10192:
10191:
10131:
10130:
10122:
10121:
10115:
10101:
10100:
9977:Domestic sheep (
9821:Himalayan tahr (
9788:Mainland serow (
9770:Japanese serow (
9579:
9578:
9572:
9558:
9557:
9482:
9481:
9355:
9354:
9318:
9317:
9281:
9280:
9258:Bohor reedbuck (
9166:
9165:
9145:A. nasomaculatus
9068:Sable antelope (
9045:
9044:
9036:
9035:
9029:
9020:
9019:
8782:Merida brocket (
8612:
8611:
8553:Thorold's deer (
8405:A. calamianensis
8288:M. rooseveltorum
8234:M. gongshanensis
8191:
8190:
8182:
8181:
8175:
8166:
8165:
7991:
7990:
7900:
7899:
7879:G. tippelskirchi
7812:
7811:
7775:
7774:
7766:
7765:
7752:
7751:
7697:
7690:
7683:
7674:
7673:
7606:
7605:
7603:
7601:
7595:
7588:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7551:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7540:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7508:
7474:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7463:
7444:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7401:
7394:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7319:
7304:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7278:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7204:
7198:
7197:
7175:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7096:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7076:. Archived from
7066:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7041:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7030:
7021:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6937:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6909:
6903:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6879:
6873:. Archived from
6868:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6819:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6792:
6786:
6785:
6775:
6765:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6713:. Archived from
6703:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6675:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6654:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6626:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6592:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6572:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6519:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6469:
6463:. Archived from
6458:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6336:
6319:
6310:
6304:
6303:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6241:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6212:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6173:Flueck, Werner.
6170:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6088:on 6 August 2006
6078:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6057:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5836:on 9 March 2012.
5832:. Archived from
5819:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5802:
5796:. Archived from
5791:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5738:. Archived from
5725:
5719:
5718:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5650:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5620:
5613:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5513:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5472:
5462:
5441:Brucella abortus
5437:Brucella abortus
5425:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5382:
5375:
5367:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5337:
5328:
5327:
5317:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5260:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5211:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5185:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5051:(4): 1184–1191.
5037:
5031:
5030:
5020:
4995:(6): 1511–1519.
4980:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4948:
4933:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4848:
4831:(6): 1246–1257.
4816:
4810:
4809:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4744:
4726:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4673:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4559:
4552:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4481:. Archived from
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4454:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4166:. Archived from
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4136:. Archived from
4121:
4115:
4114:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4079:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4029:. Archived from
4015:
4002:
4001:
3983:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3946:. Archived from
3936:"American Elk –
3931:
3922:
3921:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3883:. Archived from
3873:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3843:
3834:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3787:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3690:Eide, Sterling.
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3653:
3642:
3641:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3491:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3471:on 29 June 2014.
3470:
3464:. Archived from
3439:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3376:
3363:
3362:
3337:(3): 1064–1083.
3320:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3092:
3081:
3070:
3069:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3010:Historica Canada
2996:
2990:
2989:
2981:
2972:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2945:
2915:
2886:Since 1967, the
2865:Tungusic peoples
2712:
2710:
2709:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2226:
2225:
2195:invasive species
1850:Research in the
1822:Elk pellet group
1678:
1677:
1658:
1591:British Columbia
1567:C. c. roosevelti
1538:Illustration of
1535:
1522:Illustration of
1519:
1506:Illustration of
1503:
1487:
1468:Tibetan red deer
1442:C. c. songaricus
1438:Tian Shan wapiti
1407:C. c. canadensis
1367:C. c. roosevelti
1340:Tibetan red deer
1277:Korean Peninsula
1269:C. c. songaricus
1242:C. c. canadensis
1004:Thomas Jefferson
869:elch, elh, eolh,
846:
836:
834:
797:
796:
791:
790:
781:
663:Late Pleistocene
617:of the European
523:, is the second
504:
461:
434:C. c. songaricus
420:C. c. roosevelti
396:
375:C. c. kansuensis
361:C. c. canadensis
358:
335:
222:
221:
201:
196:
195:
177:, United States
168:
150:
134:
133:
63:
56:Temporal range:
50:
49:
12894:
12893:
12889:
12888:
12887:
12885:
12884:
12883:
12854:Holarctic fauna
12809:
12808:
12807:
12802:
12794:
12789:
12781:
12778:Observation.org
12776:
12768:
12763:
12755:
12750:
12742:
12737:
12729:
12724:
12716:
12711:
12703:
12698:
12690:
12685:
12677:
12672:
12664:
12659:
12651:
12646:
12638:
12633:
12625:
12623:
12614:
12613:
12608:
12599:
12598:
12593:
12580:
12570:
12558:
12550:
12548:
12543:
12482:
12411:
12342:Bison (buffalo)
12308:
12235:
12223:
12174:Prairie chicken
12147:
12144:
12114:
12101:
12078:
12054:
12017:
11991:
11949:
11885:
11859:
11835:
11811:
11774:
11741:S. philippensis
11678:S. ahoenobarbus
11660:
11652:Red river hog (
11627:
11603:
11570:
11546:
11520:Buru babirusa (
11491:
11465:
11457:Common duiker (
11441:
11399:
11209:
11167:
11143:
11119:
11077:
11026:
10989:
10965:
10930:
10915:P. picticaudata
10888:
10828:
10804:
10798:G. subgutturosa
10717:
10666:
10642:
10618:
10581:
10570:
10548:
10515:
10507:Cape bushbuck (
10500:T. strepsiceros
10429:
10428:
10426:
10403:
10379:
10355:
10250:
10242:Mountain anoa (
10177:
10171:B. tragocamelus
10153:
10147:T. quadricornis
10116:
10105:
10087:
10054:
10030:
9986:Bighorn sheep (
9952:
9928:
9904:
9896:Mountain goat (
9880:
9872:Chinese goral (
9829:
9805:
9790:C. sumatraensis
9754:
9737:Siberian ibex (
9701:Domestic goat (
9649:
9625:
9601:
9593:Barbary sheep (
9573:
9562:
9544:
9532:
9520:
9504:
9467:
9434:
9410:
9377:
9340:
9303:
9266:
9224:
9151:
9127:
9101:Scimitar oryx (
9076:
9059:Roan antelope (
9030:
9024:
9002:
8960:
8952:Northern pudu (
8926:
8918:Southern pudu (
8908:Northern pudu (
8892:
8868:
8844:
8809:Pygmy brocket (
8791:Dwarf brocket (
8748:
8715:
8691:
8658:
8634:
8597:
8537:
8486:
8462:
8429:
8403:Calamian deer (
8378:
8372:D. mesopotamica
8345:
8321:
8315:M. vuquangensis
8313:Giant muntjac (
8223:Fea's muntjac (
8176:
8170:
8152:
8140:
8124:
8055:
8013:
7976:
7934:M. chrysogaster
7885:
7877:Masai giraffe (
7834:
7797:
7760:
7746:
7708:
7701:
7668:Wayback Machine
7645:Wayback Machine
7625:Wayback Machine
7614:
7609:
7599:
7597:
7593:
7586:
7582:
7581:
7577:
7570:
7552:
7548:
7538:
7536:
7527:
7526:
7522:
7475:
7471:
7461:
7459:
7446:
7445:
7441:
7431:
7429:
7420:
7419:
7415:
7405:
7403:
7399:
7392:
7388:
7387:
7383:
7373:
7371:
7362:
7361:
7357:
7347:
7345:
7332:
7331:
7327:
7317:
7315:
7310:. NSTATE, LLC.
7306:
7305:
7301:
7291:
7289:
7284:. Utah.com LC.
7280:
7279:
7275:
7265:
7263:
7248:
7244:
7234:
7232:
7225:
7205:
7201:
7194:
7176:
7172:
7162:
7160:
7158:WyomingNews.com
7150:
7146:
7136:
7134:
7126:
7125:
7121:
7111:
7109:
7097:
7093:
7083:
7081:
7068:
7067:
7063:
7053:
7051:
7043:
7042:
7038:
7028:
7026:
7019:
7015:
7014:
7010:
7000:
6998:
6988:
6984:
6974:
6972:
6964:
6963:
6959:
6949:
6947:
6939:
6938:
6934:
6924:
6922:
6910:
6906:
6897:
6893:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6866:
6862:
6861:
6857:
6847:
6845:
6833:
6829:
6813:
6812:
6805:
6803:
6793:
6789:
6748:(2): e0211650.
