1636:
objects to help remove hair from their bodies. All elk have small and clearly defined rump patches with short tails. They have different coloration based on the seasons and types of habitats, with gray or lighter coloration prevalent in the winter and a more reddish, darker coat in the summer. Subspecies living in arid climates tend to have lighter colored coats than do those living in forests. Most have lighter yellow-brown to orange-brown coats in contrast to dark brown hair on the head, neck, and legs during the summer. Forest-adapted
Manchurian and Alashan wapitis have red or reddish-brown coats with less contrast between the body coat and the rest of the body during the summer months. Calves are born spotted, as is common with many deer species, and lose them by the end of summer. Adult Manchurian wapiti may retain a few orange spots on the back of their summer coats until they are older. This characteristic has also been observed in the forest-adapted
1528:
1512:
2741:
2083:
1544:
177:
2000:, affects the brain tissue in elk, and has been detected throughout their range in North America. First documented in the late 1960s in mule deer, the disease has affected elk on game farms and in the wild in a number of regions. Elk that have contracted the disease begin to show weight loss, changes in behavior, increased watering needs, excessive salivation and urinating and difficulty swallowing, and at an advanced stage, the disease leads to death. No risks to humans have been documented, nor has the disease been demonstrated to pose a threat to domesticated cattle. In 2002,
1886:
1628:
2103:. The habitat of Siberian elk in Asia is similar to that of the Rocky Mountain subspecies in North America. During the Late Pleistocene their range was much more extensive, being distributed across Eurasia, with remains being found as far west as France. These populations are most closely related to modern Asian populations of the elk. Their range collapsed at the start of the Holocene, possibly because they were specialized to cold periglacial tundra-steppe habitat. When this environment was replaced largely by closed forest the red deer might have outcompeted the elk.
1789:
1608:, where the largest males are estimated to weigh up to 600 kg (1,300 lb). More typically, male Roosevelt elk weigh around 318 to 499 kg (701 to 1,100 lb), while females weigh 261 to 283 kg (575 to 624 lb). Male tule elk weigh 204–318 kg (450–701 lb) while females weigh 170–191 kg (375–421 lb). The whole weights of adult male Manitoban elk range from 288 to 478 kilograms (635 to 1,054 lb). Females have a mean weight of 275 kilograms (606 lb). The elk is the second largest extant species of deer, after the
159:
1743:
1759:
1649:
1668:
1060:
1044:
1751:
the antlers laid back. A bull may get violent and hit the cow with his antlers. During courtship, the bull is more peaceful and approaches her with his head and antlers raised. The male signals his intention to test the female for sexual receptivity by flicking his tongue. If not ready, a cow will lower her head and weave from side to side while opening and closing her mouth. The bull will stop in response in order not to scare her. Otherwise, the bull will copiously lick the female and then mount her.
230:
1496:
1072:
2485:
1564:
2683:
2116:
2503:
2575:
2557:
2467:
2665:
2287:
1088:
205:
2593:
2395:
12240:
2701:
2413:
2305:
1830:
2647:
2521:
2377:
2359:
2269:
2719:
2431:
2251:
2539:
2449:
2341:
2323:
2611:
2629:
1978:
2801:
12572:
470:
1932:
predation. Large bull elk are less vulnerable and can afford to wander alone, while cows stay in larger groups for protection for their calves. Bulls are more vulnerable to predation by wolves in late winter, after they have been weakened by months of chasing females and fighting. Males that have recently lost their antlers are more likely to be preyed upon.
1805:
cover. The
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem elk herds comprise as many as 40,000 individuals. During the spring and fall, they take part in the longest elk migration in the continental U.S., traveling as much as 168 mi (270 km) between summer and winter ranges. The Teton herd consists of between 9,000 and 13,000 elk and they spend winters on the
1877:, whereas the supplementally fed gut microbiome may have less fiber-digesting bacteria. Therefore, transitioning from natural foraging to concentrated alfalfa pellets can cause changes in the gut microbiome that might affect the elk's ability to efficiently digest their natural diet or could potentially lead to imbalances that affect overall health.
1928:, which includes Yellowstone National Park, bears are the most significant predators of calves while healthy bulls have never been recorded to be killed by bears and such encounters can be fatal for bears. The killing of cows in their prime is more likely to affect population growth than the killing of bulls or calves.
2228:
was undertaken to study the descendants of this release. There is significant hybridization of elk with red deer. These deer have had an adverse impact on forest regeneration of some plant species, as they consume more palatable species, which are replaced with those that are less favored by the elk.
1730:
cycle of only a day or two, and matings usually involve a dozen or more attempts. By the autumn of their second year, females can produce one and, very rarely, two offspring. Reproduction is most common when cows weigh at least 200 kilograms (440 lb). Dominant bulls follow groups of cows during
1750:
A bull interacts with cows in his harem in two ways: herding and courtship. When a female wanders too far away from the harem's range, the male will rush ahead of her, block her path and aggressively rush her back to the harem. Herding behavior is accompanied by a stretched out and lowered neck and
1660:
deer species. During the summer group size can reach 400 individuals. For most of the year, adult males and females are segregated into different herds. Female herds are larger while bulls form small groups and may even travel alone. Young bulls may associate with older bulls or female groups. Male
1774:
period is eight to nine months and the offspring weigh around 16 kilograms (35 lb). When the females are near to giving birth, they tend to isolate themselves from the main herd, and will remain isolated until the calf is large enough to escape predators. Calves are born spotted, as is common
1779:
by the time they are six months old. Elk will leave their natal (birth) ranges before they are three years old. Males disperse more often than females, as adult cows are more tolerant of female offspring from previous years. Elk live 20 years or more in captivity but average 10 to 13 years in the
1635:
During the fall, elk grow a thicker coat of hair, which helps to insulate them during the winter. Both male and female North
American elk grow thin neck manes; females of other subspecies may not. By early summer, the heavy winter coat has been shed. Elk are known to rub against trees and other
2064:
basin, with sporadic reports of deformed hooves. Since then, the disease has spread rapidly with increased sightings throughout southwest
Washington and into Oregon. The disease is characterised by deformed, broken, or missing hooves and leads to severe lameness in elk. The primary cause is not
1804:
into areas of higher altitude in the spring, following the retreating snows, and the opposite direction in the fall. Hunting pressure impacts migration and movement. During the winter, they favor wooded areas for the greater availability of food to eat. Elk do not appear to benefit from thermal
1619:
covers and protects them. This is shed in the summer when the antlers have fully developed. Bull elk typically have around six tines on each antler. The
Siberian and North American elk carry the largest antlers while the Altai wapiti has the smallest. Roosevelt bull antlers can weigh 18 kg
1575:
Elk have thick bodies with slender legs and short tails. They have a shoulder height of 0.75–1.5 m (2 ft 6 in – 4 ft 11 in) with a nose-to-tail length of 1.6–2.7 m (5 ft 3 in – 8 ft 10 in). Males are larger and weigh 178–497 kg
1931:
Elk may avoid predation by switching from grazing to browsing. Grazing puts an elk in the compromising situation of being in an open area with its head down, leaving it unable to see what is going on in the surrounding area. Living in groups also lessens the risk of an individual falling to
1754:
Younger, less dominant bulls, known as "spike bulls" because their antlers have not yet forked, will harass unguarded cows. These bulls are impatient and will not perform any courtship rituals and will continue to pursue a female even when she signals him to stop. As such, they are less
2759:
from Asia depict antler-less female elk, which have been interpreted as symbolizing life and sustenance. They were also frequently overlaid with boats and associated with rivers, suggesting they also represented paths to the underworld. Petroglyphs of elk were carved into cliffs by the
1958:
known to affect the spinal cord and brain tissue of elk and other species, leading to death. The definitive host is the white-tailed deer, in which it normally has no ill effects. Snails and slugs, the intermediate hosts, can be inadvertently consumed by elk during grazing. The
1849:. Elk have a tendency to do most of their feeding in the mornings and evenings, seeking sheltered areas in between feedings to digest. Their diets vary somewhat depending on the season, with native grasses being a year-round supplement, tree bark being consumed in winter, and
3865:
4229:
2768:
and played a spiritual role in their society. The male elk was admired for its ability to attract mates, and Lakota men will play a courting flute imitating a bugling elk to attract women. Men used elks' antlers as love charms and wore clothes decorated with elk images.
6874:
1661:
and female herds come together during the mating season, which may begin in late August. Males try to intimidate rivals by vocalizing and displaying with their antlers. If neither bull backs down, they engage in antler wrestling, sometimes sustaining serious injuries.
2229:
The long-term impact will be an alteration of the types of plants and trees found, and in other animal and plant species dependent upon them. As in Chile and
Argentina, the IUCN has declared that red deer and elk populations in New Zealand are an invasive species.
2034:. Researchers are attempting to eradicate the disease through vaccinations and herd-management measures, which are expected to be successful. Nevertheless, research has been ongoing since 2002, and a successful vaccine has yet to be developed as of 2016.
581:
word meaning "white rump", after the distinctive light fur around the tail region which the animals may fluff-up or raise to signal their agitation or distress to one another, when fleeing perceived threats, or among males courting females and
1857:
sprouts which rise in the spring, elk have had some impact on aspen groves which have been declining in some regions where elk exist. Range and wildlife managers conduct surveys of elk pellet groups to monitor populations and resource use.
5858:
2792:(B.P.O.E.) chose the elk as its namesake because a number of its attributes seemed appropriate for cultivation by members of the fraternity. Jewel-encrusted, gold-mounted elk teeth are prized possessions of many members of the B.P.O.E.
7239:
3857:
5439:
Nol, Pauline; Olsen, Steven C.; Rhyan, Jack C.; Sriranganathan, Nammalwar; McCollum, Matthew P.; Hennager, Steven G.; Pavuk, Alana A.; Sprino, Phillip J.; Boyle, Stephen M.; Berrier, Randall J.; Salman, Mo D. (10 February 2016).
2905:
in
Wyoming by collecting the antlers which are shed each winter. They are then auctioned, with 80% of the proceeds returned to the refuge. In 2010, 2,520 kilograms (5,560 lb) of antlers were auctioned, which brought in over
6885:
2811:
While elk are not generally harvested for meat production on a large scale, some restaurants offer the meat as a specialty item and it is also available in some grocery stores. The meat has a taste somewhere between beef and
2073:
in commercial livestock. The mode of transmission is also not known, but it appears to be highly contagious among elk. Studies are being undertaken by government departments to determine how to halt or eliminate the disease.
1214:
variation in antlers, mane and rump patch development are based on "climatic-related lifestyle factors". Of the six subspecies of elk known to have inhabited North
America in historical times, four remain, including the
2215:
The introduction of deer to New
Zealand began in the middle of the 19th century, and current populations are primarily European red deer, with only 15 percent being elk. In 1905 18 American wapiti were released in
4707:
Couch, Claire E.; Wise, Benjamin L.; Scurlock, Brandon M.; Rogerson, Jared D.; Fuda, Rebecca K.; Cole, Eric K.; Szcodronski, Kimberly E.; Sepulveda, Adam J.; Hutchins, Patrick R.; Cross, Paul C. (8 April 2021).
1686:
7164:
3770:
2094:
The elk ranges from central Asia through to
Siberia and east Asia and in North America. They can be found in open deciduous woodlands, boreal forests, upland moors, mountainous areas and grasslands. The
1710:, which advertise the male's fitness over great distances. Unusual for a vocalization produced by a large animal, buglings can reach a frequency of 4000 Hz. This is achieved by blowing air from the
1775:
with many deer species, and they lose their spots by the end of summer. After two weeks, calves are able to join the herd, and are fully weaned at two months of age. Elk calves are as large as an adult
1321:
Recent DNA analyses suggest that there are no more than three or four total subspecies of elk. All American forms, aside from possibly the Tule and the Roosevelt's elk, seem to belong to one subspecies—
2808:
Although breakdown figures for each game species are not available in the 2006 National Survey from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, hunting of wild elk is most likely the primary economic impact.
2130:
As of 2014, population figures for all North American elk subspecies were around one million. Prior to the European colonization of North America, there were an estimated 10 million on the continent.
2145:
beginning in 1913 and throughout the mid-20th Century, and now remain at a stable population of approximately 1,400 individuals. Since the late 1990s, they were reintroduced and recolonized in the
4438:
5884:
2030:-like symptoms that may last for years. Though bison are more likely to transmit the disease to other animals, elk inadvertently transmitted brucellosis to horses in Wyoming and cattle in
1206:
of the same species (adapted to local environments through minor changes in appearance and behavior). Populations vary in antler shape and size, body size, coloration and mating behavior.
6197:
2096:
605:
Elk dwell in open forest and forest-edge habitats, grazing on grasses and sedges and browsing higher-growing plants, leaves, twigs and bark. Male elk have large, blood- and nerve-filled
1739:. A male elk's urethra points upward so that urine is sprayed almost at a right angle to the penis. The urine soaks into their hair and gives them a distinct smell which attracts cows.
1684:
1353:) also belong to the wapiti, and were not distinguishable from each other by mitochondrial DNA studies. These Chinese subspecies are sometimes treated as a distinct species, namely the
2866:
Antlers are also used in artwork, furniture and other novelty items. All Asian subspecies, along with other deer, have been raised for their antlers in central and eastern Asia by
1755:
reproductively successful, and a cow may stay close to the big bull to avoid harassment. Dominant bulls are intolerant of spike bulls and will chase them away from their harems.
6267:
5834:
1735:
from August into early winter. A bull will defend his harem of 20 cows or more from competing bulls and predators. Bulls also dig holes in the ground called wallows, in which
1685:
7543:
1333:) is clearly distinct from the Siberian forms, but not distinguishable from the Alashan wapiti. Still, due to the insufficient genetic material that rejects monophyly of
4409:
Cook JG, Irwin LL, Bryant LD, Riggs RA, Thomas JW (1998). "Relations of forest cover and condition of elk: a test of the thermal cover hypothesis in summer and winter".
1615:
Antlers are made of bone, which can grow at a rate of 2.5 centimeters (0.98 in) per day. While actively growing, a soft layer of highly vascularized skin known as
6847:
5413:
5381:
2018:
occasionally affects elk in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the only place in the U.S. where the disease is still known to exist, though this can extend out to the
7594:
5626:
1337:, some researchers consider it premature to include the Manchurian wapiti as a true subspecies of wapiti, and that it likely needs to be elevated to its own species,
12889:
7488:
Angers, Rachel C.; Seward, Tanya S.; Napier, Dana; Green, Michael; Hoover, Edward; Spraker, Terry; O'Rourke, Katherine; Balachandran, Aru; Telling, Glenn C. (2009).
4657:
Ripple, W.; Larsen, Eric J.; Renkin, Roy A.; Smith, Douglas W. (2001). "Trophic cascades among wolves, elk and aspen on Yellowstone National Park's northern range".
5597:
4981:. Quarterly Newsletter of the International Association for Bear Research and Management (IBA) and the IUCN/SSC Bear Specialist Group. (2002), p.7, vol. 11, no. 2
3762:
3679:
6070:
6159:
5943:
6464:
3441:
7407:
6201:
5880:
2107:
populations survived into the early Holocene (until around 3000 years ago) in southern Sweden and the Alps, where the environment remained favorable.
621:, a loud series of throaty whistles, bellows, screams, and other vocalizations that establish dominance over other males and aim to attract females.
5998:
5228:
4558:
3534:
743:
industry in several countries, including the United States and Canada. The elk is hunted as a game species, and their meat is leaner, and higher in
4489:
4174:
2212:
and other herbivores. This negative impact on native animal species has led the IUCN to identify the elk as one of the world's 100 worst invaders.
6832:
5907:
3504:
1837:
Elk are ruminants and therefore have four-chambered stomachs. Unlike white-tailed deer and moose, which are chiefly browsers, elk are similar to
7270:
7080:
7378:
5703:
5352:
2855:. However, consuming velvet from elk in North America may be risky since velvet from animals infected with chronic wasting disease may contain
2041:
study of captive elk in Pennsylvania attributed the cause of death in 33 of 65 cases to either gastrointestinal parasites (21 cases, primarily
12839:
12775:
12749:
12148:
1873:. The elk gut microbiome is typically characterized by a diverse community of bacteria specialized in breaking down complex plant fibers and
1329:) is, more or less, physically identical to the American forms, and thus may belong to this subspecies, too. However, the Manchurian wapiti (
2137:
in 1918 after going extinct there in 1875. The Rocky Mountain elk subspecies was reintroduced by hunter-conservation organizations into the
12829:
4590:
1527:
4485:
4271:
3946:
1718:. Cows produce an alarm bark to alert other members of the herd to danger, while calves will produce a high-pitched scream when attacked.
6325:
6226:
5797:
4536:
3235:
2189:, although a wild population has not yet established. Since 2015, elk have also been reintroduced in a number of other states, including
6092:
6632:
5450:
Strain RB51 Overexpressing Superoxide Dismutase and Glycosyltransferase Genes Does Not Induce Adequate Protection against Experimental
4037:
3766:
3710:
4939:
6717:
5503:
Hattel, Arthur L.; Shaw, Daniel P.; Fisher, Jenny S.; Brooks, Jason W.; Love, Brenda C.; Drake, Thomas R.; Wagner, Donald C. (2007).
3257:
2225:
7674:
7466:
5844:
12684:
7322:
6500:
1853:
and tree sprouts during the summer. Elk consume an average of 9.1 kilograms (20 lb) of vegetation daily. Particularly fond of
775:, and the meaning of the word "elk" to English-speakers became rather vague, acquiring a meaning similar to "large deer". The name
6660:
5556:
2177:. In the state of Kentucky, the elk population in 2022 had increased to over 15,000 animals. In 2016, a male elk, likely from the
1511:
12723:
7348:
4360:
3557:
2789:
2022:. In domesticated cattle, brucellosis causes infertility, abortions, and reduced milk production. It is transmitted to humans as
4170:
7705:
7539:
7494:
4916:
4710:"Effects of supplemental feeding on the fecal bacterial communities of Rocky Mountain elk in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem"
1576:(392–1,096 lb) while females weigh 171–292 kg (377–644 lb). The largest of the subspecies is the Roosevelt elk (
6747:
Amor, Jacqueline M.; Newman, Robert; Jensen, William F.; Rundquist, Bradley C.; Walter, W. David; Boulanger, Jason R. (2019).
2123:. These elk, originally from Rocky Mountain herds, exhibit modified behavior due to having been held in captivity, under less
12879:
7651:
7219:
6924:
5388:
5175:
McIntosh, Terese; Rosatte, Rick; Campbell, Doug; Welch, Kate; Fournier, Dominique; Spinato, Maria; Ogunremi, Oladele (2007).
5159:
4530:
4265:
4119:
4006:
3619:
3401:
3340:
3229:
3066:
2860:
2201:
in Alaska. Reintroduction of the elk into Ontario began in the early 20th century and is ongoing with limited success.
983:
12728:
7601:
3415:
1543:
5740:
5619:
3334:
Ludt, Christian J.; Schroeder, Wolf; Rottmann, Oswald; Kuehn, Ralph (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of red deer (
4383:
4293:
4136:
735:, have had mixed success. Some cultures revere the elk as having spiritual significance. Antlers and velvet are used in
12869:
5583:
4622:
3706:
351:
5772:
3667:
12141:
7631:
7578:
7233:
7202:
7116:
6046:
4659:
3926:
3745:
1948:
have been identified in elk. Most of these parasites seldom lead to significant mortality among wild or captive elk.
1818:
1495:
12780:
7111:
3048:
7638:
6119:
7296:
3111:
7432:
6475:
5933:
4073:
3476:
3149:
998:
7400:
4029:
3887:
12844:
7352:
6333:
6185:
5725:
3891:
3221:
2204:
Elk and red deer were introduced to Argentina in the early 20th century. There they are now considered an
1170:. The cross-bred animals have resulted in the disappearance of virtually all pure elk blood from the area. Key
1143:
DNA studies conducted in 2004 on hundreds of samples from red deer and elk subspecies and other species of the
1019:
6553:
3531:"Skull and Antlers of Extinct Eastern Elk Unearthed at Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge in Northwestern N.Y."
