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341:, with much of the population wintering further south. The male yellowhammer has a bright yellow head, streaked brown back, chestnut rump, and yellow under parts. Other plumages are duller versions of the same pattern. The yellowhammer is common in open areas with some shrubs or trees, and forms small flocks in winter. Its song has a rhythm like "A little bit of bread and no cheese". The song is very similar to that of its closest relative, the
1007:
288:
616:, may be confused with pine buntings, but they always have a yellow tint to their plumage, a paler rufous rump, and more uniform upperparts than that species. Young and female yellowhammers can be distinguished from cirl buntings by the grey-brown rump of the latter species. Male hybrids with pine buntings are typically white-faced and have some yellow on the head, under parts or
765:
and is typically well hidden in tussocks, against a bank or low in a bush. It is constructed from nearby plant material, such as leaves, dry grass, and stalks, and is lined with fine grasses and sometimes animal hair. It is 11.5–13 cm (4.5–5.1 in) across with a cup 4–4.5 cm (1.6–1.8 in) deep.
1933:
998:. In eastern Europe, numbers appear to be stable, although the trend in Russia is unknown. Changes to agricultural practices are thought to be responsible for reduced breeding densities. The introduced population in New Zealand has been very successful, with breeding densities much higher than in the UK.
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and breed when aged one year. The males establish territories along hedges or woodland fringes and sing from a tree or bush, often continuing well into July or August. The male displays to the female by raising his wings and running towards her. The nest is built by the female on or near the ground,
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Yellowhammer males learn their songs from their fathers, and over time, regional dialects have developed, with minor differences to the conclusion of the basic song; all are mutually recognised by birds from different areas. Each male has an individual repertoire of song variants within its regional
628:
The song of the cock yellowhammer is a series of short notes, gradually increasing in volume and followed by one or two more protracted notes. It is often represented as "A little bit of bread and no cheese", and the full version can be confused with the almost identical song of the pine bunting. If
1161:
An old legend links the yellowhammer to the devil. Its tongue was supposed to bear a drop of his blood, and the intricate pattern on the eggs was said to carry a concealed, possibly evil, message; these satanic associations sometimes led to the persecution of the bird. The unusual appearance of the
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poem "The Yellow, Yellow Yorlin'" gets its title from a
Scottish name for the yellowhammer, which is given an obvious sexual connotation: "I met a pretty maid, an' unto her I said,/ 'I wad fain fin' your yellow, yellow yorlin'.' " More factual descriptions of the bird and its behaviour can be found
692:
Most
European yellowhammers winter within their breeding range, only the far north being vacated, although some birds move south of their breeding range in Spain, Italy, and other Mediterranean countries. Distances travelled can be up to 500 km (310 mi) for northern birds. Asian birds are
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estimates the
European population of the yellowhammer to be from 54–93 million individuals, suggesting a Eurasian total of 73–186 million birds. Although the population appears to be in a decline, the decrease is not rapid enough to trigger their vulnerability criteria. The large numbers
577:
rump, yellow under parts, and white outer tail feathers. The female is less brightly coloured, and more streaked on the crown, breast, and flanks. Both sexes are less strongly marked outside the breeding season, when the dark fringes on new feathers obscure the yellow plumage. The juvenile is much
738:
The yellowhammer is a bird of dry, open country, preferably with a range of vegetation types and some trees from which to sing. It is absent from urban areas, forests, and wetlands. Probably originally found at forest edges and large clearing, it has benefited from traditional agriculture, which
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is usually three to five whitish eggs, typically patterned with a network of fine, dark lines. The eggs average 21 mm × 16 mm (0.83 in × 0.63 in) in size and weigh 2.9 g (0.10 oz), of which 6% is shell. The female incubates the eggs for 12–14 days to
71:
872:. During the first few days, chicks are exclusively fed invertebrate prey, but from day three they are also fed cereal grains, which the chicks can digest efficiently. This is thought to be intentional by the parents to allow the nestlings to adjust their physiology to eating seed.
