Embodied cognition

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remembered event during a recall event. Researchers found out that participants given compatible body positions compared to incompatible body positions showed faster responses in recalling memories during the experiment. Thus, they concluded that body position facilitates access to autobiographical memories. The relationship between memory and body has also emphasised that memory systems depend on the body's experiences with the world. This is particularly evident in episodic memory because this type of memories in the episodic memory system are defined by their content and are remembered as experienced by the person who is remembering. Research has also investigated the relationship between embodiment and memory by recalling collective and personal memories indicating how embodiment enriches the understanding of memory. Embodied memory research through the recalling of personal traumas and violent memories has reported that people who have experienced trauma or violence re-feel their experiences in their narratives throughout their lives. In addition, memories that threaten a person's life by directly affecting the body, such as injury and physical violence, recreate similar reactions again in the body while remembering the event. For example, people can report feeling smells, sounds, and movements when remembering childhood trauma memories. A proper evaluation of those memories and the corresponding physical and physiological phenomena associated with them could describe how those set of recalled memories are embodied.

1456:, the AAT was used to demonstrate the interaction between emotions and visual exploration. Pictures of news pages were presented on the computer screen and eye movements were measured. Researchers found out that the participants' harmonious bodily interaction during the emotional preparation process shows that their interest in the image's content displayed on the computer screen increased. These findings demonstrate the effect of emotional priming in the approach and avoidance behavior. A study on the behavioral aspects of the AAT suggests that there is an embodied component that is crucial to it. To investigate the role of gestures in AAT, participants were asked to react to positive and negative stimuli by either pressing a (far or near) button on a response pad; or by pushing forward or pulling backward a joystick. Researchers reported a significant response time advantage for the congruent responses when performed with the joystick and none when performed with the response pad. The fact that participants are faster at responding to the stimuli with the joystick seems to suggest the role of a crucial embodied component. In contrast to the response pad, the joystick couples more naturally with the body (hand) for the performance of the action and facilitates the gesture of approaching or avoiding positive or negative stimuli. 779:

that were typical in the 1950s–1980s are now considered implausible because there is no continuity with the cognitive skills that would have been demanded and developed by the ancestors of the human species. The earlier version of the concept of embodiment in cognition was offered in 1997-1999 by Irina Trofimova who called the experimentally proven effects of embodiment in meaning attribution as "projection through capacities". Some researchers indeed argue that this algorithmic focus on mental activities ignores the fact that human beings engage with evolutionary pressures using their entire bodies. Margaret Wilson considers the embodied cognition perspective as fundamentally an evolutionary one, viewing cognition as a set of abilities that built upon, and still reflects, the structure of physical bodies and how human brains evolved to manage those bodies. The theory of evolution emphasises that thanks to their bipedal gait, early humans did not need their 'forepaws' for locomotion, facilitating them to manipulate the environment with the aid of tools. One researcher goes even further, positing that the multiple opportunities provided by human hands shape people's concepts of the mind. One example is that people often conceive cognitive processes in manual terms, such as 'grasping an idea'.

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working with the physical world and systems which came alongside robotics. Robotics are essential for the embodied artificial perspective due to their differing capabilities from computers; computers define the inputs; robots can interact with the physical world via their own body. Researchers working on embodied AI are moving away from an algorithm-driven approach to robots interacting with the physical world. Embodied Artificial intelligence tries to figure out how biological systems work first, then construct basic rules of intelligent behavior, and finally apply that knowledge to create artificial systems, robots, or intelligent devices. Embodied artificial intelligence has a large scale of applications and research. For instance, the embodied artificial approach can be seen in micro- and nano-mechatronic systems and evolvable hardware, top-down bio-synthetic systems research, bottom-up chemo-synthetic systems, and biochemical systems. The majority of embodied artificial intelligence focuses on robot training and autonomous vehicle technologies. Autonomous vehicles have a significant interest in embodied artificial intelligence applications because this technology allows driving and making possible judgments based on what they see as humans do.

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action-based designs. In perception-based designs, the target is a/b concepts such as likelihood, slope, and proportional equivalence in geometrical similitude. The first step in this design involves asking students to use their naïve worldview to judge a set of material presented to them by their teacher, which affirms their naïve worldview. Afterward, teachers provide students with appropriate media and attempt to guide them to build models by following the formal procedure. In action-based designs, learners are presented with sensorimotor problems. Abrahamson and colleagues developed the "Mathematical Imagery Trainer" platform to explore this design. In one particular version of this platform, designed to teach proportions to learners, they moved two cursors with both hands to turn a screen green. The screen would only turn green when the height of right and left hands from the base had a particular ratio. Once learners discovered the strategy to solve this problem, the grid and numerals are added to the screen to shift learners from a qualitative to a quantitative understanding of the concept at hand.

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person's point of view and understanding how they see the world. Spatial perspective-taking (SPT) involves the ability to access what spatial information another viewer is perceiving, such as the orientation of objects in relation to each other. Accordingly, VPT has two different levels. VPT1 refers to understanding what is in someone else's point of view; VPT2 entails adopting this point of view and understanding how the world is represented from this point of view. Both levels are grounded and situated, yet it is only VPT2 that is embodied; it is only VPT2 that relies on deliberate movement simulation. In the case of SPT, research has shown that not only the presence of another person in the position of potential actions on objects leads to SPT in participants, but also phrasing the query in terms of actions increases the number of people who participate in SPT. The embodiment of SPT is also dependent on sex and social skills. Males and people with lower social skills are said to have lower levels of embodiment in SPT as compared to females and people with higher social skills.

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houses a number of different claims: (1) cognition is situated; (2) cognition is time-pressured; (3) we off-load cognitive work onto the environment; (4) the environment is part of the cognitive system; (5) cognition is for action; (6) offline cognition is bodily-based". According to Wilson, the first three and the fifth claim appear to be at least partially true, while the fourth claim is deeply problematic in that all things that have an impact on the elements of a system are not necessarily considered part of the system. The sixth claim has received the least attention in the literature on embodied cognition, yet it might be the most significant of the six claims as it shows how certain human cognitive capabilities, that previously were thought to be highly abstract, now appear to be leaning towards an embodied approach for their explanation. Wilson also describes at least five main (abstract) categories that combine both sensory and motor skills (or sensorimotor functions). The first three are

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problems such as mental rotation tasks, motor experts (such as wrestlers) favor motor processes over visual encoding to manipulate the objects mentally, showing higher overall performance. Results indicate that motor experts' performance drops once the (hand) movement is inhibited. A related study showed that motor experts use similar processes for the mental rotation of body parts and polygons, whereas non-experts treated these stimuli differently. These results were not due to underlying confounds, as demonstrated by a training study that showed mental rotation improvements after a one-year motor training compared with controls. Similar patterns were also found in working memory tasks, with the ability to remember movements being significantly disrupted by a secondary verbal task in controls and by a motor task in motor experts, suggesting the involvement of different mechanisms to encode movements based on either verbal or on motor processes.

785:(1904–1979) developed his theory on ecological psychology that entirely contradicted the computationalist idea of understanding the mind as information processing which by that time had permeated psychology—both in theory and practice. Gibson particularly disagreed with the way his contemporaries understood the nature of perception. Computationalist perspectives, for example, consider perceptual objects as an unreliable source of information upon which the mind must do some sort of inference. Gibson view perceptual processes as the product of the relation between a moving agent and its relationship with a specific environment. Similarly, Varela and colleague's argue that both cognition and the environment are not pre-given; instead, they are enacted or brought forth by the agent's history of sensorimotor and structurally coupled activities. 1134: 1220:

emerged in 1995-99 and expanded from 2010s The embodiment effect initially was called "projection through capacities" and emerged as a tendency of people attribute meaning to common adjectives and abstract and neutral nouns depending on their endurance, tempo, plasticity, emotionality, sex or age. For example, in these studies males with stronger motor-physical endurance estimated abstractions describing people-, work/reality- and time-related concepts in more positive terms than males with a weaker endurance. Females with stronger social or physical endurance estimated social attractors in more positive terms than weaker females. Both male and female temperament groups with higher sociability showed a universal positive bias in their estimations of social concepts, in comparison to participants with lower sociability.

909:" to investigate how people understand abstract concepts. Accordingly, abstract concepts are understood by considering basic physical situations. Abstract concepts, whose basic physical states are considered, are then interpreted by using sensory-motor and perceptual skills. Thus, it is shown that there is a spatial reasoning process that requires using the body even in reasoning over abstract concepts. In this context, the image schema is seen as a conceptual metaphor form. For example, spatial reasoning skills and the visual cortex tend to be used to understand a mathematical concept consisting of imaginary numbers that are purely abstract. Thus, it has been shown how important the body plays in the image schema as in the conceptual metaphor in the interpretation of concepts. 1840:

practice by providing a more comprehensive view of cognitive processes under both normal and pathological conditions by highlighting the role of the body and sensory-motor experience in cognition. Thereby, challenging the integration of embodied cognitive practices in clinical assessment and diagnosis processes. For instance, there exist a number of interventions and therapies which are incorporating the ability of the body to influence cognitive states to aid individuals with psychological difficulties. An example is the already established use of behavioral treatments for children's disorders such as autism. Another example of embodied integrative therapies involves sensorimotor retraining as well as stimulation techniques to prevent, reduce, or release pain associated with

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robots perform better in complex and dynamic environments that create unpredictable situations for robots most of the time. The behavior of these robots changes according to their environment so that they can deal with incredibility in various situations. For instance, social situations are rife with unpredictability, and social robots need to be able to predict all sorts of behaviors—human or otherwise. In this vein, Jun Tani's lab has introduced an abstract brain model called PV-RNN, based on the principle of free energy, and has incorporated a meta-prior in it. While a high meta-prior leads to a confident behavior generation in robots and ignores the behavior of other robots, robots with a low meta-prior adapt to the behaviour of other robots and avoid generating their own

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states. Consequently, gesturing while expressing or reasoning ideas shows that embodied processes are involved in producing them. More significantly, gesturing heightens focus and increases activation of motor and perceptual information. Gestures are said to have a casual role in reasoning as gesturing leads to increased motor and perceptual information flow during the reasoning process. This does not necessarily translate into more effective reasoning, as such information is sometimes irrelevant for a specific problem. The effects of gestures on reasoning are not limited only to speakers; they convey information that also affects listeners' reasoning. For example, listeners could produce similar simulations to those of the speaker by attending to the speaker's gestures.

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lead to bodily changes. Researchers have drawn attention to the relationship between memory and action from an embodied cognition approach where memory is defined as integrated patterns of actions limited by the body. On the one hand, embodied cognition sees action preparation as a fundamental function of cognition. On the other hand, memory plays a role in tasks that do not occur in the present but involve remembering actions and information from the past and imagining events that may or may not happen in the future. Glenberg blurs this apparent dichotomy by arguing that there is a reciprocal relationship between memory, action, and perception. Accordingly, manipulations that can take place in the body or movement can lead to changes in memory.

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made the comparison with respect to Broca's area. Another study concerning the role of mirror neurons during learning via language usage stated that activations occurred in Broca's area even when participants watched other people's conversations without hearing the sounds. An fMRI study examining the relationship of mirror neurons in humans with linguistic materials has shown that there are activations in the premotor cortex and Broca's area when reading or listening to sentences associated with actions. According to these findings, researchers state that there is a connection between the motor system and language. They also argue that the motor system together with mirror neurons mechanisms can process certain aspects of language.

1417:. Research has shown, through manipulations of facial expressions and posture under controlled laboratory settings, how the embodiment of a person's emotion casually affects the way emotional information is processed. Similar studies have evidenced that nodding the head while listening to persuasive messages led to more positive attitudes toward the message than when shaking the head. When people are led to adopt certain bodily positions indirectly associated with different feelings such as fear, anger, and sadness, these corporeal postures are said to modulate the experienced affect. In a series of experiments on the neurobiological basis of language, researchers investigated the role of embodiment in emotional language through 1538:

can be a signal for evaluation of whether a person is desirable or dangerous. Embodied cognition can aid in clarifying others' emotions when emotional signals may be ambiguous. In a study, participants were able to identify expression shifts faster when they mimicked them in contrast to participants holding a pen in their mouths that froze their facial muscles, therefore, unable to mimic facial expressions. Other goal-relevant actions may be encouraged by embodied cognition, as evidenced by the automated approach and avoidance of certain environmental cues. Embodied cognition is also influenced by the situation. If one moves in a way previously associated with danger, the body may require a higher level of

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modalities; motor modalities include movement; and introspection includes emotional, mental, and motivational states. All of these modalities altogether constitute different aspects that shape experiences. Therefore, cognitive processes applied to memory support the action that is appropriate for a particular situation, not by remembering what the situation is, but by remembering the relationship of the action to that situation. For example, remembering and identifying the party one attended the previous day is said to be related to the body because the sensory-motor aspects of the event that is being recalled (i.e., the party), along with the details of what happened, are being reconstructed.

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representations of the surrounding environment were considered as the product of "powerful brains that can maintain the world models and devise plans". From this perspective, cognizing was conceived as something that an isolated brain did. In contrast, accepting the role the body plays during cognitive processes allows us to account for a more encompassing view of cognition. This shift in perspective within neuroscience suggests that successful behavior in real-world scenarios demands the integration of several sensorimotor and cognitive (as well as affective) capacities of an agent. Thus, cognition emerges in the relationship between an agent and the

1691:. Research on sensory substitution and sensory substitution devices investigates the replacement of one modality by another (e.g. visual information replaced by tactile information). The core idea is that sensorimotor contingencies of one modality are transmitted via another modality. Sensory augmentation aims for the perception of a new sense via already existing perceptual channels. In this case, sensory augmentation allows for new sensorimotor contingencies to be formed. In the field of robotics, researchers investigate, for example, how visual SMCs are learned on a neural level with the help of a robotic arm and dynamic neural fields. 629: 1731: 902:

conceptual metaphors from different fields were collected to explain how metaphors relate to other metaphors and often refer to body aspects. The most common example given to this explanation is when people describe the concept of love, associating this love metaphor with physically embodied journey experiences. Another example of the language and embodiment of Lakoff and Mark Turner is visual metaphors. Accordingly, they argue that the positioning of these visual metaphors for upright and forward-moving creatures depends on body type and the characteristics of the body's interaction with the environment.