12884:
12762:
8057:
6690:
6051:
5099:
4144:
2847:
annually and on ranches in the United States, Canada and New Zealand, it is collected and sold to markets in
1925:
1862:
1677:
1314:
subspecies is darker, and more reddish, in coloration than other populations. The Alashan wapiti of northern
848:
5177:"Evidence of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infections in free-ranging elk (Cervus elaphus) in southern Ontario"
1924:
packs mostly prey on elk calves, though they can sometimes take a winter- or disease-weakened adult. In the
12859:
12134:
8846:
5224:
1732:
993:
583:
4565:
2185:
for the first time in nearly 300 years. Once locally extinct, dispersing elk are now regularly spotted in
2133:
There are many past and ongoing examples of reintroduction into areas of the US. Elk were reintroduced in
1624:-driven. In late winter and early spring, the testosterone level drops, which causes the antlers to shed.
30:
This article is about the species called "elk" in North America. For the species called "elk" in Eurasia (
12849:
12710:
12626:
7225:
6808:"Elk of Theodore Roosevelt National Park - Theodore Roosevelt National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
5990:
5217:
3593:
3530:
2929:
Brook, S.M.; Pluháček, J.; Lorenzini, R.; Lovari, S.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Mattioli, S. (2019) .
947:
3283:
Lovari, S.; Lorenzini, R.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Carden, R.F.; Brook, S.M.; Mattioli, S. (2018).
12874:
12562:
8126:
7698:
5965:
4777:"Characterisation of the bacterial community in the gastrointestinal tracts of elk (Cervus canadensis)"
3307:
2953:
2773:
1950:
1780:
wild. In some subspecies that suffer less predation, they may live an average of 15 years in the wild.
1162:
Elk and red deer produce fertile offspring in captivity, and the two species have freely inter-bred in
712:; the animal's adaptability in these areas may, in fact, be so successful as to threaten the sensitive
7462:
3493:
12854:
12834:
11103:
8048:
8039:
7570:
7262:
7194:
7088:
6929:
4325:
4065:"Evidence of biphonation and source-filter interactions in the bugles of male North American wapiti (
3199:
3144:
3106:
3015:
1810:
1318:
is the smallest of all the subspecies, has the lightest coloration, and is one of the least-studied.
1048:
826:
7374:
5699:
5356:
4832:"Neonatal mortality of elk driven by climate, predator phenology and predator community composition"
4681:
12864:
10890:
6326:"Introduced red deer reduce tree regeneration in Pureora Forest, central North Island, New Zealand"
1814:
1616:
955:
229:
664:, elk once had a much wider distribution in the past; prehistoric populations were present across
12184:
11539:
10932:
8828:
7969:
6578:
5504:
3610:
Mattioli, Stefano (2011). "Family Cervidae (Deer)". In Wilson, D. E.; Mittermeier, R. A. (eds.).
3044:
2890:
are relatively common in North America and New Zealand. Native Americans have used elk hides for
2221:
2082:
1989:
1597:
1167:
883:
53:
11052:
8488:
6749:"Seasonal home ranges and habitat selection of three elk (Cervus elaphus) herds in North Dakota"
4620:
McConnell, B. R.; Smith, J. G. (1970). "Frequency Distributions of Deer and Elk Pellet Groups".
4598:
4493:
1132:
but rather the largest member of the wider deer family (Cervidae) known from the fossil record.
12806:
12588:
8590:
8296:
8215:
6925:"Elk, Pa.'s largest wild animal, have become a tourism boom in the northwest part of the state"
5097:
Metz, M. C.; et al. (2018). "Predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons".
5044:
4676:
4255:
3958:
3056:
2008:
1970:
1354:
839:
12741:
6525:
6342:
6230:
5808:
5652:
5534:
4996:"How climate impacts the composition of wolf-killed elk in northern Yellowstone National Park"
4775:
Kim, Jong-Hui; Hong, Sung Wook; Park, Beom-Young; Yoo, Jae Gyu; Oh, Mi-Hwa (1 February 2019).
4516:
3215:
12801:
12463:
12239:
12126:
11740:
10770:
8995:
8224:
8108:
7691:
6297:
Nichol AM, Judson HG, Taylor AW (2003). "The effect of hybridisation on venison production".
6096:
3954:
2898:
2178:
2124:
2100:
1013:
that they were "for their unusual largeness improperly termed Elks by ignorant people". Both
988:
334:
42:
6020:
3702:
2764:
of the southwestern U.S. hundreds of years ago. The elk was of particular importance to the
739:
in parts of Asia; the production of ground antler and velvet supplements is also a thriving
12658:
12047:
11813:
11804:
11749:
11374:
11338:
11311:
10719:
10710:
10155:
10146:
8512:
8371:
8314:
8260:
6807:
6760:
6135:
5593:
5108:
5063:
5007:
4954:
4843:
4721:
4668:
3349:
3010:
2907:
2166:
2141:
region of the U.S. where the now extinct eastern elk once lived. They were reintroduced to
2004:
banned the importation of elk antler velvet due to concerns about chronic wasting disease.
1846:
1171:
875:
736:
645:
613:
each year as weather warms-up. Males also engage in ritualized mating behaviors during the
49:
17:
6725:
6439:
4879:
Hayward, M. W.; Jędrzejewski, W.; Jędrzejewska, B. (2012). "Prey preferences of the tiger
3261:
1714:
through the nasal cavities. Elk can produce deeper pitched (150 Hz) sounds using the
8:
12337:
12259:
12209:
11993:
11695:
11686:
11434:
11302:
11275:
11211:
10872:
10752:
10701:
8380:
8287:
7878:
7660:
7458:
6695:
4411:
3861:
3590:
Studies on the Taxonomic Review and Survey Techniques for Mammals in the Korean Peninsula
3284:
2930:
2902:
2761:
1906:
1806:
1793:
1736:
1147:
deer family, strongly indicate that elk, or wapiti, should be a distinct species, namely
1076:
1064:
1024:
831:
194:
7318:
7002:
6764:
6258:, ed. (1951). "Preliminary reports of The New Zealand - American Fiordland Expedition".
6139:
5250:
Bildfell, Robert J.; Whipps, Christopher M.; Gillin, Colin M.; Kent, Michael L. (2007).
5112:
5067:
5011:
4847:
4725:
4672:
3353:
2740:
2208:, encroaching on Argentinian ecosystems where they compete for food with the indigenous
981:
refers to North America as a "lande ... full of many beastes, as redd dere" in his 1584
12433:
12080:
12071:
11443:
11383:
11365:
11347:
11293:
11266:
11257:
10881:
10863:
10797:
10490:
10216:
9693:
9684:
9403:
8837:
8305:
8117:
8099:
7978:
7516:
7489:
6783:
6748:
6151:
6131:
5750:
5681:
5560:
5480:
5441:
5325:
5300:
5281:
5193:
5176:
5132:
5051:
5028:
4995:
4885:
4812:
4752:
4709:
4639:
4420:
4334:
4221:
3816:
3468:
3172:
2670:
2070:
2060:
Elk hoof disease was first noticed in the state of Washington in the late 1990s in the
1964:
1403:
1373:
1240:
1195:
895:
794:
724:
485:
423:
224:
7648:
7292:
7138:
6120:"Diet of Huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina"
4690:
4460:
4352:
12645:
12529:
12377:
12251:
12214:
12169:
11713:
11704:
11392:
11320:
11248:
11079:
11061:
10914:
9864:
9259:
9250:
9102:
9004:
8783:
8750:
8693:
8563:
8090:
7951:
7574:
7521:
7229:
7221:
Wildlife on the Wind: A Field Biologist's Journey and an Indian Reservation's Renewal
7198:
6826:
6788:
6368:
6306:
6271:
5745:
5685:
5526:
5485:
5330:
5273:
5198:
5155:
5124:
5079:
5033:
4898:
4861:
4856:
4831:
4816:
4804:
4796:
4757:
4739:
4526:
4261:
4201:
4178:
4115:
4092:
4002:
3922:
3741:
3615:
3561:
3407:
3397:
3365:
3225:
3072:
3062:
2209:
2019:
1993:
1776:
1637:
1534:
1458:
1295:
1152:
871:
867:
637:
599:
458:
6976:
6607:
6155:
5285:
5136:
4912:
4323:
Smith BL, Anderson SH (2001). "Does Dispersal Help Regulate the Jackson Elk Herd?".
4063:
Reby D, Wyman MT, Frey R, Passilongo D, Gilbert J, Locatelli Y, Charlton BD (2016).
3472:
1788:
1627:
12650:
12509:
12468:
12324:
12294:
12174:
12107:
11861:
11852:
11731:
11572:
11563:
11356:
11028:
11019:
10967:
10958:
10806:
10779:
10692:
10472:
10080:
9506:
9497:
9487:
9460:
9181:
9050:
8251:
8242:
8233:
8015:
8006:
7942:
7869:
7860:
7511:
7503:
6778:
6768:
6414:
6279:
6143:
6060:
5991:"Elk return to Missouri after 150-year absence Missouri Department of Conservation"
5673:
5516:
5475:
5465:
5320:
5312:
5263:
5188:
5116:
5071:
5023:
5015:
4894:
4851:
4788:
4747:
4729:
4686:
4631:
4213:
4082:
3808:
3644:
3460:
3357:
3302:
3020:
2948:
2875:
2785:
2781:
2205:
2104:
1909:
1801:
1601:
1478:
1448:
1423:
1350:
1256:
1014:
780:
689:
673:
614:
451:
444:
409:
2752:
Elk have played an important role in the cultural history of a number of peoples.
1800:
As is true for many species of deer, especially those in mountainous regions, elk
704:
to countries outside of its natural range where it has been introduced, including
12788:
12304:
12194:
11837:
11828:
11776:
11767:
11548:
10405:
10396:
9873:
9469:
8521:
8431:
8269:
8081:
7960:
7933:
7924:
7678:
7655:
7635:
6773:
5677:
4734:
3737:
3391:
1917:
1648:
1275:
1104:(and hence early relatives or possible ancestors of the elk) first appear in the
978:
535:
12767:
12754:
7027:
6875:"Rocky Mountain elk population size and herd composition in Oregon, 2015 - 2019"
6389:
5299:
Belay ED, Maddox RA, Williams ES, Miller MW, Gambetti P, Schonberger LB (2004).
5149:
3361:
3282:
2997:
The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World
1194:
of elk described, with six from North America and four from Asia, although some
176:
158:
12576:
12549:
12352:
12299:
12199:
12179:
12037:
11975:
11605:
11596:
11121:
11070:
10991:
10982:
10923:
10761:
10463:
10285:
10276:
9831:
9798:
9780:
9268:
9078:
8953:
8792:
7780:
7752:
6913:. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
5521:
5268:
5251:
4387:
4301:
3793:
2871:
2490:
2182:
2158:
2023:
1981:
A bull elk in spring, shedding its winter coat and with its antlers covered in
1468:
1346:
1303:
1203:
903:
859:
669:
496:
385:
378:
7683:
7401:"2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation"
6147:
5120:
5054:; Creel, Scott (2010). "Nutritionally mediated risk effect of wolves on elk".
4792:
3648:
3464:
2928:
2851:, where it is used in medicine. Some cultures consider antler velvet to be an
731:. Efforts to eliminate infectious diseases from elk populations, primarily by
12823:
12736:
12611:
12514:
12488:
12387:
12332:
12279:
12219:
12204:
12189:
11662:
11644:
11530:
11467:
11458:
10517:
10252:
10225:
9996:
9906:
9897:
9882:
9747:
9711:
9666:
9603:
9594:
9111:
9069:
8962:
8928:
8918:
8819:
8801:
8464:
8413:
8323:
7887:
6852:
6806:
Medora, Mailing Address: PO Box 7; Us, ND 58645 Phone: 701 623-4466 Contact.
6310:
6275:
6255:
6065:
5588:
5470:
4800:
4743:
4522:
4148:
3293:
3052:
2939:
2844:
2765:
2688:
2194:
2174:
2061:
1982:
1727:
1581:
1568:
1393:
1315:
1232:
1216:
784:
772:
591:
430:
399:
214:
209:
102:
12715:
7600:(Press release). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 22 May 2006. Archived from
6283:
6260:
Bulletin of the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
5019:
4940:"Elk Calf Mortality Post–Wolf Restoration Bears Remain Top Summer Predators"
4776:
3411:
3076:
12544:
12519:
12504:
12453:
12284:
12264:
12056:
12025:
11915:
11587:
11401:
11329:
11202:
11145:
11136:
10854:
10788:
10550:
10508:
10423:
10234:
9954:
9945:
9807:
9738:
9627:
9618:
9360:
9129:
8810:
8765:
8732:
8503:
8395:
8362:
8278:
7525:
7507:
6792:
5530:
5489:
5334:
5316:
5277:
5202:
5128:
5083:
5037:
4865:
4808:
4761:
4096:
3369:
2580:
2562:
2508:
2217:
2142:
1885:
1621:
1550:
1518:
1438:
1362:
1342:
1267:
1140:
1002:
814:
681:
657:
617:, including posturing to attract females, antler-wrestling (sparring), and
551:
437:
392:
12793:
7628:
1043:
12697:
12637:
12620:
12524:
12224:
11677:
11425:
10587:
10541:
10532:
10481:
10433:
10294:
10136:
9729:
9720:
9548:
9342:
9333:
9323:
9217:
9060:
8870:
8861:
8774:
8617:
8539:
8422:
8347:
8338:
7715:
7055:
6526:"2020-2021 Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources Elk Report"
5664:
2887:
2867:
2852:
2825:
2756:
2146:
2049:
2015:
2001:
1960:
1758:
1742:
1502:
1413:
1248:
1163:
1059:
1010:
740:
732:
709:
587:
371:
281:
147:
77:
6909:"Roosevelt elk population size and herd composition 2015 - 2019" (PDF).
5798:"Plan for Elk Watching and Nature Tourism in North Central Pennsylvania"
5657:
Erxleben, 1777 (Cervidae, Mammalia) from the Late Pleistocene of France"
1116:, but do not appear in the North American fossil record until the early
12689:
12412:
12407:
12347:
12309:
12269:
11284:
11184:
11009:
10601:
10023:
10005:
9756:
9451:
9436:
9427:
9394:
9171:
8977:
8894:
8885:
8660:
8651:
8530:
8455:
7996:
7817:
4643:
4424:
4338:
4225:
4087:
4064:
3820:
3189:
3174:
History of the State of Maine. Volume II: Discourse on Western Planting
2833:
2472:
2292:
2138:
1902:
1870:
1698:
1589:
1585:
1191:
870:
or another language of northern Europe. By the 8th century, during the
768:
701:
625:
122:
87:
12702:
7436:
5150:
Thorne, E. T.; Williams, E. S.; Samuel, W. M.; Kistner, T. P. (2002).
5075:
3096:
477:
Reconstructed (light green) and current (dark green) native ranges of
12671:
12397:
12392:
12342:
12314:
11984:
11905:
11758:
11629:
11620:
11094:
10668:
10659:
10644:
10635:
10499:
10071:
9855:
9789:
9675:
9190:
8986:
8675:
8599:
8479:
8030:
7915:
7905:
7799:
7790:
7191:
The Deer Goddess of Ancient Siberia: A Study in the Ecology of Belief
5839:
5154:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 351–387.
4041:
3895:
3134:
2848:
2753:
2706:
2598:
2400:
2162:
2150:
2066:
2054:
2027:
1874:
1771:
1763:
1657:
1563:
1311:
1211:
1156:
1121:
1109:
1071:
728:
705:
661:
595:
555:
241:
127:
71:
12582:
11951:
7344:
6198:
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
5559:. Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife. 2017. Archived from
4635:
4217:
3812:
3583:
2097:
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
1706:
Bulls have a loud, high-pitched, whistle-like vocalization known as
1135:
Until recently, red deer and elk were considered to be one species,
640:
genetic studies, beginning in 1998, shows that the two are distinct
558:. The word "elk" originally referred to the European variety of the
12676:
12605:
12458:
12357:
12229:
11893:
11521:
11193:
10905:
10743:
10683:
10348:
10047:
9579:
9524:
9412:
9241:
8717:
8708:
8684:
8572:
8446:
8196:
8072:
7768:
7746:
7734:
5505:"Mortality in Pennsylvania captive elk (Cervus elaphus): 1998–2006"
5387:. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, USDA. Archived from
2652:
2526:
2418:
2382:
2364:
2310:
2274:
2190:
2170:
2154:
2134:
2120:
2011:
1955:
1945:
1383:
1283:
1224:
1029:
Statistical, Political, and Historical Account of the United States
810:
719:
As a member of the Artiodactyla order (and distant relative of the
677:
629:
610:
543:
416:
301:
261:
117:
112:
97:
92:
82:
4384:"Ecology Of Elk Inhabiting Crater Lake National Park And Vicinity"
3061:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 662–663.
2115:
12539:
12534:
12483:
12478:
12289:
12274:
12098:
11933:
11794:
11653:
11043:
10830:
10821:
10734:
10620:
10611:
10583:
10339:
10243:
10207:
10122:
10118:
10089:
10014:
9702:
9575:
9536:
9120:
9037:
8943:
8206:
8156:
7851:
3058:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
2883:
2879:
2817:
2813:
2724:
2436:
2256:
2198:
2043:
2038:
1941:
1913:
1898:
1866:
1842:
1711:
1291:
1199:
1117:
1113:
1080:
1052:
752:
744:
720:
713:
665:
641:
574:
185:
167:
132:
107:
12663:
5252:"DNA-based identification of a hepatic trematode in an elk calf"
4937:
2843:
A male elk can produce 10 to 11 kilograms (22 to 24 lb) of
1087:
12473:
12448:
12443:
12438:
12402:
12362:
11942:
11511:
11416:
11239:
11229:
10845:
10357:
10197:
10179:
10170:
10056:
9978:
9930:
9921:
9379:
9370:
9305:
9296:
9286:
9208:
8741:
8554:
8404:
7740:
7728:
6047:"The History of Elk (Cervus canadensis) Restoration in Ontario"
4878:
2856:
2544:
2454:
2346:
1921:
1889:
Single bull elk in winter are vulnerable to predation by wolves
1838:
1796:
in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, after migrating there during the fall
1715:
1605:
1593:
1266:
Four subspecies described from the Asian continent include the
1105:
1100:
934:"is not the normal phonetic representative" of the Old English
697:
606:
547:
311:
271:
251:
12156:
5301:"Chronic Wasting Disease and Potential Transmission to Humans"
4254:
Youngquist, Robert S; Threlfall, Walter R (23 November 2006).
3612:
Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hooved Mammals
1977:
1829:
1151:. DNA evidence validates that elk are more closely related to
830:, the etymology of the word "elk" is "of obscure history". In
12417:
12372:
11966:
11924:
11499:
11169:
11160:
10454:
10381:
10372:
10303:
10032:
9987:
9846:
9771:
9651:
9642:
9153:
9144:
8636:
8627:
7836:
7827:
4938:
Barber, Shannon; Mech, L. David; White, P. J. (Summer 2005).
2891:
2748:
couple. The woman on the right is wearing an elk tooth dress.
2745:
2616:
2328:
2031:
1997:
1854:
1850:
1609:
1287:
1096:
559:
35:
5174:
3785:
2800:
1974:
are also commonly found parasites that can be fatal to elk.
809:), meaning "white rump". There is a subspecies of wapiti in
656:. Although it is currently only native to North America and
644:. The elk's wider rump-patch and paler-hued antlers are key
12382:
11112:
10442:
10330:
10312:
9969:
9822:
9226:
9093:
8909:
8183:
8144:
6299:
Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production
6118:
Galende, Gladys; Ramilo, Eduardo; Beati, Alejandro (2005).
5438:
4564:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. July 2006. Archived from
2837:
2829:
2828:
than beef, pork, and chicken. Elk meat is a good source of
2777:
2634:
2186:
1894:
853:
748:
685:
578:
539:
291:
10580:
6951:
6341:(1). New Zealand Ecological Society: 79–87. Archived from
4300:. The Wisconsin Elk Reintroduction Project. Archived from
3635:
Groves, C. (2006). "The genus Cervus in eastern Eurasia".
3333:
3260:. University of California Press, Berkeley. Archived from
1182:
are the former's wider rump patch and paler-hued antlers.
48:"Wapiti" redirects here. For other uses of the names, see
12571:
11722:
10321:
10267:
9199:
6977:"Tennessee Elk Season Dates, Regulations and Information"
6746:
5938:
5881:"Returning Elk to the Southeast: A 20-year Retrospective"
5728:. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 14 July 2021.
5298:
4706:
3393:
Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behavior, and Ecology
2821:
2232:
1620:(40 lb). The formation and retention of antlers are
1207:
469:
5355:. Agricultural Marketing Resource Center. Archived from
5249:
5050:
3396:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 211–219.