352:
in a concealed location on or near the ground. The three to five eggs are patterned with a mesh of fine dark lines, giving rise to the old name for the bird of "scribble lark" or "writing lark". The female incubates the eggs for 12–14 days prior to hatching, and broods the
293:
292:
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1937:
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Populations have declined in recent decades in western Europe, including the
British Isles, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, and Italy. The yellowhammer is a red-list (severely declining) species in Ireland and the UK. In 2016 the species went extinct on the
967:. Males with high parasite levels produced fewer offspring (there is no such effect for females), and tend to be less brightly coloured. The striking plumage of the male may therefore have arisen as a signal of fitness to breed. Yellowhammers infected with
291:
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The adult annual survival rate in the UK is around 54%, and that for juveniles in their first year is 53%. The typical lifespan is three years, although records from Great
Britain and Germany indicate birds surviving more than 13 years.
648:
The pine bunting and yellowhammer are so closely related that each responds to the other's song. The male yellowhammer's song is more attractive to females, and is one reason for the dominance of that species where the ranges overlap.
825:, and grain makes up a significant part of the food consumed in autumn and winter, wheat and oats being preferred to barley. When not breeding, yellowhammers forage in flocks that can occasionally number hundreds of birds, and often
600:
is slightly smaller and darker than the same sex of the nominate subspecies, and also has more streaking on its back, a greenish tint to the yellow of the head and more chestnut on the flanks. The male of the eastern form,
70:
1551:
DiblĂková, Lucie; Pipek, Pavel; Petrusek, Adam; Svoboda, JiĹ™Ă; BĂlková, Jana; Vermouzek, ZdenÄ›k; Procházka, Petr; Petrusková, Tereza (2019). "Detailed large-scale mapping of geographical variation of
Yellowhammer
1777:
Orłowski, G.; Wuczyński, A.; Karg, J.; Grzesiak, W. (2017). "The significance of seed food in chick development re-evaluated by tracking day-to-day dietary variation in the nestlings of a granivorous passerine".
72:
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The yellowhammer is a large bunting, 16–16.5 cm (6.3–6.5 in) long, with a 23–29.5 cm (9.1–11.6 in) wingspan; it weighs 20–36.5 g (0.71–1.29 oz). The male of the nominate subspecies
609:. Its flanks, undertail and wing bars are usually whiter, and its crown and throat are brighter yellow. Distinguishing females of the three subspecies using plumage features is not usually possible.
373:
in the breeding season. Changes to agricultural practices have led to population declines in western Europe, but its large numbers and huge range mean that the yellowhammer is classed as being of
585:, which takes at least eight weeks; males acquire more yellow in the plumage each time they moult. Juveniles have a partial moult not long after fledging, replacing the head, body, and some
471:
are also near relatives of the species pair. Where their ranges meet, the yellowhammer and pine bunting interbreed; the yellowhammer is dominant, and the hybrid zone is moving further east.
1075:
290:
1638:
Baker, Myron
Charles; Bjerke, Tore K; Lampe, Helene U; Espmark, Yngve O (1987). "Sexual response of female Yellowhammers to differences in regional song dialects and repertoire sizes".
701:. The yellowhammer has occurred as a vagrant in the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Kuwait, Morocco, Malta, the Himalayas (winter vagrant from northern Afghanistan to central Nepal), the
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1076:
2101:
2524:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
724:
in 1862, and soon spread over the main islands. They sometimes visit New
Zealand's subantarctic islands, although rarely staying to breed, and have reached Australia's
459:, with around 40 members, that are confined to the Old World. Within its genus, the yellowhammer is most closely related to the pine bunting, with which it forms a
1154:
2688:
1884:
Ludwig, Martin; Schlinkert, Hella; Holzschuh, Andrea; Fischer, Christina; Scherber, Christoph; Trnka, Alfréd; Tscharntke, Teja; Batáry, Péter (2012).
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The yellowhammer is a conspicuous, vocal, and formerly common country bird, and has attracted human interest. Yellowham Wood and
Yellowham Hill, near
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on a number of occasions. At the beginning of the 20th century, this bunting was seen as a serious agricultural pest in its adopted country.
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11–13 days later. Both adults feed the chick in the nest and raise two or three broods each year. The nest may be raided by rodents or
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and huge breeding range of about 12.9 million km (5 million sq mi), mean that this bunting is classified by the IUCN as being of
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3014:
2693:
2108:
369:. Yellowhammers feed on the ground, usually in flocks outside the breeding season. Their diet is mainly seeds, supplemented by
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Caro, Samuel P; Keulen, Christine; Poncin, Pascal (2009). "Song repertoires in a
Western European population of Yellowhammers
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Messiaen's Interpretations of Holiness and Trinity: Echoes of Medieval Theology in the Oratorio, Organ Meditations, and Opera
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to its diet in the breeding season, particularly as food for its growing chicks. A wide range of species is taken, including
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2155:
Komdeur, Jan; Hammers, Martin "Failed introductions: finches from outside Australia" in Prins & Gordon (2014) p. 330.