688:(1908–1962) served as a source of inspiration for what would later be known as the embodiment thesis. They stood up against the mechanistic and disembodied approach to the explanation of the mind by emphasizing the fact that there are aspects of human experiences (consciousness, cognition) that cannot simply be explained by a model of the mind as computation of inner symbols. From a phenomenological standpoint, such aspects remain unaccountable if, as in Cartesian dualism, they are not "deeply rooted in the physical nuts-and-bolts of the interacting agent". Maurice Merleau-Ponty in his 1279:. According to Eleanor Gibson, exploration takes an essential place in cognitive development. For example, infants explore whatever is in their vicinity by seeing, mouthing, or touching it before learning to reach objects nearby. Then, infants learn to crawl, which enables them to seek out objects beyond reaching distance, learn basic spatial relations between themselves, objects, and others, and get an understanding of depth and distance. This development of motor skills through the exploration of the physical and social world seems to play a central role in visual-spatial cognition. 839: 1534:

group. One can therefore deduce that firming one's muscles can help to get over their physical aversion to viewing the devastation in Haiti and spending money. Similarly, physical or environmental cues signal the energetic costs of action and, subsequently, influence willingness to engage in additional volitional action. Studies have also shown that exposure to physical or conceptual thirst or dryness-related cues reduces perceived energy and, successively, decreases self-regulation. These studies suggest that embodied cognition can play a role in self-regulation.

1570: 2193:. And many cases of facilitative movements of the body due to priming may be incorrectly labeled as evidence of embodied cognition. The pencil-in-teeth study evidencing embodied cognition may be considered the result of priming. Researchers could have deduced that the quicker responses to positive sentences by participants engaging their smiling muscles indicated embodied cognition. Opponents argue that the effects obtained during this experiment were primed or facilitated by the engagement of certain facial muscles. Priming (pencil in teeth, lips) may 530: 2115:

for young organisms at the onset of life. While young organisms need to combine objects, backgrounds, and abstract or emotional features into a single experience to build a surrounding reality, they cannot independently distinguish relevant sensory stimuli. Even the embodied dynamical system approach cannot get around the cue to noise problem. This ability requires categorizing the environment into objects that come into being through (and only after) perception and intentionality. Embodied cognition position doesn’t solve this problem.

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actions, those of "beauty" and "freedom" can not. Abstract terms show a strong tendency to be semantically linked to knowledge about emotions. In addition, abstract words strongly activate the anterior cingulate cortex, a site known to be relevant for emotion processing. Motor system activation for emotion-expressing body parts was found when adults processed abstract emotion words, indicating that, for one important class of abstract concepts, semantic grounding in emotion-expressing action can partly explain the meaning–symbol link.

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participants needed both hands to move them. The disks remained the same for the other group (no-switch group). After the experiment ended, participants were asked to explain their solution while researchers monitored their gestures when describing their solution. The results showed that using gestures affected the performance of the switch group in the second part of the experiment. The more they used one-handed gestures to depict their solution in the first part of the experiment, the worse they performed in the second part.

2007:, which bases musical meaning on merely perception-based analysis of musical structure. Through the measurement of sounds, movement, human physiology, and computational modeling, embodied music cognition is constantly building up reliable knowledge about the role of the human body in musical meaning formation. Embodied music cognition is potentially applicable to better understand the role of music in social interactions. Multiple studies show that children move more synchronously with music when they dance as a group. 1781: 1598:

associated with positive synchrony while negative emotions were associated negatively. Other findings describe a causal relation between synchrony and emotions with synchrony leading to affect rather than vice versa. In a similar study, same-sex participant pairs were instructed to alternate asking certain questions and to progressively self-disclose. Results show that people spontaneously move together in space and synchronize their movement, enhancing the quality of interaction (embodied rapport).

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spatial skills that allow them to (successfully) interact with the world around them. Most infants learn to walk in the first 18 months of life, which draws on ample new opportunities for exploring things around them. In this exploration, infants learn spatial relations, and by carrying objects from one place to another, they may also learn affordances such as "transportability". Thereafter, new phases in exploration may occur through which infants can discover other even more elaborate

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three-month-old infants who were not skilled in reaching were trained to reach for objects with velcro-covered mittens instead. Afterward, the assessments and comparison with the control group showed that infants can rapidly form goal-based action representations and view others' actions as goal-directed. Further research indicates that mere observational experience by infants does not produce these results. Similarly, research has shown how action and bodily movements can be used as

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environment and the specific situation the individual is in. Perception involves more complex processes than simply receiving inputs (or visual stimuli) from the external world to output actions in response to them. Perception is an active process conducted by a perceiving agent (a perceiver); it entails an engaged perceiver and is influenced by the agent's experiences and intentions, its bodily states, and the interaction between the agent's body and the environment around it.

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they are told that they are important or hold important information in contrast to unimportant information. Similarly, weight affects the way people invest physical and cognitive effort when dealing with concrete or abstract issues. For example, more importance is assigned to decision–making procedures when holding heavier clipboards. What this suggest is that the physical effort invested in concrete objects leads to more cognitive effort when dealing with abstract concepts.

1767: 1828: 15237: 14213: 796:. Given the traces of abstraction that remain in the inputs and outputs through which connectionist neural networks carry its computations, connectionism is said to be not so far from computationalism and unable to cope with both the challenge of dealing with the details involved during perceiving and acting and explaining higher level cognition. Likewise, connectionism's take on cognition is biologically inspired by the behavior and interaction of single 1151: 1615:

alternative perspective on response time and accuracy) was detected in both egocentric and allocentric conditions in explicit VPT1 and VPT2. Incongruencies in VPT1 less influenced older adults. In VPT2, older adults showed a more significant congruency effect and influence of allocentric perspective during egocentric judgment. These results could explain the impairment of older adults in social tasks that rely on perspective-taking.

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cognitive science offering new ways to look at the nature, structure, and mechanisms of cognition. Embodying cognition requires the different features of cognition such as perception, language, memory, learning, reasoning, emotion, self-regulation, and its social aspects to be revisited and investigated through the lens of embodiment in order to ground its theoretical and methodological underpinnings.

1566:, research focuses on how people interact and influence one another. In the context of embodiment, research in social cognition investigates how the presence of people and interactions between them affects each other's thoughts, feelings, and behavior. More precisely, social cognition proposes that thoughts, feelings, and behavior are grounded in sensorimotor experiences and bodily states. 15248: 14200: 1819:, Atlas is an anthropomorphic robot with a height of 1.5 m and a weight of 89 kg that can move with agility and diversity in various situations. The algorithms of Atlas allow for the complex and dynamic interaction between its body and the environment. The movement of Atlas is driven by perception and has evolved over time from on-fly adjustment to perceiving its environment. 1288:

evidence about the possibility for high-risk of ASD infants to learn and respond to action-based treatment interventions. Another study investigates how teaching methods can benefit from embodiment and proposes that a professor's movements and gestures contribute to learning by growing students' embodied experiences in the classroom, leading to an increased capacity to recall.

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the neurons that were active during the original experience. During the re-experience process, a partial multimodal reenactment of the experience is produced. One reason why only parts of the original neural populations are reactivated is that attention is selectively focused on certain aspects of the experience that are most salient and important for the individual.

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reason, embodied cognition is considered as a wide-ranging research program, rather than a well-defined and unified theory. A scientific approach to embodied cognition reaches, inspires, and brings together ideas from several research areas, each with its own take on embodiment yet in a joint effort to (methodically) investigate embodied cognition.

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towards the center. The study concludes that participants moved the given positive words towards the center of the screen while moving the negative words away from the center of the screen. In conformity with the AAT, participants showed an approach effect for positive words and avoidance effects for negative words. In a 2021 study on emotional or

1064:(MEPs) recorded from the hand and foot muscles were reduced. These two exemplary studies indicate a relationship between cognitively understanding words referring to sensorimotor concepts and activation of sensorimotor cortices. Along the lines of embodiment, neuroimaging techniques serve to show interactions of the sensory and motor system. 1709: 1232:

simulation of the action described. These action simulations also include evaluation of the motor system. A study in which university students evaluated language comprehension and motor system with a pendulum swinging task while performing a "sentence judgment task" found significant changes in functions containing performable sentences.

1196:, with more orientation errors for pointing than for grasping. Because orientation is important when grasping an object, the plan to grasp an object is thought to improve orientation accuracy. This shows how actions, the body's interaction with the environment, can contribute to the visual processing of task-relevant information. 886:. Their research has provided evidence suggesting that people use their understanding of familiar physical objects, actions, and situations to understand other domains. All cognition is based on the knowledge that comes from the body and other disciplines are mapped onto humans' embodied knowledge using a combination of 1763:) relied heavily on symbolic computational principles that, consequently, demanded that it iterate through long command sequences to perform a particular action. Thus, Shakey was slow and could take days to complete particular tasks. Besides, Shakey's performance was constrained by a highly controlled environment. 922:

characteristics, is that the feature of the categories people use is a bodily experience. Thus, as seen in the general of these approaches, it can be said that the most basic feature in understanding and interpreting linguistic concepts and categories is whether the concept or category has been experienced bodily.

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Spaulding call the "embodied make-over". A consequence of this widespread acceptance of the embodiment thesis is the emergence of 4E features of cognition (embodied, embedded, enacted, and extended cognition). Under 4E, cognition is no longer thought of as being instantiated in or by a single organism, rather:

2176:. Inside the field of embodied cognition, it indicates that certain findings have failed to be reproduced with the same results as the originals. Such studies have in common the embodiment idea that bodily experiences influence cognitive processes that are typically considered as mental. For example, 1839:

The procedures and methods of investigation in clinical neuropsychology have been directly influenced by localization and computational approaches to cognition. These techniques have made numerous contributions to the development of clinical practice. Embodied cognition broadens the scope of clinical

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Embodied AI tries not to overlook or underestimate the "body" when creating AI systems. It poses that future research should move towards systems that incorporate embodied perspectives. The body as a contributor to states of the mind is seen as more than a mere follower of (algorithmic) instructions.

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In a survey from 2020, researchers analyzed several frameworks that bring embodied cognition theory into clever classroom practices for the teaching and learning of mathematics. The embodied design-based research program identifies and classifies at least two forms of embodied designs: perception and

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Over the past years, embodied cognition research has gradually redeemed the scientific study of bodily experiences and simultaneously laid a theoretical and empirical foundation across multiple disciplines. Principles and findings underlying embodied cognition have begun to be transferred and applied

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social interaction study from 2014, same-sex participants interacted verbally in "cooperative", "competitive", and "fun task" conditions. The focus of this study was to investigate the connection between the participants' affectivity and nonverbal synchrony. Results showed that positive emotions were

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Some suggest that the embodied mind serves self-regulatory processes by combining movement and cognition to reach a goal. Thus, the embodied mind has a facilitative effect. To navigate the social world, one must approach helpful resources such as friends and avoid dangers like foes. Facial expression

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Embodied cognition theories have provided rigorous accounts of emotion and the processing of information about emotion. In this respect, experiencing and re-experiencing an emotion involve overlapping mental processes. Research has shown that one re-experiences emotion through the interconnections of

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More evidence for the embodied role of gestures during reasoning comes from studies on mathematical and geometric reasoning. Studies indicate that gestures and, more particularly, dynamic depictive gestures (i.e., gestures used to represent and show the transformation of objects) are linked to better

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The role of motor experience in reasoning has also been investigated through gestures. The Gesture as Simulated Action theory (GSA) provides a framework for understanding how gestures manifest their connection. According to GSA, gestures result from the embodied simulation of actions and sensorimotor

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are categories that can be associated with basic physical motions; they are made up of prototypes that can be easily visualized. These prototypes are used for reasoning about general categories. On the other hand, Lakoff emphasizes that what is important in prototype theory, rather than class or type

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Research on embodied cognition comprises a variety of fields within the sciences such as linguistics, neuroscience, (cognitive) psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, robotics, etc. For this reason, contemporary developments on embodied cognition can be regarded as the embodied make-over of

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Another approach to understanding embodied cognition comes from a narrower characterization of the embodiment thesis. The following narrower view of embodiment avoids any compromises to external sources other than the body and allows differentiating between embodied cognition, extended cognition, and

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we mean to highlight two points: first that cognition depends upon the kinds of experience that come from having a body with various sensorimotor capacities, and second, that these individual sensorimotor capacities are themselves embedded in a more encompassing biological, psychological and cultural

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is the viewpoint on how organisms at the simple reflexes stage of development overcome the threshold of the environmental chaos of sensory stimuli. Using mathematical tools of communication theory, it shows the insuperable high threshold of the cacophony of environmental stimuli (the stimuli noise)

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One aspect of social cognition concerns perspective-taking, which consists in perceiving a situation from another person's point of view. Two categories of perspective-taking include visual and spatial perspective-taking. Visual perspective-taking (VPT) is defined as viewing a situation from another

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Another study used the mirror neurons perspective to illustrate the relationship between the motor system and several language components. Because mirror neurons are one of the essential parts of the motor system, researchers compared monkeys and humans in an anatomical framework; specifically, they

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It is well known that language has a multi-component structure, one of which is language comprehension. Research on embodied cognition shows that language comprehension involves the motor system. In addition, various studies explain that understanding linguistic explanations of actions is based on a

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Embodied cognition views on language describes how when humans comprehend words, sensorimotor areas are involved in interacting with the objects and entities the words refer to. First experimental studies of the impact of body's sex, age and constitution (temperament) on language perception and use

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In the light of these, a body is essential for cognition and, therefore, for intelligent behavior since the interaction between the body and the environment is fundamental for developing cognitive abilities. This type of knowledge is grounded in physical embodiment–the relationship humans have

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Next to neuroimaging studies, behavioral studies also provides evidence supporting the embodied cognition theory. Abstract higher cognitive concepts such as the "importance" of an object or an issue also seem to stand in relation to the sensorimotor system. People estimate objects to be heavier when

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shows that objects that are prototypical are more easily categorized, and therefore, people can find answers by reasoning about the categories they encounter through these prototypes. Another study identified basic level categories that exemplify this situation in a more structured way. Accordingly,

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This thesis points out the core idea that an agent's body plays a significant role in shaping different features of cognition, such as perception, attention, memory, reasoning—among others. Likewise, these features of cognition depend on the kind of body an agent has. The thesis omits direct mention

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of the world, is strongly influenced by aspects of an agent's body beyond the brain itself. An embodied model of cognition opposes the disembodied Cartesian model, according to which all mental phenomena are non-physical and, therefore, not influenced by the body. With this opposition the embodiment

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Researchers failing to replicate the same results does not prove cognition is unaffected/uninfluenced by the body. There are still plenty of findings within the topic of embodied cognition that are scientifically sound. Some researchers state that many of the failed attempts to replicate embodiment

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The action-based language theory (ABL) states that aspects of embodiment are also relevant for language learning and acquisition. ABL proposes that the brain exploits the same mechanisms used in motor control for language learning. When adults, for example, call attention to an object and an infant

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Research on embodied cognition and learning suggests that learning could occur and be triggered by perception-action interactions of the body with the surrounding environment. An embodied cognitive approach to child development provides insights into how infants attain spatial knowledge and develop

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Since the 1950s, encouraged by progress in informatics, researchers began to create digital models of the processes by which sensory input is selected by the brain, stored in the memory, connected to existing knowledge and used for elaboration. These traditional computationalists views of cognition

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emphasizes that this extension is not just a matter of including resources outside the head but stressing the role of probing and changing interactions with the agent's world. Cognition is situated in that it is inherently dependent upon the cultural and social contexts within which it takes place.