3213:
1210:
investigations of the Eurasian subspecies revealed that
9572:
7643:
7487:
4656:
4062:
3794:"Measurements and Weight Relationships in Manitoba Elk"
1263:) subspecies have been extinct for at least a century.
10115:
5502:
1869:
pellets leads to significant alterations in the elks'
1809:, having migrated south from the southern portions of
12560:
7490:"Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Elk Antler Velvet"
7162:
6045:
Hamr, Josef; Mallory, Frank F.; Filion, Ivan (2016).
5557:"Treponeme associated hoof disease in Washington elk"
4591:"The wolf has a story to tell in Banff National Park"
3177:. Cambridge Press of John Wilson and Son. p. 23.
2780:. An image of an elk and a moose appear on the state
1009:
likewise called the species "red deer", but noted in
727:
which can be transmitted to and/or from domesticated
7649:
Yellowstone Elk – Greater Yellowstone Resource Guide
6533:
Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources
4408:
2110:
1865:
has found that supplemental feeding of concentrated
405:
367:
7263:"Courting on the Plains: 19th Century Lakota Style"
6254:
5741:"Virginia officials take no joy in elk celebration"
4253:
3585:한반도 포유류(척삭동물문: 포유강)의 분류학적 정립과 한국 지형에 맞는 포유류 조사기법 연구
7661:Smithsonian Institution - North American Mammals:
6296:
6117:
5934:"First elk seen in South Carolina since the 1700s"
4829:
4461:"Ungulate Migrations of the Western United States"
3308:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997072A142404453.en
3188:
3133:
3095:
2954:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997823A142396828.en
1880:
7406:. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006.
7165:"Wyoming Game and Fish issues 2,000 new elk tags"
6044:
4953:(3). National Park Service: 37–44. Archived from
4466:. United States Geological Survey. pp. 94–95
3605:
3603:
3214:Verts, B. J.; Carraway, Leslie N. (August 1998).
1091:Sparring bull elk in Banff National Park, Canada.
12890:Taxa named by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben
12821:
7595:"43rd annual elk antler auction held in Jackson"
6268:Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
5458:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
4490:Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives
4202:"Significance of Scent-marking in Roosevelt Elk"
4200:Bowyer, R. Terry; Kitchen, David W. (May 1987).
4175:South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks
586:for dominance. A similar trait is seen in other
7713:
7217:
6229:. Deer Farmer. 29 November 2003. Archived from
5414:"Brucellosis Detected in Wyoming Elk Hunt Area"
4830:Griffin KA, Hebblewhite M, et al. (2011).
4109:
2053:sp.) or bacterial infections (12 cases, mostly
7003:"Elk Population By State (Estimates and Info)"
5509:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
4993:
4774:
4619:
4514:
4257:Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology
4247:
3600:
2804:A cut of elk meat, showing the low fat content
1721:
969:was recognized as a relative of the red deer (
767:(moose, called "elk" in Europe) had long been
12142:
7699:
7459:"Nutritional Summary for Game meat, elk, raw"
7056:"Elk in Virginia: Return of a Native Species"
6848:"Oklahoma's elk population continues to grow"
4322:
4199:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
3940:
3938:
3678:. University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology.
1954:(brainworm or meningeal worm) is a parasitic
1108:record 25 million years ago, during the
788:
7260:
6722:North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission
6554:"Michigan Estimates Elk Population at 1,196"
6250:
6248:
6124:Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment
5835:"Pennsylvania banks on elk to draw visitors"
5584:"WSU: Elk hoof disease will not be easy fix"
4114:. University of Toronto Press. p. 550.
2999:. Oxford University Press. pp. 133–134.
2994:
7564:
7112:"Looking At W.Va.'s Elk Herd Four Years In"
7109:
6831:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6661:"2023-2024 Elk Status & Harvest Trends"
5931:
5908:"Elk could be saving grace in coal country"
5861:. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
5096:
3921:. Quarto Publishing Group USA. p. 15.
3791:
1282:). Two distinct subspecies found in China,
41:"Elks" redirects here. For other uses, see
12157:Game animals and shooting in North America
12149:
12135:
7788:
7706:
7692:
7425:
6922:
6419:California Department of Fish and Wildlife
6221:
6219:
5625:. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.
5152:North American Elk: Ecology and Management
4989:
4987:
4038:Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
4015:
3935:
3767:California Department of Fish and Wildlife
3634:
3503:. Natural Resources Conservation Service.
2077:
1604:. Roosevelt elk have been introduced into
804:
798:
468:
203:
175:
157:
12023:
9495:
7587:
7515:
7375:"Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks"
7311:
7182:
7060:Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources
6994:
6782:
6772:
6586:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
6245:
6179:
6177:
6085:
6064:
5520:
5479:
5469:
5346:
5344:
5324:
5267:
5192:
5027:
4855:
4751:
4733:
4680:
4613:
4597:. Envirozine. 31 May 2007. Archived from
4453:
4286:
4086:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3916:
3852:
3850:
3792:Blood, D.A; Lovaas, A.L. (January 1966).
3435:
3433:
3306:
2952:
2226:New Zealand American Fiordland Expedition
550:in its native range of North America and
11904:
9294:
7188:
7000:
6911:Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife
6882:Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife
6688:
6465:"Idaho Big Game 2021 Season & Rules"
5243:
5168:
4478:
3888:"Friends of the Prairie Learning Center"
3840:Silva, M., & Downing, J. A. (1995).
3731:
3609:
3560:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3039:
3037:
2799:
2739:
2114:
2081:
1976:
1935:
1884:
1828:
1787:
1757:
1741:
1647:
1626:
1562:
1086:
1070:
1058:
1042:
8195:
7766:
7567:Encyclopedia of American Indian Costume
7349:Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks
7163:Angus M. Thuermer Jr. (28 April 2021).
6605:
6323:
6317:
6216:
6111:
5805:Pennsylvania Department of Conservation
5738:
5732:
5650:
5376:
5374:
4984:
4386:. National Park Service. Archived from
4381:
4375:
4345:
4112:The Natural History of Canadian Mammals
3522:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3170:
2790:Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks
1643:
758:
14:
12822:
7913:
7393:
7367:
7001:Informer, Wildlife (10 January 2021).
6174:
6162:from the original on 30 September 2007
5496:
5350:
5341:
5209:
5143:
4931:
4905:
4650:
4583:
3973:
3944:
3847:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3439:
3430:
2924:
2922:
2735:
2233:Estimated number of elk per U.S. state
716:ecosystems and species it encounters.
624:Elk were long believed to belong to a
12587:
12586:
12130:
12022:
11891:
11890:
11496:
10579:
10114:
9571:
9033:
8179:
7765:
7687:
7451:
7355:from the original on 24 December 2016
7337:
7285:
6845:
6501:"Elk making a comeback across Kansas"
5832:
5706:from the original on 28 November 2020
5581:
4702:
4700:
3996:
3842:CRC handbook of mammalian body masses
3682:from the original on 10 November 2014
3637:European Journal of Wildlife Research
3549:
3453:European Journal of Wildlife Research
3389:
3376:
3341:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3250:
3207:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3043:
3034:
3003:
2995:Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006).
2990:
2988:
2859:that could result in a human getting
984:Discourse Concerning Western Planting
902:. Later, the species became known in
546:, and one of the largest terrestrial
12840:Extant Pleistocene first appearances
9331:
7546:from the original on 16 January 2021
7413:from the original on 6 December 2010
7381:from the original on 16 January 2021
7345:"California-Hawaii Elks Association"
7299:from the original on 16 January 2021
7273:from the original on 16 January 2021
7242:from the original on 16 January 2021
7139:"Elk in Wisconsin | | Wisconsin DNR"
7028:"Utah Statewide Elk Management Plan"
6805:
6095:. Petersen's Hunting. Archived from
6073:from the original on 18 January 2017
6001:from the original on 16 January 2021
5946:from the original on 16 January 2021
5833:Armas, Genaro C. (6 December 2010).
5702:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
5600:from the original on 16 January 2021
5537:from the original on 16 January 2021
5420:. Cheyenne, Wyoming. 9 November 2022
5371:
4994:Wilmers, C. C.; et al. (2020).
4551:
4539:from the original on 16 January 2021
4508:
4363:from the original on 13 January 2011
4274:from the original on 16 January 2021
4235:from the original on 16 January 2021
4128:
3773:from the original on 16 January 2021
3725:
3694:
3510:from the original on 16 January 2021
3322:
3276:
3238:from the original on 16 January 2021
1139:, with over a dozen subspecies. But
573:The name "wapiti" is derived from a
12830:IUCN Red List least concern species
8180:
7035:Utah Division of Wildlife Resources
6981:Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency
6956:South Dakota Game, Fish & Parks
6606:Bingham, Lloyd (6 September 2022).
6394:Arkansas Game & Fish Commission
5966:"Elk sightings on the rise in Iowa"
5905:
5887:from the original on 4 January 2021
5382:"Brucellosis and Yellowstone Bison"
4294:"Elk Biology and interesting facts"
3880:
3655:
3614:. Lynx Edicions. pp. 350–443.
3528:
3294:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3181:
3126:
2940:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2919:
2193:, and introduced to the islands of
2069:bacteria, which are known to cause
700:. The wapiti has also successfully
513:
24:
12238:
11497:
9034:
7433:"Elk Meat Nutritional Information"
6640:Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks
6324:Husheer, Sean W. (30 April 2007).
6204:from the original on 13 March 2016
6183:
6025:Alaska Department of Fish and Game
5644:
5215:
4697:
4623:The Journal of Wildlife Management
4163:
3868:from the original on 11 April 2020
3801:The Journal of Wildlife Management
3707:Alaska Department of Fish and Game
3083:
2985:
2795:
1737:they urinate and roll their bodies
1666:
1600:, and in the Canadian province of
1558:
918:, appearing in the Latinized form
821:), also known as the Altai maral.
723:), elk are susceptible to several
25:
12901:
7622:
7117:West Virginia Public Broadcasting
6366:
5883:. Wildlife Management Institute.
5231:from the original on 3 March 2016
4515:Pond, Wilson; Bell, Alan (2005).
3734:The Ultimate Guide to Elk Hunting
3555:
3537:from the original on 16 July 2017
3418:from the original on 20 July 2020
3152:from the original on 9 March 2021
3114:from the original on 9 March 2021
2894:covering, clothing and footwear.
2861:variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2111:Introductions and reintroductions
2065:known, but it is associated with
1845:. But like other deer, they also
866:, words probably borrowed from a
688:. The now-extinct North American
12570:
7639:Arizona Game and Fish Department
7558:
7542:. University of North Colorado.
7532:
7481:
7469:from the original on 18 May 2008
7325:from the original on 10 May 2013
7254:
7211:
7156:
7131:
7103:
7085:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
7073:
7048:
7020:
6969:
6944:
6916:
6903:
6867:
6839:
6799:
6740:
6710:
6682:
6653:
6625:
6599:
6571:
6546:
6518:
6493:
6457:
6432:
6407:
6194:Global Invasive Species Database
5726:"Michigan Elk: Past and Present"
5651:Croitor, Roman (December 2019).
5632:from the original on 9 June 2017
4919:from the original on 12 May 2008
4899:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00871.x
4857:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01856.x
4134:
4001:. Minneapolis: NorthWord Press.
3713:from the original on 5 June 2007
3700:
3533:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
2717:
2699:
2681:
2663:
2645:
2627:
2609:
2591:
2573:
2555:
2537:
2519:
2501:
2483:
2465:
2447:
2429:
2411:
2393:
2375:
2357:
2339:
2321:
2303:
2285:
2267:
2249:
1697:Problems playing this file? See
1682:
1542:
1526:
1510:
1494:
1128:) was not a member of the genus
977:were referred to as "red deer".
894:and possibly connected with the
228:
75:
8058:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
6382:
6360:
6290:
6038:
6013:
5983:
5958:
5932:Keith Allen (27 October 2016).
5925:
5899:
5873:
5851:
5826:
5790:
5765:
5718:
5692:
5612:
5575:
5549:
5432:
5406:
5292:
5181:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
5090:
4972:
4872:
4823:
4768:
4431:
4402:
4316:
4193:
4103:
4074:Journal of Experimental Biology
4056:
3910:
3834:
3755:
3628:
3576:
3486:
2901:have assisted employees at the
2119:Bull elk on a captive range in
1881:Predators and defensive tactics
1159:than they are to the red deer.
1001:'s 1672 English translation of
8847:Central American red brocket (
6334:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
5739:Cochran, Bill (27 June 2004).
5582:Hogan, Jackson (1 June 2017).
5100:Nature Ecology & Evolution
4518:Encyclopedia of Animal Science
4141:Alternative Agriculture Series
3892:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
3222:University of California Press
3164:
2968:
2772:The Rocky Mountain elk is the
1819:Bridger–Teton National Forests
1020:Notes on the State of Virginia
926:borrowed directly from Latin:
13:
1:
7644:Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation
7110:Caitlin Tan (13 March 2020).
6668:Nevada Department of Wildlife
6558:Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation
6444:Colorado Parks & Wildlife
6227:"Deer farming in New Zealand"
6052:The Canadian Field-Naturalist
5620:"Elk Hoof Disease Fact Sheet"
5351:Hansen, Ray (November 2006).
4691:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00107-0
4382:Jenkins, Kurt (31 May 2001).
4145:North Dakota State University
3997:Geist, Valerius (June 1993).
2913:
1926:Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
1863:Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
1185:
1174:differences that distinguish
1063:Elk crossing Opal Terrace at
648:differences that distinguish
570:by North American colonists.
12880:Mammals of the United States
9554:Large subfamily listed below
9542:Large subfamily listed below
9530:Large subfamily listed below
7540:"Colorado Indians: Shelters"
7495:Emerging Infectious Diseases
7435:. Wapiti.net. Archived from
6774:10.1371/journal.pone.0211650
6608:"Are There Elk in Missouri?"
6390:"History of Elk in Arkansas"
5777:Pennsylvania Game Commission
5678:10.1016/j.palwor.2019.12.001
5305:Emerging Infectious Diseases
5256:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
5225:Pennsylvania Game Commission
4735:10.1371/journal.pone.0249521
2976:Anfangsgründe der Naturlehre
1783:
1746:Elk bull inspecting a female
1031:used "red deer" to refer to
994:A Description of New England
854:
184:A cow (female) with calf in
7:
8049:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
8040:Indian spotted chevrotain (
7226:Utah State University Press
6923:Jason Nark (5 March 2021).
6689:Joel Gay (14 August 2019).
6579:"Minnesota 2020 Elk Counts"
4298:History of Elk in Wisconsin
3594:Incheon National University
3362:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.10.003
3258:"The Case of the Irish Elk"
2181:population, was sighted in
2099:(IUCN) list the species as
1841:in that they are primarily
1722:Reproduction and life cycle
1361:), which also includes the
1038:
819:Cervus canadensis sibiricus
676:, surviving into the early
10:
12906:
5522:10.1177/104063870701900322
5269:10.7589/0090-3558-43.4.762
1951:Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
843:
694:Cervus canadensis merriami
636:), but evidence from many
47:
40:
29:
12870:Mammals described in 1777
12595:
12497:
12426:
12323:
12250:
12236:
12162:
12097:
12069:
12045:
12036:
12032:
12018:
11985:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
11976:Domestic Bactrian camel (
11964:
11913:
11900:
11886:
11850:
11826:
11802:
11793:
11675:
11642:
11618:
11585:
11561:
11540:North Sulawesi babirusa (
11519:
11510:
11506:
11492:
11456:
11414:
11237:
11228:
11182:
11158:
11134:
11092:
11041:
11017:
11008:
10980:
10956:
10949:
10903:
10843:
10819:
10732:
10681:
10657:
10633:
10609:
10600:
10596:
10575:
10530:
10431:
10422:
10394:
10370:
10265:
10205:
10196:
10168:
10144:
10135:
10131:
10110:
10069:
10045:
9967:
9943:
9919:
9895:
9844:
9820:
9769:
9664:
9640:
9616:
9592:
9588:
9567:
9547:
9535:
9523:
9486:
9449:
9425:
9392:
9368:
9359:
9322:
9285:
9239:
9179:
9170:
9142:
9091:
9058:
9049:
9045:
9029:
8975:
8941:
8907:
8883:
8859:
8829:Amazonian brown brocket (
8763:
8730:
8706:
8673:
8649:
8625:
8616:
8552:
8501:
8477:
8444:
8393:
8360:
8336:
8204:
8191:
8175:
8162:Large family listed below
8155:
8150:Large family listed below
8143:
8127:Williamson's mouse-deer (
8070:
8028:
8004:
7995:
7904:
7849:
7825:
7816:
7779:
7775:
7761:
7723:
7573:. pp. 88, 137, 224.
7319:"The Michigan State Flag"
7195:Brill Academic Publishers
7189:Jacobson, Esther (2018).
6930:The Philadelphia Inquirer
6633:"Montana 2021 Elk Counts"
6148:10.1080/01650520400000822
5121:10.1038/s41559-018-0657-5
5000:Journal of Animal Ecology
4915:. National Park Service.
4836:Journal of Animal Ecology
4793:10.1007/s10482-018-1150-5
4359:. National Park Service.
4326:Wildlife Society Bulletin
3649:10.1007/s10344-005-0011-5
3596:. June 2019. p. 108.
3592:] (PhD) (in Korean).
3465:10.1007/s10344-005-0011-5
3301:: e.T55997072A142404453.
3200:Oxford English Dictionary
3171:Hakluyt, Richard (1584).
3145:Oxford English Dictionary
3107:Oxford English Dictionary
3016:The Canadian Encyclopedia
2974:Erxleben, J.C.P. (1777).
2947:: e.T55997823A142396828.
1893:Predators of elk include
1811:Yellowstone National Park
1341:. The Chinese forms (the
1325:; even the Siberian elk (
1075:Bull elk in late autumn,
1049:Yellowstone National Park
940:Oxford English Dictionary
874:, the moose was known as
827:Oxford English Dictionary
805:
799:
696:) once ranged south into
566:, but was transferred to
491:
484:
476:
467:
364:
359:
340:
333:
225:Scientific classification
223:
201:
192:
183:
174:
165:
156:
63:
10226:Domestic water buffalo (
8591:Central Asian red deer (
8216:Bornean yellow muntjac (
7654:17 December 2010 at the
7634:30 December 2010 at the
7267:Carnegie Magazine Online
7218:Smith, Bruce L. (2010).
6066:10.22621/cfn.v130i2.1842
5471:10.3389/fcimb.2016.00010
4110:Naughton, Donna (2014).
3390:Geist, Valerius (1998).
2243:Estimated Number of Elk
1726:Female elk have a short
1221:C. canadensis roosevelti
1198:consider them different
11104:Bates' pygmy antelope (
10891:Soemmerring's gazelle (
8996:Yucatan brown brocket (
8225:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
8109:Philippine mouse-deer (
7677:26 January 2016 at the
7463:Condé Nast Publications
7377:. Phoenixmasonry, Inc.
6691:"The Elk Hunting Mecca"
6021:"Elk Hunting In Alaska"
5020:10.1111/1365-2656.13200
4979:International Bear News
4781:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
4660:Biological Conservation
4441:. National Park Service
3110:(2nd ed.). 1989 .
2222:Fiordland National Park
2078:Distribution and status
1990:Chronic wasting disease
1940:At least 53 species of
1824:
1678:An American elk bugling
1656:Elk are among the most
1168:Fiordland National Park
959:
951:
899:
879:
789:
609:, which they routinely
54:Wapiti (disambiguation)
12363:Cougar (mountain lion)
12244:
11814:White-lipped peccary (
11750:Philippine warty pig (
11375:Yellow-backed duiker (
11339:Black-fronted duiker (
11312:White-bellied duiker (
10933:Przewalski's gazelle (
10156:Four-horned antelope (
8954:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
8513:Visayan spotted deer (
8372:European fallow deer (
8315:Northern red muntjac (
8261:Southern red muntjac (
7508:10.3201/eid1505.081458
5773:"History of Elk in PA"
5653:"A new form of wapiti
5317:10.3201/eid1006.031082
4171:"Elk (Cervus elaphus)"
3858:"Antlers Make a Point"
3440:Groves, Colin (2005).
3217:Land Mammals of Oregon
3148:(3rd ed.). 2012.
3055:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
2980:Systema regni animalis
2805:
2749:
2127:
2091:
1986:
1971:Dictyocaulus viviparus
1890:
1834:
1797:
1767:
1747:
1671:
1653:
1632:
1572:
1501:Artist's depiction of
1355:Central Asian red deer
1092:
1084:
1068:
1056:
997:referred to red deer.