6734:
6730:
6720:
6718:
6705:
6704:
6700:
6690:
6688:
6676:
6672:
6662:
6660:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6633:
6631:
6624:
6620:
6619:
6615:
6605:
6603:
6593:
6589:
6579:
6577:
6570:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6551:
6549:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6526:
6524:
6517:
6513:
6512:
6508:
6498:
6496:
6488:
6487:
6483:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6456:
6452:
6451:
6447:
6437:
6435:
6427:
6426:
6422:
6412:
6410:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6387:
6385:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6362:
6360:
6354:
6350:
6340:
6338:
6337:on 27 July 2014
6334:
6317:
6311:
6307:
6284:
6280:
6242:
6235:
6225:
6223:
6214:
6213:
6206:
6196:
6194:
6171:
6164:
6154:
6152:
6105:
6101:
6091:
6089:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6065:
6063:
6032:
6028:
6018:
6016:
6008:
6007:
6003:
5993:
5991:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5963:
5961:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5938:
5936:
5919:
5915:
5905:
5903:
5893:
5889:
5879:
5877:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5853:
5851:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5820:
5816:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5770:
5768:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5745:
5743:
5726:
5722:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5698:
5696:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5648:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5611:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5592:
5590:
5569:
5565:
5555:
5553:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5529:
5527:
5490:
5486:
5426:
5422:
5412:
5410:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5361:
5351:
5349:
5338:
5331:
5286:
5282:
5237:
5233:
5223:
5221:
5209:
5205:Fergus, Chuck.
5203:
5199:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5137:
5133:
5084:
5080:
5038:
5034:
4981:
4974:
4966:
4962:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4931:
4925:
4921:
4911:
4909:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4870:Panthera tigris
4866:
4862:
4817:
4813:
4762:
4758:
4709:(4): e0249521.
4694:
4687:
4671:10.1.1.578.4763
4644:
4640:
4625:10.2307/3799488
4607:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4590:on 30 June 2007
4578:
4577:
4573:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4522:
4514:. p. 280.
4502:
4498:
4488:
4486:
4485:on 11 June 2011
4473:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4433:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4396:
4392:
4382:
4380:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4257:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4207:10.2307/1381489
4187:
4183:
4173:
4171:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4143:
4141:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4097:
4093:
4050:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4017:
4016:
4005:
3998:
3984:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3904:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3860:
3858:
3845:
3844:
3837:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3802:10.2307/3797893
3785:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3737:
3727:The Lyons Press
3719:
3715:
3705:
3703:
3692:"Roosevelt Elk"
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3655:
3654:
3645:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3597:
3590:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3483:"American Elk (
3481:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3437:
3427:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3393:
3377:
3366:
3321:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3221:
3213:. p. 464.
3201:
3197:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3083:
3082:
3073:
3058:
3031:
3024:
3014:
3012:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2982:
2975:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2916:
2909:
2905:
2787:
2785:Commercial uses
2727:
2707:
2705:
2689:
2687:
2671:
2669:
2653:
2651:
2635:
2633:
2617:
2615:
2599:
2597:
2581:
2579:
2563:
2561:
2545:
2543:
2527:
2525:
2509:
2507:
2491:
2489:
2473:
2471:
2455:
2453:
2437:
2435:
2419:
2417:
2401:
2399:
2383:
2381:
2365:
2363:
2347:
2345:
2329:
2327:
2311:
2309:
2293:
2291:
2275:
2273:
2257:
2255:
2239:
2237:
2224:
2168:Smoky Mountains
2102:
2069:
1927:
1907:Siberian tigers
1872:
1816:
1775:
1713:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1662:
1656:
1635:
1550:
1548:Characteristics
1543:
1536:
1527:
1520:
1511:
1504:
1495:
1488:
1479:
1472:C. c. wallichii
1432:C. c. sibiricus
1363:Roosevelt's elk
1316:C. c. sibiricus
1265:Tianshan wapiti
1261:C. c. sibiricus
1177:
1084:Members of the
1070:Alberta, Canada
1030:
968:Richard Hakluyt
945:Old High German
823:, the European
750:
671:Southern Sweden
525:largest species
441:C. c. wallichii
427:C. c. sibiricus
382:C. c. macneilli
344:
337:
331:
318:
216:
208:
197:
193:
186:
141:
132:
131:
130:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
58:
57:
54:
46:
35:
28:
17:
16:Species of deer
12:
11:
5:
12892:
12882:
12881:
12876:
12871:
12866:
12861:
12856:
12851:
12846:
12841:
12836:
12831:
12826:
12821:
12804:
12803:
12801:
12800:
12787:
12774:
12761:
12748:
12735:
12722:
12709:
12696:
12683:
12670:
12657:
12644:
12631:
12621:
12606:
12590:
12588:
12582:
12581:
12569:
12568:
12545:
12544:
12542:
12541:
12539:Upland hunting
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12496:
12490:
12488:
12484:
12483:
12481:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12450:
12445:
12440:
12435:
12430:
12425:
12419:
12417:
12413:
12412:
12410:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12394:
12389:
12384:
12379:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12339:
12334:
12329:
12324:
12318:
12316:
12310:
12309:
12307:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12256:
12251:
12245:
12243:
12237:
12236:
12226:
12224:
12222:
12221:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12159:Bobwhite quail
12155:
12153:
12149:
12148:
12143:
12142:
12135:
12128:
12120:
12111:
12110:
12107:
12106:
12103:
12102:
12100:
12099:
12092:
12090:
12084:
12083:
12080:
12079:
12077:
12076:
12072:C. liberiensis
12066:
12064:
12056:
12055:
12053:
12052:
12046:Hippopotamus (
12042:
12040:
12029:
12027:Hippopotamidae
12019:
12018:
12005:
12004:
12001:
12000:
11997:
11996:
11993:
11992:
11990:
11989:
11980:
11976:C. dromedarius
11971:
11961:
11959:
11951:
11950:
11948:
11947:
11938:
11929:
11920:
11910:
11908:
11897:
11887:
11886:
11873:
11872:
11869:
11868:
11865:
11864:
11861:
11860:
11858:
11857:
11847:
11845:
11837:
11836:
11834:
11833:
11823:
11821:
11813:
11812:
11810:
11809:
11799:
11797:
11786:
11780:
11779:
11776:
11775:
11773:
11772:
11763:
11759:S. timoriensis
11754:
11745:
11736:
11727:
11718:
11712:Domestic pig (
11709:
11700:
11691:
11682:
11672:
11670:
11662:
11661:
11659:
11658:
11649:
11639:
11637:
11629:
11628:
11626:
11625:
11615:
11613:
11605:
11604:
11602:
11601:
11592:
11588:P. aethiopicus
11582:
11580:
11572:
11571:
11569:
11568:
11558:
11556:
11548:
11547:
11545:
11544:
11540:B. togeanensis
11535:
11526:
11516:
11514:
11503:
11493:
11492:
11479:
11478:
11475:
11474:
11471:
11470:
11467:
11466:
11464:
11463:
11453:
11451:
11443:
11442:
11440:
11439:
11430:
11421:
11411:
11409:
11401:
11400:
11398:
11397:
11391:Zebra duiker (
11388:
11379:
11370:
11366:C. silvicultor
11361:
11352:
11343:
11334:
11325:
11319:Black duiker (
11316:
11307:
11303:C. leucogaster
11298:
11289:
11280:
11271:
11262:
11253:
11244:
11234:
11232:
11221:
11215:
11214:
11211:
11210:
11208:
11207:
11198:
11192:Cape grysbok (
11189:
11179:
11177:
11169:
11168:
11166:
11165:
11155:
11153:
11145:
11144:
11142:
11141:
11135:Klipspringer (
11131:
11129:
11121:
11120:
11118:
11117:
11108:
11099:
11089:
11087:
11079:
11078:
11076:
11075:
11066:
11062:M. piacentinii
11057:
11048:
11038:
11036:
11028:
11027:
11025:
11024:
11014:
11012:
11001:
10995:
10994:
10991:
10990:
10988:
10987:
10977:
10975:
10967:
10966:
10964:
10963:
10953:
10951:
10940:
10936:
10935:
10932:
10931:
10929:
10928:
10924:P. przewalskii
10919:
10910:
10900:
10898:
10890:
10889:
10887:
10886:
10877:
10868:
10859:
10850:
10844:Dama gazelle (
10840:
10838:
10830:
10829:
10827:
10826:
10816:
10814:
10806:
10805:
10803:
10802:
10793:
10784:
10778:Rhim gazelle (
10775:
10766:
10757:
10748:
10739:
10729:
10727:
10719:
10718:
10716:
10715:
10706:
10697:
10688:
10678:
10676:
10668:
10667:
10665:
10664:
10654:
10652:
10644:
10643:
10641:
10640:
10636:A. marsupialis
10630:
10628:
10620:
10619:
10617:
10616:
10606:
10604:
10593:
10583:
10582:
10562:
10561:
10558:
10557:
10554:
10553:
10550:
10549:
10547:
10546:
10540:Common eland (
10537:
10527:
10525:
10517:
10516:
10514:
10513:
10504:
10498:Greater kudu (
10495:
10486:
10477:
10468:
10459:
10450:
10440:
10438:
10415:
10409:
10408:
10405:
10404:
10402:
10401:
10391:
10389:
10381:
10380:
10378:
10377:
10367:
10365:
10357:
10356:
10354:
10353:
10344:
10335:
10326:
10317:
10311:Domestic yak (
10308:
10299:
10290:
10281:
10272:
10262:
10260:
10252:
10251:
10249:
10248:
10239:
10235:B. mindorensis
10230:
10224:Lowland anoa (
10221:
10212:
10202:
10200:
10189:
10183:
10182:
10179:
10178:
10176:
10175:
10165:
10163:
10155:
10154:
10152:
10151:
10141:
10139:
10128:
10118:
10117:
10097:
10096:
10093:
10092:
10089:
10088:
10086:
10085:
10076:
10066:
10064:
10056:
10055:
10053:
10052:
10042:
10040:
10032:
10031:
10029:
10028:
10019:
10010:
10001:
9992:
9983:
9974:
9964:
9962:
9954:
9953:
9951:
9950:
9944:Nilgiri tahr (
9940:
9938:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9926:
9916:
9914:
9906:
9905:
9903:
9902:
9892:
9890:
9882:
9881:
9879:
9878:
9869:
9860:
9851:
9841:
9839:
9831:
9830:
9828:
9827:
9817:
9815:
9807:
9806:
9804:
9803:
9797:Taiwan serow (
9794:
9785:
9776:
9766:
9764:
9756:
9755:
9753:
9752:
9743:
9734:
9728:Iberian ibex (
9725:
9716:
9707:
9698:
9689:
9680:
9671:
9661:
9659:
9651:
9650:
9648:
9647:
9637:
9635:
9627:
9626:
9624:
9623:
9617:Arabian tahr (
9613:
9611:
9603:
9602:
9600:
9599:
9589:
9587:
9575:
9574:
9554:
9553:
9550:
9549:
9546:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9534:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9522:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9510:
9509:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9502:
9492:
9490:
9479:
9473:
9472:
9469:
9468:
9466:
9465:
9456:
9446:
9444:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9432:
9422:
9420:
9412:
9411:
9409:
9408:
9399:
9389:
9387:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9375:
9365:
9363:
9352:
9346:
9345:
9342:
9341:
9339:
9338:
9328:
9326:
9315:
9309:
9308:
9305:
9304:
9302:
9301:
9291:
9289:
9278:
9272:
9271:
9268:
9267:
9265:
9264:
9255:
9251:R. fulvorufula
9246:
9236:
9234:
9226:
9225:
9223:
9222:
9213:
9204:
9195:
9186:
9176:
9174:
9163:
9157:
9156:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9149:
9139:
9137:
9129:
9128:
9126:
9125:
9119:Arabian oryx (
9116:
9107:
9098:
9088:
9086:
9078:
9077:
9075:
9074:
9065:
9055:
9053:
9042:
9032:
9031:
9016:
9015:
9012:
9011:
9008:
9007:
9004:
9003:
9001:
9000:
8996:O. virginianus
8991:
8982:
8972:
8970:
8962:
8961:
8959:
8958:
8949:
8939:
8937:
8928:
8927:
8925:
8924:
8915:
8904:
8902:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8890:
8880:
8878:
8870:
8869:
8867:
8866:
8862:O. bezoarticus
8856:
8854:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8842:
8833:
8824:
8815:
8806:
8802:M. gouazoubira
8800:Gray brocket (
8797:
8788:
8779:
8770:
8760:
8758:
8750:
8749:
8747:
8746:
8737:
8727:
8725:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8713:
8703:
8701:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8689:
8680:
8670:
8668:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8656:
8646:
8644:
8636:
8635:
8633:
8632:
8622:
8620:
8609:
8603:
8602:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8595:
8586:
8577:
8568:
8559:
8555:C. albirostris
8549:
8547:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8535:
8526:
8517:
8508:
8498:
8496:
8488:
8487:
8485:
8484:
8474:
8472:
8464:
8463:
8461:
8460:
8451:
8441:
8439:
8431:
8430:
8428:
8427:
8418:
8409:
8400:
8390:
8388:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8376:
8367:
8357:
8355:
8347:
8346:
8344:
8343:
8339:E. cephalophus
8333:
8331:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8319:
8310:
8301:
8292:
8283:
8274:
8268:Leaf muntjac (
8265:
8261:M. puhoatensis
8256:
8247:
8238:
8229:
8220:
8211:
8201:
8199:
8188:
8178:
8177:
8162:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8154:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8142:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8130:
8129:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8122:
8118:T. williamsoni
8113:
8104:
8095:
8086:
8077:
8067:
8065:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8053:
8044:
8035:
8025:
8023:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8011:
8001:
7999:
7988:
7982:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7974:
7970:M. moschiferus
7965:
7961:M. leucogaster
7956:
7947:
7938:
7929:
7925:M. berezovskii
7920:
7910:
7908:
7897:
7891:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7874:
7865:
7856:
7846:
7844:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7832:
7822:
7820:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7795:
7785:
7783:
7772:
7770:Antilocapridae
7762:
7761:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7742:Laurasiatheria
7738:
7732:
7726:
7720:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7700:
7699:
7692:
7685:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7647:
7635:
7630:
7613:
7612:External links
7610:
7608:
7607:
7575:
7568:
7546:
7520:
7491:(5): 696–703.
7469:
7439:
7413:
7381:
7355:
7325:
7299:
7273:
7242:
7223:
7199:
7192:
7170:
7144:
7119:
7091:
7061:
7036:
7008:
6982:
6957:
6932:
6904:
6891:
6855:
6827:
6787:
6728:
6698:
6670:
6641:
6613:
6587:
6559:
6534:
6506:
6481:
6445:
6420:
6395:
6370:
6348:
6305:
6278:
6255:. Wellington:
6233:
6222:on 24 May 2010
6204:
6177:Cervus elaphus
6162:
6099:
6073:
6048:(2): 167–173.
6026:
6001:
5971:
5946:
5913:
5887:
5861:
5839:
5814:
5778:
5753:
5720:
5706:
5680:
5661:(4): 789–806.
5632:
5600:
5563:
5537:
5484:
5420:
5394:
5359:
5329:
5300:(6): 977–984.
5280:
5231:
5197:
5156:
5149:
5131:
5078:
5032:
4972:
4960:
4949:on 4 July 2007
4919:
4893:
4882:(3): 221–231.
4860:
4811:
4776:(2): 225–235.
4756:
4685:
4656:(3): 227–234.
4638:
4601:
4571:
4560:on 4 June 2011
4539:
4520:
4496:
4466:
4441:
4419:
4390:
4363:
4333:
4322:(1): 331–341.
4304:
4293:on 8 June 2011
4274:
4255:
4235:
4201:(2): 418–423.
4181:
4151:
4140:on 10 May 2007
4116:
4109:
4091:
4070:(8): 1224–36.
4044:
4003:
3996:
3961:
3938:Cervus elephus
3923:
3916:
3898:
3868:
3835:
3822:
3773:
3743:
3735:
3713:
3682:
3659:Cervus elaphus
3643:
3616:
3609:
3588:
3564:
3545:Allen, Craig.
3537:
3510:
3485:Cervus elaphus
3474:
3418:
3391:
3364:
3325:Cervus elaphus
3310:
3276:Cervus elaphus
3264:
3238:
3219:
3195:
3169:
3152:
3114:
3071:
3056:
3022:
2991:
2973:
2956:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2861:Turkic peoples
2786:
2783:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2480:North Carolina
2468:
2467:
2464:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2213:. In 1949 the
2199:Chilean huemul
2172:South Carolina
2148:North Carolina
2101:
2098:
2079:during the rut
2068:
2065:
2013:undulant fever
1926:
1923:
1871:
1868:
1815:
1812:
1774:
1771:
1712:
1709:
1683:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1634:
1631:
1560:in California.
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1458:Alashan wapiti
1455:
1445:
1435:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:C. c. merriami
1410:
1400:
1390:
1380:
1377:C. c. nannodes
1370:
1356:
1336:Kansu red deer
1328:C. xanthopygus
1293:Alashan wapiti
1250:C. c. merriami
1218:C. c. nannodes
1176:
1173:
1142:Thorold's deer
1126:Cervus elaphus
1109:. The extinct
1056:, Yellowstone.