17:
2923:
3130:
490:, which occurs in southeast England and most of Europe east to the northwestern corner of Russia and western Ukraine.
3204:
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1702:
Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia. pp. 21–493
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dialect; females tend to mate with males that share their dialect, and prefer those with the largest repertoires.
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1125:
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240:
916:, although as a ground-nesting bird, its eggs and chicks are vulnerable to predation from small mammals such as
689:, and in most of Ukraine. The Asian range extends into northwest Turkey, the Caucasus, and northern Kazakhstan.
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2017:"Avian blood parasite infection during the non-breeding season: an overlooked issue in declining populations?"
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Foraging is mainly on the ground, and the bird's diet consists mainly of seeds. Oily seeds, such as those of
35:
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11–13 days later. Both adults feed the chick in the nest and two or three broods are raised each year.
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to New Zealand and Australia. Most European birds remain in the breeding range year-round, but the eastern
1916:
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1300:
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Enid Blyton helped to popularize the bird's song as "little bit of bread and no cheese" in books such as
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the final notes are omitted, confusion with the cirl bunting is possible. Other vocalisations include a
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2177:
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Breeding normally starts in early May, but often in April in the south of the range. Yellowhammers are
673:. It is the commonest and most widespread European bunting, although it is absent from high mountains,
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880:
3078:
2817:
1272:
1117:
125:
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1968:
Sundberg, Jan (1995). "Parasites, plumage coloration and reproductive success in the Yellowhammer,
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1285:
963:
220:
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2613:. Vol. 2. Washington, D C & Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions.
2210:
Bowden, Sylvia (2008). "The theming magpie: the influence of birdsong on Beethoven motifs".
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1981:
1900:
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in John Clare's "The Yellowhammer's Nest" and "The Yellowhammer", whose final lines read:
8:
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90:
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1985:
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Bellamy, David (2022). Written at Isle of Man. "Extinct: the Loss of the Yellowhammer
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2016:
1997:
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1655:
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330:
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often used birdsong as an inspiration for his music, and the yellowhammer features in
932:. Predation accounted for more than 60% of nest failures in a 2012 survey in Germany.
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is the Italian for a small yellow bird. The English name is thought to have come from
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was actually the work in question. Beethoven also used the yellowhammer theme in two
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682:
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1659:
1624:
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Invasion Biology and Ecological Theory: Insights from a Continent in Transformation
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Predation in Vertebrate Communities: The Bialowieza Primeval Forest as a Case Study
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1989:
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may have lower winter survival rates due to a tendency to having shorter wings.
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Hoyo, Josep del; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A (eds.).
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and northwest Mongolia, and also has isolated populations to the east of the
413:
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Breeding commences mainly in April and May, with the female building a lined
236:
110:
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2301:. Internet Archive. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press.
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1108:, both suggested that the composer got the idea for the first four notes of
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797:, are ignored in favour of more starchy items. Typical food plants include
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30:
This article is about the Eurasian bird. For the North American bird, see
2988:
2771:
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Olivier Messiaen's System of Signs: Notes Towards Understanding His Music
2551:
Buntings and Sparrows A Guide to the Buntings and North American Sparrows
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1424:
1399:
1101:
995:
947:
857:
845:
501:
450:
401:
2827:
2233:
1849:
Glue, David; Morgan, Robert (1972). "Cuckoo hosts in British habitats".
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3138:
2980:
2715:
2385:
2015:
Dunn, Jenny C; Goodman, Simon J; Benton, Tim G; Hamer, Keith C (2013).
2001:
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from the yellowhammer's call, although more likely the opening of the
1092:
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958:
841:
666:
442:, another German word for a bunting, and was first recorded in 1553 as
389:
334:
326:
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1791:
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helped to popularise the standard English representation of the song.
249:
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2225:
861:
774:
523:
354:
315:
177:
137:
2993:
2902:
2733:
2440:
Haughton, Hugh; Phillips, Adam; Summerfield, Geoffrey, eds. (1994).