927:
863:
602:, to varying degrees.
12845:Fauna of Central Asia
12802:Paleobiology Database
12242:
11994:Wild Bactrian camel (
11696:Bornean bearded pig (
11687:Palawan bearded pig (
11276:White-legged duiker (
10702:Red-fronted gazelle (
8381:Persian fallow deer (
8297:Roosevelt's muntjac (
7970:Himalayan musk deer (
7879:Reticulated giraffe (
6472:Idaho Fish & Game
6093:"Elk and Elk Hunting"
5442:"Vaccination of Elk (
5187:(11): 1146–51, 1154.
4357:Great Smoky Mountains
3955:National Park Service
3807:(1). Wiley: 135–140.
3558:"Elk Reintroductions"
3203:(3rd ed.). 2009.
2899:Boy Scouts of America
2803:
2774:official state animal
2743:
2118:
2101:least-concern species
2085:
1980:
1936:Parasites and disease
1888:
1832:
1792:Elk wintering at the
1791:
1761:
1745:
1670:
1651:
1630:
1580:), found west of the
1566:
1370:North American group
1090:
1074:
1062:
1046:
763:By the 17th century,
737:traditional medicines
43:Elks (disambiguation)
12885:Mammals of East Asia
12215:Snipe (common snipe)
12195:Ring-necked pheasant
12081:Pygmy hippopotamus (
11741:Oliver's warty pig (
11366:Red-flanked duiker (
10771:Erlanger's gazelle (
10491:Harnessed bushbuck (
10217:Wild water buffalo (
9694:East Caucasian tur (
9685:West Caucasian tur (
8838:Little red brocket (
8306:Truong Son muntjac (
8118:Vietnam mouse-deer (
8100:Greater mouse-deer (
7979:Siberian musk deer (
7565:Paterek, J. (1996).
7293:"Utah State Symbols"
7091:on 16 September 2021
6481:on 29 September 2021
6440:"Rocky Mountain Elk"
5700:"Rocky Mountain Elk"
5594:Longview, Washington
5359:on 28 September 2007
4206:Journal of Mammalogy
4034:Living with Wildlife
3676:Animal Diversity Web
3564:on 27 September 2006
3529:Gerhart, Dorothy C.
3049:"Order Artiodactyla"
1644:Behavior and ecology
1435:Asian/Eastern group
1323:Cervus c. canadensis
1047:Male elk in snow at
973:) of Europe, and so
922:, with the spelling
759:Naming and etymology
50:Elk (disambiguation)
12860:Herbivorous mammals
12210:Sharp-tailed grouse
12180:Hungarian partridge
11714:Celebes warty pig (
11705:Visayan warty pig (
11321:Red forest duiker (
11053:Günther's dik-dik (
10915:Mongolian gazelle (
10720:Heuglin's gazelle (
10711:Thomson's gazelle (
9865:Long-tailed goral (
9260:Mountain reedbuck (
9251:Southern reedbuck (
9103:East African oryx (
9005:White-tailed deer (
8784:Small red brocket (
8751:South Andean deer (
8694:Siberian roe deer (
8685:European roe deer (
8522:Philippine sambar (
8489:Père David's deer (
8091:Lesser mouse-deer (
7952:Kashmir musk deer (
7607:on 11 November 2012
7439:on 15 December 2010
6765:2019PLoSO..1411650A
6728:on 23 November 2021
6696:New Mexico Magazine
6256:Alick Lindsay Poole
6140:2005SNFE...40....1G
5113:2018NatEE...2.1619M
5068:2010Ecol...91.1184C
5052:Christianson, David
5012:2020JAnEc..89.1511W
4947:Yellowstone Science
4848:2011JAnEc..80.1246G
4726:2021PLoSO..1649521C
4673:2001BCons.102..227R
4412:Wildlife Monographs
4181:on 5 September 2006
3864:. 6 December 2013.
3862:National Geographic
3446:in eastern Eurasia"
3354:2004MolPE..31.1064L
3264:on 11 November 2005
2903:National Elk Refuge
2762:Ancestral Puebloans
2736:Cultural references
1992:, transmitted by a
1807:National Elk Refuge
1794:National Elk Refuge
1190:There are numerous
1077:Banff National Park
1065:Mammoth Hot Springs
1025:David Bailie Warden
832:Classical Antiquity
725:infectious diseases
195:Conservation status
12850:Fauna of East Asia
12434:American alligator
12245:
11862:Collared peccary (
11732:Flores warty pig (
11573:Giant forest hog (
11435:Maxwell's duiker (
11357:Ruwenzori duiker (
11303:Jentink's duiker (
11212:Sharpe's grysbok (
10968:Tibetan antelope (
10873:Bright's gazelle (
10807:Goitered gazelle (
10780:Mountain gazelle (
10753:Cuvier's gazelle (
10693:Mongalla gazelle (
10081:Pyrenean chamois (
9507:Tibetan antelope (
9461:Black wildebeest (
8288:Reeves's muntjac (
8252:Sumatran muntjac (
8243:Gongshan muntjac (
8016:Water chevrotain (
7943:Alpine musk deer (
7870:Southern giraffe (
7861:Northern giraffe (
7197:. pp. 96–97.
6891:on 1 November 2021
6132:Taylor and Francis
5970:Brownfield Ag News
5906:Roberts, Brandon.
5859:"Elk in Wisconsin"
5753:on 1 February 2013
5394:on 5 December 2010
4886:Journal of Zoology
4486:"Feeding Elk Cows"
4088:10.1242/jeb.131219
4044:on 10 January 2011
3961:on 15 January 2013
3917:Zumbo, J. (2000).
3898:on 18 October 2010
2806:
2750:
2128:
2125:selective pressure
2092:
2071:digital dermatitis
1987:
1965:Fascioloides magna
1891:
1835:
1813:and west from the
1798:
1768:
1748:
1672:
1654:
1652:Elk bulls sparring
1633:
1631:Rocky Mountain elk
1573:
1404:Rocky Mountain elk
1398:C. c. manitobensis
1241:Rocky Mountain elk
1237:C. c. manitobensis
1093:
1085:
1069:
1057:
999:Sir William Talbot
948:Middle High German
590:species, like the
400:C. c. manitobensis
326:C. canadensis
12875:Mammals of Canada
12817:
12816:
12627:Cervus canadensis
12597:Cervus canadensis
12589:Taxon identifiers
12558:
12557:
12530:Waterfowl hunting
12378:White-tailed deer
12243:Waterfowl hunters
12124:
12123:
12120:
12119:
12116:
12115:
12093:
12092:
12014:
12013:
12010:
12009:
12006:
12005:
11882:
11881:
11878:
11877:
11874:
11873:
11838:Chacoan peccary (
11789:
11788:
11777:Javan warty pig (
11768:Timor warty pig (
11575:H. meinertzhageni
11549:Togian babirusa (
11488:
11487:
11484:
11483:
11480:
11479:
11444:Walter's duiker (
11384:Abbott's duiker (
11348:Ogilby's duiker (
11294:Harvey's duiker (
11258:Brooke's duiker (
11224:
11223:
11004:
11003:
10945:
10944:
10882:Peter's gazelle (
10864:Grant's gazelle (
10798:Speke's gazelle (
10571:
10570:
10567:
10566:
10563:
10562:
10448:
10418:
10417:
10406:African buffalo (
10237:B. depressicornis
10192:
10191:
10106:
10105:
10102:
10101:
9874:Himalayan goral (
9696:C. cylindricornis
9563:
9562:
9559:
9558:
9519:
9518:
9482:
9481:
9470:Blue wildebeest (
9404:Common tsessebe (
9355:
9354:
9318:
9317:
9281:
9280:
9193:K. ellipsiprymnus
9166:
9165:
9025:
9024:
9021:
9020:
9017:
9016:
8965:P. mephistophiles
8921:P. mephistophiles
8612:
8611:
8308:M. truongsonensis
8270:Pu Hoat muntjac (
8171:
8170:
8167:
8166:
8139:
8138:
8082:Java mouse-deer (
7991:
7990:
7961:Black musk deer (
7934:Dwarf musk deer (
7925:Anhui musk deer (
7900:
7899:
7863:G. camelopardalis
7812:
7811:
7261:Duda, Kathryn M.
7143:dnr.wisconsin.gov
7007:Wildlife Informer
5912:Spectrumnews1.com
5814:on 10 August 2012
5746:The Roanoke Times
5655:Cervus canadensis
5563:on 20 August 2017
5444:Cervus canadensis
5418:The Cheyenne Post
5161:978-1-58834-018-4
5107:(10): 1619–1625.
5076:10.1890/09-0221.1
4532:978-0-8247-5496-9
4390:on 27 August 2009
4267:978-1-4377-1340-4
4121:978-1-4426-4483-0
4067:Cervus canadensis
4008:978-1-55971-208-8
3945:Pisarowicz, Jim.
3732:Robb, B. (2001).
3621:978-84-96553-77-4
3403:978-0-8117-0496-0
3231:978-0-520-21199-5
3068:978-0-8018-8221-0
2933:Cervus canadensis
2816:and is higher in
2788:of Michigan. The
2733:
2732:
2477:70,000 - 90,000
2020:Bighorn Mountains
1994:misfolded protein
1968:and the nematode
1777:white-tailed deer
1687:
1638:European red deer
1535:Manchurian wapiti
1473:C. c. alashanicus
1463:C. c. xanthopygus
1459:Manchurian wapiti
1331:C. c. xanthopygus
1308:C. c. alashanicus
1300:C. c. xanthopygus
1296:Manchurian wapiti
1149:Cervus canadensis
1033:Cervus canadensis
975:Cervus canadensis
967:Cervus canadensis
882:derived from the
872:Early Middle Ages
868:Germanic language
852:
824:According to the
638:mitochondrial DNA
600:white-tailed deer
568:Cervus canadensis
527:Cervus canadensis
506:
505:
479:Cervus canadensis
459:C. c. xanthopygus
379:C. c. alashanicus
344:Cervus canadensis
218:
166:A bull (male) in
151:
16:(Redirected from
12897:
12855:Fauna of Siberia
12835:Elk and red deer
12810:
12809:
12797:
12796:
12784:
12783:
12771:
12770:
12768:NHMSYS0021109635
12758:
12757:
12745:
12744:
12732:
12731:
12719:
12718:
12706:
12705:
12693:
12692:
12680:
12679:
12667:
12666:
12654:
12653:
12641:
12640:
12631:
12630:
12629:
12616:
12615:
12614:
12584:
12583:
12575:
12574:
12566:
12510:Big-game hunting
12295:Northern pintail
12151:
12144:
12137:
12128:
12127:
12043:
12042:
12034:
12033:
12020:
12019:
11911:
11910:
11902:
11901:
11888:
11887:
11800:
11799:
11606:Common warthog (
11597:Desert warthog (
11517:
11516:
11508:
11507:
11494:
11493:
11393:Weyns's duiker (
11267:Peters' duiker (
11249:Aders's duiker (
11235:
11234:
11122:Royal antelope (
11080:Salt's dik-dik (
11071:Silver dik-dik (
11062:Kirk's dik-dik (
11015:
11014:
10992:Saiga antelope (
10954:
10953:
10893:N. soemmerringii
10762:Dorcas gazelle (
10607:
10606:
10598:
10597:
10591:
10577:
10576:
10464:Mountain nyala (
10447:
10446:
10438:
10429:
10428:
10384:P. nghetinhensis
10286:European bison (
10277:American bison (
10203:
10202:
10142:
10141:
10133:
10132:
10126:
10112:
10111:
9988:Domestic sheep (
9832:Himalayan tahr (
9799:Mainland serow (
9781:Japanese serow (
9590:
9589:
9583:
9569:
9568:
9493:
9492:
9366:
9365:
9329:
9328:
9292:
9291:
9269:Bohor reedbuck (
9177:
9176:
9156:A. nasomaculatus
9079:Sable antelope (
9056:
9055:
9047:
9046:
9040:
9031:
9030:
8793:Merida brocket (
8623:
8622:
8564:Thorold's deer (
8416:A. calamianensis
8299:M. rooseveltorum
8245:M. gongshanensis
8202:
8201:
8193:
8192:
8186:
8177:
8176:
8002:
8001:
7911:
7910:
7890:G. tippelskirchi
7823:
7822:
7786:
7785:
7777:
7776:
7763:
7762:
7708:
7701:
7694:
7685:
7684:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7606:
7599:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7562:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7551:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7519:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7455:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7418:
7412:
7405:
7397:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7371:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7315:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7289:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7278:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7175:
7160:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7087:. Archived from
7077:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7041:
7032:
7024:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7013:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6920:
6914:
6907:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6890:
6884:. Archived from
6879:
6871:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6843:
6837:
6836:
6830:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6786:
6776:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6724:. Archived from
6714:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6686:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6665:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6637:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6583:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6530:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6480:
6474:. Archived from
6469:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6386:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6347:
6330:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6252:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6223:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6184:Flueck, Werner.
6181:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6099:on 6 August 2006
6089:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6068:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6017:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6006:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5847:on 9 March 2012.
5843:. Archived from
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5813:
5807:. Archived from
5802:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5749:. Archived from
5736:
5730:
5729:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5661:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5631:
5624:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5524:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5483:
5473:
5452:Brucella abortus
5448:Brucella abortus
5436:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5393:
5386:
5378:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5348:
5339:
5338:
5328:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5271:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5222:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5196:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5062:(4): 1184–1191.
5048:
5042:
5041:
5031:
5006:(6): 1511–1519.
4991:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4959:
4944:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4859:
4842:(6): 1246–1257.
4827:
4821:
4820:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4755:
4737:
4704:
4695:
4694:
4684:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4570:
4563:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4492:. Archived from
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4465:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4177:. Archived from
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4147:. Archived from
4132:
4126:
4125:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4090:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4040:. Archived from
4026:
4013:
4012:
3994:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3957:. Archived from
3947:"American Elk –
3942:
3933:
3932:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3894:. Archived from
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3854:
3845:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3798:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3701:Eide, Sterling.
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3664:
3653:
3652:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3607:
3598:
3597:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3502:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3482:on 29 June 2014.
3481:
3475:. Archived from
3450:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3387:
3374:
3373:
3348:(3): 1064–1083.
3331:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3196:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3141:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3103:
3092:
3081:
3080:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3021:Historica Canada
3007:
3001:
3000:
2992:
2983:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2926:
2897:Since 1967, the
2876:Tungusic peoples
2723:
2721:
2720:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2237:
2236:
2206:invasive species
1861:Research in the
1833:Elk pellet group
1689:
1688:
1669:
1602:British Columbia
1578:C. c. roosevelti
1549:Illustration of
1546:
1533:Illustration of
1530:
1517:Illustration of
1514:
1498:
1479:Tibetan red deer
1453:C. c. songaricus
1449:Tian Shan wapiti
1418:C. c. canadensis
1378:C. c. roosevelti
1351:Tibetan red deer
1288:Korean Peninsula
1280:C. c. songaricus
1253:C. c. canadensis
1015:Thomas Jefferson
880:elch, elh, eolh,
857:
847:
845:
808:
807:
802:
801:
792:
674:Late Pleistocene
628:of the European
534:, is the second
515:
472:
445:C. c. songaricus
431:C. c. roosevelti
407:
386:C. c. kansuensis
372:C. c. canadensis
369:
346:
233:
232:
212:
207:
206:
188:, United States
179:
161:
145:
144:
74:
67:Temporal range:
61:
60:
21:
12905:
12904:
12900:
12899:
12898:
12896:
12895:
12894:
12865:Holarctic fauna
12820:
12819:
12818:
12813:
12805:
12800:
12792:
12789:Observation.org
12787:
12779:
12774:
12766:
12761:
12753:
12748:
12740:
12735:
12727:
12722:
12714:
12709:
12701:
12696:
12688:
12683:
12675:
12670:
12662:
12657:
12649:
12644:
12636:
12634:
12625:
12624:
12619:
12610:
12609:
12604:
12591:
12581:
12569:
12561:
12559:
12554:
12493:
12422:
12353:Bison (buffalo)
12319:
12246:
12234:
12185:Prairie chicken
12158:
12155:
12125:
12112:
12089:
12065:
12028:
12002:
11960:
11896:
11870:
11846:
11822:
11785:
11752:S. philippensis
11689:S. ahoenobarbus
11671:
11663:Red river hog (
11638:
11614:
11581:
11557:
11531:Buru babirusa (
11502:
11476:
11468:Common duiker (
11452:
11410:
11220:
11178:
11154:
11130:
11088:
11037:
11000:
10976:
10941:
10926:P. picticaudata
10899:
10839:
10815:
10809:G. subgutturosa
10728:
10677:
10653:
10629:
10592:
10581:
10559:
10526:
10518:Cape bushbuck (
10511:T. strepsiceros
10440:
10439:
10437:
10414:
10390:
10366:
10261:
10253:Mountain anoa (
10188:
10182:B. tragocamelus
10164:
10158:T. quadricornis
10127:
10116:
10098:
10065:
10041:
9997:Bighorn sheep (
9963:
9939:
9915:
9907:Mountain goat (
9891:
9883:Chinese goral (
9840:
9816:
9801:C. sumatraensis
9765:
9748:Siberian ibex (
9712:Domestic goat (
9660:
9636:
9612:
9604:Barbary sheep (
9584:
9573:
9555:
9543:
9531:
9515:
9478:
9445:
9421:
9388:
9351:
9314:
9277:
9235:
9162:
9138:
9112:Scimitar oryx (
9087:
9070:Roan antelope (
9041:
9035:
9013:
8971:
8963:Northern pudu (
8937:
8929:Southern pudu (
8919:Northern pudu (
8903:
8879:
8855:
8820:Pygmy brocket (
8802:Dwarf brocket (
8759:
8726:
8702:
8669:
8645:
8608:
8548:
8497:
8473:
8440:
8414:Calamian deer (
8389:
8383:D. mesopotamica
8356:
8332:
8326:M. vuquangensis
8324:Giant muntjac (
8234:Fea's muntjac (
8187:
8181:
8163:
8151:
8135:
8066:
8024:
7987:
7945:M. chrysogaster
7896:
7888:Masai giraffe (
7845:
7808:
7771:
7757:
7719:
7712:
7679:Wayback Machine
7656:Wayback Machine
7636:Wayback Machine
7625:
7620:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7597:
7593:
7592:
7588:
7581:
7563:
7559:
7549:
7547:
7538:
7537:
7533:
7486:
7482:
7472:
7470:
7457:
7456:
7452:
7442:
7440:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7416:
7414:
7410:
7403:
7399:
7398:
7394:
7384:
7382:
7373:
7372:
7368:
7358:
7356:
7343:
7342:
7338:
7328:
7326:
7321:. NSTATE, LLC.
7317:
7316:
7312:
7302:
7300:
7295:. Utah.com LC.
7291:
7290:
7286:
7276:
7274:
7259:
7255:
7245:
7243:
7236:
7216:
7212:
7205:
7187:
7183:
7173:
7171:
7169:WyomingNews.com
7161:
7157:
7147:
7145:
7137:
7136:
7132:
7122:
7120:
7108:
7104:
7094:
7092:
7079:
7078:
7074:
7064:
7062:
7054:
7053:
7049:
7039:
7037:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7021:
7011:
7009:
6999:
6995:
6985:
6983:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6960:
6958:
6950:
6949:
6945:
6935:
6933:
6921:
6917:
6908:
6904:
6894:
6892:
6888:
6877:
6873:
6872:
6868:
6858:
6856:
6844:
6840:
6824:
6823:
6816:
6814:
6804:
6800:
6759:(2): e0211650.
6745:
6741:
6731:
6729:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6701:
6699:
6687:
6683:
6673:
6671:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6654:
6644:
6642:
6635:
6631:
6630:
6626:
6616:
6614:
6604:
6600:
6590:
6588:
6581:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6562:
6560:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6537:
6535:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6509:
6507:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6484:
6482:
6478:
6467:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6448:
6446:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6423:
6421:
6413:
6412:
6408:
6398:
6396:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6373:
6371:
6365:
6361:
6351:
6349:
6348:on 27 July 2014
6345:
6328:
6322:
6318:
6295:
6291:
6253:
6246:
6236:
6234:
6225:
6224:
6217:
6207:
6205:
6182:
6175:
6165:
6163:
6116:
6112:
6102:
6100:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6076:
6074:
6043:
6039:
6029:
6027:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6004:
6002:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5974:
5972:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5949:
5947:
5930:
5926:
5916:
5914:
5904:
5900:
5890:
5888:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5864:
5862:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5831:
5827:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5791:
5781:
5779:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5756:
5754:
5737:
5733:
5724:
5723:
5719:
5709:
5707:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5659:
5649:
5645:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5603:
5601:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5540:
5538:
5501:
5497:
5437:
5433:
5423:
5421:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5372:
5362:
5360:
5349:
5342:
5297:
5293:
5248:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5220:
5216:Fergus, Chuck.