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Embodied AI gave birth to situated robotic perspectives that included more versatile AI architectures. Situated robotics are based on an incremental approach to AI and reliance on parallel activity producers that interface effectively with action and perception. Unlike traditional robots, situated

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The approach and avoidance task. The top image depicts the zooming-out effect for avoidance and the bottom image the zooming-in effect for approach (as indicated by the arrows on the computer screen). The smaller images exemplify the approach and avoidance task performed by participants when using

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Embodied cognition theory has been applied in behavioral law and economics theory to enlighten reasoning and decision-making processes involving risk and time, decisions, and judgment. Research has shown that the idea that mental processes are grounded in bodily states is not being captured in the

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Experiments investigating the relation between motor processes and high-level reasoning have suggested that bodily action and sensorimotor experience are linked to various aspects of reasoning. A study indicated that even though most individuals recruit visual processes when presented with spatial

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Embodied cognition has also been linked to both reading and writing. Research shows that physical and perceptual engagements congruent with the content of the reading material can boost reading comprehension. Findings also suggest that the benefits accrued from handwriting as compared to typing in

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A study investigating the role of gestures in second language learning states that learning the vocabulary with self-performed gestures increases learning outcomes. The enduring benefits continued even after two and six months post-learning. In addition, the same study also investigated the neural

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and embodied cognition have been demonstrated in studies in different fields and through various tasks. In general, studies on embodied cognition and memory investigate how manipulations on the body cause changes in memory performance, or vice versa, manipulations through memory tasks subsequently

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As of 2014, literature mainly focuses on the relation between language and embodied cognition on a motor system, more precisely by mirror neuron explanations. This relationship also extends to cognitive capabilities which involve a variety of language components. Studies have examined how embodied

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of another person (e.g., a person in a picture) instead of their own when making judgements about objects in a photograph. This means that the presence of people (as compared to only objects) in a visual scene affects the perspective a viewer takes when making judgements on, for example, relations

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From an embodied cognition perspective, perception is not a passive reception of (incomplete) sensory inputs for which the brain must compensate to provide us with a coherent picture. The brain interprets the outside world based on an individual's intentions, memories, and emotions, as well as the

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argued that prototypes play an important role in people's cognition. According to her research, prototypes are the most typical members of a category, and she explains this with an example from birds. The robin, for example, is a prototypical bird while the penguin is not a prototypical bird which

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This double sense attributed to the embodiment thesis emphasizes the many aspects of cognition that researchers in different fields—such as philosophy, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, psychology, and neuroscience—are involved with. This general characterization of embodiment faces some

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The research on embodied music cognition focuses on two main trends: exploring embodiment and expanding the concept of embodiment in music. The first trend includes studies investigating bodily articulation and gesturing in relation to music. Embodied music cognition considers musical experiences

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is a well-known milestone in AI; it was one of the first approaches to building mobile robots capable of reasoning about their own actions and performing specific tasks in a determined environment. Shakey had a relatively simple body and followed commands by itself, melding logical reasoning with

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on donating money to Haiti was investigated. The participants either held the pen to fill out the donation sheet in their fingers ("control conditions") or in their hands ("muscle-firming" condition). Significantly, more participants of the "muscle-firming" group donated money than of the control

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measurements of specific muscle regions. They found that action verbs that refer to positive emotional expressions (e.g., to smile) elicit smile muscle activation as compared to mere positive adjectives unrelated to actions (e.g., funny). Further research found that action verb stimuli also yield

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study showed that children who learned to solve mathematical problems using a speech and gesture strategy were more likely to have activation in motor regions of the brain. The activation of motor regions occurred during scans in which children were not using gestures to solve the problems. These

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The conceptual metaphors research have argued that people use metaphors all over to be in charge of the conceptual level; in other words, they map one conceptual state into another one. Therefore, research has stated that there is a single metaphor behind various definitions. Several examples of

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So stated, the body is the primary condition for experience since it comprises a collection of active meanings about the world and its objects. The body also provides the first-person perspective (a point of view) with which one experiences the world and opens up multiple possibilities for being.

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In 2002, a collection of positive characterizations summarizing what the embodiment thesis entails for cognition were offered. Professor of Cognitive Psychology Margaret Wilson argues that the general outlook of embodied cognition "displays an interesting co-variation of multiple observations and

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correlate with positive emotions towards another person. These two exemplary studies describe how nonverbal, behavioral synchrony of bodily movements influences the psychological experience of the interaction between people. These findings support the embodiment thesis idea of bodily experiences

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and thereby a sense of feeling rather than thinking about a written message. At least some abstract words are said to be semantically grounded in emotional knowledge; they are "embodied". Whereas the meanings of the words "eye" and "grasp" can be explained to a degree, by pointing to objects and

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Researchers have also investigated the influence of body position on ease of recall in an autobiographical memory study to examine the effect of embodied cognition on memory performance. Participants were asked to take positions compatible or incompatible with their original body position of the

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The body has an essential role in shaping the mind. So, the mind must be understood in the context of its relationship with a physical body that interacts in the world. These interactions can also be cognitive activities in everyday life, such as driving, chatting, and imagining the placement of

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Traditional artificial intelligence involves a computational approach. This primary computational paradigm evolved to the embodied perspective with embodied cognition studies and brought more interdisciplinary research topics to artificial intelligence. Embodied perspective brings a necessity of

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Embodied cognition findings have been translated into an overhaul of educational and teaching practices in favor of embodied learning and teaching methods. In particular, such embodied practices feature prominently in science education. For example, Energy Theater is a method for teaching about

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The AAT has been investigated in different scenarios and with different types of stimuli such as words and images. A study focusing on the AAT on embodied cognition, for example, examined people's response to positive and negative words presented on the center of a screen by moving them away or

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for learning. A study investigating whether infants at high risk for developing autism spectrum disorders (ASD) could benefit from action scaffolded interventions (reaching experiences) during early development indicates an increase in grasping activity following training. And thus, it provides

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One example of such active interaction between perception and the body is the case that distance perception can be influenced by bodily states. The way people view the outside world can differ depending on the physical resources that individuals have such as fitness, age, or glucose levels. For

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Ever since the late 20th century and recognizing the significant role the body plays for cognition, the embodied cognition theory has gained (an ever increasing) popularity, it has been the subject of multiple articles in different research areas, and the mainstream approach to what Shapiro and

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On the bases of empirical grounds, and in opposition to those philosophical traditions that belittled the importance of the body to understand cognition, research on embodiment have demonstrated the relationship between cognition and bodily process. Thus, understanding cognition requires one to

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Interbrain neuroscience research in adults and growing evidence of goal-directed behavior in fetuses raise doubts regarding independence and self-sufficiency of the embodied cognition position. Indeed, there are severe concerns about this viewpoint as the only possible way to explain cognitive

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Embodied cognition has significantly impacted artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics; it has contributed to the drastic changes AI has been through over the last years. Insights from embodied cognition have allowed researchers to build more dynamic robots with more fluid and more expressive

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puzzle, participants were divided into two groups. In the first part of the experiment, the smallest disks used in TOH were the lightest and could be moved using just one hand. For the second part, this was reversed for one group (switch group) so that the smallest disks were the heaviest, and

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theses, sensory and motor processes in the brain are not sequentially separated, they are strongly coupled. Considering the interaction of the sensorimotor and cognitive system, a study from 2005 stresses how crucial sensorimotor cortices are for semantic comprehension of body–action terms and

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Embodied cognition argues that several factors both internal and external (such as the body and the environment) play a role in the development of an agent's cognitive capacities, just as mental constructs (such as thoughts and desires) are said to influence an agent's bodily actions. For this

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provided empirical evidence against the computationalist mindset arguing that although cortical maps exist in the brain and their patterns of activation give rise to perceptual experiences, they alone are unable to fully explain the subjective character of experience. Namely, it is unclear how

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also put forth a critique to the computationalist commitments yet granting the possibility of some sort of non-symbolic computational processes to take place. According to the connectionist thesis, cognition as a biological phenomenon can be explained and understood through the interaction and

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which is classified under embodied cognition because it states that having a person physically expand their body increases their confidence, failed to be replicated in several cases. Similarly, studies indicating that weight sensations activate concepts of importance, which in turn may affect

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users in the experience of child refugees from different countries, this project triggered strong empathy in viewers. In the "6 x 9" project, Guardian has used VR to replicate the experience of solitary confinement in American prisons. "Notes on Blindness: Into Darkness" released in 2016, an

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Research suggests that aging affects social cognition and perspective-taking. In one study, four experiments evaluated implicit and explicit VPT as well as executive and social cognition measures in healthy young and older adults. Congruency effect (the detrimental effect of congruency of the

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New perspectives on the neural structure and memory processes underlying embodied cognition, episodic memory, recall, and recognition have also been explored. As experiences are received, neural states are reenacted in action, perception, and introspection systems. Perception includes sensory

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This conceptual reframing of cognition as an activity influenced by the body has had significant implications. For instance, the view of cognition inherited by most contemporary cognitive neuroscience is internalist in nature. An agent's behavior along with its capacity to maintain (accurate)

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Some authors explain the embodiment thesis by arguing that cognition depends on an agent's body and its interactions with a determined environment. From this perspective, cognition in real biological systems is not an end in itself; it is constrained by the system's goals and capacities. Such

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can be defined as the capacity of organisms to successfully implement goal-consistent responses despite distracting or countervailing influences. Most people undergo a dilemma when they encounter immediate pains to gain long-term benefits. When facing this dilemma, the body can help augment

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Re-experience of emotion is produced in the originally implicated sensory-motor systems as if the individual were there, in the very situation, the very emotional state, or with the very object of thought. For example, the embodiment of anger might involve muscle tension used to strike, the

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and neural degeneracy result in emergent categorization. From a neuroscientific perspective, the embodied cognition theory examines the interaction of sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective neurological systems. The embodied mind thesis is compatible with some views of cognition promoted in

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The appreciation of the phenomenological mindset allows us to not overlook the influence that phenomenology's speculative but systematic reflection on the mind-body-world relation had in the growth and development of the core ideas which embodied cognition comprises. From a phenomenological

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means that when meeting a person, one initially experiences the other person via their bodily expressions, which has an impact before cognitive reflections. This phenomenon is investigated in social psychology and is known as nonverbal synchrony. Synchrony during social interaction arises

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performance in snap judgment (intuition), insight, and mathematical reasoning for proof. Additionally, the use of dynamic depictive gestures are associated with better mathematical reasoning, and thus, directing learners to use such gestures facilitates justification and proof activities.

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The role of gestures in learning is another example of the importance of embodiment for cognition. Gestures can aid, facilitate and enhance learning performance, or compromise it when the gestures are restricted or meaningless to the content that is being transmitted. In a study using the

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Embodied perception-action experience may serve as a tool for learning that extends across the life span, from infancy to adulthood. Research on the role of action in early as well as educational learning contexts demonstrates the importance of embodiment for learning. In one experiment,

1909:. It was reported that sports judges who had performed the judged tasks and/or had experience observing others perform the specific tasks would achieve better in judging a specific sport activity compared to someone without this motor and observational experience. In another study, 514:

It would be a mistake, however, to suppose that cognition consists simply of building maximally accurate representations of input information...the gaining of knowledge is a stepping stone to achieving the more immediate goal of guiding behavior in response to the system's changing

2144:. Infants may first develop a passive mode of embodied cognition before they develop the active mode involving fine motor movements. Researchers have described how this is problematic in that there is no apparent reason to suppose that the abilities described through looking-time 1091:). There are several neuroscientific approaches to explain cognition from an embodied perspective as well as multiple methods such as neuroimaging techniques, behavioral experiments, and dynamical models that can be employed to support and further investigate embodied cognition. 767:. For Dewey, experiences affect people's personal lives as they are the by-product of continuous and commutative interactions of a biological and organic self (an incarnated body) with the world. These lived (corporeal) experiences should serve as the foundation to build upon. 1409:

or a "mirror neuron system", which maps the correspondences between the observed and performed actions. A remaining issue is the lack of consensus about the exact location of the mirror neurons, whether they constitute a system, and whether there actually are mirror neurons.

497:, for example, are usually intertwined and not always carefully separated. And since each of the aspects of the embodiment thesis is endorsed to different degrees, embodied cognition should be better seen "as a research program rather than a well-defined unified theory". 1742:

Overall, embodied cognition has served as a new framework for exploring the learning process and developing new educational practices. The older educational methods are slowly being replaced or complemented by the new approaches inspired by embodied cognition theory.

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Many features of cognition are embodied in that they are deeply dependent upon characteristics of the physical body of an agent, such that the agent's beyond-the-brain body plays a significant causal role, or a physically constitutive role, in that agent's cognitive

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used by researchers. The evidence supporting embodiment abounds within the different sciences, yet the interpretation of results and their significance are still disputed and researchers continue looking for appropriate ways to study and explain embodied cognition.

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The Human Orrery is another embodied educational method in which students learn about the solar system through enactment. In this method, the position of the planets is marked by disks, and the participants enact the role of the planets by moving on their orbits.