1029:
1026:
960:Cervus elaphus
943:, itself from
919:. Noting that
893:Middle English
873:Proto-Germanic
784:Cree syllabics
749:
746:
659:Western Europe
623:Cervus elaphus
493:
492:
486:Cervus elaphus
478:
477:
471:
470:
463:
462:
454:
453:
452:
451:
444:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
406:C. c. nannodes
402:
399:C. c. merriami
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
351:
350:
346:
345:
338:
327:
326:
320:
319:
312:
310:
306:
305:
298:
294:
293:
288:
284:
283:
278:
274:
273:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
253:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
210:
209:
191:
188:
187:
182:
179:
178:
170:
169:
161:
160:
152:
151:
143:
142:
127:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
55:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12891:
12880:
12877:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12837:
12835:
12832:
12830:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12816:
12814:
12797:
12792:
12788:
12784:
12779:
12775:
12771:
12766:
12762:
12758:
12753:
12749:
12745:
12740:
12736:
12732:
12727:
12723:
12719:
12714:
12710:
12706:
12701:
12697:
12693:
12688:
12684:
12680:
12675:
12671:
12667:
12662:
12658:
12654:
12649:
12645:
12641:
12636:
12632:
12628:
12622:
12617:
12611:
12607:
12602:
12596:
12592:
12591:
12589:
12587:
12583:
12579:
12574:
12567:
12562:
12557:
12556:
12553:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12504:Bison hunting
12502:
12500:
12497:
12495:
12492:
12491:
12489:
12485:
12479:
12478:Snowshoe hare
12476:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12453:Gray squirrel
12451:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12420:
12418:
12414:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12377:Mountain goat
12375:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12322:Bighorn sheep
12320:
12319:
12317:
12315:
12311:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12269:Greater scaup
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12246:
12244:
12242:
12238:
12230:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12209:Spruce grouse
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12194:Ruffed grouse
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12179:Mourning dove
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12156:
12154:
12150:
12141:
12136:
12134:
12129:
12127:
12122:
12121:
12118:
12098:
12094:
12093:
12091:
12089:
12085:
12075:
12073:
12068:
12067:
12065:
12063:
12062:
12057:
12051:
12049:
12044:
12043:
12041:
12039:
12038:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12024:
12020:
12016:
12010:
12006:
11988:
11986:
11981:
11979:
11977:
11972:
11970:
11968:
11967:C. bactrianus
11963:
11962:
11960:
11958:
11957:
11952:
11946:
11944:
11939:
11937:
11935:
11930:
11928:
11926:
11921:
11919:
11917:
11912:
11911:
11909:
11907:
11906:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11892:
11888:
11884:
11878:
11874:
11856:
11854:
11849:
11848:
11846:
11844:
11843:
11838:
11832:
11830:
11825:
11824:
11822:
11820:
11819:
11814:
11808:
11806:
11801:
11800:
11798:
11796:
11795:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11781:
11771:
11769:
11768:S. verrucosus
11764:
11762:
11760:
11755:
11753:
11751:
11746:
11744:
11742:
11737:
11735:
11733:
11728:
11726:
11724:
11719:
11717:
11715:
11714:S. domesticus
11710:
11708:
11706:
11705:S. celebensis
11701:
11699:
11697:
11692:
11690:
11688:
11683:
11681:
11679:
11674:
11673:
11671:
11669:
11668:
11663:
11657:
11655:
11650:
11648:
11646:
11641:
11640:
11638:
11636:
11635:
11634:Potamochoerus
11630:
11624:
11622:
11617:
11616:
11614:
11612:
11611:
11606:
11600:
11598:
11593:
11591:
11589:
11584:
11583:
11581:
11579:
11578:
11573:
11567:
11565:
11560:
11559:
11557:
11555:
11554:
11549:
11543:
11541:
11536:
11534:
11532:
11531:B. celebensis
11527:
11525:
11523:
11518:
11517:
11515:
11513:
11512:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11498:
11494:
11490:
11484:
11480:
11462:
11460:
11455:
11454:
11452:
11450:
11449:
11444:
11438:
11436:
11431:
11429:
11427:
11422:
11420:
11418:
11415:Blue duiker (
11413:
11412:
11410:
11408:
11407:
11402:
11396:
11394:
11389:
11387:
11385:
11380:
11378:
11376:
11371:
11369:
11367:
11362:
11360:
11358:
11353:
11351:
11349:
11344:
11342:
11340:
11335:
11333:
11331:
11330:C. nigrifrons
11326:
11324:
11322:
11317:
11315:
11313:
11312:C. natalensis
11308:
11306:
11304:
11299:
11297:
11295:
11290:
11288:
11286:
11281:
11279:
11277:
11272:
11270:
11268:
11263:
11261:
11259:
11258:C. callipygus
11254:
11252:
11250:
11245:
11243:
11241:
11236:
11235:
11233:
11231:
11230:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11216:
11206:
11204:
11199:
11197:
11195:
11190:
11188:
11186:
11185:R. campestris
11181:
11180:
11178:
11176:
11175:
11170:
11164:
11162:
11157:
11156:
11154:
11152:
11151:
11146:
11140:
11138:
11137:O. oreotragus
11133:
11132:
11130:
11128:
11127:
11122:
11116:
11114:
11109:
11107:
11105:
11100:
11098:
11096:
11091:
11090:
11088:
11086:
11085:
11080:
11074:
11072:
11067:
11065:
11063:
11058:
11056:
11054:
11049:
11047:
11045:
11040:
11039:
11037:
11035:
11034:
11029:
11023:
11021:
11016:
11015:
11013:
11011:
11010:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10996:
10986:
10984:
10979:
10978:
10976:
10974:
10973:
10968:
10962:
10960:
10955:
10954:
10952:
10950:
10949:
10944:
10941:
10937:
10927:
10925:
10920:
10918:
10916:
10911:
10909:
10907:
10902:
10901:
10899:
10897:
10896:
10891:
10885:
10883:
10878:
10876:
10874:
10869:
10867:
10865:
10860:
10858:
10856:
10851:
10849:
10847:
10842:
10841:
10839:
10837:
10836:
10831:
10825:
10823:
10818:
10817:
10815:
10813:
10812:
10807:
10801:
10799:
10794:
10792:
10790:
10785:
10783:
10781:
10780:G. leptoceros
10776:
10774:
10772:
10767:
10765:
10763:
10758:
10756:
10754:
10749:
10747:
10745:
10740:
10738:
10736:
10731:
10730:
10728:
10726:
10725:
10720:
10714:
10712:
10707:
10705:
10703:
10698:
10696:
10694:
10689:
10687:
10685:
10684:E. albonotata
10680:
10679:
10677:
10675:
10674:
10669:
10663:
10661:
10660:A. cervicapra
10656:
10655:
10653:
10651:
10650:
10645:
10639:
10637:
10632:
10631:
10629:
10627:
10626:
10621:
10615:
10613:
10608:
10607:
10605:
10603:
10602:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10588:
10584:
10578:
10574:
10567:
10563:
10545:
10543:
10538:
10536:
10534:
10531:Giant eland (
10529:
10528:
10526:
10524:
10523:
10518:
10512:
10510:
10509:T. sylvaticus
10505:
10503:
10501:
10496:
10494:
10492:
10487:
10485:
10483:
10478:
10476:
10474:
10471:Lesser kudu (
10469:
10467:
10465:
10460:
10458:
10456:
10451:
10449:
10447:
10442:
10441:
10439:
10433:
10425:
10424:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10410:
10400:
10398:
10393:
10392:
10390:
10388:
10387:
10382:
10376:
10374:
10369:
10368:
10366:
10364:
10363:
10358:
10352:
10350:
10345:
10343:
10341:
10336:
10334:
10332:
10327:
10325:
10323:
10318:
10316:
10314:
10309:
10307:
10305:
10300:
10298:
10296:
10291:
10289:
10287:
10286:B. domesticus
10284:Bali cattle (
10282:
10280:
10278:
10273:
10271:
10269:
10264:
10263:
10261:
10259:
10258:
10253:
10247:
10245:
10240:
10238:
10236:
10231:
10229:
10227:
10222:
10220:
10218:
10213:
10211:
10209:
10204:
10203:
10201:
10199:
10198:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10184:
10174:
10172:
10167:
10166:
10164:
10162:
10161:
10156:
10150:
10148:
10143:
10142:
10140:
10138:
10137:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10113:
10109:
10102:
10098:
10084:
10082:
10077:
10075:
10073:
10068:
10067:
10065:
10063:
10062:
10057:
10051:
10049:
10044:
10043:
10041:
10039:
10038:
10033:
10027:
10025:
10020:
10018:
10016:
10011:
10009:
10007:
10002:
10000:
9998:
9993:
9991:
9989:
9988:O. canadensis
9984:
9982:
9980:
9975:
9973:
9971:
9966:
9965:
9963:
9961:
9960:
9955:
9949:
9947:
9942:
9941:
9939:
9937:
9936:
9935:Nilgiritragus
9931:
9925:
9923:
9918:
9917:
9915:
9913:
9912:
9907:
9901:
9899:
9898:O. americanus
9894:
9893:
9891:
9889:
9888:
9883:
9877:
9875:
9870:
9868:
9866:
9861:
9859:
9857:
9852:
9850:
9848:
9843:
9842:
9840:
9838:
9837:
9832:
9826:
9824:
9823:H. jemlahicus
9819:
9818:
9816:
9814:
9813:
9808:
9802:
9800:
9795:
9793:
9791:
9786:
9784:
9782:
9777:
9775:
9773:
9768:
9767:
9765:
9763:
9762:
9757:
9751:
9749:
9744:
9742:
9740:
9735:
9733:
9731:
9726:
9724:
9722:
9719:Nubian ibex (
9717:
9715:
9713:
9710:Alpine ibex (
9708:
9706:
9704:
9699:
9697:
9695:
9690:
9688:
9686:
9681:
9679:
9677:
9672:
9670:
9668:
9663:
9662:
9660:
9658:
9657:
9652:
9646:
9644:
9639:
9638:
9636:
9634:
9633:
9628:
9622:
9620:
9615:
9614:
9612:
9610:
9609:
9604:
9598:
9596:
9591:
9590:
9588:
9586:
9585:
9580:
9576:
9570:
9566:
9559:
9555:
9541:
9539:
9535:
9529:
9527:
9523:
9517:
9515:
9511:
9501:
9499:
9494:
9493:
9491:
9489:
9488:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9477:Pantholopinae
9474:
9464:
9462:
9457:
9455:
9453:
9448:
9447:
9445:
9443:
9442:
9437:
9431:
9429:
9428:A. buselaphus
9424:
9423:
9421:
9419:
9418:
9413:
9407:
9405:
9400:
9398:
9396:
9391:
9390:
9388:
9386:
9385:
9380:
9374:
9372:
9367:
9366:
9364:
9362:
9361:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9347:
9337:
9335:
9332:Grey rhebok (
9330:
9329:
9327:
9325:
9324:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9310:
9300:
9298:
9293:
9292:
9290:
9288:
9287:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9276:Aepycerotinae
9273:
9263:
9261:
9256:
9254:
9252:
9247:
9245:
9243:
9238:
9237:
9235:
9233:
9232:
9227:
9221:
9219:
9214:
9212:
9210:
9207:Nile lechwe (
9205:
9203:
9201:
9196:
9194:
9192:
9187:
9185:
9183:
9178:
9177:
9175:
9173:
9172:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9158:
9148:
9146:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9136:
9135:
9130:
9124:
9122:
9117:
9115:
9113:
9108:
9106:
9104:
9099:
9097:
9095:
9090:
9089:
9087:
9085:
9084:
9079:
9073:
9071:
9066:
9064:
9062:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9051:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9040:Hippotraginae
9037:
9033:
9028:
9021:
9017:
8999:
8997:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8983:
8981:
8979:
8974:
8973:
8971:
8969:
8968:
8963:
8957:
8955:
8950:
8948:
8946:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8929:
8923:
8921:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8906:
8905:
8903:
8901:
8900:
8895:
8889:
8887:
8886:B. dichotomus
8882:
8881:
8879:
8877:
8876:
8871:
8865:
8863:
8860:Pampas deer (
8858:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8852:
8847:
8841:
8839:
8834:
8832:
8830:
8825:
8823:
8821:
8820:M. nemorivaga
8816:
8814:
8812:
8807:
8805:
8803:
8798:
8796:
8794:
8789:
8787:
8785:
8780:
8778:
8776:
8771:
8769:
8767:
8764:Red brocket (
8762:
8761:
8759:
8757:
8756:
8751:
8745:
8743:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8733:H. antisensis
8729:
8728:
8726:
8724:
8723:
8718:
8712:
8710:
8705:
8704:
8702:
8700:
8699:
8694:
8688:
8686:
8681:
8679:
8677:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8666:
8661:
8655:
8653:
8648:
8647:
8645:
8643:
8642:
8637:
8631:
8629:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8618:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8604:
8594:
8592:
8587:
8585:
8583:
8578:
8576:
8574:
8573:C. canadensis
8569:
8567:
8565:
8560:
8558:
8556:
8551:
8550:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8540:
8534:
8532:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8522:R. timorensis
8518:
8516:
8514:
8509:
8507:
8505:
8500:
8499:
8497:
8495:
8494:
8489:
8483:
8481:
8480:E. davidianus
8476:
8475:
8473:
8471:
8470:
8465:
8459:
8457:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8447:R. duvaucelii
8443:
8442:
8440:
8438:
8437:
8432:
8426:
8424:
8419:
8417:
8415:
8412:Bawean deer (
8410:
8408:
8406:
8401:
8399:
8397:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8387:
8386:
8381:
8375:
8373:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8342:
8340:
8337:Tufted deer (
8335:
8334:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8318:
8316:
8311:
8309:
8307:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8293:
8291:
8289:
8284:
8282:
8280:
8275:
8273:
8271:
8270:M. putaoensis
8266:
8264:
8262:
8257:
8255:
8253:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8239:
8237:
8235:
8230:
8228:
8226:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8216:M. crinifrons
8212:
8210:
8208:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8198:
8197:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8183:
8179:
8174:
8167:
8163:
8149:
8147:
8143:
8137:
8135:
8131:
8121:
8119:
8114:
8112:
8110:
8109:T. versicolor
8105:
8103:
8101:
8096:
8094:
8092:
8087:
8085:
8083:
8078:
8076:
8074:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8064:
8063:
8058:
8052:
8050:
8045:
8043:
8041:
8036:
8034:
8032:
8027:
8026:
8024:
8022:
8021:
8016:
8010:
8008:
8003:
8002:
8000:
7998:
7997:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7983:
7973:
7971:
7966:
7964:
7962:
7957:
7955:
7953:
7948:
7946:
7944:
7939:
7937:
7935:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7921:
7919:
7917:
7916:M. anhuiensis
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7906:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7892:
7882:
7880:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7870:G. reticulata
7866:
7864:
7862:
7857:
7855:
7853:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7843:
7842:
7837:
7831:
7829:
7824:
7823:
7821:
7819:
7818:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7804:
7794:
7792:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7782:
7781:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7753:
7749:
7743:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7731:
7727:
7725:
7721:
7719:
7715:
7714:
7711:
7706:
7698:
7693:
7691:
7686:
7684:
7679:
7678:
7675:
7669:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7648:
7646:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7592:
7585:
7579:
7571:
7569:9780393313826
7565:
7561:
7557:
7550:
7534:
7530:
7524:
7516:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7473:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7443:
7427:
7423:
7417:
7398:
7391:
7385:
7369:
7365:
7359:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7329:
7313:
7309:
7303:
7287:
7283:
7277:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7246:
7230:
7226:
7224:9780874217926
7220:
7216:
7212:
7211:
7203:
7195:
7193:9789004378780
7189:
7185:
7181:
7174:
7159:
7155:
7148:
7133:
7129:
7123:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7095:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7065:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7025:
7018:
7012:
6997:
6993:
6986:
6971:
6967:
6961:
6946:
6942:
6936:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6908:
6901:
6895:
6876:
6872:
6865:
6859:
6844:
6843:
6842:The Oklahoman
6838:
6831:
6823:
6817:
6802:
6798:
6791:
6783:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6732:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6702:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6674:
6658:
6651:
6645:
6630:
6623:
6617:
6602:
6598:
6591:
6576:
6569:
6563:
6548:
6544:
6538:
6523:
6516:
6510:
6495:
6494:Farm Progress
6491:
6485:
6466:
6462:
6455:
6449:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6409:
6405:
6399:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6359:
6352:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6316:
6309:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6282:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6221:
6217:
6211:
6209:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6178:
6169:
6167:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6103:
6087:
6083:
6077:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6030:
6015:
6011:
6005:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5917:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5849:
5843:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5818:
5799:
5795:
5788:
5782:
5767:
5763:
5757:
5741:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5724:
5716:
5710:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5647:
5645:
5636:
5617:
5610:
5604:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5578:The Columbian
5574:
5567:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5424:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5379:
5372:
5366:
5364:
5347:
5343:
5342:"Elk Profile"
5336:
5334:
5325:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5284:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5160:
5152:
5146:
5142:
5135:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5082:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5028:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4977:
4969:
4964:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4864:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4760:
4752:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4692:
4690:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4642:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4605:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4556:
4549:
4548:"Elk biology"
4543:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4513:
4512:Marcel Dekker
4509:
4508:
4500:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4451:
4445:
4429:
4423:
4415:
4411:
4408:(141): 3–61.