5214:
5210:
5173:
5169:
5162:
5148:
5144:
5095:
5091:
5049:
5045:
4992:
4985:
4977:
4973:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4942:
4936:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4881:Panthera tigris
4877:
4873:
4828:
4824:
4773:
4769:
4720:(4): e0249521.
4705:
4698:
4682:10.1.1.578.4763
4655:
4651:
4636:10.2307/3799488
4618:
4614:
4604:
4602:
4601:on 30 June 2007
4589:
4588:
4584:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4542:
4540:
4533:
4525:. p. 280.
4513:
4509:
4499:
4497:
4496:on 11 June 2011
4484:
4483:
4479:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4444:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4407:
4403:
4393:
4391:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4321:
4317:
4307:
4305:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4277:
4275:
4268:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4218:10.2307/1381489
4198:
4194:
4184:
4182:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4154:
4152:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4108:
4104:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4028:
4027:
4016:
4009:
3995:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3899:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3856:
3855:
3848:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3813:10.2307/3797893
3796:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3748:
3738:The Lyons Press
3730:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3703:"Roosevelt Elk"
3699:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3666:
3665:
3656:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3608:
3601:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3494:"American Elk (
3492:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3448:
3438:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3404:
3388:
3377:
3332:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3232:
3224:. p. 464.
3212:
3208:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3094:
3093:
3084:
3069:
3042:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2993:
2986:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2927:
2920:
2916:
2798:
2796:Commercial uses
2738:
2718:
2716:
2700:
2698:
2682:
2680:
2664:
2662:
2646:
2644:
2628:
2626:
2610:
2608:
2592:
2590:
2574:
2572:
2556:
2554:
2538:
2536:
2520:
2518:
2502:
2500:
2484:
2482:
2466:
2464:
2448:
2446:
2430:
2428:
2412:
2410:
2394:
2392:
2376:
2374:
2358:
2356:
2340:
2338:
2322:
2320:
2304:
2302:
2286:
2284:
2268:
2266:
2250:
2248:
2235:
2179:Smoky Mountains
2113:
2080:
1938:
1918:Siberian tigers
1883:
1827:
1786:
1724:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1646:
1561:
1559:Characteristics
1554:
1547:
1538:
1531:
1522:
1515:
1506:
1499:
1490:
1483:C. c. wallichii
1443:C. c. sibiricus
1374:Roosevelt's elk
1327:C. c. sibiricus
1276:Tianshan wapiti
1272:C. c. sibiricus
1188:
1095:Members of the
1081:Alberta, Canada
1041:
979:Richard Hakluyt
956:Old High German
834:, the European
761:
682:Southern Sweden
536:largest species
452:C. c. wallichii
438:C. c. sibiricus
393:C. c. macneilli
355:
348:
342:
329:
227:
219:
208:
204:
197:
152:
143:
142:
141:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
69:
68:
65:
57:
46:
39:
28:
27:Species of deer
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12903:
12893:
12892:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12862:
12857:
12852:
12847:
12842:
12837:
12832:
12815:
12814:
12812:
12811:
12798:
12785:
12772:
12759:
12746:
12733:
12720:
12707:
12694:
12681:
12668:
12655:
12642:
12632:
12617:
12601:
12599:
12593:
12592:
12580:
12579:
12556:
12555:
12553:
12552:
12550:Upland hunting
12547:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12501:
12499:
12495:
12494:
12492:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12430:
12428:
12424:
12423:
12421:
12420:
12415:
12410:
12405:
12400:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12329:
12327:
12321:
12320:
12318:
12317:
12312:
12307:
12302:
12297:
12292:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12256:
12254:
12248:
12247:
12237:
12235:
12233:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12172:
12170:Bobwhite quail
12166:
12164:
12160:
12159:
12154:
12153:
12146:
12139:
12131:
12122:
12121:
12118:
12117:
12114:
12113:
12111:
12110:
12103:
12101:
12095:
12094:
12091:
12090:
12088:
12087:
12083:C. liberiensis
12077:
12075:
12067:
12066:
12064:
12063:
12057:Hippopotamus (
12053:
12051:
12040:
12038:Hippopotamidae
12030:
12029:
12016:
12015:
12012:
12011:
12008:
12007:
12004:
12003:
12001:
12000:
11991:
11987:C. dromedarius
11982:
11972:
11970:
11962:
11961:
11959:
11958:
11949:
11940:
11931:
11921:
11919:
11908:
11898:
11897:
11884:
11883:
11880:
11879:
11876:
11875:
11872:
11871:
11869:
11868:
11858:
11856:
11848:
11847:
11845:
11844:
11834:
11832:
11824:
11823:
11821:
11820:
11810:
11808:
11797:
11791:
11790:
11787:
11786:
11784:
11783:
11774:
11770:S. timoriensis
11765:
11756:
11747:
11738:
11729:
11723:Domestic pig (
11720:
11711:
11702:
11693:
11683:
11681:
11673:
11672:
11670:
11669:
11660:
11650:
11648:
11640:
11639:
11637:
11636:
11626:
11624:
11616:
11615:
11613:
11612:
11603:
11599:P. aethiopicus
11593:
11591:
11583:
11582:
11580:
11579:
11569:
11567:
11559:
11558:
11556:
11555:
11551:B. togeanensis
11546:
11537:
11527:
11525:
11514:
11504:
11503:
11490:
11489:
11486:
11485:
11482:
11481:
11478:
11477:
11475:
11474:
11464:
11462:
11454:
11453:
11451:
11450:
11441:
11432:
11422:
11420:
11412:
11411:
11409:
11408:
11402:Zebra duiker (
11399:
11390:
11381:
11377:C. silvicultor
11372:
11363:
11354:
11345:
11336:
11330:Black duiker (
11327:
11318:
11314:C. leucogaster
11309:
11300:
11291:
11282:
11273:
11264:
11255:
11245:
11243:
11232:
11226:
11225:
11222:
11221:
11219:
11218:
11209:
11203:Cape grysbok (
11200:
11190:
11188:
11180:
11179:
11177:
11176:
11166:
11164:
11156:
11155:
11153:
11152:
11146:Klipspringer (
11142:
11140:
11132:
11131:
11129:
11128:
11119:
11110:
11100:
11098:
11090:
11089:
11087:
11086:
11077:
11073:M. piacentinii
11068:
11059:
11049:
11047:
11039:
11038:
11036:
11035:
11025:
11023:
11012:
11006:
11005:
11002:
11001:
10999:
10998:
10988:
10986:
10978:
10977:
10975:
10974:
10964:
10962:
10951:
10947:
10946:
10943:
10942:
10940:
10939:
10935:P. przewalskii
10930:
10921:
10911:
10909:
10901:
10900:
10898:
10897:
10888:
10879:
10870:
10861:
10855:Dama gazelle (
10851:
10849:
10841:
10840:
10838:
10837:
10827:
10825:
10817:
10816:
10814:
10813:
10804:
10795:
10789:Rhim gazelle (
10786:
10777:
10768:
10759:
10750:
10740:
10738:
10730:
10729:
10727:
10726:
10717:
10708:
10699:
10689:
10687:
10679:
10678:
10676:
10675:
10665:
10663:
10655:
10654:
10652:
10651:
10647:A. marsupialis
10641:
10639:
10631:
10630:
10628:
10627:
10617:
10615:
10604:
10594:
10593:
10573:
10572:
10569:
10568:
10565:
10564:
10561:
10560:
10558:
10557:
10551:Common eland (
10548:
10538:
10536:
10528:
10527:
10525:
10524:
10515:
10509:Greater kudu (
10506:
10497:
10488:
10479:
10470:
10461:
10451:
10449:
10426:
10420:
10419:
10416:
10415:
10413:
10412:
10402:
10400:
10392:
10391:
10389:
10388:
10378:
10376:
10368:
10367:
10365:
10364:
10355:
10346:
10337:
10328:
10322:Domestic yak (
10319:
10310:
10301:
10292:
10283:
10273:
10271:
10263:
10262:
10260:
10259:
10250:
10246:B. mindorensis
10241:
10235:Lowland anoa (
10232:
10223:
10213:
10211:
10200:
10194:
10193:
10190:
10189:
10187:
10186:
10176:
10174:
10166:
10165:
10163:
10162:
10152:
10150:
10139:
10129:
10128:
10108:
10107:
10104:
10103:
10100:
10099:
10097:
10096:
10087:
10077:
10075:
10067:
10066:
10064:
10063:
10053:
10051:
10043:
10042:
10040:
10039:
10030:
10021:
10012:
10003:
9994:
9985:
9975:
9973:
9965:
9964:
9962:
9961:
9955:Nilgiri tahr (
9951:
9949:
9941:
9940:
9938:
9937:
9927:
9925:
9917:
9916:
9914:
9913:
9903:
9901:
9893:
9892:
9890:
9889:
9880:
9871:
9862:
9852:
9850:
9842:
9841:
9839:
9838:
9828:
9826:
9818:
9817:
9815:
9814:
9808:Taiwan serow (
9805:
9796:
9787:
9777:
9775:
9767:
9766:
9764:
9763:
9754:
9745:
9739:Iberian ibex (
9736:
9727:
9718:
9709:
9700:
9691:
9682:
9672:
9670:
9662:
9661:
9659:
9658:
9648:
9646:
9638:
9637:
9635:
9634:
9628:Arabian tahr (
9624:
9622:
9614:
9613:
9611:
9610:
9600:
9598:
9586:
9585:
9565:
9564:
9561:
9560:
9557:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9545:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9533:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9521:
9520:
9517:
9516:
9514:
9513:
9503:
9501:
9490:
9484:
9483:
9480:
9479:
9477:
9476:
9467:
9457:
9455:
9447:
9446:
9444:
9443:
9433:
9431:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9419:
9410:
9400:
9398:
9390:
9389:
9387:
9386:
9376:
9374:
9363:
9357:
9356:
9353:
9352:
9350:
9349:
9339:
9337:
9326:
9320:
9319:
9316:
9315:
9313:
9312:
9302:
9300:
9289:
9283:
9282:
9279:
9278:
9276:
9275:
9266:
9262:R. fulvorufula
9257:
9247:
9245:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9233:
9224:
9215:
9206:
9197:
9187:
9185:
9174:
9168:
9167:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9160:
9150:
9148:
9140:
9139:
9137:
9136:
9130:Arabian oryx (
9127:
9118:
9109:
9099:
9097:
9089:
9088:
9086:
9085:
9076:
9066:
9064:
9053:
9043:
9042:
9027:
9026:
9023:
9022:
9019:
9018:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9011:
9007:O. virginianus
9002:
8993:
8983:
8981:
8973:
8972:
8970:
8969:
8960:
8950:
8948:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8935:
8926:
8915:
8913:
8905:
8904:
8902:
8901:
8891:
8889:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8877:
8873:O. bezoarticus
8867:
8865:
8857:
8856:
8854:
8853:
8844:
8835:
8826:
8817:
8813:M. gouazoubira
8811:Gray brocket (
8808:
8799:
8790:
8781:
8771:
8769:
8761:
8760:
8758:
8757:
8748:
8738:
8736:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8724:
8714:
8712:
8704:
8703:
8701:
8700:
8691:
8681:
8679:
8671:
8670:
8668:
8667:
8657:
8655:
8647:
8646:
8644:
8643:
8633:
8631:
8620:
8614:
8613:
8610:
8609:
8607:
8606:
8597:
8588:
8579:
8570:
8566:C. albirostris
8560:
8558:
8550:
8549:
8547:
8546:
8537:
8528:
8519:
8509:
8507:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8495:
8485:
8483:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8462:
8452:
8450:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8429:
8420:
8411:
8401:
8399:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8387:
8378:
8368:
8366:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8350:E. cephalophus
8344:
8342:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8330:
8321:
8312:
8303:
8294:
8285:
8279:Leaf muntjac (
8276:
8272:M. puhoatensis
8267:
8258:
8249:
8240:
8231:
8222:
8212:
8210:
8199:
8189:
8188:
8173:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8153:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8141:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8134:
8133:
8129:T. williamsoni
8124:
8115:
8106:
8097:
8088:
8078:
8076:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8064:
8055:
8046:
8036:
8034:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8022:
8012:
8010:
7999:
7993:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7985:
7981:M. moschiferus
7976:
7972:M. leucogaster
7967:
7958:
7949:
7940:
7936:M. berezovskii
7931:
7921:
7919:
7908:
7902:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7885:
7876:
7867:
7857:
7855:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7833:
7831:
7820:
7814:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7796:
7794:
7783:
7781:Antilocapridae
7773:
7772:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7755:
7753:Laurasiatheria
7749:
7743:
7737:
7731:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7711:
7710:
7703:
7696:
7688:
7682:
7681:
7658:
7646:
7641:
7624:
7623:External links
7621:
7619:
7618:
7586:
7579:
7557:
7531:
7502:(5): 696–703.
7480:
7450:
7424:
7392:
7366:
7336:
7310:
7284:
7253:
7234:
7210:
7203:
7181:
7155:
7130:
7102:
7072:
7047:
7019:
6993:
6968:
6943:
6915:
6902:
6866:
6838:
6798:
6739:
6709:
6681:
6652:
6624:
6598:
6570:
6545:
6517:
6492:
6456:
6431:
6406:
6381:
6359:
6316:
6289:
6266:. Wellington:
6244:
6233:on 24 May 2010
6215:
6188:Cervus elaphus
6173:
6110:
6084:
6059:(2): 167–173.
6037:
6012:
5982:
5957:
5924:
5898:
5872:
5850:
5825:
5789:
5764:
5731:
5717:
5691:
5672:(4): 789–806.
5643:
5611:
5574:
5548:
5495:
5431:
5405:
5370:
5340:
5311:(6): 977–984.
5291:
5242:
5208:
5167:
5160:
5142:
5089:
5043:
4983:
4971:
4960:on 4 July 2007
4930:
4904:
4893:(3): 221–231.
4871:
4822:
4787:(2): 225–235.
4767:
4696:
4667:(3): 227–234.
4649:
4612:
4582:
4571:on 4 June 2011
4550:
4531:
4507:
4477:
4452:
4430:
4401:
4374:
4344:
4333:(1): 331–341.
4315:
4304:on 8 June 2011
4285:
4266:
4246:
4212:(2): 418–423.
4192:
4162:
4151:on 10 May 2007
4127:
4120:
4102:
4081:(8): 1224–36.
4055:
4014:
4007:
3972:
3949:Cervus elephus
3934:
3927:
3909:
3879:
3846:
3833:
3784:
3754:
3746:
3724:
3693:
3670:Cervus elaphus
3654:
3627:
3620:
3599:
3575:
3556:Allen, Craig.
3548:
3521:
3496:Cervus elaphus
3485:
3429:
3402:
3375:
3336:Cervus elaphus
3321:
3287:Cervus elaphus
3275:
3249:
3230:
3206:
3180:
3163:
3125:
3082:
3067:
3033:
3002:
2984:
2967:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2872:Turkic peoples
2797:
2794:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2491:North Carolina
2479:
2478:
2475:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2224:. In 1949 the
2210:Chilean huemul
2183:South Carolina
2159:North Carolina
2112:
2109:
2090:during the rut
2079:
2076:
2024:undulant fever
1937:
1934:
1882:
1879:
1826:
1823:
1785:
1782:
1723:
1720:
1694:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1645:
1642:
1571:in California.
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1469:Alashan wapiti
1466:
1456:
1446:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:C. c. merriami
1421:
1411:
1401:
1391:
1388:C. c. nannodes
1381:
1367:
1347:Kansu red deer
1339:C. xanthopygus
1304:Alashan wapiti
1261:C. c. merriami
1229:C. c. nannodes
1187:
1184:
1153:Thorold's deer
1137:Cervus elaphus
1120:. The extinct
1067:, Yellowstone.