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A timeline graph reconstructing historically relevant developments and key contributions that influenced the growth of embodied cognition. To the left are the years in descending order. The legend on the top-right corner indicates how to interpret the connections

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is determined by the knowledge of how sensory information changes when one acts in the world. As an example, to look underneath an object, one has to bend down, shift one's head, and change the gaze direction. Proponents of the SMCs theory argue that every

10653:"Music and Metronomes Differentially Impact Motor Timing in People with and without Parkinson's Disease: Effects of Slow, Medium, and Fast Tempi on Entrainment and Synchronization Performances in Finger Tapping, Toe Tapping, and Stepping on the Spot Tasks" 1713: 1712: 450:

thesis intends to reintroduce an agent's bodily experiences into any account of cognition. It is a rather broad thesis and encompasses both weak and strong variants of embodiment. In an attempt to reconcile cognitive science with human experience, the

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are shaped by the state and capacities of the organism. The cognitive features include a wide spectrum of cognitive functions, such as perception biases, memory recall, comprehension and high-level mental constructs (such as meaning attribution and

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Given the significant role emotions (e.g., fear and hope) play in an individual's life, research has been done linking embodiment, motivation, and behavior to investigate the intrinsic tendencies to act towards or away from a given stimulus. The

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with their bodies. It is the concept of "the idea that the mind is not only connected to the body but that the body influences the mind". Embodied artificial intelligence and robotics is a method of applying this principle to artificial systems.

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of a preverbal infant is supposed to be the "ideal model" for embodied social cognition, as infant cognition changes dramatically throughout the preverbal period. A 9-month-old has reached a different developmental stage than a 2-month-old.

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Another major issue is whether or not a particular ability reflects an embodied mode of processing. Looking-time, for example, is said to likely be a better measure of embodied cognition than reaching because infants that age lack certain

1244:. The nature of language acquisition extends cognitive capability itself due to the fact that it has multiple components which have embodied representations associated with language processing and provide a ground concept for language. 2034:. The study suggests that using the body to produce timed sequences of action, particularly when music is used as a pacing cue, allows people who have Parkinson's disease to achieve similar performance levels as healthy individuals. 1652:/ sensory modality such as light, sound pressure, etc. follow specific rules (i.e. sensorimotor contingencies) that govern those changes of sensory information. Consequentially, since those rules differ between modalities, also the 1007:, demonstrating how cognition and perception of speech can be shaped by biological constraints. This was extended into the audio-visual domain by the "talking heads" approach of Eric Vatikiotis-Bateson, Rubin, and other colleagues. 1056:(fMRI) study from 2004 showed that passively read action words, such as lick, pick or kick, led to a somatotopic neuronal activity in or adjacent to brain regions associated with actual movement of the respective body parts. Using 489:

difficulties: a consequence of this emphasis on the body, experience, culture, context, and the cognitive mechanisms of an agent in the world is that often distinct views and approaches to embodied cognition overlap. The theses of

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Szymanski C, Pesquita A, Brennan AA, Perdikis D, Enns JT, Brick TR, et al. (May 2017). "Teams on the same wavelength perform better: Inter-brain phase synchronization constitutes a neural substrate for social facilitation".

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to illustrate the link between the mirror neuron systems and language suggesting that some aspects of language (such as part of semantics and phonology) can be embodied in the sensorimotor system represented by mirror neurons.

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Response times for the positive, negative, and neutral valence conditions in the approach and avoidance experiment. Participants were significantly faster for the "positive toward" condition regardless of the central word's

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in the brain fails to explain and account for the subjective character of people's perceptual experiences. For example, they cannot sufficiently explain the apparent stability of the visual world despite eye movements, the

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of some aspects of the "more encompassing biological, psychological and cultural context" included in the enactive definition, making it possible to separate embodied cognition, extended cognition, and situated cognition.

1039:. It is also supported by a broad and ever-increasing collection of empirical studies within neuroscience. By examining brain activity with neuroimaging techniques, researchers have found indications of embodiment. In an 1711: 656:

in the German tradition from 1740 to 1920. The modern approach and definition of embodied cognition has a relatively short history. Intellectual underpinnings of embodied cognition can be traced back to the influence of

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between objects in the scene. Some researchers state that these results suggest a "disembodied" cognition given the fact that people take the perspective of others instead of their own and make judgments accordingly.

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energy dynamics based on the embodied interaction theory. In this method, participants each play the role of a unit of energy, and together, they enact the transformation and transfer of energy in specific scenarios.

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instance, in one study, people with chronic pain who are less capable of moving around perceived given distances as further than healthy people did. Another study shows that intended actions can affect processing in

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Perception also influences the perspective individuals to take on a particular situation and the type of judgments they make. For instance, researchers have shown that people will significantly more likely take the

1434:(AAT) describes a natural behavioral bias to approach pleasant stimuli and avoid unpleasant ones (congruent response) faster than approaching unpleasant stimuli and avoiding pleasant ones (incongruent responses). 1327:

findings indicate that learning with gestures creates a neural trace of the motor system that goes beyond the learning phase and activates when children engage with problems they learned to solve with gestures.

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The body is the vehicle of being in the world, and having a body is, for a living creature, to be intervolved in a definite environment, to identify oneself with certain projects and be continually committed to

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perspective "all cognition is embodied, interactive, and embedded in dynamically changing environments". These constitute the set of beliefs which proponents of embodied cognition such as cognitive scientists

2046:, where researchers have studied how people's own bodily states influence their understanding and interaction with others. Researchers have provided evidence demonstrating the influence of bodily states on 3686: 1872:

and postulates that human knowledge is emotional and embodied. One of the most common integrative treatments of mental illness to the western psychosocial sphere is via mindfulness practices and exercise.

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of an object become available to the infant. Simultaneously, hearing the articulation of the object's name leads to the activation of speech mirror mechanisms in infants. This chain of events allows for

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kind of information processing... the transformation or communication of incoming information". The acquiring of such information involves the agent's "exploration and modification of the environment".

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Research has been done to identify the set of ideas that would establish what could be considered as the early stages of embodied cognition around inquiries regarding the mind-body-soul relation and

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than if the body moves in a way associated with a benign situation. The studies above may suggest that embodied cognition could serve a functional purpose by assisting in self-regulatory processes.

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an action described in a story, as if the reader was actually perceiving or executing that action. These and similar studies show the influence of embodied cognition in sport and sport psychology.

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Over the last years, behavioral and neural evidence has shown that the process of language comprehension activates motor simulations and involves motor systems. Some researchers have investigated

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Niedenthal PM, Brauer M, Halberstadt JB, Innes-Ker ÅH (2001). "When did her smile drop? Facial mimicry and the influences of emotional state on the detection of change in emotional expression".

1060:(TMS), a study in 2005 stated that the activity of the motor system is coupled to auditory action-related sentences. When the participants listened to hand–or foot-related sentences, the motor 12102:

2001 Summary of how the embodiment hypothesis of cognitive linguistics has begun to interact with theories of embodiment in fields ranging from cognitive anthropology to cognitive neuroscience

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The approach-avoidance distinction is fundamental and basic to motivation, so much that it may be used as a conceptual lens through which to view the structure and function of self-regulation

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Jardri, R.; Houfflin-Debarge, V.; Delion, P.; Pruvo, J-P.; Thomas, P.; Pins, D. (2012). "Assessing fetal response to maternal speech using a noninvasive functional brain imaging technique."

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This basic idea of (qualitative) experience as the product of an individual's active perception–action interactions with its surrounding is also traceable to the American contextualist or

1158:" illusion. These two alternating images contain several differences that most people struggle to find right away. It emphasizes the fact that perception is active and demands attention. 752:. According to this enactive approach, organisms obtain knowledge or develop their cognitive capacities through a perception–action relationship with a mutually determining environment. 11118:

Castiello, U.; Becchio, C.; Zoia, S.; Nelini, C.; Sartori, L.; Blason, L.; D'Ottavio, G.; Bulgheroni, M.; Gallese, V. (2010). "Wired to be social: the ontogeny of human interaction."

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Research on embodied cognition is extremely broad, covering a wide range of concepts. Methods to study how human cognition is embodied vary from experiment to experiment based on the

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Moreau D, Clerc J, Mansy-Dannay A, Guerrien A (2012). "Enhancing spatial ability through sport practice: Evidence for an effect of motor training on mental rotation performance".

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Ross L, Lepper M, Ward A (2010). "History of social psychology: Insights, challenges, and contributions to theory and application". In Fiske ST, Gilbert DT, Lindzey G (eds.).

1979:

that allows for this possibility. Researcher have suggested embodied music cognition occurs at two levels: the surface level and the primary level. The surface level includes

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Embodiment is said to shape intelligent information processing because "intelligence is fundamentally a result of embodied interaction which exploits structure in the world".

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results from expanding such ideas into law and highlights how findings stemming from embodied cognition offer a more encompassing insight into human behavior and rationality.

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morality-related variables, has also failed to be replicated. Researchers also could not replicate the previous findings claiming that holding a warm cup creates a sense of

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prior events generates a disposition to experience emotions, and so emotions are not just reactions to these events but are also reflections of dispositional body's states

2054:. They described that people's experiences with physical temperature per se can influence their perceptions of and prosocial behavior toward other people, without their 1897:, understanding, prediction, judgement, training, and language comprehension. From an embodied cognition perspective, a study examined the relationship between previous 1166:

of the outside world is activated somewhere in the brain, it leads to a perceptual experience. Embodied cognition challenges this claim by stating that the existence of

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argues that the identification of words is embodied in perception of the bodily movements by which spoken words are made. In related work at Haskins, Paul Mermelstein,

1800:

Instances of situated robots include aerial robots developed by companies such as senseFly, which produces fixed-wing autonomous drones for professional use, owned by

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Lecanuet, J.P.; Granier‐Deferre, C.; Jacquet, A.Y.; Capponi, I.; Ledru, L. (1993). "Prenatal discrimination of a male and a female voice uttering the same sentence."

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experience of them differs. There are multiple examples that highlight the distinction between SMCs of different modalities. An instance of an SMC distinct for the

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SMCs are affected by head rotations which change the temporal asynchrony of a received signal between the right and the left ear. This movement mainly affects the

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Theories of embodiment propose that the processing of emotional states and the concepts used to refer to them are partly based on one's own perceptual, motor, and

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Duclos SE, Laird ID, Schneider E, Sexter M, Stern L, Van Lighten O (1989). "Emotion-specific effects of facial expressions and postures on emotional experience".

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standard view of human rationality and the link between them could be useful for understanding and predicting human actions that seem irrational. The concept of

2709: 6770:"Learning Foreign Language Vocabulary with Gestures and Pictures Enhances Vocabulary Memory for Several Months Post-Learning in Eight-Year-Old School Children" 2197:

certain perceptual-motor activity that, in turn, induces certain cognitive processes, without the perceptual-motor activity constituting cognitive processing.

1526:

willpower by evoking nonconscious willpower-strengthening goals that boost people's ongoing conscious attempts to facilitate their pursuit of long-term goals.

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muscle activation and shape judgment only when muscle activation is not inhibited. Thus, these results suggest that language is embodied rather than symbolic.

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McCarthy JA (2016). "The Early History of Embodied Cognition 1740-1920: The Lebenskraft-Debate and Radical Reality in German Science, Music, and Literature".

1554:

Results from a social embodied cognition study that illustrate the relationship between positive emotions, observed behavioral synchrony, and embodied rapport

800:, yet its connections to the embodiment thesis in general, and to perception–action interactions in particular, are not clearly outlined or straightforward. 775:, for example, holds that reasoning and language arise from the nature of bodily experiences and, thus, even people's own metaphors have bodily references. 11572:

Strack F, Martin LL, Stepper S (1988). "Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis".

1856:), which are prominent in Europe and encompasses embodied interventions such as dance and movement therapy, have begun to receive more empirical support. 1983:

activities of a music performer, visible bodily reactions to music, and rhythmic entrainment. The primary level of embodied music cognition is the tonal/

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Shin D (2018). "Empathy and embodied experience in virtual environment: To what extent can virtual reality stimulate empathy and embodied experience?".

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Houbre Q, Angleraud A, Pieters R (2021). "Balancing Exploration and Exploitation: A Neurally Inspired Mechanism to Learn Sensorimotor Contingencies".

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semantic nodes are stored purely in the mind. In line with this idea of embodied cognition, the body itself can also be involved in self-regulation.

7952:"Let Me Make You Happy, and I'll Tell You How You Look Around: Using an Approach-Avoidance Task as an Embodied Emotion Prime in a Free-Viewing Task" 702:, that is, the body itself as the primary site for knowing the world, and perception as the medium and the pre-reflective foundation of experience. 2003:. Through the different movements of the body, it is assumed that people are able to give meaning to music. This perspective is different from the 3061: 2986: 1995:

and perception viewpoint. One can observe that many people move when they listen to music; in many cultures there is no clear distinction between

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It assumes that cognition is shaped and structured by dynamic interactions between the brain, body, and both the physical and social environments.

649:, the mind is entirely distinct from the body and can be successfully explained and understood without reference to the body or to its processes. 12112:

Embodiment Resources – for those researching into embodiment, particularly as it relates to phenomenology, sociology and cognitive neuroscience.

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internal representations generate conscious perception. Given this ambiguity, O'Regan, J. K. and Nöe, A. put forth what would later be known as

15283: 8979:"Spatial Perspective Taking is an Embodied Process, but Not for Everyone in the Same Way: Differences Predicted by Sex and Social Skills Score" 6984:

Moreau D (2012). "The role of motor processes in three-dimensional mental rotation: Shaping cognitive processing via sensorimotor experience".

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Vadakkepat P, Tan KC, Ming-Liang W (2000). "Evolutionary artificial potential fields and their application in real time robot path planning".

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Lorelle P (2015). "L'intercorporéité au-delà du " je peux ": Husserl, Merleau-Ponty et Levinas" [Intercorporeity beyond the "I can"].

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Damasio AR (1989). "Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: a systems-level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition".

12051: 2058:. When people engage in motor movements that symbolized a particular social category, it primes the use of such category in social judgment. 736:

reclaims the importance of considering the biodynamics of the living organism to understand cognition by gathering ideas from fields such as

11243:"Low-Frequency Oscillations for Nonlocal Neuronal Coupling in Shared Intentionality Before and After Birth: Toward the Origin of Perception" 8334:

Fishbach A, Friedman RS, Kruglanski AW (2003). "Leading us not unto temptation: momentary allurements elicit overriding goal activation".

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The theory of embodied cognition, along with the multiple aspects it comprises, can be regarded as the imminent result of an intellectual

15293: 12154: 4791:

Pfeifer R, Iida F (2004). "Embodied Artificial Intelligence: Trends and Challenges". In Iida F, Pfeifer R, Steels L, Kuniyoshi Y (eds.).

1133: 12997: 11022:

Hu Y, Pan Y, Shi X, Cai Q, Li X, Cheng X (March 2018). "Inter-brain synchrony and cooperation context in interactive decision making".