4407:
4403:
4402:
4394:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4342:"Elk biology"
4337:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4308:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4239:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4124:Sell, Randy.
4120:
4112:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4057:
4048:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3999:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3928:
3919:
3917:9781610603102
3913:
3909:
3902:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3832:
3826:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3738:
3736:1-58574-180-9
3732:
3729:. p. 7.
3728:
3724:
3717:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3593:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3568:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3495:
3488:
3486:
3478:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3434:
3425:
3423:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3268:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3156:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3118:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2987:
2980:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2834:antler velvet
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2809:and lower in
2808:
2804:
2798:
2791:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2736:
2731:
2717:
2715:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2678:West Virginia
2668:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2164:West Virginia
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2073:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2051:Cowlitz River
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:Gram-negative
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1689:
1668:
1651:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:Cascade Range
1568:
1559:
1558:Roosevelt elk
1554:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1413:Merriam's elk
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:C. c. nelsoni
1394:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1383:Manitoban elk
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:Cervus hanglu
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:C. canadensis
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1305:Central China
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1246:Merriam's elk
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:C. c. nelsoni
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:C. canadensis
1162:
1161:morphological
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:mitochondrial
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:
979:
976:. Similarly,
975:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
954:The American
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
839:
830:
829:Ancient Greek
827:was known as
826:
822:
818:
817:
811:
809:
805:
801:
785:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:British Isles
759:
755:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:Merriam's elk
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:C. canadensis
636:
635:morphological
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
604:mating season
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
581:bighorn sheep
578:
574:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:
512:
508:
500:
491:
489:
488:
487:
479:
476:
472:
469:
464:
460:
455:
450:
449:
445:
443:
442:
438:
436:
435:
431:
429:
428:
424:
422:
421:
417:
415:
414:
413:C. c. nelsoni
410:
408:
407:
403:
401:
400:
393:
391:
390:
386:
384:
383:
379:
377:
376:
372:
370:
369:
365:
363:
362:
355:
354:
352:
347:
342:
336:
334:
328:
325:
324:Binomial name
321:
317:
316:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
299:
296:
295:
292:
289:
286:
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:
272:
269:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
225:
220:
215:
211:
205:
200:
199:Least Concern
189:
185:
180:
176:
171:
167:
162:
158:
153:
149:
144:
138:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
51:
48:
44:
40:
33:
26:
22:
12585:
12534:Wolf hunting
12509:Deer hunting
12494:Bear hunting
12443:Fox squirrel
12416:Other quarry
12356:
12294:Ross's goose
12274:Lesser scaup
12254:Canada goose
12071:
12059:
12048:H. amphibius
12047:
12037:Hippopotamus
12035:
12015:Whippomorpha
11984:
11975:
11966:
11954:
11942:
11933:
11924:
11915:
11903:
11852:
11840:
11828:
11816:
11804:
11792:
11767:
11758:
11749:
11740:
11731:
11722:
11713:
11704:
11696:S. cebifrons
11695:
11686:
11677:
11665:
11653:
11644:
11632:
11620:
11608:
11597:P. africanus
11596:
11587:
11577:Phacochoerus
11575:
11563:
11551:
11539:
11530:
11522:B. babyrussa
11521:
11509:
11458:
11446:
11434:
11426:P. maxwellii
11425:
11417:P. monticola
11416:
11404:
11392:
11383:
11374:
11365:
11357:C. rufilatus
11356:
11347:
11338:
11329:
11320:
11311:
11302:
11293:
11284:
11275:
11274:Bay duiker (
11267:C. crusalbum
11266:
11257:
11248:
11239:
11227:
11219:Cephalophini
11202:
11194:R. melanotis
11193:
11184:
11172:
11160:
11148:
11136:
11124:
11112:
11104:N. moschatus
11103:
11094:
11082:
11070:
11061:
11052:
11044:M. guentheri
11043:
11031:
11020:D. megalotis
11019:
11007:
10982:
10970:
10959:P. hodgsonii
10958:
10946:
10923:
10914:
10906:P. gutturosa
10905:
10893:
10881:
10872:
10863:
10854:
10845:
10833:
10821:
10809:
10797:
10788:
10779:
10770:
10762:G. erlangeri
10761:
10752:
10743:
10735:G. bennettii
10734:
10722:
10710:
10702:E. thomsonii
10701:
10693:E. rufifrons
10692:
10683:
10671:
10659:
10647:
10635:
10623:
10611:
10599:
10541:
10533:T. derbianus
10532:
10520:
10508:
10499:
10490:
10481:
10472:
10464:T. eurycerus
10463:
10454:
10445:
10421:
10413:Tragelaphini
10396:
10384:
10372:
10360:
10348:
10339:
10331:B. javanicus
10330:
10321:
10313:B. grunniens
10312:
10303:
10295:B. frontalis
10294:
10285:
10276:
10267:
10255:
10243:
10234:
10225:
10216:
10207:
10195:
10170:
10158:
10146:
10134:
10081:R. rupicapra
10080:
10072:R. pyrenaica
10071:
10059:
10047:
10035:
10023:
10014:
10013:Snow sheep (
10005:
9996:
9995:Dall sheep (
9987:
9978:
9969:
9957:
9946:N. hylocrius
9945:
9933:
9922:O. moschatus
9921:
9909:
9897:
9885:
9873:
9864:
9855:
9846:
9834:
9822:
9810:
9798:
9789:
9780:
9771:
9759:
9747:
9746:Walia ibex (
9738:
9730:C. pyrenaica
9729:
9720:
9711:
9702:
9694:C. falconeri
9693:
9684:
9675:
9666:
9654:
9643:B. taxicolor
9642:
9630:
9618:
9606:
9594:
9582:
9498:P. hodgsonii
9497:
9485:
9460:
9451:
9441:Connochaetes
9439:
9427:
9426:Hartebeest (
9415:
9403:
9394:
9382:
9370:
9358:
9350:Alcelaphinae
9334:P. capreolus
9333:
9321:
9296:
9284:
9259:
9250:
9242:R. arundinum
9241:
9229:
9217:
9209:K. megaceros
9208:
9199:
9190:
9181:
9169:
9144:
9132:
9120:
9111:
9102:
9093:
9081:
9069:
9060:
9048:
8995:
8986:
8977:
8965:
8953:
8944:
8931:
8919:
8909:
8897:
8885:
8884:Marsh deer (
8873:
8861:
8849:
8837:
8828:
8819:
8810:
8801:
8792:
8783:
8774:
8766:M. americana
8765:
8753:
8741:
8732:
8722:Hippocamelus
8720:
8708:
8696:
8684:
8676:C. capreolus
8675:
8663:
8651:
8650:Water deer (
8639:
8627:
8615:
8590:
8581:
8572:
8570:
8563:
8554:
8542:
8530:
8521:
8513:R. mariannus
8512:
8503:
8491:
8479:
8467:
8455:
8454:Eld's deer (
8446:
8445:Barasingha (
8434:
8422:
8413:
8404:
8395:
8383:
8371:
8362:
8350:
8338:
8326:
8314:
8306:M. vaginalis
8305:
8296:
8287:
8278:
8269:
8260:
8251:
8242:
8233:
8224:
8215:
8207:M. atherodes
8206:
8194:
8117:
8108:
8100:T. nigricans
8099:
8090:
8081:
8073:T. javanicus
8072:
8060:
8048:
8039:
8030:
8018:
8007:H. aquaticus
8006:
7994:
7969:
7960:
7951:
7942:
7933:
7924:
7915:
7903:
7878:
7869:
7860:
7851:
7839:
7828:O. johnstoni
7827:
7815:
7791:A. americana
7790:
7778:
7740:Superorder:
7734:Infraclass:
7705:Artiodactyla
7659:
7655:
7651:
7598:. Retrieved
7591:the original
7578:
7555:
7549:
7537:. Retrieved
7523:
7488:
7482:
7472:
7460:. Retrieved
7442:
7430:. Retrieved
7426:the original
7416:
7404:. Retrieved
7384:
7372:. Retrieved
7358:
7346:. Retrieved
7328:
7316:. Retrieved
7302:
7290:. Retrieved
7276:
7264:. Retrieved
7255:
7245:
7233:. Retrieved
7209:
7202:
7179:
7173:
7161:. Retrieved
7157:
7147:
7135:. Retrieved
7131:
7122:
7110:. Retrieved
7104:
7094:
7082:. Retrieved
7078:the original
7073:
7064:
7052:. Retrieved
7048:
7039:
7027:. Retrieved
7023:
7011:
6999:. Retrieved
6995:
6985:
6973:. Retrieved
6969:
6960:
6948:. Retrieved
6944:
6935:
6923:. Retrieved
6917:
6907:
6899:
6894:
6882:. Retrieved
6875:the original
6870:
6858:
6846:. Retrieved
6840:
6830:
6804:. Retrieved
6800:
6790:
6745:
6741:
6731:
6719:. Retrieved
6715:the original
6710:
6701:
6689:. Retrieved
6683:
6673:
6661:. Retrieved
6659:. 6 May 2023
6656:
6644:
6632:. Retrieved
6628:
6616:
6604:. Retrieved
6600:
6590:
6578:. Retrieved
6574:
6562:
6550:. Retrieved
6546:
6537:
6525:. Retrieved
6521:
6509:
6497:. Retrieved
6493:
6484:
6472:. Retrieved
6465:the original
6460:
6448:
6436:. Retrieved
6432:
6423:
6411:. Retrieved
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5504:(3): 334–7.