1040:
1037:
971:Cervus elaphus
954:, itself from
930:. Noting that
904:Middle English
884:Proto-Germanic
795:Cree syllabics
760:
757:
670:Western Europe
634:Cervus elaphus
504:
503:
497:Cervus elaphus
489:
488:
482:
481:
474:
473:
465:
464:
463:
462:
455:
448:
441:
434:
427:
420:
417:C. c. nannodes
413:
410:C. c. merriami
403:
396:
389:
382:
375:
362:
361:
357:
356:
349:
338:
337:
331:
330:
323:
321:
317:
316:
309:
305:
304:
299:
295:
294:
289:
285:
284:
279:
275:
274:
269:
265:
264:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
221:
220:
202:
199:
198:
193:
190:
189:
181:
180:
172:
171:
163:
162:
154:
153:
138:
137:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
66:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12902:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12851:
12848:
12846:
12843:
12841:
12838:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12828:
12827:
12825:
12808:
12803:
12799:
12795:
12790:
12786:
12782:
12777:
12773:
12769:
12764:
12760:
12756:
12751:
12747:
12743:
12738:
12734:
12730:
12725:
12721:
12717:
12712:
12708:
12704:
12699:
12695:
12691:
12686:
12682:
12678:
12673:
12669:
12665:
12660:
12656:
12652:
12647:
12643:
12639:
12633:
12628:
12622:
12618:
12613:
12607:
12603:
12602:
12600:
12598:
12594:
12590:
12585:
12578:
12573:
12568:
12567:
12564:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12515:Bison hunting
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12502:
12500:
12496:
12490:
12489:Snowshoe hare
12487:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12464:Gray squirrel
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12432:
12431:
12429:
12425:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12388:Mountain goat
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12333:Bighorn sheep
12331:
12330:
12328:
12326:
12322:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12280:Greater scaup
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12257:
12255:
12253:
12249:
12241:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12220:Spruce grouse
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12205:Ruffed grouse
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12190:Mourning dove
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12167:
12165:
12161:
12152:
12147:
12145:
12140:
12138:
12133:
12132:
12129:
12109:
12105:
12104:
12102:
12100:
12096:
12086:
12084:
12079:
12078:
12076:
12074:
12073:
12068:
12062:
12060:
12055:
12054:
12052:
12050:
12049:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12035:
12031:
12027:
12021:
12017:
11999:
11997:
11992:
11990:
11988:
11983:
11981:
11979:
11978:C. bactrianus
11974:
11973:
11971:
11969:
11968:
11963:
11957:
11955:
11950:
11948:
11946:
11941:
11939:
11937:
11932:
11930:
11928:
11923:
11922:
11920:
11918:
11917:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11903:
11899:
11895:
11889:
11885:
11867:
11865:
11860:
11859:
11857:
11855:
11854:
11849:
11843:
11841:
11836:
11835:
11833:
11831:
11830:
11825:
11819:
11817:
11812:
11811:
11809:
11807:
11806:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11792:
11782:
11780:
11779:S. verrucosus
11775:
11773:
11771:
11766:
11764:
11762:
11757:
11755:
11753:
11748:
11746:
11744:
11739:
11737:
11735:
11730:
11728:
11726:
11725:S. domesticus
11721:
11719:
11717:
11716:S. celebensis
11712:
11710:
11708:
11703:
11701:
11699:
11694:
11692:
11690:
11685:
11684:
11682:
11680:
11679:
11674:
11668:
11666:
11661:
11659:
11657:
11652:
11651:
11649:
11647:
11646:
11645:Potamochoerus
11641:
11635:
11633:
11628:
11627:
11625:
11623:
11622:
11617:
11611:
11609:
11604:
11602:
11600:
11595:
11594:
11592:
11590:
11589:
11584:
11578:
11576:
11571:
11570:
11568:
11566:
11565:
11560:
11554:
11552:
11547:
11545:
11543:
11542:B. celebensis
11538:
11536:
11534:
11529:
11528:
11526:
11524:
11523:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11509:
11505:
11501:
11495:
11491:
11473:
11471:
11466:
11465:
11463:
11461:
11460:
11455:
11449:
11447:
11442:
11440:
11438:
11433:
11431:
11429:
11426:Blue duiker (
11424:
11423:
11421:
11419:
11418:
11413:
11407:
11405:
11400:
11398:
11396:
11391:
11389:
11387:
11382:
11380:
11378:
11373:
11371:
11369:
11364:
11362:
11360:
11355:
11353:
11351:
11346:
11344:
11342:
11341:C. nigrifrons
11337:
11335:
11333:
11328:
11326:
11324:
11323:C. natalensis
11319:
11317:
11315:
11310:
11308:
11306:
11301:
11299:
11297:
11292:
11290:
11288:
11283:
11281:
11279:
11274:
11272:
11270:
11269:C. callipygus
11265:
11263:
11261:
11256:
11254:
11252:
11247:
11246:
11244:
11242:
11241:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11227:
11217:
11215:
11210:
11208:
11206:
11201:
11199:
11197:
11196:R. campestris
11192:
11191:
11189:
11187:
11186:
11181:
11175:
11173:
11168:
11167:
11165:
11163:
11162:
11157:
11151:
11149:
11148:O. oreotragus
11144:
11143:
11141:
11139:
11138:
11133:
11127:
11125:
11120:
11118:
11116:
11111:
11109:
11107:
11102:
11101:
11099:
11097:
11096:
11091:
11085:
11083:
11078:
11076:
11074:
11069:
11067:
11065:
11060:
11058:
11056:
11051:
11050:
11048:
11046:
11045:
11040:
11034:
11032:
11027:
11026:
11024:
11022:
11021:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11007:
10997:
10995:
10990:
10989:
10987:
10985:
10984:
10979:
10973:
10971:
10966:
10965:
10963:
10961:
10960:
10955:
10952:
10948:
10938:
10936:
10931:
10929:
10927:
10922:
10920:
10918:
10913:
10912:
10910:
10908:
10907:
10902:
10896:
10894:
10889:
10887:
10885:
10880:
10878:
10876:
10871:
10869:
10867:
10862:
10860:
10858:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10848:
10847:
10842:
10836:
10834:
10829:
10828:
10826:
10824:
10823:
10818:
10812:
10810:
10805:
10803:
10801:
10796:
10794:
10792:
10791:G. leptoceros
10787:
10785:
10783:
10778:
10776:
10774:
10769:
10767:
10765:
10760:
10758:
10756:
10751:
10749:
10747:
10742:
10741:
10739:
10737:
10736:
10731:
10725:
10723:
10718:
10716:
10714:
10709:
10707:
10705:
10700:
10698:
10696:
10695:E. albonotata
10691:
10690:
10688:
10686:
10685:
10680:
10674:
10672:
10671:A. cervicapra
10667:
10666:
10664:
10662:
10661:
10656:
10650:
10648:
10643:
10642:
10640:
10638:
10637:
10632:
10626:
10624:
10619:
10618:
10616:
10614:
10613:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10599:
10595:
10589:
10585:
10578:
10574:
10556:
10554:
10549:
10547:
10545:
10542:Giant eland (
10540:
10539:
10537:
10535:
10534:
10529:
10523:
10521:
10520:T. sylvaticus
10516:
10514:
10512:
10507:
10505:
10503:
10498:
10496:
10494:
10489:
10487:
10485:
10482:Lesser kudu (
10480:
10478:
10476:
10471:
10469:
10467:
10462:
10460:
10458:
10453:
10452:
10450:
10444:
10436:
10435:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10421:
10411:
10409:
10404:
10403:
10401:
10399:
10398:
10393:
10387:
10385:
10380:
10379:
10377:
10375:
10374:
10369:
10363:
10361:
10356:
10354:
10352:
10347:
10345:
10343:
10338:
10336:
10334:
10329:
10327:
10325:
10320:
10318:
10316:
10311:
10309:
10307:
10302:
10300:
10298:
10297:B. domesticus
10295:Bali cattle (
10293:
10291:
10289:
10284:
10282:
10280:
10275:
10274:
10272:
10270:
10269:
10264:
10258:
10256:
10251:
10249:
10247:
10242:
10240:
10238:
10233:
10231:
10229:
10224:
10222:
10220:
10215:
10214:
10212:
10210:
10209:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10195:
10185:
10183:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10173:
10172:
10167:
10161:
10159:
10154:
10153:
10151:
10149:
10148:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10134:
10130:
10124:
10120:
10113:
10109:
10095:
10093:
10088:
10086:
10084:
10079:
10078:
10076:
10074:
10073:
10068:
10062:
10060:
10055:
10054:
10052:
10050:
10049:
10044:
10038:
10036:
10031:
10029:
10027:
10022:
10020:
10018:
10013:
10011:
10009:
10004:
10002:
10000:
9999:O. canadensis
9995:
9993:
9991:
9986:
9984:
9982:
9977:
9976:
9974:
9972:
9971:
9966:
9960:
9958:
9953:
9952:
9950:
9948:
9947:
9946:Nilgiritragus
9942:
9936:
9934:
9929:
9928:
9926:
9924:
9923:
9918:
9912:
9910:
9909:O. americanus
9905:
9904:
9902:
9900:
9899:
9894:
9888:
9886:
9881:
9879:
9877:
9872:
9870:
9868:
9863:
9861:
9859:
9854:
9853:
9851:
9849:
9848:
9843:
9837:
9835:
9834:H. jemlahicus
9830:
9829:
9827:
9825:
9824:
9819:
9813:
9811:
9806:
9804:
9802:
9797:
9795:
9793:
9788:
9786:
9784:
9779:
9778:
9776:
9774:
9773:
9768:
9762:
9760:
9755:
9753:
9751:
9746:
9744:
9742:
9737:
9735:
9733:
9730:Nubian ibex (
9728:
9726:
9724:
9721:Alpine ibex (
9719:
9717:
9715:
9710:
9708:
9706:
9701:
9699:
9697:
9692:
9690:
9688:
9683:
9681:
9679:
9674:
9673:
9671:
9669:
9668:
9663:
9657:
9655:
9650:
9649:
9647:
9645:
9644:
9639:
9633:
9631:
9626:
9625:
9623:
9621:
9620:
9615:
9609:
9607:
9602:
9601:
9599:
9597:
9596:
9591:
9587:
9581:
9577:
9570:
9566:
9552:
9550:
9546:
9540:
9538:
9534:
9528:
9526:
9522:
9512:
9510:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9500:
9499:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9488:Pantholopinae
9485:
9475:
9473:
9468:
9466:
9464:
9459:
9458:
9456:
9454:
9453:
9448:
9442:
9440:
9439:A. buselaphus
9435:
9434:
9432:
9430:
9429:
9424:
9418:
9416:
9411:
9409:
9407:
9402:
9401:
9399:
9397:
9396:
9391:
9385:
9383:
9378:
9377:
9375:
9373:
9372:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9358:
9348:
9346:
9343:Grey rhebok (
9341:
9340:
9338:
9336:
9335:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9321:
9311:
9309:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9298:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9287:Aepycerotinae
9284:
9274:
9272:
9267:
9265:
9263:
9258:
9256:
9254:
9249:
9248:
9246:
9244:
9243:
9238:
9232:
9230:
9225:
9223:
9221:
9218:Nile lechwe (
9216:
9214:
9212:
9207:
9205:
9203:
9198:
9196:
9194:
9189:
9188:
9186:
9184:
9183:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9169:
9159:
9157:
9152:
9151:
9149:
9147:
9146:
9141:
9135:
9133:
9128:
9126:
9124:
9119:
9117:
9115:
9110:
9108:
9106:
9101:
9100:
9098:
9096:
9095:
9090:
9084:
9082:
9077:
9075:
9073:
9068:
9067:
9065:
9063:
9062:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9051:Hippotraginae
9048:
9044:
9039:
9032:
9028:
9010:
9008:
9003:
9001:
8999:
8994:
8992:
8990:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8980:
8979:
8974:
8968:
8966:
8961:
8959:
8957:
8952:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8940:
8934:
8932:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8912:
8911:
8906:
8900:
8898:
8897:B. dichotomus
8893:
8892:
8890:
8888:
8887:
8882:
8876:
8874:
8871:Pampas deer (
8869:
8868:
8866:
8864:
8863:
8858:
8852:
8850:
8845:
8843:
8841:
8836:
8834:
8832:
8831:M. nemorivaga
8827:
8825:
8823:
8818:
8816:
8814:
8809:
8807:
8805:
8800:
8798:
8796:
8791:
8789:
8787:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8775:Red brocket (
8773:
8772:
8770:
8768:
8767:
8762:
8756:
8754:
8749:
8747:
8745:
8744:H. antisensis
8740:
8739:
8737:
8735:
8734:
8729:
8723:
8721:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8711:
8710:
8705:
8699:
8697:
8692:
8690:
8688:
8683:
8682:
8680:
8678:
8677:
8672:
8666:
8664:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8653:
8648:
8642:
8640:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8630:
8629:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8615:
8605:
8603:
8598:
8596:
8594:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8584:C. canadensis
8580:
8578:
8576:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8562:
8561:
8559:
8557:
8556:
8551:
8545:
8543:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8533:R. timorensis
8529:
8527:
8525:
8520:
8518:
8516:
8511:
8510:
8508:
8506:
8505:
8500:
8494:
8492:
8491:E. davidianus
8487:
8486:
8484:
8482:
8481:
8476:
8470:
8468:
8463:
8461:
8459:
8458:R. duvaucelii
8454:
8453:
8451:
8449:
8448:
8443:
8437:
8435:
8430:
8428:
8426:
8423:Bawean deer (
8421:
8419:
8417:
8412:
8410:
8408:
8403:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8397:
8392:
8386:
8384:
8379:
8377:
8375:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8364:
8359:
8353:
8351:
8348:Tufted deer (
8346:
8345:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8335:
8329:
8327:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8313:
8311:
8309:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8295:
8293:
8291:
8286:
8284:
8282:
8281:M. putaoensis
8277:
8275:
8273:
8268:
8266:
8264:
8259:
8257:
8255:
8250:
8248:
8246:
8241:
8239:
8237:
8232:
8230:
8228:
8227:M. crinifrons
8223:
8221:
8219:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8209:
8208:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8185:
8178:
8174:
8160:
8158:
8154:
8148:
8146:
8142:
8132:
8130:
8125:
8123:
8121:
8120:T. versicolor
8116:
8114:
8112:
8107:
8105:
8103:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8089:
8087:
8085:
8080:
8079:
8077:
8075:
8074:
8069:
8063:
8061:
8056:
8054:
8052:
8047:
8045:
8043:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8033:
8032:
8027:
8021:
8019:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8009:
8008:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7994:
7984:
7982:
7977:
7975:
7973:
7968:
7966:
7964:
7959:
7957:
7955:
7950:
7948:
7946:
7941:
7939:
7937:
7932:
7930:
7928:
7927:M. anhuiensis
7923:
7922:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7893:
7891:
7886:
7884:
7882:
7881:G. reticulata
7877:
7875:
7873:
7868:
7866:
7864:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7848:
7842:
7840:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7815:
7805:
7803:
7798:
7797:
7795:
7793:
7792:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7764:
7760:
7754:
7750:
7748:
7744:
7742:
7738:
7736:
7732:
7730:
7726:
7725:
7722:
7717:
7709:
7704:
7702:
7697:
7695:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7680:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7659:
7657:
7653:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7603:
7596:
7590:
7582:
7580:9780393313826
7576:
7572:
7568:
7561:
7545:
7541:
7535:
7527:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7496:
7491:
7484:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7454:
7438:
7434:
7428:
7409:
7402:
7396:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7340:
7324:
7320:
7314:
7298:
7294:
7288:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7257:
7241:
7237:
7235:9780874217926
7231:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7214:
7206:
7204:9789004378780
7200:
7196:
7192:
7185:
7170:
7166:
7159:
7144:
7140:
7134:
7119:
7118:
7113:
7106:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7076:
7061:
7057:
7051:
7036:
7029:
7023:
7008:
7004:
6997:
6982:
6978:
6972:
6957:
6953:
6947:
6932:
6931:
6926:
6919:
6912:
6906:
6887:
6883:
6876:
6870:
6855:
6854:
6853:The Oklahoman
6849:
6842:
6834:
6828:
6813:
6809:
6802:
6794:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6743:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6713:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6685:
6669:
6662:
6656:
6641:
6634:
6628:
6613:
6609:
6602:
6587:
6580:
6574:
6559:
6555:
6549:
6534:
6527:
6521:
6506:
6505:Farm Progress
6502:
6496:
6477:
6473:
6466:
6460:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6395:
6391:
6385:
6370:
6363:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6335:
6327:
6320:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6293:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6251:
6249:
6232:
6228:
6222:
6220:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6189:
6180:
6178:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6114:
6098:
6094:
6088:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6041:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5928:
5913:
5909:
5902:
5886:
5882:
5876:
5860:
5854:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5829:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5793:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5752:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5735:
5727:
5721:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5658:
5656:
5647:
5628:
5621:
5615:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5589:The Columbian
5585:
5578:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5499:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5435:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5390:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5358:
5354:
5353:"Elk Profile"
5347:
5345:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5295:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5246:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5163:
5157:
5153:
5146:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5093:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4990:
4988:
4980:
4975:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4703:
4701:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4653:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4616:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4567:
4560:
4559:"Elk biology"
4554:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4524:
4523:Marcel Dekker
4520:
4519:
4511:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4462:
4456:
4440:
4434:
4426:
4422:
4419:(141): 3–61.
4418:
4414:
4413:
4405:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4353:"Elk biology"
4348:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4319:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4250:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4135:Sell, Randy.
4131:
4123:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4059:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4010:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3928:9781610603102
3924:
3920:
3913:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3851:
3843:
3837:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3749:
3747:1-58574-180-9
3743:
3740:. p. 7.
3739:
3735:
3728:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3623:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3604:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3506:
3499:
3497:
3489:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3445:
3436:
3434:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3279:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3176:
3175:
3167:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3129:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3006:
2998:
2991:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:antler velvet
2841:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:and lower in
2819:
2815:
2809:
2802:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2747:
2742:
2728:
2726:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2689:West Virginia
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:West Virginia
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2084:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2062:Cowlitz River
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:Gram-negative
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1679:
1662:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1639:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:Cascade Range
1579:
1570:
1569:Roosevelt elk
1565:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1424:Merriam's elk
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:C. c. nelsoni
1405:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1394:Manitoban elk
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1359:Cervus hanglu
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:C. canadensis
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1316:Central China
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:Merriam's elk
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:C. c. nelsoni
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1176:C. canadensis
1173:
1172:morphological
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:mitochondrial
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:
990:
987:. Similarly,
986:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
965:The American
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
850:
841:
840:Ancient Greek
838:was known as
837:
833:
829:
828:
822:
820:
816:
812:
796:
791:
786:
782:
778:
774:
773:British Isles
770:
766:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:Merriam's elk
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
650:C. canadensis
647:
646:morphological
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
615:mating season
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
592:bighorn sheep
589:
585:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:
523:
519:
511:
502:
500:
499:
498:
490:
487:
483:
480:
475:
471:
466:
461:
460:
456:
454:
453:
449:
447:
446:
442:
440:
439:
435:
433:
432:
428:
426:
425:
424:C. c. nelsoni
421:
419:
418:
414:
412:
411:
404:
402:
401:
397:
395:
394:
390:
388:
387:
383:
381:
380:
376:
374:
373:
366:
365:
363:
358:
353:
347:
345:
339:
336:
335:Binomial name
332:
328:
327:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:
310:
307:
306:
303:
300:
297:
296:
293:
290:
287:
286:
283:
280:
277:
276:
273:
270:
267:
266:
263:
260:
257:
256:
253:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
231:
226:
222:
216:
211:
210:Least Concern
200:
196:
191:
187:
182:
178:
173:
169:
164:
160:
155:
149:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
73:
62:
59:
55:
51:
44:
37:
33:
19:
12596:
12545:Wolf hunting
12520:Deer hunting
12505:Bear hunting
12454:Fox squirrel
12427:Other quarry
12367:
12305:Ross's goose
12285:Lesser scaup
12265:Canada goose
12082:
12070:
12059:H. amphibius
12058:
12048:Hippopotamus
12046:
12026:Whippomorpha
11995:
11986:
11977:
11965:
11953:
11944:
11935:
11926:
11914:
11863:
11851:
11839:
11827:
11815:
11803:
11778:
11769:
11760:
11751:
11742:
11733:
11724:
11715:
11707:S. cebifrons
11706:
11697:
11688:
11676:
11664:
11655:
11643:
11631:
11619:
11608:P. africanus
11607:
11598:
11588:Phacochoerus
11586:
11574:
11562:
11550:
11541:
11533:B. babyrussa
11532:
11520:
11469:
11457:
11445:
11437:P. maxwellii
11436:
11428:P. monticola
11427:
11415:
11403:
11394:
11385:
11376:
11368:C. rufilatus
11367:
11358:
11349:
11340:
11331:
11322:
11313:
11304:
11295:
11286:
11285:Bay duiker (
11278:C. crusalbum
11277:
11268:
11259:
11250:
11238:
11230:Cephalophini
11213:
11205:R. melanotis
11204:
11195:
11183:
11171:
11159:
11147:
11135:
11123:
11115:N. moschatus
11114:
11105:
11093:
11081:
11072:
11063:
11055:M. guentheri
11054:
11042:
11031:D. megalotis
11030:
11018:
10993:
10981:
10970:P. hodgsonii
10969:
10957:
10934:
10925:
10917:P. gutturosa
10916:
10904:
10892:
10883:
10874:
10865:
10856:
10844:
10832:
10820:
10808:
10799:
10790:
10781:
10773:G. erlangeri
10772:
10763:
10754:
10746:G. bennettii
10745:
10733:
10721:
10713:E. thomsonii
10712:
10704:E. rufifrons
10703:
10694:
10682:
10670:
10658:
10646:
10634:
10622:
10610:
10552:
10544:T. derbianus
10543:
10531:
10519:
10510:
10501:
10492:
10483:
10475:T. eurycerus
10474:
10465:
10456:
10432:
10424:Tragelaphini
10407:
10395:
10383:
10371:
10359:
10350:
10342:B. javanicus
10341:
10332:
10324:B. grunniens
10323:
10314:
10306:B. frontalis
10305:
10296:
10287:
10278:
10266:
10254:
10245:
10236:
10227:
10218:
10206:
10181:
10169:
10157:
10145:
10092:R. rupicapra
10091:
10083:R. pyrenaica
10082:
10070:
10058:
10046:
10034:
10025:
10024:Snow sheep (
10016:
10007:
10006:Dall sheep (
9998:
9989:
9980:
9968:
9957:N. hylocrius
9956:
9944:
9933:O. moschatus
9932:
9920:
9908:
9896:
9884:
9875:
9866:
9857:
9845:
9833:
9821:
9809:
9800:
9791:
9782:
9770:
9758:
9757:Walia ibex (
9749:
9741:C. pyrenaica
9740:
9731:
9722:
9713:
9705:C. falconeri
9704:
9695:
9686:
9677:
9665:
9654:B. taxicolor
9653:
9641:
9629:
9617:
9605:
9593:
9509:P. hodgsonii
9508:
9496:
9471:
9462:
9452:Connochaetes
9450:
9438:
9437:Hartebeest (
9426:
9414:
9405:
9393:
9381:
9369:
9361:Alcelaphinae
9345:P. capreolus
9344:
9332:
9307:
9295:
9270:
9261:
9253:R. arundinum
9252:
9240:
9228:
9220:K. megaceros
9219:
9210:
9201:
9192:
9180:
9155:
9143:
9131:
9122:
9113:
9104:
9092:
9080:
9071:
9059:
9006:
8997:
8988:
8976:
8964:
8955:
8942:
8930:
8920:
8908:
8896:
8895:Marsh deer (
8884:
8872:
8860:
8848:
8839:
8830:
8821:
8812:
8803:
8794:
8785:
8777:M. americana
8776:
8764:
8752:
8743:
8733:Hippocamelus
8731:
8719:
8707:
8695:
8687:C. capreolus
8686:
8674:
8662:
8661:Water deer (
8650:
8638:
8626:
8601:
8592:
8583:
8581:
8574:
8565:
8553:
8541:
8532:
8524:R. mariannus
8523:
8514:
8502:
8490:
8478:
8466:
8465:Eld's deer (
8457:
8456:Barasingha (
8445:
8433:
8424:
8415:
8406:
8394:
8382:
8373:
8361:
8349:
8337:
8325:
8317:M. vaginalis
8316:
8307:
8298:
8289:
8280:
8271:
8262:
8253:
8244:
8235:
8226:
8218:M. atherodes
8217:
8205:
8128:
8119:
8111:T. nigricans
8110:
8101:
8092:
8084:T. javanicus
8083:
8071:
8059:
8050:
8041:
8029:
8018:H. aquaticus
8017:
8005:
7980:
7971:
7962:
7953:
7944:
7935:
7926:
7914:
7889:
7880:
7871:
7862:
7850:
7839:O. johnstoni
7838:
7826:
7802:A. americana
7801:
7789:
7751:Superorder:
7745:Infraclass:
7716:Artiodactyla
7670:
7666:
7662:
7609:. Retrieved
7602:the original
7589:
7566:
7560:
7548:. Retrieved
7534:
7499:
7493:
7483:
7471:. Retrieved
7453:
7441:. Retrieved
7437:the original
7427:
7415:. Retrieved
7395:
7383:. Retrieved
7369:
7357:. Retrieved
7339:
7327:. Retrieved
7313:
7301:. Retrieved
7287:
7275:. Retrieved
7266:
7256:
7244:. Retrieved
7220:
7213:
7190:
7184:
7172:. Retrieved
7168:
7158:
7146:. Retrieved
7142:
7133:
7121:. Retrieved
7115:
7105:
7093:. Retrieved
7089:the original
7084:
7075:
7063:. Retrieved
7059:
7050:
7038:. Retrieved
7034:
7022:
7010:. Retrieved
7006:
6996:
6984:. Retrieved
6980:
6971:
6959:. Retrieved
6955:
6946:
6934:. Retrieved
6928:
6918:
6910:
6905:
6893:. Retrieved
6886:the original
6881:
6869:
6857:. Retrieved
6851:
6841:
6815:. Retrieved
6811:
6801:
6756:
6752:
6742:
6730:. Retrieved
6726:the original
6721:
6712:
6700:. Retrieved
6694:
6684:
6672:. Retrieved
6670:. 6 May 2023
6667:
6655:
6643:. Retrieved
6639:
6627:
6615:. Retrieved
6611:
6601:
6589:. Retrieved
6585:
6573:
6561:. Retrieved
6557:
6548:
6536:. Retrieved
6532:
6520:
6508:. Retrieved
6504:
6495:
6483:. Retrieved
6476:the original
6471:
6459:
6447:. Retrieved
6443:
6434:
6422:. Retrieved
6418:
6409:
6397:. Retrieved
6393:
6384:
6374:25 September
6372:. Retrieved
6362:
6350:. Retrieved
6343:the original
6338:
6332:
6319:
6302:
6298:
6292:
6263:
6259:
6235:. Retrieved
6231:the original
6206:. Retrieved
6193:
6187:
6164:. Retrieved
6127:
6123:
6113:
6101:. Retrieved
6097:the original
6087:
6075:. Retrieved
6056:
6050:
6040:
6028:. Retrieved
6024:
6015:
6003:. Retrieved
5994:
5985:
5973:. Retrieved
5969:
5960:
5948:. Retrieved
5937:
5927:
5915:. Retrieved
5911:
5901:
5889:. Retrieved
5875:
5863:. Retrieved
5853:
5845:the original
5838:
5828:
5816:. Retrieved
5809:the original
5804:
5792:
5780:. Retrieved
5776:
5767:
5755:. Retrieved
5751:the original
5744:
5734:
5720:
5708:. Retrieved
5694:
5669:
5663:
5654:
5646:
5634:. Retrieved
5614:
5602:. Retrieved
5587:
5577:
5565:. Retrieved
5561:the original
5551:
5539:. Retrieved
5515:(3): 334–7.