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since they utilise symbols less than adults do. Some researchers have criticised this notion since it may be impossible to know which

13275: 12085: 2612: 2156:, it must be clear what sort of evidence could, at least in principle, allow a researcher to determine whether or not any particular 1804:, and Flyability, which builds drones for the inspection and exploration of indoor and confined spaces. They rely on the research of 11276:"Shared Intentionality Modulation at the Cell Level: Low-Frequency Oscillations for Temporal Coordination in Bioengineering Systems" 7595:

Carr EW, Kever A, Winkielman P (2018). "Embodiment of emotion and its situated nature". In Newen A, De Bruin L, Gallagher S (eds.).

1322:(a brain region responsible for visual processing of biological motion) were activated during learning with gestures. Similarly, an 8256:

Hung IW, Labroo AA (2011). "From Firm Muscles to Firm Willpower: Understanding the Role of Embodied Cognition in Self-Regulation".

11514:"No Evidence that Experiencing Physical Warmth Promotes Interpersonal Warmth: Two Failures to Replicate Williams and Bargh (2008)" 2102:

development in organisms at an early stage; it seems that the complex process of emerging cognition requires complementary views.

1122:

and are connected to the world through a body. The insights of these robotics researchers have in turn inspired philosophers like

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Polani, Daniel; Sporns, Olaf; Lungarella, Max (2007). "How Information and Embodiment Shape Intelligent Information Processing".

12046:

Janus Head: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature, Continental Philosophy, Phenomenological Psychology and the Arts

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Kousta ST, Vigliocco G, Vinson DP, Andrews M, Del Campo E (2011). "The representation of abstract words: why emotion matters".

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The embodied cognitive model of the mind under which body, world, perception and action are dynamically related with each other

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15082: 14250: 11946: 11924: 11901: 11875: 11849: 11827: 11766: 11747: 11726: 11704: 11682: 10464: 9957:"Body oriented psychotherapy. The state of the art in empirical research and evidence-based practice: A clinical perspective" 9595: 9527: 9494: 7612: 7428: 7216: 6137: 5855: 4978: 4835: 4808: 4767: 4732: 4697: 4670: 4637: 4424: 4079: 4052: 4025: 3950: 3911: 3884: 3854: 3824: 3735: 3650: 3615: 3518: 3460: 3430: 3313: 3181: 3130: 3100: 3041: 3006: 2900: 2853: 2820: 2793: 2719: 2630: 2592: 1643:

to be efficiently used during action. Similarly, the concept of sensorimotor contingencies (SMCs) states that the quality of

1323: 935:

and others have outlined the connection between the body, individual structures in the brain and aspects of the mind such as

12101: 12061: 7193: 5832: 15182: 15102: 5753: 4827:

Embodied artificial intelligence: international seminar, Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, July 7-11, 2003; revised selected papers

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Pizzera A, Raab M (2012). "Perceptual Judgments of Sports Officials are Influenced by their Motor and Visual Experience".

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in an attempt to understand the changing character of sensations as actors act in the world. According to the SMC theory,

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Glenberg AM, Gallese V (2012). "Action-based language: a theory of language acquisition, comprehension, and production".

9818:"A review of "music and movement" therapies for children with autism: embodied interventions for multisystem development" 6411:

Glenberg AM, Gallese V (2012). "Action-based language: A theory of language acquisition, comprehension, and production".

3901: 1539: 17: 9354: 8658:"The Two Forms of Visuo-Spatial Perspective Taking are Differently Embodied and Subserve Different Spatial Prepositions" 7455:

Cannon, Walter (December 1927). "The James-Lange Theory of Emotions: A Critical Examination and an Alternative Theory".

12481: 12122: 4491:"Listening to action-related sentences modulates the activity of the motor system: a combined TMS and behavioral study" 2510: 425:

The classical Cartesian model of the mind under which body, world, perception and action are understood as independent

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The experience of seeing occurs when the organism masters what we call the governing laws of sensorimotor contingency.

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have tried to combine social psychology research with principles of embodiment to further their goals. For instance,

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limits cognitive processing neither to the brain nor even to the body, it extends it outward into the agent's world.

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Gallese V (2003). "The roots of empathy: the shared manifold hypothesis and the neural basis of intersubjectivity".

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Hatfield G (1991). "Representation and Rule-Instantiation in Connectionist Systems". In Horgan T, Tienson J (eds.).

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of the meaning of verbal labels by linking the speech and action controllers, which get activated in this scenario.

14095: 10926:"Shared intentionality modulates interpersonal neural synchronization at the establishment of communication system" 7725:"Language that puts you in touch with your bodily feelings: the multimodal responsiveness of affective expressions" 6153:

Gibson EJ (1988). "Exploratory Behavior in the Development of Perceiving, Acting, and the Acquiring of Knowledge".

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The second trend includes studies that strive to connect embodied music cognition to other research fields such as

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Kaschak MP, Maner JK, Miller S, Coyle JM (2009). "Embodied social cognition: Bodies, emotions, and blackberries".

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Lee, G.Y.C.; Kisilevsky, B.S. (2014). "Fetuses respond to father’s voice but prefer mother’s voice after birth."

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Kisilevsky, B.C. (2016). "Fetal Auditory Processing: Implications for Language Development? Fetal Development."

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Mussweiler T, Rüter K, Epstude K, "The why, who, and how of social comparison: a social-cognition perspective",

3752: 3362:"Observer bias: an interaction of temperament traits with biases in the semantic perception of lexical material" 1684: 15288: 14151: 13311: 1511:

The basic idea underlying findings on embodied cognition is that cognition is composed of experiences that are

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Milton J, Solodkin A, Hlustík P, Small SL (2007). "The mind of expert motor performance is cool and focused".

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Daum MM, Sommerville J, Prinz W (2009). "Disentangling embodied and symbolic modes of social understanding".

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Leman M, Lesaffre M, Nijs L, Deweppe A (2010). "User-oriented studies in embodied music cognition research".

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Beilock SL, Holt LE (2007). "Embodied preference judgments: can likeability be driven by the motor system?".

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Winkielman P, Niedenthal PM, Oberman L (2008). "The Embodied Emotional Mind". In Semin GR, Smith ER (eds.).

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Dijkstra K, Kaschak MP, Zwaan RA (2007). "Body posture facilitates retrieval of autobiographical memories".

4344:"EEG correlates of sensorimotor processing: independent components involved in sensory and motor processing" 1700:

in several fields ranging from education, robotics, clinical settings, social psychology, sports, to music.

15217: 14323: 14130: 14035: 13683: 12400: 10975:"Joint control of visually guided actions involves concordant increases in behavioural and neural coupling" 5659: 5564:"Sentence comprehension affects the dynamics of bimanual coordination: implications for embodied cognition" 5320: 5229:

Trofimova, IN (2012). "Understanding misunderstanding: a study of sex differences in meaning attribution".

3941: 1478:. The evolutionary perspective considers both spoken and written language as forms of embodied cognition. 1214: 646: 362: 10278:

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9868: 7408: 4490: 4400: 2459: 918: 858:(along with all sciences it comprises) to incorporate embodiment ideas into its research. In linguistics, 15278: 15092: 13934: 13648: 12277: 4530:"Weighty data: importance information influences estimated weight of digital information storage devices" 4135: 3296:

Wilson M (2008). "How Did We Get from There to Here? An Evolutionary Perspective on Embodied Cognition".

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Moreau D (2013). "Constraining movement alters the recruitment of motor processes in mental rotation".

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EUCog – European Network for the Advancement of Artificial Cognitive Systems, Interaction and Robotics

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Fugate JM, Macrine SL, Cipriano C (2019). "The role of embodied cognition for transforming learning".

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may be considered an ideal and naturalistic case for studying embodied cognition, especially embodied

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items in a room. These cognitive activities are limited by memory capacity. The relationships between

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Tversky B, Hard BM (January 2009). "Embodied and disembodied cognition: spatial perspective-taking".

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Catching ourselves in the act: situated activity, interactive emergence, evolution, and human thought

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when the body moves forward and the analogous contraction when the body moves backward. In contrast,

1028: 793: 338:) and performance on various cognitive tasks (reasoning or judgment). The bodily aspects involve the 12086:

Pragmatism, Ideology, and Embodiment: William James and the Philosophical Foundations of Embodiment

10867:"Embodied Cognition With and Without Mental Representations: The Case of Embodied Choices in Sports" 5466: 5086: 4580: 728:

will revise later on and seek to reintroduce in the scientific study of cognition under the name of

628: 350:), and the assumptions about the world built the functional structure of organism's brain and body. 15207: 15142: 14110: 13673: 12923: 12763: 12760: 12486: 12320: 12305: 4152: 3420: 2287: 2124: 2004: 1954: 1483: 1319: 1019: 871: 390: 354: 9084:"Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behavior in immersive virtual environments" 3152: 1331:

letter recognition and written communication result from the more embodied nature of handwriting.

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Hepper, P.G.; Scott, D.; Shahidullah, S. (1993). "Newborn and fetal response to maternal voice."

6512: 2069: 1921:(e.g. basketball actions) and perform physical manipulations that were consistent with them. The 1730: 1459: 1111: 394: 248: 11183:

Hepper P. (2015). "Behavior during the prenatal period: Adaptive for development and survival."

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6464:"The Role of Gesture in Supporting Mental Representations: The Case of Mental Abacus Arithmetic" 6307:"Scaffolded reaching experiences encourage grasping activity in infants at high risk for autism" 5273: 4958: 1959:

Embodied music cognition is a paradigm that puts forward the idea that bodily interactions with

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An Atlas robot climbing into a vehicle. The image was recreated in a Gazebo computer simulation.

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The scope of embodied cognition and the intertwined relationship that arise between the sciences

14944: 14838: 14818: 14695: 14623: 14568: 14491: 14273: 13821: 13753: 12833: 12671: 12249: 12224: 12214: 10050: 9252: 7779: 6829:"Learning math by hand: The neural effects of gesture-based instruction in 8-year-old children" 4147: 3505:. Studies in Cognitive Systems. Vol. 9. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 90–112. 3333: 2292: 2237: 2094: 2077: 2047: 2019: 1926: 1636: 1632: 1624: 1522: 1405:

enervation of certain facial muscles to frown, etc. Such simulation is backed by a specialized

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Balcetis E, Cole S (2009). "Body in Mind: The Role of Embodied Cognition in Self-Regulation".

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were shown to be improved if the subject would simultaneously read the description of certain

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reflect embodied cognition in spoken language. Technical aspects of written language (such as

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consider and investigate the sensory and motor mechanism that enables it. Cognitive scientist

694:, for example, rejects the Cartesian idea that people's primary mode of being in the world is 15132: 15042: 14913: 14603: 14548: 14543: 14501: 14429: 14363: 14293: 14058: 13997: 13977: 13811: 13723: 13703: 13693: 13326: 13175: 12808: 12740: 12648: 12615: 12443: 12423: 12229: 11549:"The replication crisis is killing psychologists' theory of how the body influences the mind" 5563: 5513: 4627: 2783: 2535:

Trofimova, IN (1999). "How people of different age, sex and temperament estimate the world".

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Human-Friendly Robotics 2020: 13th International Workshop. Springer International Publishing

7604: 6365: 3334:". Interconnections of characteristics of temperament with some features of human cognition" 3171: 2076:

created a VR project to display the experience of child refugees called "The Displaced". By

15240: 15177: 14638: 14613: 14538: 14236: 14075: 14030: 13992: 13939: 13868: 13624: 13420: 13331: 13154: 13124: 12865: 12393: 12239: 12234: 11714: 11466: 10715: 10188: 9369: 9317: 9140: 8993: 7553: 6656:"Gestures, but not meaningless movements, lighten working memory load when explaining math" 5675: 5336: 4355: 4204: 3936: 3373: 3249: 2334: 2328: 2307: 2190: 2023: 1980: 1680: 1414: 1201: 1048: 988: 932: 882:

have promoted and expanded the embodiment thesis based on developments within the field of

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Beilock SL (2008). "Beyond the playing field: sport psychology meets embodied cognition".

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Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy With Selections from the Objections and Replies

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Energy Theater: A learning activity for energy dynamics that relies on embodied cognition.

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Proponents of the embodied cognition thesis emphasize the active and significant role the

8: 15022: 14858: 14823: 14803: 14758: 14573: 14563: 14533: 14216: 14171: 14161: 14120: 14068: 14053: 13982: 13962: 13944: 13776: 13743: 13604: 13591: 13398: 13195: 13106: 13061: 12967: 12853: 12666: 12514: 9710: 9253:"A Growing Body of Knowledge On Four Different Senses of Embodiment in Science Education" 8204:"How neurons make meaning: brain mechanisms for embodied and abstract-symbolic semantics" 2344: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2031: 1992: 1734:

The Mathematics Imagery Trainer for Proportion. A tool to help students learn proportion.

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

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Strong WB, Malina RM, Blimkie CJ, Daniels SR, Dishman RK, Gutin B, et al. (2005).

10031: 9984: 9844: 9817: 9692: 9664: 9633: 9560: 9462: 9385: 9282: 9228: 9201: 9164: 9108: 9083: 9064: 9017: 8959: 8911: 8884: 8860: 8833: 8809: 8784: 8760: 8733: 8729: 8684: 8657: 8573: 8548: 8526: 8437: 8359: 8316: 8233: 8179: 8154: 8100: 7978: 7951: 7901: 7854: 7807: 7760: 7705: 7577: 7523: 7480: 7472: 7389: 7312: 7269: 7171: 7079: 7044: 6966: 6909: 6866: 6809: 6745: 6712: 6688: 6636: 6589: 6548: 6444: 6393: 6341: 6306: 6282: 6249: 6225: 6192: 6129: 6064: 6007: 5945: 5899: 5734: 5687: 5640: 5591: 5541: 5514:"Embodied language: a review of the role of the motor system in language comprehension" 5494: 5442: 5395: 5368:"Embodied language: A review of the role of the motor system in language comprehension" 5348: 5301: 5254: 5211: 5164: 5114: 5059: 5034: 4934: 4608: 4556: 4529: 4471: 4376: 4343: 4319: 4294: 4275: 4228: 4173: 4069: 3788: 3581: 3554: 3396: 3361: 3305: 3275: 3218: 3092: 2967: 2882: 2764: 2685: 2658: 2636: 2560: 2359: 2354: 2302: 2217: 2173: 2073: 1971:, and the feelings evoked by listening to music, are the vehicle for the embodiment of 1853: 1794: 1774: 1530: 1499: 1115: 1084: 996: 576: 494: 490: 370: 233: 11407: 9612:

Proceedings of the 2000 Congress on Evolutionary Computation. CEC00 (Cat. No.00TH8512)

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The architecture of cognition: rethinking Fodor and Pylyshyn's systematicity challenge

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Meier BP, Schnall S, Schwarz N, Bargh JA (2012). "Embodiment in social psychology".