1993:
1886:"Landscape-moderated bird nest predation in hedges and forest edges"
1398:
Tietze, Dieter Thomas; Wassmann, Christine; Martens, Jochen (2012).
697:, deserting much of the north to winter in Iraq, Iran, and southern
578:
duller and less yellow than the adults, and often has a paler rump.
2915:
2756:
2689:
Ageing and sexing by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
681:
and Greece, and low-lying regions of other countries adjoining the
661:
Traditional farmland provides good habitat for nesting and feeding.
582:
527:
455:
362:
349:
157:
2667:. Vol. 1. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
612:
Females and juveniles, especially of the pale eastern subspecies,
3151:
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917:
865:
686:
519:
515:
1883:
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have been found on this bunting, and internal parasites include
620:, but females are usually indistinguishable from yellowhammers.
2799:
2646:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
853:
822:
778:
674:
574:
358:
147:
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created extensive open areas with hedges and clumps of trees.
392:, and its characteristic song has influenced musical works by
27:
Passerine bird in the bunting family that is native to Eurasia
2897:
2325:
Atkinson, Carter T; Thomas, Nancy J; Hunter, D Bruce (2008).
1550:
1006:
869:
830:
802:
731:
Populations of yellowhammer have also been introduced to the
479:
There are currently 3 recognised subspecies of yellowhammer:
81:
2423:
Messiaen Perspectives 2: Techniques, Influence and Reception
514:, 1855) breeds from Russia, central Ukraine and the eastern
2439:
1179:
936:
318:
167:
2459:
Jedrzejewska, Bogumila; Jedrzejewski, Wlodzimierz (1998).
2663:
Thayer, Alexander Wheelock; Forbes, Elliot, eds. (1991).
1299:
Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J.
849:
463:; they have at times been considered as one species. The
2458:
2075:"BirdLife International Species factsheet: Yellowhammer
2107:. National Parks & Wildlife Service. Archived from
1637:
1526:"Lost British birdsong discovered in New Zealand birds"
573:
has a bright yellow head, heavily streaked brown back,
2102:"Checklist of protected & rare species in Ireland"
2014:
1264:
1188:
1397:
2324:
1298:
384:This conspicuous yellow bird has inspired poems by
2501:Naturalised Birds of the World (Poyser Monographs)
1848:
1400:"Territorial song does not isolate Yellowhammers (
1265:
2605:
2587:Prins, Herbert H T; Gordon, Iain J, eds. (2014).
2549:Olsson, Urban; Curson, Jon; Byers, Clive (1995).
2548:
1214:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720878A89289181.en
1158:, appearing in four movements of the last piece.
592:Differences between the subspecies are small and
3171:
2220:(1903). Musical Times Publications Ltd.: 17–35.
2145:. Douglas: Manx Ornithological Society: 190–211.
1598:
1021:England, both derive their names from the bird.
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1155:Méditations sur le mystère de la Sainte Trinité
1052:, and wrote a poem called "The Yellow-hammer".
669:between the 16–20 °C (61–68 °F) July
504:, and Great Britain (except southeast England).
2567:
1839:Jedrzejewska & Jedrzejewski (1998) p. 282.
1830:Jedrzejewska & Jedrzejewski (1998) p. 272.
1821:Jedrzejewska & Jedrzejewski (1998) p. 250.
1812:Jedrzejewska & Jedrzejewski (1998) p. 257.
983:International Union for Conservation of Nature
379:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1556:song dialects in a citizen science project".
1083:Piano Concerto No. 4 in G major, 1st movement
1031:In early spring, when winds blow chilly cold,
712:Yellowhammers of the British and Irish race,
2662:
2481:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
2421:Dingle, Christopher; Fallon, Robert (2013).
2420:
1517:
920:and other rodents. Nests are also raided by
2636:
2586:
2398:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1037:With yellow breast and head of solid gold.
1033:The yellowhammer, trailing grass, will come
821:. Grasses are also important, particularly
652:
2553:. Robertsbridge, East Sussex: Pica Press.
2295:Opie, Iona Archibald; Opie, Peter (1987).
2263:
2261:
1499:
1162:eggs also led to the alternative names of
976:
892:Predators of the yellowhammer include the
875:
677:regions, the western Netherlands, most of
500:, 1940) is the form found in Ireland, the
248:
99:
68:
51:
2591:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2568:Porter, Richard; Aspinall, Simon (2011).