5512:
5508:
5498:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5434:
5422:. Retrieved
5417:
5408:
5396:. Retrieved
5389:the original
5361:. Retrieved
5357:the original
5308:
5304:
5294:
5262:(4): 762–9.
5259:
5255:
5245:
5233:. Retrieved
5211:
5184:
5180:
5170:
5151:
5145:
5104:
5098:
5092:
5059:
5055:
5046:
5003:
4999:
4978:
4974:
4962:. Retrieved
4955:the original
4950:
4946:
4933:
4921:. Retrieved
4907:
4890:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4717:
4713:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4630:(1): 29–36.
4627:
4621:
4615:
4603:. Retrieved
4599:the original
4594:
4585:
4573:. Retrieved
4566:the original
4553:
4541:. Retrieved
4517:
4510:
4498:. Retrieved
4494:the original
4480:
4468:. Retrieved
4455:
4443:. Retrieved
4433:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4392:. Retrieved
4388:the original
4377:
4365:. Retrieved
4356:
4347:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4306:. Retrieved
4302:the original
4297:
4288:
4276:. Retrieved
4260:. Elsevier.
4256:
4249:
4237:. Retrieved
4209:
4205:
4195:
4183:. Retrieved
4179:the original
4165:
4153:. Retrieved
4149:the original
4140:
4130:
4111:
4105:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4058:
4046:. Retrieved
4042:the original
4033:
3998:
3963:. Retrieved
3959:the original
3948:
3918:
3912:
3900:. Retrieved
3896:the original
3882:
3870:. Retrieved
3844:. CRC Press.
3841:
3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3804:
3800:
3787:
3775:. Retrieved
3757:
3733:
3727:
3715:. Retrieved
3696:
3684:. Retrieved
3675:
3669:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3611:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3566:. Retrieved
3562:the original
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3524:
3512:. Retrieved
3495:
3488:
3477:the original
3456:
3452:
3443:
3420:. Retrieved
3392:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3312:. Retrieved
3298:
3292:
3286:
3278:
3266:. Retrieved
3262:the original
3252:
3240:. Retrieved
3216:
3209:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3173:
3166:
3154:. Retrieved
3143:
3136:
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3105:
3098:
3057:
3053:Wilson, D.E.
3024:. Retrieved
3014:
3005:
2996:
2982:. Göttingen.
2979:
2975:
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2944:
2938:
2932:
2896:
2865:
2842:
2810:
2807:
2771:
2751:
2581:South Dakota
2563:Pennsylvania
2509:North Dakota
2218:George Sound
2214:
2203:
2143:Pennsylvania
2132:
2129:
2093:
2087:
2059:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2026:, producing
2006:
1988:
1969:
1963:
1949:
1939:
1930:
1892:
1860:
1836:
1799:
1769:
1753:
1749:
1725:
1707:
1705:
1696:
1655:
1634:
1622:testosterone
1614:
1577:
1574:
1551:Kashmir stag
1519:Altai wapiti
1482:
1472:
1462:
1452:
1442:
1439:Altai wapiti
1427:
1417:
1407:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1363:Kashmir stag
1358:
1343:Sichuan deer
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1307:
1299:
1279:
1271:
1268:Altai wapiti
1265:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1189:
1179:
1175:
1161:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1099:
1094:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1006:
1003:John Lederer
992:
982:
974:
970:
966:
964:
943:
939:
935:
931:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
891:
887:
835:
825:
823:
818:
815:Altai wapiti
779:is from the
776:
764:
762:
741:naturopathic
718:
693:
692:subspecies (
653:
649:
633:
623:
618:
604:
572:
567:
563:
531:
526:
525:
521:
517:
509:
507:
495:
494:
492:
478:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
415:
408:
398:
391:
384:
377:
370:
343:
341:
325:
324:
312:
282:Artiodactyla
58:
31:
12698:iNaturalist
12621:Wikispecies
12525:Fox hunting
11936:L. guanicoe
11795:Tayassuidae
11759:Wild boar (
11698:S. barbatus
11656:P. larvatus
11632:P. salvania
11630:Pygmy hog (
11564:Hylochoerus
11417:Philantomba
11305:C. jentinki
11287:C. dorsalis
11240:Cephalophus
11124:N. pygmaeus
11082:M. saltiana
11020:Dorcatragus
10994:S. tatarica
10884:N. petersii
10822:Litocranius
10722:E. tilonura
10669:Blackbuck (
10645:Springbok (
10588:Antilopinae
10586:(subfamily
10533:Taurotragus
10500:Sitatunga (
10493:T. scriptus
10484:T. imberbis
10441:(including
10434:Tragelaphus
10255:B. quarlesi
10137:Boselaphini
10121:(subfamily
10026:O. nivicola
9867:N. caudatus
9856:Red goral (
9847:Naemorhedus
9810:C. swinhoei
9790:Red serow (
9772:Capricornis
9750:C. sibirica
9687:C. caucasia
9678:C. aegagrus
9676:Wild goat (
9630:A. jayakari
9619:Arabitragus
9578:(subfamily
9549:Antilopinae
9472:C. taurinus
9415:D. pygargus
9308:A. melampus
9229:K. vardonii
9191:Waterbuck (
9132:O. leucoryx
9061:Hippotragus
8989:O. hemionus
8987:Mule deer (
8886:Blastocerus
8795:M. bricenii
8753:H. bisulcus
8720:R. tarandus
8696:C. pygargus
8618:Capreolinae
8600:Sika deer (
8542:R. unicolor
8531:Rusa deer (
8434:A. porcinus
8254:M. montanus
8051:M. kathygre
7800:Pronghorn (
7791:Antilocapra
7629:Arizona Elk
7359:23 December
6846:Ed Gofrey.
6812:www.nps.gov
6732:23 November
6674:10 November
6612:Krebs Creek
6305:: 222–228.
6005:21 November
5665:Palaeoworld
5424:10 November
3999:Elk Country
3919:Elk Hunting
3442:"The genus
3314:12 November
3190:"red deer,
3026:23 December
2960:9 September
2868:Han Chinese
2853:aphrodisiac
2826:cholesterol
2757:petroglyphs
2495:150 - 200
2351:175 - 350
2139:Appalachian
2016:brucellosis
2002:South Korea
1996:known as a
1961:liver fluke
1944:and animal
1586:U.S. states
1503:eastern elk
1414:Eastern elk
1249:eastern elk
1196:taxonomists
1164:New Zealand
1126:Megaloceros
1011:parentheses
1007:Discoveries
876:Old English
836:Alces alces
813:called the
765:Alces alces
733:vaccination
710:New Zealand
672:during the
588:artiodactyl
564:Alces alces
538:within the
501:subspecies
360:Subspecies
298:Subfamily:
148:Pleistocene
70:2.5–0
32:Alces alces
12824:Categories
12413:Polar bear
12408:Dall sheep
12348:Brown bear
12338:Black bear
12310:Snow goose
12270:Canvasback
12260:Black duck
12163:Game birds
12072:Choeropsis
11954:L. vicugna
11840:C. wagneri
11743:S. oliveri
11734:S. heureni
11470:S. grimmia
11459:Sylvicapra
11446:P. walteri
11359:C. rubidis
11350:C. ogilbyi
11296:C. harveyi
11260:C. brookei
11214:R. sharpei
11194:Steenbok (
11185:Raphicerus
11137:Oreotragus
11010:Neotragini
10959:Pantholops
10875:N. notatus
10833:L. walleri
10782:G. gazella
10755:G. cuvieri
10744:Chinkara (
10636:Antidorcas
10623:A. clarkei
10612:Ammodorcas
10602:Antilopini
10502:T. spekeii
10466:T. buxtoni
10457:T. angasii
10349:Wild yak (
10333:B. indicus
10288:B. bonasus
10228:B. bubalis
10171:Boselaphus
10147:Tetracerus
10017:O. gmelini
9885:N. griseus
9858:N. baileyi
9823:Hemitragus
9792:C. rubidus
9783:C. crispus
9732:C. nubiana
9595:Ammotragus
9498:Pantholops
9428:Alcelaphus
9413:Bontebok (
9406:D. lunatus
9395:Damaliscus
9382:B. hunteri
9271:R. redunca
9172:Reduncinae
9123:O. gazella
9072:H. equinus
8998:O. pandora
8978:Odocoileus
8862:Ozotoceros
8718:Reindeer (
8663:H. inermis
8652:Hydropotes
8575:C. elaphus
8573:Red deer (
8515:R. alfredi
8432:Hog deer (
8290:M. reevesi
8263:M. muntjak
8093:T. kanchil
8060:M. meminna
8007:Hyemoschus
7997:Tragulidae
7954:M. cupreus
7872:G. giraffa
7818:Giraffidae
7769:Ruminantia
7671:canadensis
7611:4 December
7550:3 December
7473:4 December
7443:4 December
7417:4 December
7385:4 December
7329:4 December
7303:4 December
7174:31 October
7123:4 November
7095:31 October
7065:4 November
7040:31 October
7012:7 December
6986:31 October
6961:31 October
6936:31 October
6895:31 October
6859:31 October
6702:31 October
6645:31 October
6591:7 December
6563:31 October
6538:4 November
6485:31 October
6449:31 October
6424:31 October
6399:31 October
6352:15 January
6284:Q125475906
6237:4 December
6208:4 December
6166:4 December
6103:4 December
6077:18 January
6030:15 January
5995:mdc.mo.gov
5891:2 December
5818:15 January
5757:4 December
5710:3 December
5541:21 January
5454:Challenge"
5398:4 December
5363:4 December
5235:3 December
4964:4 December
4923:4 December
4605:4 December
4575:4 December
4543:4 December
4500:4 December
4394:4 December
4367:4 December
4308:4 December
4239:17 January
4185:4 December
4155:4 December
4048:4 December
3902:4 December
3872:2 December
3777:2 December
3763:"Tule Elk"
3717:4 December
3686:4 December
3568:4 December
3541:4 December
3514:2 December
3268:3 December
3156:15 January
3118:15 January
2914:References
2880:Mongolians
2834:phosphorus
2671:Washington
2473:New Mexico
2293:California
2050:Ostertagia
1871:microbiome
1699:media help
1658:gregarious
1598:Washington
1590:California
1567:A herd of
1430:; extinct)
1420:; extinct)
1312:Manchurian
1302:) and the
1274:) and the
1212:phenotypic
1192:subspecies
1186:Subspecies
1180:C. elaphus
989:John Smith
769:extirpated
654:C. elaphus
626:subspecies
12398:Pronghorn
12393:Mule deer
12343:Razorback
12315:Wood duck
12252:Waterfowl
12200:Ptarmigan
12024:Suborder
11934:Guanaco (
11906:Camelidae
11892:Suborder
11864:D. tajacu
11853:Dicotyles
11829:Catagonus
11816:T. pecari
11761:S. scrofa
11665:P. porcus
11654:Bushpig (
11522:Babyrousa
11498:Suborder
11395:C. weynsi
11386:C. spadix
11251:C. adersi
11172:O. ourebi
11106:N. batesi
11095:Neotragus
11064:M. kirkii
10866:N. granti
10831:Gerenuk (
10800:G. spekei
10764:G. dorcas
10621:Dibatag (
10408:S. caffer
10373:Pseudoryx
10360:B. taurus
10340:Banteng (
10315:B. gaurus
10244:Tamaraw (
10090:Chamois (
10072:Rupicapra
10059:P. nayaur
10035:O. vignei
10015:Mouflon (
9714:C. hircus
9703:Markhor (
9606:A. lervia
9371:Beatragus
9297:Aepyceros
9121:Gemsbok (
9114:O. dammah
8956:P. carlae
8849:M. temama
8840:M. rufina
8804:M. chunyi
8786:M. bororo
8676:Capreolus
8602:C. nippon
8593:C. hanglu
8480:Elaphurus
8425:A. kuhlii
8339:Elaphodus
8207:Muntiacus
8042:M. indica
8031:Moschiola
7963:M. fuscus
7906:Moschidae
7767:Suborder
7727:Kingdom:
6311:1176-5283
6276:0077-961X
6190:(mammal)"
5840:USA Today
5686:213500978
5636:10 August
5604:10 August
5567:10 August
4913:"Coyotes"
4817:254237193
4801:1572-9699
4744:1932-6203
4677:CiteSeerX
3965:5 January
3826:22 August
3643:: 14–22.
3459:: 14–22.
3422:7 January
3045:Grubb, P.
2888:Elk farms
2849:East Asia
2754:Neolithic
2729:110,200
2707:Wisconsin
2599:Tennessee
2549:133,000
2441:141,785
2401:Minnesota
2333:120,000
2315:280,000
2163:Tennessee
2151:Wisconsin
2105:Relictual
2086:Bull elk
2067:treponeme
2055:pneumonia
2037:A recent
2028:influenza
2012:bacterial
1946:parasites
1875:cellulose
1784:Migration
1772:gestation
1766:her calf.
1762:A female
1233:Manitoban
1217:Roosevelt
1157:sika deer
1155:and even
1122:Irish elk
1110:Oligocene
1005:'s Latin
896:Old Norse
849:romanized
771:from the
729:livestock
706:Argentina
668:and into
662:East Asia
596:pronghorn
556:East Asia
320:Species:
248:Kingdom:
242:Eukaryota
170:, Canada
12742:55997823
12635:BioLib:
12606:Wikidata
12498:See also
12459:Gray fox
12325:Big game
12230:Woodcock
11996:C. ferus
11952:Vicuña (
11945:L. pacos
11943:Alpaca (
11927:L. glama
11894:Tylopoda
11404:C. zebra
11332:C. niger
10906:Procapra
10684:Eudorcas
10660:Antilope
10397:Syncerus
10358:Cattle (
10351:B. mutus
10279:B. bison
10219:B. arnee
10180:Nilgai (
10057:Bharal (
10048:Pseudois
10008:O. dalli
9990:O. aries
9981:O. ammon
9979:Argali (
9931:Muskox (
9898:Oreamnos
9876:N. goral
9759:C. walie
9643:Budorcas
9580:Caprinae
9525:Caprinae
9380:Hirola (
9324:Peleinae
9306:Impala (
9211:K. leche
9209:Lechwe (
9105:O. beisa
9081:H. niger
8742:Taruca (
8709:Rangifer
8639:A. alces
8540:Sambar (
8467:R. eldii
8447:Rucervus
8405:Chital (
8197:Cervinae
8184:Cervidae
8145:Cervidae
8073:Tragulus
7747:Eutheria
7741:Mammalia
7735:Chordata
7733:Phylum:
7729:Animalia
7675:Archived
7652:Archived
7632:Archived
7544:Archived
7526:19402954
7467:Archived
7465:. 2007.
7408:Archived
7379:Archived
7353:Archived
7323:Archived
7297:Archived
7277:2 August
7271:Archived
7246:2 August
7240:Archived
7148:23 April
6827:cite web
6817:23 April
6793:30716128
6753:PLOS ONE
6617:22 April
6510:23 April
6280:Wikidata
6270:: 1–99.
6202:Archived
6160:Archived
6156:86575665
6071:Archived
5999:Archived
5975:23 April
5944:Archived
5885:Archived
5782:21 March
5704:Archived
5627:Archived
5598:Archived
5535:Archived
5531:17459871
5490:26904509
5335:15207045
5286:28845256
5278:17984277
5229:Archived
5203:18050795
5137:52147419
5129:30177803
5084:20462132
5038:32145069
4917:Archived
4866:21615401
4809:30155662
4762:33831062
4714:PLOS ONE
4537:Archived
4470:16 March
4445:16 March
4361:Archived
4272:Archived
4230:Archived
4097:27103677
3866:Archived
3771:Archived
3711:Archived
3680:Archived
3535:Archived
3505:Archived
3473:33193408
3416:Archived
3412:37713037
3370:15120401
3236:Archived
3150:Archived
3112:Archived
3077:62265494
3047:(2005).
3011:"Wapiti"
2910:46,000.
2675:60,000
2653:Virginia
2639:81,000
2527:Oklahoma
2459:12,500
2419:Missouri
2383:Michigan
2369:15,876
2365:Kentucky
2311:Colorado
2297:12,500
2275:Arkansas
2191:Missouri
2171:Virginia
2155:Kentucky
2135:Michigan
2121:Nebraska
2047:sp. and
2039:necropsy
2014:disease
1956:nematode
1815:Shoshone
1384:Tule elk
1294:are the
1284:Mongolia
1200:ecotypes
1039:Taxonomy
1027:'s 1816
1017:'s 1785
991:'s 1616
942:derives
811:Mongolia
684:and the
678:Holocene
630:red deer
598:and the
584:sparring
544:Cervidae
542:family,
493:Various
486:Synonyms
352:Erxleben
302:Cervinae
292:Cervidae
288:Family:
272:Mammalia
262:Chordata
258:Phylum:
252:Animalia
238:Domain:
215:IUCN 3.1
150:– Recent
12781:1574408
12755:1006312
12690:8600904
12664:4446297
12612:Q180404
12577:Mammals
12540:Fishing
12535:Whaling
12484:Red fox
12479:Raccoon
12469:Opossum
12358:Caribou
12300:Redhead
12290:Mallard
12275:Gadwall
12108:Cetacea
12099:Cetacea
11967:Camelus
11925:Llama (
11805:Tayassu
11621:Porcula
11170:Oribi (
11161:Ourebia
11044:Madoqua
11029:Beira (
10950:Saigini
10857:N. dama
10735:Gazella
10584:Bovidae
10582:Family
10553:T. oryx
10473:Bongo (
10455:Nyala (
10382:Saola (
10304:Gayal (
10208:Bubalus
10123:Bovinae
10119:Bovidae
10117:Family
10033:Urial (
9723:C. ibex
9652:Takin (
9576:Bovidae
9574:Family
9537:Bovinae
9463:C. gnou
9242:Redunca
9154:Addax (
9038:Bovidae
9036:Family
8944:Pudella
8931:P. pudu
8822:M. nana
8637:Moose (
8407:A. axis
8374:D. dama
8236:M. feae
8182:Family
8157:Bovidae
8102:T. napu
7916:Moschus
7852:Giraffa
7837:Okapi (
7739:Class:
7718:species
7714:Extant
7667:elaphus
7517:2687044
6784:6361512
6761:Bibcode
6369:"AZGFD"
6367:AZGFD.