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Moreau D (2013). "Motor expertise modulates movement processing in working memory".

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physical action to navigate in a room. A limitation was that Shakey's architecture (

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Research on Brain and Behavior, Environmental In uences, and Emerging Technologies,

11105: 11083: 11075: 11031: 10994: 10986: 10945: 10937: 10888: 10878: 10783: 10731: 10723: 10674: 10664: 10633: 10590: 10547: 10510: 10492: 10452: 10408: 10385: 10365: 10322: 10287: 10244: 10196: 10147: 10100: 10062: 10015: 9968: 9919: 9908:"Phantom limbs: pain, embodiment, and scientific advances in integrative therapies" 9880: 9839: 9829: 9771: 9674: 9615: 9583: 9552: 9515: 9452: 9419: 9377: 9325: 9272: 9264: 9223: 9213: 9168: 9148: 9103: 9095: 9048: 9001: 8943: 8906: 8896: 8855: 8845: 8804: 8796: 8755: 8745: 8679: 8669: 8628: 8620: 8568: 8560: 8510: 8483: 8421: 8386: 8363: 8343: 8320: 8300: 8265: 8215: 8174: 8166: 8127: 8084: 8042: 8010: 7973: 7963: 7932: 7905: 7885: 7838: 7791: 7736: 7697: 7670: 7633: 7600: 7561: 7527: 7507: 7464: 7416: 7373: 7296: 7251: 7238:

Nathan MJ, Schenck KE, Vinsonhaler R, Michaelis JE, Swart MI, Walkington C (2020).

7204: 7145: 7106: 7071: 7028: 6993: 6940: 6893: 6840: 6791: 6781: 6740: 6724: 6683: 6667: 6620: 6609:"Representational disfluency in algebra: evidence from student gestures and speech" 6579: 6552: 6524: 6475: 6420: 6377: 6336: 6318: 6277: 6261: 6220: 6204: 6162: 6125: 6095: 6068: 6038: 5999: 5929: 5883: 5843: 5796: 5765: 5718: 5691: 5671: 5644: 5622: 5575: 5525: 5498: 5478: 5426: 5379: 5332: 5305: 5285: 5238: 5195: 5148: 5098: 5054: 5046: 5007: 4996:"Solving the "real" mysteries of visual perception: the world as an outside memory" 4966: 4929: 4913: 4872: 4796: 4658: 4592: 4551: 4541: 4502: 4475: 4453: 4412: 4371: 4363: 4314: 4306: 4259: 4212: 4157: 4108: 3978: 3792: 3764: 3698: 3576: 3566: 3506: 3391: 3381: 3301: 3279: 3257: 3210: 3088: 3029: 2994: 2941: 2886: 2878: 2841: 2748: 2680: 2670: 2618: 2564: 2544: 2488: 2410: 2247: 2212: 2149: 2128: 1890: 1865: 1857: 1771: 1755: 1594: 1563: 1418: 1180: 1155: 1072: 964: 895: 717: 681: 402: 358: 10447:

Leman M, Maes PJ, Nijs L, Van Dyck E (2018), "What is Embodied Music Cognition?",

10218: 10004:"Don't Forget Your Body: Mindfulness, Embodiment, and the Treatment of Depression" 9330: 9305: 6897: 6566:

Nathan MJ, Schenck K, Vinsonhaler R, Michaelis JE, Swart MI, Walkington C (2021).

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As a part of the embodied cognition theory, proponents suggest that an organism's

1314:

correlates of learning a second language with gestures. The results indicate that

433:

plays in the shaping of cognition and in the understanding of an agent's mind and

14992: 14923: 14908: 14828: 14808: 14783: 14593: 14403: 14338: 13862: 13831: 13796: 13761: 13639: 13490: 13388: 13346: 13257: 13245: 13230: 13205: 13180: 12950: 12818: 12813: 12730: 12715: 12388: 12272: 11479: 10456: 10412: 10248: 10136:"Action observation and acquired motor skills: an FMRI study with expert dancers" 9519: 9484: 9005: 8088: 7637: 7110: 6997: 6671: 6424: 5199: 4015: 3725: 3386: 2998: 2364: 2349: 2339: 2111: 2065: 2051: 1976: 1968: 1942: 1816: 1599: 1315: 1292:

follows the lead and attends to said object, canonical neurons are activated and

1036: 1024: 956: 782: 617: 605: 601: 406: 377:. The modern version depends on understandings drawn from up-to-date research in 13002: 10291: 10066: 9798: 8425: 7674: 7331: 7075: 5367: 4970: 4800: 4416: 3510: 1780: 15122: 14903: 14893: 14748: 14733: 14678: 14449: 14308: 13771: 13766: 13634: 13599: 13531: 13505: 13341: 13190: 13129: 13042: 12885: 12781: 12524: 12204: 11974: 11957: 11894:

Philosophy In The Flesh: the Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought

11585: 10990: 10941: 10594: 9268: 8564: 8390: 8347: 8220: 8203: 7936: 7795: 7701: 6845: 6828: 6786: 6769: 6655: 5707:"Listening to action-related sentences activates frontoparietal motor circuits" 4965:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3139. Springer. pp. 37–53. 4442:"Somatotopic representation of action words in human motor and premotor cortex" 4367: 3903:

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Rev. Neurosci 5278:Social Neuroscience 4994:O'Regan JK (1992). 4360:2017NatSR...7.4461M 4209:1989Sci...243..489L 3378:2014PLoSO...985677T 3254:2015Natur.524..158S 3060:McNerney S (2011). 2737:"The Extended Mind" 2611:Shapiro LA (2019). 2345:Neuroconstructivism 2263:Cortical homunculus 2258:Conceptual metaphor 2253:Conceptual blending 2020:Parkinson's disease 1923:action-based theory 1815:. Built in 2013 by 1775:computer simulation 1641:sensory information 1316:left premotor areas 888:conceptual metaphor 864:cognitive scientist 567:In contrast to the 473:Francisco J. Varela 18:Embodied philosophy 15279:Enactive cognition 15213:Philosophy of self 15203:Philosophy of mind 14467:Embodied cognition 14379:Scientific realism 13817:Post-structuralism 13719:Scientific realism 13674:Quinean naturalism 13654:Logical positivism 13610:Analytical Marxism 12829:Peripatetic school 12741:Chinese naturalism 12268:Aesthetic response 12195:Applied philosophy 12010:10.3758/BF03196138 11795:10.3758/bf03194043 11736:Edelman G (2004). 10846:Notes on Blindness 10552:10.1037/pmu0000228 9657:Neural Computation 9053:10.1037/xge0000584 7872:Elliot AJ (2006). 7630:Embodied Grounding 7257:10.1037/edu0000638 6946:10.3758/bf03194043 6585:10.1037/edu0000638 6481:10.1111/cogs.12527 6082:Bietti LM (2012). 6044:10.3758/BF03196138 5802:10.1111/tops.12102 5628:10.3758/bf03196313 5272:Gallese V (2008). 4957:Holland O (2004). 4756:Pfeifer R (2007). 4626:Moravec H (1990). 4348:Scientific Reports 4311:10.3758/bf03193857 4041:Edelman G (2004). 4014:Damasio A (1999). 3476:Gibson JJ (1950). 3419:Claxton G (2015). 2947:10.3758/BF03196322 2614:Embodied Cognition 2581:Chemero A (2009). 2360:Philosophy of mind 2355:Neurophenomenology 2303:Extended cognition 2218:Blue Brain Project 2174:replication crisis 2125:pre-verbal infants 2074:The New York Times 1977:cognitive function 1854:somatic psychology 1844:. Also, fields of 1837: 1831:The experience of 1795:behavioral pattern 1786: 1778: 1736: 1720: 1583: 1556: 1444: 1387:James–Lange theory 1379: 1349: 1160: 1139: 1085:neurophenomenology 955:has also inspired 844: 635: 577:Situated cognition 556:Embodied Cognition 535: 520:Marcin Miłkowski, 495:situated cognition 491:extended cognition 458:By using the term 427: 371:situated cognition 327:Embodied cognition 234:Situated cognition 112:Cognitive features 35:Embodied cognition 15289:Mind–body problem 15274:Cognitive science 15261: 15260: 14440:Category of being 14409:Truthmaker theory 14226: 14225: 14188: 14187: 14184: 14183: 14180: 14179: 13886: 13885: 13882: 13881: 13878: 13877: 13605:Analytic feminism 13577: 13576: 13539:Kierkegaardianism 13501:Transcendentalism 13461:Neo-scholasticism 13307:Classical Realism 13284: 13283: 13056: 13055: 12871:Neopythagoreanism 12628: 12627: 12624: 12623: 12245:Social philosophy 11962:Cognitive Science 11948:978-0-262-16181-7 11926:978-0-87773-373-7 11903:978-0-465-05674-3 11877:978-0-226-46812-9 11851:978-0-226-46804-4 11829:978-0-226-46801-3 11768:978-0-19-920416-8 11749:978-0-300-10229-1 11728:978-0-15-601075-7 11706:978-0-262-53156-6 11684:978-0-262-52263-2 10842:"Virtual Reality" 10714:(5901): 606–607. 10583:Musicae Scientiae 10466:978-3-662-55002-1 9711:"Aerial Robotics" 9663:(11): 2025–2074. 9597:978-0-470-01619-0 9529:978-3-540-77295-8 9496:978-3-540-77296-5 9139:(5184): 963–964. 9082:Slater M (2009). 9047:(11): 2006–2026. 7614:978-0-19-873541-0 7512:10.1159/000072786 7430:978-0-12-543343-3 7336:. 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10470: 10469: 10444: 10433: 10432: 10396: 10390: 10389: 10353: 10347: 10346: 10310: 10304: 10303: 10275: 10269: 10268: 10232: 10223: 10222: 10204: 10172: 10166: 10165: 10155: 10146:(8): 1243–1249. 10131: 10125: 10124: 10088: 10079: 10078: 10046: 10040: 10039: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9952: 9946: 9945: 9927: 9925:10.1002/wcs.1277 9903: 9897: 9896: 9864: 9858: 9857: 9847: 9837: 9813: 9807: 9806: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9755: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9745: 9731: 9725: 9724: 9722: 9721: 9707: 9701: 9700: 9682: 9672: 9648: 9642: 9641: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9575: 9569: 9568: 9551:(1–3): 139–159. 9540: 9534: 9533: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9480: 9471: 9470: 9460: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9403: 9394: 9393: 9359: 9350: 9344: 9343: 9333: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9280: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9231: 9221: 9197: 9188: 9187: 9179: 9173: 9172: 9153:10.1038/221963a0 9128: 9122: 9121: 9111: 9079: 9073: 9072: 9032: 9026: 9025: 8992:(2–3): 133–158. 8983: 8974: 8968: 8967: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8914: 8904: 8880: 8874: 8873: 8863: 8853: 8829: 8823: 8822: 8812: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8763: 8753: 8726: 8717: 8716: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8687: 8677: 8653: 8647: 8646: 8636: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8576: 8544: 8535: 8534: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8471: 8465: 8464: 8452: 8446: 8445: 8420:(5): 1252–1265. 8409: 8403: 8402: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8331: 8325: 8324: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8264:(6): 1046–1064. 8253: 8242: 8241: 8223: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8182: 8165:(7): 1634–1647. 8150: 8144: 8143: 8132:10.1037/a0021446 8115: 8109: 8108: 8074: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8047:10.1002/ejsp.692 8041:(7): 1255–1256. 8030: 8019: 8018: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7981: 7971: 7947: 7941: 7940: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7825:Corr PJ (2013). 7822: 7816: 7815: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7658: 7652: 7651: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7541: 7532: 7531: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7463:(1/4): 106–124. 7452: 7443: 7442: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7259: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7198: 7189: 7180: 7179: 7153: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7016: 7010: 7009: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6948: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6848: 6839:(7): 2343–2353. 6824: 6818: 6817: 6799: 6789: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6748: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6691: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6587: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6523:(9): 1138–1144. 6508: 6502: 6501: 6483: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6344: 6326: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6285: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6228: 6188: 6179: 6178: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6117: 6104: 6103: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6046: 6022: 6016: 6015: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5917: 5908: 5907: 5871: 5862: 5861: 5837: 5828: 5815: 5814: 5804: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5630: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5559: 5550: 5549: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5462: 5451: 5450: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5284:(3–4): 317–333. 5269: 5263: 5262: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5132: 5123: 5122: 5082: 5073: 5072: 5062: 5030: 5024: 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965:Francisco Varela 718:Francisco Varela 682:Martin Heidegger 663:phenomenological 608:; the fourth is 559: 525: 484: 483:, pages 172–173. 403:animal cognition 359:computationalism 316:edit on Wikidata 313: 164:Social cognition 44: 32: 31: 21: 15309: 15308: 15304: 15303: 15302: 15300: 15299: 15298: 15264: 15263: 15262: 15257: 15247: 15245: 15227: 15151: 15146: 15136: 15126: 15116: 15106: 15096: 15086: 15076: 15066: 15056: 15046: 15036: 15026: 15016: 15006: 14996: 14993:De rerum natura 14986: 14976: 14966: 14950: 14690: 14594:Physical object 14430:Abstract object 14418: 14404:Theory of forms 14339:Meaning of life 14262: 14257: 14227: 14222: 14199: 14197: 14176: 14140: 14040: 14002: 13949: 13903: 13902: 13874: 13863:Russian cosmism 13836: 13832:Western Marxism 13797:New Historicism 13762:Critical theory 13748: 13744:Wittgensteinian 13640:Foundationalism 13573: 13510: 13491:Social contract 13347:Foundationalism 13280: 13262: 13246:Illuminationism 13231:Aristotelianism 13217: 13206:Vishishtadvaita 13159: 13111: 13052: 13019: 12890: 12819:Megarian school 12814:Eretrian school 12755: 12716:Agriculturalism 12693: 12639: 12620: 12567: 12539: 12496: 12448: 12405: 12389:Incompatibilism 12358: 12330: 12282: 12254: 12177: 12166: 12161: 12038: 12033: 11949: 11927: 11904: 11896:. Basic Books. 11878: 11852: 11830: 11769: 11750: 11729: 11707: 11685: 11665: 11663:Further reading 11660: 11621: 11617: 11570: 11566: 11557: 11555: 11545: 11541: 11510: 11506: 11465:(8): e0134808. 11451: 11447: 11404: 11400: 11391: 11389: 11381: 11380: 11376: 11345: 11336: 11305: 11301: 11272: 11268: 11239: 11235: 11226: 11222: 11213: 11204: 11195: 11191: 11182: 11178: 11169: 11165: 11156: 11152: 11143: 11139: 11130: 11126: 11117: 11113: 11063: 11059: 11020: 11016: 10971: 10967: 10922: 10918: 10863: 10859: 10850: 10848: 10840: 10839: 10835: 10826: 10824: 10816: 10815: 10811: 10772: 10768: 10757: 10753: 10700: 10696: 10649: 10645: 10622: 10618: 10579: 10575: 10536: 10532: 10477: 10473: 10467: 10445: 10436: 10397: 10393: 10354: 10350: 10311: 10307: 10276: 10272: 10233: 10226: 10181:Current Biology 10173: 10169: 10140:Cerebral Cortex 10132: 10128: 10089: 10082: 10047: 10043: 10000: 9996: 9953: 9949: 9904: 9900: 9865: 9861: 9814: 9810: 9795: 9791: 9756: 9752: 9743: 9741: 9739:Boston Dynamics 9733: 9732: 9728: 9719: 9717: 9709: 9708: 9704: 9649: 9645: 9630: 9608: 9604: 9598: 9576: 9572: 9541: 9537: 9530: 9508: 9504: 9497: 9481: 9474: 9437: 9433: 9404: 9397: 9357: 9351: 9347: 9298: 9294: 9249: 9245: 9198: 9191: 9180: 9176: 9129: 9125: 9080: 9076: 9033: 9029: 8981: 8975: 8971: 8932: 8928: 8881: 8877: 8830: 8826: 8781: 8777: 8727: 8720: 8705: 8701: 8654: 8650: 8609: 8605: 8594: 8590: 8545: 8538: 8499: 8495: 8472: 8468: 8453: 8449: 8410: 8406: 8375: 8371: 8332: 8328: 8289: 8285: 8254: 8245: 8200: 8196: 8159:Cerebral Cortex 8151: 8147: 8116: 8112: 8072: 8066: 8062: 8031: 8022: 7999: 7995: 7948: 7944: 7917: 7913: 7870: 7866: 7823: 7819: 7776: 7772: 7721: 7717: 7686: 7682: 7659: 7655: 7648: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7593: 7589: 7542: 7535: 7500:Psychopathology 7496: 7492: 7469:10.2307/1415404 7453: 7446: 7431: 7405: 7401: 7362: 7358: 7345: 7341: 7328: 7324: 7285: 7281: 7236: 7232: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7196: 7190: 7183: 7130: 7126: 7095: 7091: 7060: 7056: 7017: 7013: 6982: 6978: 6925: 6921: 6882: 6878: 6825: 6821: 6766: 6762: 6709: 6705: 6652: 6648: 6605: 6601: 6564: 6560: 6509: 6505: 6460: 6456: 6409: 6405: 6362: 6358: 6303: 6299: 6246: 6242: 6189: 6182: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6118: 6107: 6080: 6076: 6023: 6019: 5988: 5984: 5961: 5957: 5918: 5911: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5835: 5829: 5818: 5783:Dove G (2014). 5781: 5777: 5764:(5): 599–6222. 5750: 5746: 5703: 5699: 5656: 5652: 5607: 5603: 5574:(12): 2409–17. 5560: 5553: 5510: 5506: 5463: 5454: 5431:10.1038/nrn1706 5411: 5407: 5364: 5360: 5317: 5313: 5270: 5266: 5227: 5223: 5180: 5176: 5133: 5126: 5083: 5076: 5031: 5027: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4955: 4951: 4898: 4894: 4857: 4853: 4838: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4789: 4785: 4770: 4754: 4750: 4735: 4719: 4715: 4700: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4624: 4620: 4577: 4573: 4526: 4522: 4487: 4483: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4397: 4393: 4340: 4336: 4291: 4287: 4244: 4240: 4189: 4185: 4132: 4128: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4012: 4008: 3994: 3990: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3945:. Basic Books. 3930: 3921: 3914: 3906:. Basic Books. 3898: 3894: 3887: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3811: 3800: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3722: 3718: 3683: 3668: 3653: 3637: 3633: 3618: 3602: 3598: 3551: 3547: 3536:"Connectionism" 3532: 3528: 3521: 3499: 3495: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3417: 3413: 3358: 3349: 3330: 3323: 3316: 3294: 3287: 3263:10.1038/524158a 3234: 3230: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3168: 3164: 3149: 3140: 3133: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3077: 3073: 3058: 3051: 3044: 3020: 3016: 3009: 2983: 2979: 2926: 2909: 2903: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2780: 2776: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2706: 2702: 2655: 2648: 2633: 2609: 2602: 2595: 2579: 2572: 2533: 2520: 2513: 2486: 2471: 2456: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2411:cogito ergo sum 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2365:Plant cognition 2350:Neuropsychology 2340:Motor cognition 2203: 2195:causally induce 2166: 2121: 2112:binding problem 2108: 2106:Binding problem 2091: 2066:virtual reality 2052:social behavior 2040: 1957: 1951: 1879: 1825: 1817:Boston Dynamics 1749: 1747:AI and robotics 1708: 1706: 1697: 1621: 1600:Self-disclosure 1587:intercorporeity 1548: 1523:Self-regulation 1509: 1507:Self-regulation 1464:self-regulatory 1370: 1337: 1272: 1250: 1217: 1211: 1148: 1037:Antonio Damasio 1025:neuropsychology 997:Louis Goldstein 957:Gregory Bateson 933:António Damásio 926:Neuroscientists 880:Rafael E. Núñez 836: 803:By early 2000, 626: 618:problem—solving 606:implicit memory 602:episodic memory 560: 553: 526: 519: 485: 467: 419: 407:plant cognition 320: 306:Terminology on 299: 258: 202: 173: 159:Self-regulation 97: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15307: 15297: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15259: 15258: 15256: 15255: 15243: 15232: 15229: 15228: 15226: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15159: 15157: 15156:Related topics 15153: 15152: 15150: 15149: 15139: 15129: 15123:Being and Time 15119: 15109: 15099: 15089: 15079: 15069: 15059: 15049: 15039: 15029: 15019: 15009: 14999: 14989: 14979: 14969: 14958: 14956: 14952: 14951: 14949: 14948: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14700: 14698: 14696:Metaphysicians 14692: 14691: 14689: 14688: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14515: 14514: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14452: 14450:Causal closure 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14426: 14424: 14420: 14419: 14417: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14324:Libertarianism 14321: 14316: 14311: 14309:Existentialism 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14270: 14268: 14264: 14263: 14256: 14255: 14248: 14241: 14233: 14224: 14223: 14221: 14220: 14208: 14193: 14190: 14189: 14186: 14185: 14182: 14181: 14178: 14177: 14175: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14148: 14146: 14142: 14141: 14139: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14072: 14071: 14061: 14056: 14050: 14048: 14042: 14041: 14039: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14012: 14010: 14008:Middle Eastern 14004: 14003: 14001: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13959: 13957: 13951: 13950: 13948: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13926: 13924: 13915: 13905: 13904: 13901: 13900: 13896: 13888: 13887: 13884: 13883: 13880: 13879: 13876: 13875: 13873: 13872: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13844: 13842: 13838: 13837: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13772:Existentialism 13769: 13767:Deconstruction 13764: 13758: 13756: 13750: 13749: 13747: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13600:Applied ethics 13596: 13594: 13585: 13579: 13578: 13575: 13574: 13572: 13571: 13566: 13564:Nietzscheanism 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13535: 13534: 13524: 13518: 13516: 13512: 13511: 13509: 13508: 13506:Utilitarianism 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13407: 13406: 13404:Transcendental 13401: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13371: 13370: 13369: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13342:Existentialism 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13298: 13292: 13286: 13285: 13282: 13281: 13279: 13278: 13272: 13270: 13264: 13263: 13261: 13260: 13255: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13227: 13225: 13219: 13218: 13216: 13215: 13210: 13209: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13167: 13165: 13161: 13160: 13158: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13130:Augustinianism 13127: 13121: 13119: 13113: 13112: 13110: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13073: 13071: 13064: 13058: 13057: 13054: 13053: 13051: 13050: 13045: 13043:Zoroastrianism 13040: 13035: 13029: 13027: 13021: 13020: 13018: 13017: 13016: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12965: 12964: 12963: 12958: 12948: 12947: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12900: 12898: 12892: 12891: 12889: 12888: 12886:Church Fathers 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12857: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12800: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12768: 12766: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12712: 12710: 12701: 12695: 12694: 12692: 12691: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12659: 12653: 12651: 12641: 12640: 12630: 12629: 12626: 12625: 12622: 12621: 12619: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12577: 12575: 12569: 12568: 12566: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12549: 12547: 12541: 12540: 12538: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12506: 12504: 12498: 12497: 12495: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12458: 12456: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12415: 12413: 12407: 12406: 12404: 12403: 12401:Libertarianism 12398: 12397: 12396: 12386: 12385: 12384: 12374: 12368: 12366: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12340: 12338: 12332: 12331: 12329: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12292: 12290: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12264: 12262: 12256: 12255: 12253: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12205:Metaphilosophy 12202: 12197: 12191: 12189: 12179: 12178: 12168: 12167: 12160: 12159: 12152: 12145: 12137: 12131: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12083: 12069: 12059: 12049: 12037: 12036:External links 12034: 12032: 12031: 11988: 11953: 11947: 11931: 11925: 11908: 11902: 11882: 11876: 11856: 11850: 11834: 11828: 11808: 11788:(1): 154–158. 11773: 11767: 11754: 11748: 11733: 11727: 11711: 11705: 11689: 11683: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11658: 11631:(4): 619–628. 11615: 11580:(5): 768–777. 11564: 11539: 11504: 11445: 11418:(1): 414–424. 11398: 11374: 11334: 11299: 11266: 11233: 11220: 11202: 11189: 11176: 11174:2(4): 217-228. 11163: 11150: 11137: 11124: 11111: 11057: 11014: 10965: 10916: 10857: 10833: 10809: 10766: 10751: 10694: 10643: 10638:1854/LU-762239 10616: 10573: 10546:(4): 240–259. 10530: 10471: 10465: 10434: 10407:(7): 905–922. 10391: 10364:(2): 804–813. 10348: 10305: 10270: 10224: 10167: 10126: 10080: 10061:(6): 732–737. 10041: 10014:(3): 190–199. 9994: 9967:(2): 135–156. 9947: 9918:(2): 221–231. 9898: 9859: 9808: 9789: 9750: 9726: 9702: 9643: 9628: 9602: 9596: 9570: 9535: 9528: 9502: 9495: 9472: 9431: 9395: 9368:(2): 237–252. 9345: 9292: 9243: 9189: 9174: 9123: 9074: 9027: 8969: 8942:(1): 124–129. 8926: 8875: 8824: 8795:(4): 745–753. 8775: 8744:(1323): 1323. 8718: 8699: 8648: 8619:(4): 705–716. 8603: 8588: 8559:(1): 399–402. 8536: 8509:(6): 853–864. 8493: 8482:(5): 759–774. 8466: 8447: 8404: 8385:(2): 158–173. 8369: 8342:(2): 296–309. 8326: 8299:(6): 351–355. 8283: 8270:10.1086/657240 8243: 8214:(9): 458–470. 8194: 8145: 8110: 8083:(7): 788–804. 8060: 8020: 7993: 7942: 7931:(2): 345–351. 7911: 7884:(2): 111–116. 7864: 7837:(3): 285–290. 7831:Emotion Review 7817: 7790:(1): 218–232. 7770: 7735:(8): 974–980. 7715: 7680: 7669:(3): 219–230. 7653: 7646: 7620: 7613: 7587: 7533: 7506:(4): 171–180. 7490: 7444: 7429: 7399: 7372:(1–2): 25–62. 7356: 7339: 7322: 7279: 7250:(5): 929–948. 7230: 7217: 7181: 7144:(3): 721–752. 7124: 7105:(3): 356–361. 7089: 7054: 7027:(3): 447–454. 7011: 6992:(3): 354–359. 6976: 6939:(1): 154–158. 6919: 6892:(4): 274–288. 6876: 6819: 6780:(3): 815–850. 6760: 6703: 6666:(4): 594–610. 6646: 6619:(5): 637–650. 6599: 6578:(5): 929–948. 6558: 6503: 6474:(2): 554–575. 6454: 6419:(7): 905–922. 6403: 6376:(2): 128–143. 6356: 6297: 6240: 6203:(4): 731–739. 6180: 6145: 6138: 6105: 6074: 6017: 5998:(1): 169–195. 5982: 5971:(3): 389–402. 5955: 5928:(1): 139–149. 