5501:
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5406:
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5297:
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5251:(4): 762–9.
5248:
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4616:
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4286:
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4249:. Elsevier.
4245:
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3937:
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3871:
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3833:. CRC Press.
3830:
3825:
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3746:
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3445:
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3287:
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3241:
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3162:
3155:
3143:. Retrieved
3132:
3125:
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3094:
3087:
3046:
3042:Wilson, D.E.
3013:. Retrieved
3003:
2994:
2985:
2971:. Göttingen.
2968:
2964:
2959:
2947:. Retrieved
2933:
2927:
2921:
2885:
2854:
2831:
2799:
2796:
2760:
2740:
2570:South Dakota
2552:Pennsylvania
2498:North Dakota
2207:George Sound
2203:
2192:
2132:Pennsylvania
2121:
2118:
2082:
2076:
2048:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2015:, producing
1995:
1977:
1958:
1952:
1938:
1928:
1919:
1881:
1849:
1825:
1788:
1758:
1742:
1738:
1714:
1696:
1694:
1685:
1644:
1623:
1611:testosterone
1603:
1566:
1563:
1540:Kashmir stag
1508:Altai wapiti
1471:
1461:
1451:
1441:
1431:
1428:Altai wapiti
1416:
1406:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1366:
1352:Kashmir stag
1347:
1332:Sichuan deer
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1296:
1288:
1268:
1260:
1257:Altai wapiti
1254:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1178:
1168:
1164:
1150:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1088:
1083:
1021:
1017:
1007:
995:
992:John Lederer
981:
971:
963:
959:
955:
953:
932:
928:
924:
920:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
880:
876:
824:
814:
812:
807:
804:Altai wapiti
768:is from the
765:
753:
751:
730:naturopathic
707:
682:
681:subspecies (
642:
638:
622:
612:
607:
593:
561:
556:
552:
520:
515:
514:
510:
506:
498:
496:
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418:
411:
404:
397:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
332:
330:
314:
313:
301:
271:Artiodactyla
47:
20:
12687:iNaturalist
12610:Wikispecies
12514:Fox hunting
11925:L. guanicoe
11784:Tayassuidae
11748:Wild boar (
11687:S. barbatus
11645:P. larvatus
11621:P. salvania
11619:Pygmy hog (
11553:Hylochoerus
11406:Philantomba
11294:C. jentinki
11276:C. dorsalis
11229:Cephalophus
11113:N. pygmaeus
11071:M. saltiana
11009:Dorcatragus
10983:S. tatarica
10873:N. petersii
10811:Litocranius
10711:E. tilonura
10658:Blackbuck (
10634:Springbok (
10577:Antilopinae
10575:(subfamily
10522:Taurotragus
10489:Sitatunga (
10482:T. scriptus
10473:T. imberbis
10430:(including
10423:Tragelaphus
10244:B. quarlesi
10126:Boselaphini
10110:(subfamily
10015:O. nivicola
9856:N. caudatus
9845:Red goral (
9836:Naemorhedus
9799:C. swinhoei
9779:Red serow (
9761:Capricornis
9739:C. sibirica
9676:C. caucasia
9667:C. aegagrus
9665:Wild goat (
9619:A. jayakari
9608:Arabitragus
9567:(subfamily
9538:Antilopinae
9461:C. taurinus
9404:D. pygargus
9297:A. melampus
9218:K. vardonii
9180:Waterbuck (
9121:O. leucoryx
9050:Hippotragus
8978:O. hemionus
8976:Mule deer (
8875:Blastocerus
8784:M. bricenii
8742:H. bisulcus
8709:R. tarandus
8685:C. pygargus
8607:Capreolinae
8589:Sika deer (
8531:R. unicolor
8520:Rusa deer (
8423:A. porcinus
8243:M. montanus
8040:M. kathygre
7789:Pronghorn (
7780:Antilocapra
7618:Arizona Elk
7348:23 December
6835:Ed Gofrey.
6801:www.nps.gov
6721:23 November
6663:10 November
6601:Krebs Creek
6294:: 222–228.
5994:21 November
5654:Palaeoworld
5413:10 November
3988:Elk Country
3908:Elk Hunting
3431:"The genus
3303:12 November
3179:"red deer,
3015:23 December
2949:9 September
2857:Han Chinese
2842:aphrodisiac
2815:cholesterol
2746:petroglyphs
2484:150 - 200
2340:175 - 350
2128:Appalachian
2005:brucellosis
1991:South Korea
1985:known as a
1950:liver fluke
1933:and animal
1575:U.S. states
1492:eastern elk
1403:Eastern elk
1238:eastern elk
1185:taxonomists
1153:New Zealand
1115:Megaloceros
1000:parentheses
996:Discoveries
865:Old English
825:Alces alces
802:called the
754:Alces alces
722:vaccination
699:New Zealand
661:during the
577:artiodactyl
553:Alces alces
527:within the
490:subspecies
349:Subspecies
287:Subfamily:
137:Pleistocene
59:2.5–0
21:Alces alces
12813:Categories
12402:Polar bear
12397:Dall sheep
12337:Brown bear
12327:Black bear
12299:Snow goose
12259:Canvasback
12249:Black duck
12152:Game birds
12061:Choeropsis
11943:L. vicugna
11829:C. wagneri
11732:S. oliveri
11723:S. heureni
11459:S. grimmia
11448:Sylvicapra
11435:P. walteri
11348:C. rubidis
11339:C. ogilbyi
11285:C. harveyi
11249:C. brookei
11203:R. sharpei
11183:Steenbok (
11174:Raphicerus
11126:Oreotragus
10999:Neotragini
10948:Pantholops
10864:N. notatus
10822:L. walleri
10771:G. gazella
10744:G. cuvieri
10733:Chinkara (
10625:Antidorcas
10612:A. clarkei
10601:Ammodorcas
10591:Antilopini
10491:T. spekeii
10455:T. buxtoni
10446:T. angasii
10338:Wild yak (
10322:B. indicus
10277:B. bonasus
10217:B. bubalis
10160:Boselaphus
10136:Tetracerus
10006:O. gmelini
9874:N. griseus
9847:N. baileyi
9812:Hemitragus
9781:C. rubidus
9772:C. crispus
9721:C. nubiana
9584:Ammotragus
9487:Pantholops
9417:Alcelaphus
9402:Bontebok (
9395:D. lunatus
9384:Damaliscus
9371:B. hunteri
9260:R. redunca
9161:Reduncinae
9112:O. gazella
9061:H. equinus
8987:O. pandora
8967:Odocoileus
8851:Ozotoceros
8707:Reindeer (
8652:H. inermis
8641:Hydropotes
8564:C. elaphus
8562:Red deer (
8504:R. alfredi
8421:Hog deer (
8279:M. reevesi
8252:M. muntjak
8082:T. kanchil
8049:M. meminna
7996:Hyemoschus
7986:Tragulidae
7943:M. cupreus
7861:G. giraffa
7807:Giraffidae
7758:Ruminantia
7660:canadensis
7600:4 December
7539:3 December
7462:4 December
7432:4 December
7406:4 December
7374:4 December
7318:4 December
7292:4 December
7163:31 October
7112:4 November
7084:31 October
7054:4 November
7029:31 October
7001:7 December
6975:31 October
6950:31 October
6925:31 October
6884:31 October
6848:31 October
6691:31 October
6634:31 October
6580:7 December
6552:31 October
6527:4 November
6474:31 October
6438:31 October
6413:31 October
6388:31 October
6341:15 January
6273:Q125475906
6226:4 December
6197:4 December
6155:4 December
6092:4 December
6066:18 January
6019:15 January