2444:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2205:
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2040:
1483:
1481:
1479:
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1471:
1469:
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1423:
1212:
2517:
2370:. Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press.
2294:
2182:
2093:
2067:
1967:
1961:
1952:
1936:. Natural History Museum. Archived from
1689:
1687:
1490:
1461:Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1648–1651.
1322:
1035:To fix a place and choose an early home,
1005:
879:
751:
656:
557:
549:
538:
286:
2617:
2477:
2298:The lore and language of schoolchildren
2285:Dingle & Fallon (2013) pp. 170–171.
2279:
2258:
2255:Dingle & Fallon (2013) pp. 155–158.
2249:
2132:
2099:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1013:wrote two poems about the yellowhammer.
581:After breeding, adults have a complete
14:
3172:
2532:Oliver, Walter Reginald Brook (1955).
2531:
2527:(in Latin). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii.
2343:
2240:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2167:Cocker & Mabey (2005) pp. 460–461.
2158:
1877:
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1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1675:
1508:
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908:. It is not a significant host of the
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2611:Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide
2498:
2384:
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2270:
2170:
2149:
1684:
1631:
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1457:
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1443:
1249:
1240:
3157:B63503C5-882F-413A-8CCF-6535364BEEE1
3079:84836e31-b807-4ae9-b05f-bf5f45f08d1b
2968:208aef11-1925-4243-becd-45d5f7a6f3cb
2008:
1842:
1592:
1514:Porter & Aspinall (2011) p. 208.
1384:
1286:participating institution membership
3180:IUCN Red List least concern species
2648:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1926:
1705:
1666:
1228:
1200:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
665:The yellowhammer breeds across the
423:under its current scientific name.
24:
1524:Brown, Georgia (12 January 2017).
1440:
1258:
1057:
888:is a predator of the yellowhammer.
605:, is paler and less streaked than
412:The yellowhammer was described by
25:
3221:
2682:
2570:Birds of the United Arab Emirates
2349:Enid Blyton's Nature Lover's Book
1532:. Guardian News and Media Limited
1505:Olsson et al. (1995) pp. 111–114.
1487:Olsson et al. (1995) pp. 107–110.
2536:. Auckland: A H & A W Reed.
2327:Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds
1091:Problems playing this file? See
1073:
124:
2406:. London: Chatto & Windus.
2288:
2126:
1934:"Distribution of British fleas"
1770:
1696:
1544:
1189:BirdLife International (2016).
365:, and the adults are hunted by
2318:
2188:Haughton et al. (1994) p. 139.
1958:Atkinson et al. (2008) p. 401.
1354:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
1292:
1069:Piano Concerto 4, 1st movement
685:. It breeds in Russia east to
534:
263: Breeding summer visitor
13:
1:
2394:. London: Whittaker & Co.
1734:British Trust for Ornithology
1652:10.1016/S0003-3472(87)80263-4
1173:
1128:(the "Appassionata", Op.57).
1124:(the "Waldstein", Op.53) and
1001:
957:. The yellowhammer may carry
474:
345:, with which it interbreeds.
36:Yellowhammer (disambiguation)
2716:"The Yellow, Yellow Yorlin'"
2622:. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.
2572:. London: Christopher Helm.
2484:. London: Christopher Helm.
2425:. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.
1756:"European Longevity Records"
1307:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology
742:
7:
3210:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2706:Images and videos at Arkive
2499:Lever, Christopher (2005).
2351:. Chicago: Evans Brothers.
2329:. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
1913:10.1016/j.actao.2012.08.008
1496:Olsson et al. (1995) p. 24.
747:
407:
10:
3226:
2694:Feather images at Ornithos
2665:Thayer's Life of Beethoven
788:
777:, downy chicks until they
596:. On average, the male of
281:Approximate natural range
270: Resident year-round
29:
2746:
2728:"The Yellowhammer's Nest"
2609:; Anderton, John (2005).
2478:Jobling, James A (2010).
2402:; Mabey, Richard (2005).
2267:Shenton (2008) pp. 61–63.