6136:Bibcode
6134:: 1–5.
5950:15 June
5917:29 June
5865:14 July
5481:4748031
5446:) with
5326:3323184
5194:2034421
5109:Bibcode
5064:Bibcode
5056:Ecology
5029:7317765
5008:Bibcode
4844:Bibcode
4753:8031386
4722:Bibcode
4669:Bibcode
4644:3799488
4425:3830857
4339:3784017
4226:1381489
3821:3797893
3350:Bibcode
3135:"alce,
2884:Koreans
2818:protein
2814:venison
2725:Wyoming
2585:6,000
2567:1,400
2531:5,000
2437:Montana
2387:1,196
2261:35,000
2257:Arizona
2220:in the
2199:Afognak
2167:Georgia
2088:bugling
2044:Eimeria
1942:protist
1914:cougars
1899:coyotes
1867:alfalfa
1843:grazers
1802:migrate
1764:nursing
1712:glottis
1708:bugling
1584:in the
1310:). The
1292:Siberia
1247:). The
1118:Miocene
1114:Eurasia
1053:Wyoming
892:*elhon-
851::
790:waapiti
781:Shawnee
753:chicken
747:, than
745:protein
721:Bovidae
714:endemic
702:adapted
666:Eurasia
658:Central
642:species
619:bugling
607:antlers
575:Shawnee
552:Central
548:mammals
354:, 1777)
308:Genus:
278:Order:
268:Class:
213: (
186:Wyoming
168:Alberta
139:↓
34:), see
12794:195552
12729:898259
12716:119059
12703:204114
12677:CERVCA
12563:Portal
12474:Rabbit
12449:Coyote
12444:Bobcat
12439:Badger
12418:Whales
12403:Muskox
12225:Turkey
12175:Chukar
11512:Suidae
11113:Suni (
10846:Nanger
10331:Zebu (
10313:Gaur (
10198:Bovini
9922:Ovibos
9227:Puku (
9202:K. kob
8766:Mazama
8555:Cervus
7828:Okapia
7663:Cervus
7577:
7571:Norton
7524:
7514:
7232:
7201:
6791:
6781:
6309:
6282:
6274:
6154:
5684:
5529:
5488:
5478:
5464:: 10.
5333:
5323:
5284:
5276:
5201:
5191:
5158:
5135:
5127:
5082:
5036:
5026:
4864:
4815:
4807:
4799:
4760:
4750:
4742:
4679:
4642:
4595:Nature
4529:
4423:
4337:
4278:11 May
4264:
4224:
4118:
4095:
4005:
3925:
3819:
3744:
3618:
3471:
3444:Cervus
3410:
3400:
3368:
3242:11 May
3228:
3097:"elk,
3075:
3065:
2882:, and
2857:prions
2766:Lakota
2722:
2704:
2686:
2668:
2650:
2632:
2621:1,600
2614:
2596:
2578:
2560:
2545:Oregon
2542:
2524:
2506:
2488:
2470:
2455:Nevada
2452:
2434:
2416:
2398:
2380:
2362:
2347:Kansas
2344:
2326:
2308:
2290:
2272:
2254:
2240:State
2195:Etolin
2147:states
1983:velvet
1922:Coyote
1916:, and
1895:wolves
1847:browse
1839:cattle
1728:estrus
1716:larynx
1617:velvet
1606:Alaska
1594:Oregon
1349:, and
1286:, the
1255:) and
1239:) and
1145:Cervus
1130:Cervus
1106:fossil
1101:Cervus
1055:, USA.
938:, the
888:*elho-
777:wapiti
698:Mexico
532:wapiti
530:), or
313:Cervus
146:Early
12807:45016
12651:5XN8M
12638:33559
12373:Moose
11500:Suina
10983:Saiga
10924:Goa (
10443:kudus
9667:Capra
9334:Pelea
9200:Kob (
9182:Kobus
9145:Addax
8628:Alces
8582:Elk (
7605:(PDF)
7598:(PDF)
7411:(PDF)
7404:(PDF)
7081:"Elk"
7031:(PDF)
6952:"Elk"
6889:(PDF)
6878:(PDF)
6718:"Elk"
6664:(PDF)
6636:(PDF)
6582:(PDF)
6529:(PDF)
6479:(PDF)
6468:(PDF)
6415:"Elk"
6346:(PDF)
6329:(PDF)
6152:S2CID
6130:(1).
5812:(PDF)
5801:(PDF)
5682:S2CID
5660:(PDF)
5630:(PDF)
5623:(PDF)
5392:(PDF)
5385:(PDF)
5282:S2CID
5221:(PDF)
5218:"Elk"
5133:S2CID
4958:(PDF)
4943:(PDF)
4813:S2CID
4640:JSTOR
4569:(PDF)
4562:(PDF)
4464:(PDF)
4439:"Elk"
4421:JSTOR
4335:JSTOR
4233:(PDF)
4222:JSTOR
4137:"Elk"
4030:"Elk"
3817:JSTOR
3797:(PDF)
3588:[
3508:(PDF)
3501:(PDF)
3480:(PDF)
3469:S2CID
3449:(PDF)
3051:. In
2892:tepee
2746:Kiowa
2711:400
2657:250
2617:Texas
2603:400
2513:700
2423:200
2405:126
2329:Idaho
2279:450
2032:Idaho
1998:prion
1910:bears
1907:black
1903:brown
1855:aspen
1851:forbs
1610:moose
1204:races
1178:from
1097:genus
960:elaho
946:from
928:alces
914:, or
912:elcke
864:alces
860:Latin
787:word
652:from
560:moose
36:Moose
12776:NCBI
12737:IUCN
12724:ITIS
12685:GBIF
12672:EPPO
12383:Wolf
12106:see
11916:Lama
9970:Ovis
9094:Oryx
8910:Pudu
8504:Rusa
8396:Axis
8363:Dama
7613:2010
7575:ISBN
7552:2020
7522:PMID
7475:2010
7445:2010
7419:2010
7387:2010
7361:2016
7331:2010
7305:2010
7279:2020
7248:2020
7230:ISBN
7199:ISBN
7176:2021
7150:2023
7125:2021
7097:2021
7067:2021
7042:2021
7014:2021
6988:2021
6963:2021
6938:2021
6897:2021
6861:2021
6833:link
6819:2023
6789:PMID
6734:2021
6704:2021
6676:2023
6647:2021
6619:2023
6593:2021
6565:2021
6540:2021
6512:2023
6487:2021
6451:2021
6426:2021
6401:2021
6376:2022
6354:2021
6307:ISSN
6272:ISSN
6239:2010
6210:2010
6168:2010
6105:2010
6079:2017
6032:2021
6007:2016
5977:2023
5952:2017
5919:2022
5893:2020
5867:2021
5820:2021
5784:2023
5759:2010
5712:2020
5638:2017
5606:2017
5569:2017
5543:2011
5527:PMID
5486:PMID
5426:2022
5400:2010
5365:2010
5331:PMID
5274:PMID
5237:2010
5199:PMID
5156:ISBN
5125:PMID
5080:PMID
5034:PMID
4966:2010
4925:2010
4862:PMID
4805:PMID
4797:ISSN
4758:PMID
4740:ISSN
4607:2010
4577:2010
4545:2010
4527:ISBN
4502:2010
4472:2021
4447:2021
4396:2010
4369:2010
4310:2010
4280:2020
4262:ISBN
4241:2019
4187:2010
4157:2010
4116:ISBN
4093:PMID
4050:2010
4003:ISBN
3967:2013
3923:ISBN
3904:2010
3874:2020
3828:2021
3779:2020
3742:ISBN
3719:2010
3688:2010
3616:ISBN
3570:2010
3543:2010
3516:2020
3424:2019
3408:OCLC
3398:ISBN
3366:PMID
3338:)".
3316:2021
3299:2018
3270:2010
3244:2020
3226:ISBN
3194:. 2"
3158:2021
3120:2021
3101:. 1"
3073:OCLC
3063:ISBN
3028:2016
2978:and
2962:2020
2945:2018
2838:zinc
2836:and
2830:iron
2824:and
2786:flag
2784:and
2782:seal
2778:Utah
2776:for
2693:80
2635:Utah
2197:and
2187:Iowa
2173:and
2007:The
1905:and
1825:Diet
1817:and
1770:The
1731:the
1596:and
1290:and
1225:Tule
1023:and
952:elch
936:elch
924:alce
920:alke
916:elke
900:elgr
858:and
855:álkē
844:ἄλκη
793:(in
785:Cree
783:and
749:beef
708:and
686:Alps
660:and
611:shed
579:Cree
577:and
554:and
540:deer
522:elks
508:The
78:PreꞒ
52:and
18:Elks
12763:NBN
12750:MDD
12711:ISC
12659:EoL
12646:CoL
12368:Elk
11678:Sus
10268:Bos
7512:PMC
7504:doi
6779:PMC
6769:doi
6264:103
6144:doi
6061:doi
6057:130
5939:CNN
5674:doi
5517:doi
5476:PMC
5466:doi
5321:PMC
5313:doi
5264:doi
5189:PMC
5117:doi
5072:doi
5024:PMC
5016:doi
4895:doi
4891:286
4883:".
4852:doi
4789:doi
4785:112
4748:PMC
4730:doi
4687:doi
4665:102
4632:doi
4417:141
4214:doi
4083:doi
4079:219
3809:doi
3645:doi
3461:doi
3358:doi
3303:doi
2949:doi
2822:fat
2149:of
2057:).
1920:.
1733:rut
1588:of
1231:),
1223:),
1208:DNA
1202:or
1166:'s
1112:in
944:elk
932:elk
908:elk
906:as
806:ᐚᐱᑎ
803:or
800:ᐙᐱᑎ
751:or
680:in
520:or
518:elk
514:pl.
510:elk
64:Elk
12826::
12804::
12791::
12778::
12765::
12752::
12739::
12726::
12713::
12700::
12687::
12674::
12661::
12648::
12623::
12608::
7669:)
7569:.
7520:.
7510:.
7500:15
7498:.
7492:.
7461:.
7351:.
7347:.
7269:.
7265:.
7238:.
7228:.
7224:.
7193:.
7167:.
7141:.
7114:.
7083:.
7058:.
7033:.
7005:.
6979:.
6954:.
6927:.
6880:.
6850:.
6829:}}
6825:{{
6810:.
6787:.
6777:.
6767:.
6757:14
6755:.
6751:.
6720:.
6693:.
6666:.
6638:.
6610:.
6584:.
6556:.
6531:.
6503:.
6470:.
6442:.
6417:.
6392:.
6339:31
6337:.
6331:.
6303:63
6301:.
6278:.
6262:.
6247:^
6218:^
6200:.
6196:.
6192:.
6176:^
6158:.
6150:.
6142:.
6128:40
6126:.
6122:.
6069:.
6055:.
6049:.
6023:.
5997:.
5993:.
5968:.
5942:.
5936:.
5910:.
5837:.
5803:.
5775:.
5743:.
5680:.
5670:29
5668:.
5662:.
5596:.
5592:.
5586:.
5533:.
5525:.
5513:19
5511:.
5507:.
5484:.
5474:.
5460:.
5456:.
5416:.
5373:^
5343:^
5329:.
5319:.
5309:10
5307:.
5303:.
5280:.
5272:.
5260:43
5258:.
5254:.
5227:.
5223:.
5197:.
5185:48
5183:.
5179:.
5131:.
5123:.
5115:.
5103:.
5078:.
5070:.
5060:91
5058:.
5032:.
5022:.
5014:.
5004:89
5002:.
4998:.
4986:^
4951:13
4949:.
4945:.
4889:.
4860:.
4850:.
4840:80
4838:.
4834:.
4811:.
4803:.
4795:.
4783:.
4779:.
4756:.
4746:.
4738:.
4728:.
4718:16
4716:.
4712:.
4699:^
4685:.
4675:.
4663:.
4638:.
4628:34
4626:.
4593:.
4535:.
4521:.
4488:.
4415:.
4355:.
4331:29
4329:.
4296:.
4270:.
4228:.
4220:.
4210:68
4208:.
4204:.
4173:.
4143:.
4139:.
4091:.
4077:.
4071:.
4069:)"
4036:.
4032:.
4017:^
3975:^
3953:.
3937:^
3890:.
3860:.
3849:^
3815:.
3805:30
3803:.
3799:.
3769:.
3765:.
3736:.
3709:.
3705:.
3674:.
3657:^
3641:52
3639:.
3602:^
3498:)"
3467:.
3457:52
3455:.
3451:.
3432:^
3414:.
3406:.
3378:^
3364:.
3356:.
3346:31
3344:.
3324:^
3297:.
3291:.
3234:.
3220:.
3197:.
3142:.
3137:n.
3104:.
3085:^
3071:.
3036:^
3019:.
3013:.
2987:^
2943:.
2937:.
2921:^
2908:$
2886:.
2878:,
2874:,
2870:,
2863:.
2840:.
2832:,
2744:A
2169:,
2165:,
2161:,
2157:,
2153:,
1912:,
1901:,
1897:,
1821:.
1640:.
1612:.
1592:,
1365:.
1345:,
1079:,
1051:,
1035:.
962:.
958::
950::
910:,
898::
890:,
886::
878::
862::
846:,
842::
797::
755:.
594:,
562:,
524:;
516::
128:Pg
72:Ma
12565::
12150:e
12143:t
12136:v
12085:)
12061:)
11998:)
11989:)
11980:)
11956:)
11947:)
11938:)
11929:)
11866:)
11842:)
11818:)
11781:)
11772:)
11763:)
11754:)
11745:)
11736:)
11727:)
11718:)
11709:)
11700:)
11691:)
11667:)
11658:)
11634:)
11610:)
11601:)
11577:)
11553:)
11544:)
11535:)
11472:)
11448:)
11439:)
11430:)
11406:)
11397:)
11388:)
11379:)
11370:)
11361:)
11352:)
11343:)
11334:)
11325:)
11316:)
11307:)
11298:)
11289:)
11280:)
11271:)
11262:)
11253:)
11216:)
11207:)
11198:)
11174:)
11150:)
11126:)
11117:)
11108:)
11084:)
11075:)
11066:)
11057:)
11033:)
10996:)
10972:)
10937:)
10928:)
10919:)
10895:)
10886:)
10877:)
10868:)
10859:)
10835:)
10811:)
10802:)
10793:)
10784:)
10775:)
10766:)
10757:)
10748:)
10724:)
10715:)
10706:)
10697:)
10673:)
10649:)
10625:)
10590:)
10555:)
10546:)
10522:)
10513:)
10504:)
10495:)
10486:)
10477:)
10468:)
10459:)
10445:)
10410:)
10386:)
10362:)
10353:)
10344:)
10335:)
10326:)
10317:)
10308:)
10299:)
10290:)
10281:)
10257:)
10248:)
10239:)
10230:)
10221:)
10184:)
10160:)
10125:)
10094:)
10085:)
10061:)
10037:)
10028:)
10019:)
10010:)
10001:)
9992:)
9983:)
9959:)
9935:)
9911:)
9887:)
9878:)
9869:)
9860:)
9836:)
9812:)
9803:)
9794:)
9785:)
9761:)
9752:)
9743:)
9734:)
9725:)
9716:)
9707:)
9698:)
9689:)
9680:)
9656:)
9632:)
9608:)
9582:)
9511:)
9474:)
9465:)
9441:)
9417:)
9408:)
9384:)
9347:)
9310:)
9273:)
9264:)
9255:)
9231:)
9222:)
9213:)
9204:)
9195:)
9158:)
9134:)
9125:)
9116:)
9107:)
9083:)
9074:)
9009:)
9000:)
8991:)
8967:)
8958:)
8947:?
8933:)
8925:?
8923:)
8899:)
8875:)
8851:)
8842:)
8833:)
8824:)
8815:)
8806:)
8797:)
8788:)
8779:)
8755:)
8746:)
8722:)
8698:)
8689:)
8665:)
8641:)
8604:)
8595:)
8586:)
8577:)
8568:)
8544:)
8535:)
8526:)
8517:)
8493:)
8469:)
8460:)
8436:)
8427:)
8418:)
8409:)
8385:)
8376:)
8352:)
8328:)
8319:)
8310:)
8301:)
8292:)
8283:)
8274:)
8265:)
8256:)
8247:)
8238:)
8229:)
8220:)
8131:)
8122:)
8113:)
8104:)
8095:)
8086:)
8062:)
8053:)
8044:)
8020:)
7983:)
7974:)
7965:)
7956:)
7947:)
7938:)
7929:)
7892:)
7883:)
7874:)
7865:)
7841:)
7804:)
7707:e
7700:t
7693:v
7665:(
7615:.
7583:.
7554:.
7528:.
7506::
7477:.
7447:.
7421:.
7389:.
7363:.
7333:.
7307:.
7281:.
7250:.
7207:.
7178:.
7152:.
7127:.
7099:.
7069:.
7044:.
7016:.
6990:.
6965:.
6940:.
6899:.
6863:.
6835:)
6821:.
6795:.
6771::
6763::
6736:.
6706:.
6678:.
6649:.
6621:.
6595:.
6567:.
6542:.
6514:.
6489:.
6453:.
6428:.
6403:.
6378:.
6356:.
6313:.
6286:.
6241:.
6212:.
6186:"
6170:.
6146::
6138::
6107:.
6081:.
6063::
6034:.
6009:.
5979:.
5954:.
5921:.
5895:.
5869:.
5822:.
5786:.
5761:.
5714:.
5688:.
5676::
5640:.
5608:.
5571:.
5545:.
5519::
5492:.
5468::
5462:6
5428:.
5402:.
5367:.
5337:.
5315::
5288:.
5266::
5239:.
5205:.
5164:.
5139:.
5119::
5111::
5105:2
5086:.
5074::
5066::
5040:.
5018::
5010::
4968:.
4927:.
4901:.
4897::
4868:.
4854::
4846::
4819:.
4791::
4764:.
4732::
4724::
4693:.
4689::
4671::
4646:.
4634::
4609:.
4579:.
4547:.
4504:.
4474:.
4449:.
4427:.
4398:.
4371:.
4341:.
4312:.
4282:.
4243:.
4216::
4189:.
4159:.
4124:.
4099:.
4085::
4052:.
4011:.
3969:.
3951:"
3931:.
3906:.
3876:.
3830:.
3811::
3781:.
3752:.
3750:.
3721:.
3690:.
3672:"
3668:"
3651:.
3647::
3624:.
3572:.
3545:.
3518:.
3463::
3426:.
3372:.
3360::
3352::
3318:.
3305::
3289:"
3285:"
3272:.
3246:.
3192:n
3160:.
3139:"
3122:.
3099:n
3079:.
3030:.
2964:.
2951::
2935:"
2931:"
1985:.
1701:.
1553:.
1537:.
1521:.
1505:.
1485:)
1481:(
1475:)
1471:(
1465:)
1461:(
1455:)
1451:(
1445:)
1441:(
1426:(
1416:(
1410:)
1406:(
1400:)
1396:(
1390:)
1386:(
1380:)
1376:(
1357:(
1306:(
1298:(
1278:(
1270:(
1259:(
1251:(
1243:(
1235:(
1227:(
1219:(
1124:(
1083:.
817:(
632:(
512:(
406:†
368:†
350:(
217:)
133:N
123:K
118:J
113:T
108:P
103:C
98:D
93:S
88:O
83:Ꞓ
56:.
45:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.