5984:mdc.mo.gov
5880:2 December
5807:15 January
5746:4 December
5699:3 December
5530:21 January
5443:Challenge"
5387:4 December
5352:4 December
5224:3 December
4953:4 December
4912:4 December
4594:4 December
4564:4 December
4532:4 December
4489:4 December
4383:4 December
4356:4 December
4297:4 December
4228:17 January
4174:4 December
4144:4 December
4037:4 December
3891:4 December
3861:2 December
3766:2 December
3752:"Tule Elk"
3706:4 December
3675:4 December
3557:4 December
3530:4 December
3503:2 December
3257:3 December
3145:15 January
3107:15 January
2903:References
2869:Mongolians
2823:phosphorus
2660:Washington
2462:New Mexico
2282:California
2039:Ostertagia
1860:microbiome
1688:media help
1647:gregarious
1587:Washington
1579:California
1556:A herd of
1419:; extinct)
1409:; extinct)
1301:Manchurian
1291:) and the
1263:) and the
1201:phenotypic
1181:subspecies
1175:Subspecies
1169:C. elaphus
978:John Smith
758:extirpated
643:C. elaphus
615:subspecies
12387:Pronghorn
12382:Mule deer
12332:Razorback
12304:Wood duck
12241:Waterfowl
12189:Ptarmigan
12013:Suborder
11923:Guanaco (
11895:Camelidae
11881:Suborder
11853:D. tajacu
11842:Dicotyles
11818:Catagonus
11805:T. pecari
11750:S. scrofa
11654:P. porcus
11643:Bushpig (
11511:Babyrousa
11487:Suborder
11384:C. weynsi
11375:C. spadix
11240:C. adersi
11161:O. ourebi
11095:N. batesi
11084:Neotragus
11053:M. kirkii
10855:N. granti
10820:Gerenuk (
10789:G. spekei
10753:G. dorcas
10610:Dibatag (
10397:S. caffer
10362:Pseudoryx
10349:B. taurus
10329:Banteng (
10304:B. gaurus
10233:Tamaraw (
10079:Chamois (
10061:Rupicapra
10048:P. nayaur
10024:O. vignei
10004:Mouflon (
9703:C. hircus
9692:Markhor (
9595:A. lervia
9360:Beatragus
9286:Aepyceros
9110:Gemsbok (
9103:O. dammah
8945:P. carlae
8838:M. temama
8829:M. rufina
8793:M. chunyi
8775:M. bororo
8665:Capreolus
8591:C. nippon
8582:C. hanglu
8469:Elaphurus
8414:A. kuhlii
8328:Elaphodus
8196:Muntiacus
8031:M. indica
8020:Moschiola
7952:M. fuscus
7895:Moschidae
7756:Suborder
7716:Kingdom:
6300:1176-5283
6265:0077-961X
6179:(mammal)"
5829:USA Today
5675:213500978
5625:10 August
5593:10 August
5556:10 August
4902:"Coyotes"
4806:254237193
4790:1572-9699
4733:1932-6203
4666:CiteSeerX
3954:5 January
3815:22 August
3632:: 14–22.
3448:: 14–22.
3411:7 January
3034:Grubb, P.
2877:Elk farms
2838:East Asia
2743:Neolithic
2718:110,200
2696:Wisconsin
2588:Tennessee
2538:133,000
2430:141,785
2390:Minnesota
2322:120,000
2304:280,000
2152:Tennessee
2140:Wisconsin
2094:Relictual
2075:Bull elk
2056:treponeme
2044:pneumonia
2026:A recent
2017:influenza
2001:bacterial
1935:parasites
1864:cellulose
1773:Migration
1761:gestation
1755:her calf.
1751:A female
1222:Manitoban
1206:Roosevelt
1146:sika deer
1144:and even
1111:Irish elk
1099:Oligocene
994:'s Latin
885:Old Norse
838:romanized
760:from the
718:livestock
695:Argentina
657:and into
651:East Asia
585:pronghorn
545:East Asia
309:Species:
237:Kingdom:
231:Eukaryota
159:, Canada
12731:55997823
12624:BioLib:
12595:Wikidata
12487:See also
12448:Gray fox
12314:Big game
12219:Woodcock
11985:C. ferus
11941:Vicuña (
11934:L. pacos
11932:Alpaca (
11916:L. glama
11883:Tylopoda
11393:C. zebra
11321:C. niger
10895:Procapra
10673:Eudorcas
10649:Antilope
10386:Syncerus
10347:Cattle (
10340:B. mutus
10268:B. bison
10208:B. arnee
10169:Nilgai (
10046:Bharal (
10037:Pseudois
9997:O. dalli
9979:O. aries
9970:O. ammon
9968:Argali (
9920:Muskox (
9887:Oreamnos
9865:N. goral
9748:C. walie
9632:Budorcas
9569:Caprinae
9514:Caprinae
9369:Hirola (
9313:Peleinae
9295:Impala (
9200:K. leche
9198:Lechwe (
9094:O. beisa
9070:H. niger
8731:Taruca (
8698:Rangifer
8628:A. alces
8529:Sambar (
8456:R. eldii
8436:Rucervus
8394:Chital (
8186:Cervinae
8173:Cervidae
8134:Cervidae
8062:Tragulus
7736:Eutheria
7730:Mammalia
7724:Chordata
7722:Phylum:
7718:Animalia
7664:Archived
7641:Archived
7621:Archived
7533:Archived
7515:19402954
7456:Archived
7454:. 2007.
7397:Archived
7368:Archived
7342:Archived
7312:Archived
7286:Archived
7266:2 August
7260:Archived
7235:2 August
7229:Archived
7137:23 April
6816:cite web
6806:23 April
6782:30716128
6742:PLOS ONE
6606:22 April
6499:23 April
6269:Wikidata
6259:: 1–99.
6191:Archived
6149:Archived
6145:86575665
6060:Archived
5988:Archived
5964:23 April
5933:Archived
5874:Archived
5771:21 March
5693:Archived
5616:Archived
5587:Archived
5524:Archived
5520:17459871
5479:26904509
5324:15207045
5275:28845256
5267:17984277
5218:Archived
5192:18050795
5126:52147419
5118:30177803
5073:20462132
5027:32145069
4906:Archived
4855:21615401
4798:30155662
4751:33831062
4703:PLOS ONE
4526:Archived
4459:16 March
4434:16 March
4350:Archived
4261:Archived
4219:Archived
4086:27103677
3855:Archived
3760:Archived
3700:Archived
3669:Archived
3524:Archived
3494:Archived
3462:33193408
3405:Archived
3401:37713037
3359:15120401
3225:Archived
3139:Archived
3101:Archived
3066:62265494
3036:(2005).
3000:"Wapiti"
2899:46,000.
2664:60,000
2642:Virginia
2628:81,000
2516:Oklahoma
2448:12,500
2408:Missouri
2372:Michigan
2358:15,876
2354:Kentucky
2300:Colorado
2286:12,500
2264:Arkansas
2180:Missouri
2160:Virginia
2144:Kentucky
2124:Michigan
2110:Nebraska
2036:sp. and
2028:necropsy
2003:disease
1945:nematode
1804:Shoshone
1373:Tule elk
1283:are the
1273:Mongolia
1189:ecotypes
1028:Taxonomy
1016:'s 1816
1006:'s 1785
980:'s 1616
931:derives
800:Mongolia
673:and the
667:Holocene
619:red deer
587:and the
573:sparring
533:Cervidae
531:family,
482:Various
475:Synonyms
341:Erxleben
291:Cervinae
281:Cervidae
277:Family:
261:Mammalia
251:Chordata
247:Phylum:
241:Animalia
227:Domain:
204:IUCN 3.1
139:– Recent
12770:1574408
12744:1006312
12679:8600904
12653:4446297
12601:Q180404
12566:Mammals
12529:Fishing
12524:Whaling
12473:Red fox
12468:Raccoon
12458:Opossum
12347:Caribou
12289:Redhead
12279:Mallard
12264:Gadwall
12097:Cetacea
12088:Cetacea
11956:Camelus
11914:Llama (
11794:Tayassu
11610:Porcula
11159:Oribi (
11150:Ourebia
11033:Madoqua
11018:Beira (
10939:Saigini
10846:N. dama
10724:Gazella
10573:Bovidae
10571:Family
10542:T. oryx
10462:Bongo (
10444:Nyala (
10371:Saola (
10293:Gayal (
10197:Bubalus
10112:Bovinae
10108:Bovidae
10106:Family
10022:Urial (
9712:C. ibex
9641:Takin (
9565:Bovidae
9563:Family
9526:Bovinae
9452:C. gnou
9231:Redunca
9143:Addax (
9027:Bovidae
9025:Family
8933:Pudella
8920:P. pudu
8811:M. nana
8626:Moose (
8396:A. axis
8363:D. dama
8225:M. feae
8171:Family
8146:Bovidae
8091:T. napu
7905:Moschus
7841:Giraffa
7826:Okapi (
7728:Class:
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112:K
107:J
102:T
97:P
92:C
87:D
82:S
77:O
72:Ꞓ
45:.
34:.
27:.
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