1871:10.1080/00063657209476342
1726:[Linnaeus, 1758]"
1273:Oxford English Dictionary
773:hatching, and broods the
722:acclimatisation societies
325:family that is native to
256:
247:
226:
219:
121:Scientific classification
119:
97:
88:
79:
67:
59:
50:
45:
2618:Shenton, Andrew (2008).
2081:. BirdLife International
1672:Rasmussen (2005) p. 552.
1617:10.3161/000164509x464830
1207:: e.T22720878A89289181.
1049:Five Go Off in a Caravan
961:blood parasites such as
720:to New Zealand by local
653:Distribution and habitat
623:
453:contains a single genus
357:downy chicks until they
3205:Birds described in 1758
2366:Bruhn, Siglind (2008).
2042:10.1186/1472-6785-13-30
1380:(subscription required)
1318:(subscription required)
1278:Oxford University Press
1149:La fauvette des jardins
977:Status and conservation
876:Predators and parasites
2642:Perrins, Christopher M
1404:) from Pine Buntings (
1360:10.2173/bow.yellow2.01
1255:Jobling (2010) p. 110.
1246:Jobling (2010) p. 145.
1062:
1040:
1014:
889:
836:The yellowhammer adds
757:
662:
594:geographically gradual
565:
555:
547:
486:(Linnaeus, 1758), the
301:
34:. For other uses, see
3113:Paleobiology Database
2699:14 March 2014 at the
2442:John Clare in Context
2246:Thayer (1991) p. 437.
2197:Blyton (2008) p. 164.
2137:in the Isle of Man".
1681:Oliver (1955) p. 635.
1100:Beethoven's student,
1061:
1044:The Ship of Adventure
1028:
1009:
964:Haemoproteus coatneyi
883:
755:
660:
637:alarm, and a trilled
561:
553:
542:
416:in his landmark 1758
297:
277: Winter visitor
3200:Birds of New Zealand
2963:Fauna Europaea (new)
2463:. Berlin: Springer.
2276:Bruhn (2008) p. 144.
2077:Emberiza citrinella
1693:Lever (2005) p. 268.
1425:10.3897/vz.62.e31372
935:Thirteen species of
902:lesser spotted eagle
886:Eurasian sparrowhawk
427:is derived from the
400:. Children's writer
3144:Emberiza-citrinella
2805:emberiza-citrinella
2792:Emberiza_citrinella
2778:Emberiza citrinella
2748:Emberiza citrinella
2607:Rasmussen, Pamela C
2135:Emberiza citrinella
2033:2013BMCE...13...30D
1986:1995Oikos..74..331S
1970:Emberiza citrinella
1905:2012AcO....45...50L
1863:1972BirdS..19..187G
1724:Emberiza citrinella
1601:Emberiza citrinella
1554:Emberiza citrinella
1402:Emberiza citrinella
1276:(Online ed.).
1193:Emberiza citrinella
1143:Catalogue d'oiseaux
829:other buntings and
705:, Iceland, and the
563:Emberiza citrinella
488:nominate subspecies
311:Emberiza citrinella
299:Emberiza citrinella
230:Emberiza citrinella
91:Conservation status
18:Emberiza citrinella
2722:"The Yellowhammer"
2711:Song at Xeno-canto
2503:. London: Poyser.
1605:Acta Ornithologica
1412:Vertebrate Zoology
1352:Birds of the World
1305:Birds of the World
1114:4th Piano Concerto
1063:
1015:
890:
758:
735:and South Africa.
663:
614:E. c. erythrogenys
603:E. c. erythrogenys
566:
556:
548:
508:E. c. erythrogenys
302:
212:E. citrinella
3167:
3166:
3100:Open Tree of Life
2740:Taxon identifiers
2674:978-0-691-02717-3
2655:978-0-19-854099-1
2629:978-0-7546-6168-9
2598:978-1-107-03581-2
2579:978-1-4081-5257-7
2560:978-1-873403-19-8
2534:New Zealand Birds
2510:978-1-4081-2825-1
2491:978-1-4081-2501-4
2470:978-3-540-64138-4
2451:978-0-521-44547-4
2432:978-1-4724-1518-9
2413:978-0-7011-6907-7
2377:978-1-57647-139-5
2358:978-0-237-53568-1
2336:978-0-8138-2081-1
2308:978-0-19-282059-4
2213:The Musical Times
1922:on 26 April 2014.
1792:10.1111/ibi.12410
1570:10.1111/ibi.12621
1284:(Subscription or
1126:No. 23 in F minor
1122:no. 21 in C major
1104:, and biographer
1078:
683:Mediterranean Sea
641:given in flight.
598:E. c. caliginosa
434:, a bunting, and
295:
285:
284:
114:
80:Song recorded in
73:
16:(Redirected from
3217:
3160:
3159:
3147:
3146:
3134:
3133:
3121:
3120:
3108:
3107:
3095:
3094:
3082:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3049:
3048:
3046:NHMSYS0000530727
3036:
3035:
3023:
3022:
3010:
3009:
2997:
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2984:
2983:
2971:
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2821:
2820:
2818:56FB47C05CB7275F
2808:
2807:
2795:
2794:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2735:
2734:
2678:
2659:
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2614:
2602:
2583:
2564:
2545:
2528:
2514:
2495:
2474:
2455:
2436:
2417:
2404:Birds Britannica
2395:
2381:
2362:
2340:
2313:
2312:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2256:
2253:
2247:
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2238:
2237:
2226:10.2307/25434536
2207:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2114:on 28 April 2014
2113:
2106:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
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2071:
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2012:
2006:
2005:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1915:. Archived from
1890:
1881:
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1846:
1840:
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1831:
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1822:
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1813:
1810:
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1718:
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1694:
1691:
1682:
1679:
1673:
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1664:
1663:
1640:Animal Behaviour
1635:
1629:
1628:
1596:
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1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
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1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1462:
1459:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1406:E. leucocephalos
1395:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1343:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1234:Linnaeus (1758)
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1186:
1132:Olivier Messiaen
1110:his 5th symphony
1080:
1079:
1060:
930:Eurasian magpies
898:northern goshawk
815:common chickweed
807:common knotgrass
733:Falkland Islands
726:Lord Howe Island
714:E. c. caliginosa
703:Balearic Islands
633:contact call, a
607:E. c. citrinella
571:E. c. citrinella
545:E. c. caliginosa
494:E. c. caliginosa
484:E. c. citrinella
449:The bird family
418:10th edition of
296:
278:
276:
271:
269:
264:
262:
252:
232:
129:
128:
108:
103:
102:
75:
74:
62:E. c. citrinella
55:
43:
42:
32:Northern flicker
21:
3225:
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3220:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3195:Birds of Russia
3190:Birds of Europe
3170:
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3155:
3150:
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3137:
3129:
3124:
3116:
3111:
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3098:
3090:
3087:Observation.org
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3077:
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2803:
2798:
2790:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2742:
2718:by Robert Burns
2701:Wayback Machine
2685:
2675:
2656:
2644:, eds. (1998).
2630:
2599:
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2104:
2098:
2094:
2084:
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2073:
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2013:
2009:
1994:10.2307/3545664
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1940:on 3 March 2016
1932:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1893:Acta Oecologica
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1106:Anton Schindler
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1039:
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1034:
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979:
954:Ascaridia galli
878:
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618:flight feathers
587:covert feathers
537:
477:
420:Systema Naturae
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2950:Fauna Europaea
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2683:External links
2681:
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2519:Linnaeus, Carl
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2391:The Rural Muse
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1769:
1747:
1736:. 16 July 2010
1722:"Yellowhammer
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1383:
1348:"Yellowhammer"
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975:
939:in the genera
914:brood parasite
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693:more strongly
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2736:
2730:by John Clare
2729:
2726:
2724:by John Clare
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1301:"Emberizidae"
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1137:Chronochromie
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517:
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372:
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368:
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3069:yellowhammer
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2400:Cocker, Mark
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2345:Blyton, Enid
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2109:the original
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2076:
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1938:the original
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1530:The Guardian
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846:grasshoppers
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461:superspecies
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386:Robert Burns
383:
347:
343:pine bunting
310:
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306:yellowhammer
305:
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211:
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198:
61:
40:
2989:iNaturalist
2772:Wikispecies
2638:Snow, David
2386:Clare, John
2319:Cited texts
2027:(30): 1–9.
2021:BMC Ecology
1611:(1): 9–16.
1373:6 September
1311:6 September
1220:19 November
1102:Carl Czerny
996:Isle of Man
959:haematozoan
948:Dasypsyllus
894:sparrowhawk
842:springtails
535:Description
526:and in the
502:Isle of Man
451:Emberizidae
402:Enid Blyton
188:Emberizidae
3174:Categories
3139:Xeno-canto
1851:Bird Study
1730:Bird Facts
1536:13 January
1288:required.)
1174:References
1093:media help
1019:Dorchester
1011:John Clare
1002:In culture
862:earthworms
762:monogamous
718:introduced
667:Palearctic
475:Subspecies
436:citrinella
429:Old German
390:John Clare
335:subspecies
331:introduced
84:, England
2347:(2008) .
2139:Peregrine
1899:: 50–56.
1578:1474-919X
1368:216356773
795:brassicas
775:altricial
743:Behaviour
695:migratory
671:isotherms
524:Black Sea
394:Beethoven
355:altricial
339:migratory
316:passerine
206:Species:
144:Kingdom:
138:Eukaryota
3185:Emberiza
3033:22720878
3007:10583076
2877:bob18570
2841:22720878
2836:BirdLife
2825:BioLib:
2757:Wikidata
2697:Archived
2521:(1758).
2388:(1835).
2234:25434536
2118:27 April
2085:24 April
2061:24011390
1944:25 April
1762:15 April
1758:. EURING
1740:27 April
1660:53147836
1625:84361143
1586:89795507
1434:86210860
748:Breeding
528:Caucasus
456:Emberiza
444:yelambre
425:Emberiza
408:Taxonomy
398:Messiaen
350:cup nest
237:Linnaeus
199:Emberiza
184:Family:
158:Chordata
154:Phylum:
148:Animalia
134:Domain:
111:IUCN 3.1
3152:ZooBank
2981:2491534
2903:yellow2
2864:yellow2
2813:Avibase
2542:1575647
2052:3848531
2029:Bibcode
2002:3545664
1982:Bibcode
1901:Bibcode
1859:Bibcode
1800:4488345
1236:p. 177.
866:spiders
854:beetles
831:finches
827:contain
823:cereals
811:fat hen
789:Feeding
716:, were
687:Irkutsk
520:Siberia
516:Balkans
498:Clancey
432:Embritz
377:by the
363:corvids
327:Eurasia
323:bunting
321:in the
314:) is a
194:Genus:
174:Order:
164:Class:
109: (
3118:368988
3105:828708
3076:NZOR:
3066:NZBO:
3020:179537
2937:EURING
2916:EMBRCT
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2178:p. 79.
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904:, and
870:snails
868:, and
819:yarrow
817:, and
779:fledge
770:clutch
707:Faroes
679:Iberia
675:Arctic
575:rufous
554:Female
359:fledge
275:
268:
261:
3059:37595
3002:IRMNG
2955:97523
2942:18570
2924:EUNIS
2898:eBird
2890:39FSZ
2861:BOW:
2854:70325
2230:JSTOR
2112:(PDF)
2105:(PDF)
1998:JSTOR
1974:Oikos
1920:(PDF)
1889:(PDF)
1796:S2CID
1656:S2CID
1621:S2CID
1582:S2CID
1430:S2CID
1364:S2CID
1282:
937:fleas
922:crows
906:hobby
850:flies
803:docks
639:tirrr
624:Voice
583:moult
543:Male
512:Brehm
440:Ammer
82:Devon
60:Male
3131:6438
3054:NCBI
3028:IUCN
3015:ITIS
2994:9195
2976:GBIF
2929:1023
2911:EPPO
2849:BOLD
2828:9031
2669:ISBN
2650:ISBN
2624:ISBN
2593:ISBN
2574:ISBN
2555:ISBN
2538:OCLC
2505:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2465:ISBN
2446:ISBN
2427:ISBN
2408:ISBN
2372:ISBN
2353:ISBN
2331:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2120:2014
2087:2014
2057:PMID
1946:2014
1780:Ibis
1764:2014
1742:2014
1574:ISSN
1558:Ibis
1538:2017
1375:2022
1313:2022
1222:2021
1205:2016
1152:and
1046:and
981:The
945:and
918:mice
912:, a
884:The
768:The
756:Eggs
467:and
396:and
388:and
319:bird
304:The
241:1758
168:Aves
3126:TSA
3041:NBN
2885:CoL
2872:BTO
2787:ADW
2222:doi
2218:149
2047:PMC
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1990:doi
1978:742
1972:".
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