5909: 5863: 5856: 5816: 5795:(3): 371–389. 5775: 5744: 5697: 5650: 5601: 5551: 5504: 5477:(3): 136–141. 5452: 5425:(7): 576–582. 5405: 5378:(6): 825–850. 5358: 5331:(1): 617–645. 5311: 5264: 5237:(6): 748–760. 5221: 5194:(3): 711–720. 5174: 5147:(1): 124–129. 5124: 5097:(4): 370–374. 5074: 5045:(1): 145–148. 5025: 5006:(3): 461–488. 4986: 4979: 4949: 4912:(4): 261–272. 4892: 4851: 4836: 4816: 4809: 4783: 4768: 4748: 4733: 4713: 4698: 4678: 4671: 4645: 4638: 4618: 4571: 4520: 4501:(3): 355–363. 4481: 4452:(2): 301–307. 4432: 4425: 4391: 4334: 4305:(3): 361–377. 4285: 4258:(5): 187–196. 4238: 4183: 4153:10.1.1.330.220 4126: 4107:(6): 431–461. 4087: 4080: 4060: 4053: 4033: 4026: 4006: 3988: 3977:(3): 328–350. 3958: 3951: 3919: 3912: 3892: 3885: 3862: 3855: 3832: 3825: 3798: 3763:(9): 345–351. 3743: 3736: 3716: 3697:(5): 939–973. 3666: 3651: 3631: 3616: 3596: 3545: 3526: 3519: 3493: 3468: 3461: 3438: 3431: 3411: 3347: 3321: 3314: 3285: 3228: 3215:10.2307/414069 3189: 3182: 3162: 3138: 3131: 3108: 3101: 3071: 3049: 3042: 3014: 3007: 2977: 2940:(4): 625–636. 2907: 2901: 2861: 2854: 2828: 2821: 2801: 2794: 2774: 2727: 2720: 2700: 2646: 2631: 2600: 2593: 2570: 2543:(2): 533–552. 2518: 2512:978-0262720212 2511: 2469: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2402: 2393: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2170:methodological 2165: 2162: 2120: 2117: 2107: 2104: 2090: 2087: 2039: 2036: 1953:Main article: 1950: 1947: 1927:sensory system 1878: 1875: 1824: 1821: 1806:Dario Floreano 1748: 1745: 1705: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1658:visual percept 1620: 1617: 1547: 1544: 1531:muscle-firming 1508: 1505: 1369: 1366: 1336: 1333: 1271: 1268: 1249: 1246: 1225:mirror neurons 1210: 1207: 1147: 1144: 1089:Gerhard Werner 1077:Walter Freeman 1033:Gerald Edelman 1016:Gerald Edelman 985:Alvin Liberman 945:self-awareness 929:Gerald Edelman 835: 832: 805:O'Regan, J. K. 742:psychoanalysis 678:Edmund Husserl 643:René Descartes 625: 622: 610:mental imagery 598:working memory 551: 517: 465: 418: 415: 322: 321: 312: 301: 300: 298: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 266: 264: 260: 259: 257: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 215: 213: 212:Related fields 209: 208: 204: 203: 201: 200: 197: 192: 187: 181: 179: 178:Bodily aspects 175: 174: 172: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 115: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 96: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 69: 67: 63: 62: 57: 51: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15306: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15271: 15269: 15254: 15244: 15242: 15234: 15233: 15230: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15198:Phenomenology 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15160: 15158: 15154: 15145: 15144: 15140: 15135: 15134: 15130: 15125: 15124: 15120: 15115: 15114: 15110: 15105: 15104: 15100: 15095: 15094: 15090: 15085: 15084: 15080: 15075: 15074: 15070: 15065: 15064: 15060: 15055: 15054: 15050: 15045: 15044: 15040: 15035: 15034: 15030: 15025: 15024: 15020: 15015: 15014: 15010: 15005: 15004: 15000: 14995: 14994: 14990: 14985: 14984: 14980: 14975: 14974: 14970: 14965: 14964: 14960: 14959: 14957: 14955:Notable works 14953: 14947: 14946: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14701: 14699: 14697: 14693: 14687: 14686: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14513: 14510: 14509: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14457: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14427: 14425: 14421: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14359:Phenomenalism 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14279:Action theory 14277: 14275: 14272: 14271: 14269: 14265: 14261: 14254: 14249: 14247: 14242: 14240: 14235: 14234: 14231: 14219: 14218: 14209: 14207: 14206: 14195: 14194: 14191: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14149: 14147: 14145:Miscellaneous 14143: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14070: 14067: 14066: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14051: 14049: 14047: 14043: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14013: 14011: 14009: 14005: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13960: 13958: 13956: 13952: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13927: 13925: 13923: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13910: 13906: 13898: 13897: 13893: 13889: 13871: 13870: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13841:Miscellaneous 13839: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13827:Structuralism 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13812:Postmodernism 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13802:Phenomenology 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13759: 13757: 13755: 13751: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13739:Vienna Circle 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13669:Moral realism 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13597: 13595: 13593: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13580: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13533: 13530: 13529: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13519: 13517: 13513: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13471:Phenomenology 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13411:Individualism 13409: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13376: 13375: 13372: 13368: 13365: 13364: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13299: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13287: 13277: 13276:Judeo-Islamic 13274: 13273: 13271: 13269: 13265: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13253: 13252:ʿIlm al-Kalām 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13228: 13226: 13224: 13220: 13214: 13211: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13201:Shuddhadvaita 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13173: 13172: 13169: 13168: 13166: 13162: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13135:Scholasticism 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13122: 13120: 13118: 13114: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13074: 13072: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13059: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13030: 13028: 13026: 13022: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12970: 12969: 12966: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12953: 12952: 12949: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12906: 12905: 12902: 12901: 12899: 12897: 12893: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12836: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12774: 12773: 12770: 12769: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12758: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12709: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12696: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12664: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12652: 12650: 12646: 12642: 12635: 12631: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12586:Conceptualism 12584: 12582: 12579: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12570: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12546: 12542: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12515:Particularism 12513: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12503: 12499: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12482:Functionalism 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12467:Eliminativism 12465: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12455: 12451: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12416: 12414: 12412: 12408: 12402: 12399: 12395: 12392: 12391: 12390: 12387: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12372:Compatibilism 12370: 12369: 12367: 12365: 12361: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12341: 12339: 12337: 12333: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12311:Particularism 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12289: 12285: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12263: 12261: 12257: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12158: 12153: 12151: 12146: 12144: 12139: 12138: 12135: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088:by Tim Rohrer 12087: 12084: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12070: 12067: 12063: 12060: 12057: 12053: 12050: 12047: 12043: 12040: 12039: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11994: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11959: 11954: 11950: 11944: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11922: 11918: 11914: 11909: 11905: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11883: 11879: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11861: 11857: 11853: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11825: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11787: 11783: 11779: 11774: 11770: 11764: 11760: 11755: 11751: 11745: 11741: 11740: 11734: 11730: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11702: 11698: 11694: 11690: 11686: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11667: 11654: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11619: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11568: 11554: 11550: 11543: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11508: 11500: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11472: 11468: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11449: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11402: 11388: 11384: 11378: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11343: 11341: 11339: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11303: 11294: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11270: 11261: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11237: 11230: 11224: 11217: 11211: 11209: 11207: 11199: 11193: 11186: 11180: 11173: 11167: 11160: 11154: 11147: 11141: 11134: 11128: 11121: 11115: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11073: 11069: 11061: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11018: 11010: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10992: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10969: 10961: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10920: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10861: 10847: 10843: 10837: 10823: 10819: 10813: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10777: 10770: 10762: 10755: 10747: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10698: 10690: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10647: 10639: 10635: 10631: 10627: 10620: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10577: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10534: 10526: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10475: 10468: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10443: 10441: 10439: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10395: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10352: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10309: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10281: 10274: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10231: 10229: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10171: 10163: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10130: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10087: 10085: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10045: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 9998: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9951: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9902: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9863: 9855: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9812: 9804: 9800: 9793: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9754: 9740: 9736: 9730: 9716: 9712: 9706: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9647: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9629:0-7803-6375-2 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9606: 9599: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9574: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9539: 9531: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9506: 9498: 9492: 9488: 9487: 9479: 9477: 9468: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9435: 9426: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9402: 9400: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9356: 9349: 9341: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9316:(2): 020105. 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9296: 9288: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9263:: 1183–1210. 9262: 9258: 9254: 9247: 9239: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9196: 9194: 9185: 9178: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9127: 9119: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9078: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9031: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8980: 8973: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8930: 8922: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8879: 8871: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8828: 8820: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8779: 8771: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8725: 8723: 8714: 8710: 8703: 8695: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8652: 8644: 8640: 8635: 8634:2027.42/94239 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8607: 8599: 8592: 8584: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8566: 8562: 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MIT Press. 2504: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2443: 2428: 2419: 2412: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2384: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2184: 2183:interpersonal 2179: 2175: 2171: 2161: 2160:is embodied. 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2116: 2113: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935:understanding 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1871: 1868:'s theory of 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846:psychotherapy 1843: 1842:phantom limbs 1834: 1829: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1790: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1701: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1639:which allows 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1588: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1543: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1504: 1501: 1498:) promote an 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1448: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1408: 1407:mirror neuron 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1391:William James 1388: 1383: 1374: 1365: 1363: 1357: 1353: 1345: 1341: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1278: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1245: 1243: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1206: 1203: 1197: 1195: 1194:visual search 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1168:cortical maps 1165: 1157: 1152: 1143: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100:Rodney Brooks 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1049:common coding 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 973:Evan Thompson 970: 969:Eleanor Rosch 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 937:consciousness 934: 930: 927: 923: 920: 915: 914:Eleanor Rosch 910: 908: 903: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 860:George Lakoff 857: 852: 848: 840: 830: 826: 821: 817: 815: 810: 806: 801: 799: 795: 790: 789:Connectionism 786: 784: 780: 776: 774: 773:George Lakoff 768: 766: 762: 758: 753: 751: 750:phenomenology 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 726:Evan Thompson 723: 722:Eleonor Rosch 719: 713: 708: 703: 701: 698:and proposes 697: 693: 692: 687: 683: 680:(1850–1938), 679: 674: 672: 671:connectionism 668: 664: 660: 655: 650: 648: 644: 640: 630: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 593: 591: 587: 581: 578: 574: 570: 565: 557: 550: 545: 543: 542: 531: 523: 516: 515:surroundings. 511: 508: 504: 498: 496: 492: 482: 481:Eleanor Rosch 478: 477:Evan Thompson 474: 470: 464: 461: 455: 453: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 423: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 332: 328: 317: 311: 310: 309: 302: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 267: 265: 261: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 216: 214: 210: 205: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 182: 180: 176: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 116: 114: 110: 107: 104: 100: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 70: 68: 64: 61: 58: 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 15173:Epistemology 15141: 15131: 15121: 15111: 15101: 15091: 15081: 15071: 15061: 15051: 15041: 15031: 15021: 15011: 15001: 14991: 14983:Nyāya Sūtras 14981: 14971: 14961: 14943: 14859:Wittgenstein 14804:Schopenhauer 14683: 14674:Unobservable 14524:Intelligence 14466: 14454: 14394:Subjectivism 14389:Spiritualism 14304:Essentialism 14284:Anti-realism 14210: 14196: 13867: 13858:Postcritique 13848:Kyoto School 13807:Posthumanism 13787:Hermeneutics 13642: / 13583:Contemporary 13559:Newtonianism 13522:Cartesianism 13481:Reductionism 13317:Conservatism 13312:Collectivism 13250: 12978:Sarvāstivadā 12956:Anekantavada 12881:Neoplatonism 12849:Epicureanism 12782:Pythagoreans 12721:Confucianism 12687:Contemporary 12677:Early modern 12581:Anti-realism 12535:Universalism 12492:Subjectivism 12288:Epistemology 12076:Paul Dourish 12055: 12045: 12003:(1): 44–57. 12000: 11996: 11965: 11961: 11938: 11916: 11911:Maturana M, 11893: 11867: 11841: 11819: 11785: 11781: 11758: 11737: 11718: 11696: 11674: 11628: 11624: 11618: 11577: 11573: 11567: 11556:. 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Putnam. 7317:219357722 7309:1556-5068 7274:228996307 7266:1939-2176 7160:1069-9384 7084:145191639 7006:1041-6080 6971:144762256 6955:1069-9384 6914:150176182 6906:2168-3603 6871:160013471 6855:1943-3921 6814:218595017 6806:1573-336X 6737:0956-7976 6680:0169-0965 6633:1863-9704 6594:228996307 6537:0956-7976 6490:1551-6709 6449:206984079 6433:0010-9452 6398:149415180 6390:1475-7257 6333:1664-1078 6274:0010-0277 6254:Cognition 6217:1756-8757 6175:0066-4308 6053:1531-5320 6012:143144859 5977:1231-1413 5922:Cognition 5491:0963-7214 5447:205500274 5259:253884261 5141:Cognition 4926:1864-5917 4887:0004-3702 4148:CiteSeerX 4140:Cognition 3777:1364-6613 3626:877987820 3272:1476-4687 3028:. BRILL. 2956:1531-5320 2761:0003-2638 2641:240822115 2489:Varela FJ 2083:blindness 2078:grounding 2062:Activists 2056:awareness 2012:neurology 1939:imagining 1802:Parrot SA 1704:Education 1674:frequency 1670:amplitude 1496:emoticons 1430:(AAC) or 1335:Reasoning 1285:scaffolds 614:reasoning 443:cognition 331:cognition 308:cognition 270:Education 149:Reasoning 60:Cognition 55:Theory of 15241:Category 15163:Axiology 15017:(c. 270) 14945:more ... 14899:Anscombe 14894:Strawson 14889:Davidson 14784:Berkeley 14724:Plotinus 14685:more ... 14624:Relation 14604:Property 14579:Ontology 14502:Identity 14423:Concepts 14354:Nihilism 14319:Idealism 14267:Theories 14217:Category 14172:Yugoslav 14162:Romanian 14069:Scottish 14054:American 13983:Japanese 13963:Buddhist 13945:Africana 13935:Egyptian 13777:Feminist 13699:Rawlsian 13694:Quietism 13592:Analytic 13544:Krausism 13451:Nihilism 13416:Kokugaku 13379:Absolute 13374:Idealism 13362:Humanism 13150:Occamism 13117:European 13062:Medieval 13008:Yogacara 12968:Buddhist 12961:Syādvāda 12844:Stoicism 12809:Cynicism 12797:Sophists 12792:Atomists 12787:Eleatics 12726:Legalism 12667:Medieval 12591:Idealism 12545:Ontology 12525:Nihilism 12429:Idealism 12187:Branches 12176:Branches 12128:SenseFly 12019:11340866 11937:(2001). 11915:(1987). 11913:Varela F 11892:(1999). 11886:Lakoff G 11866:(1989). 11864:Turner M 11860:Lakoff G 11840:(1987). 11838:Lakoff G 11818:(1980). 11812:Lakoff G 11804:17546746 11717:(1999). 11695:(1997). 11673:(1999). 11671:Brook RA 11610:15291233 11518:PsyArxiv 11499:26241042 11459:PLOS ONE 11432:23398182 11369:26888277 11098:28284802 11052:46859640 11044:29292232 11009:34188170 10960:37563301 10951:10415255 10903:31440188 10877:: 1825. 10804:28910358 10746:18948544 10689:31531220 10525:25972830 10421:21601842 10378:17317223 10343:18834507 10335:17362378 10211:16401424 10162:15616133 10121:43378988 10075:15973308 9989:16482566 9942:26304309 9893:20192785 9854:23576962 9770:(1): 3. 9689:31525309 9638:16846787 9238:29213236 9186:: 59–73. 9118:19884149 9061:30985182 9022:14592374 8964:15229389 8956:19056081 8921:24115930 8870:24204334 8819:28338892 8770:25505435 8694:21833268 8643:22777820 8583:22389521 8531:15974618 8442:14627317 8399:17645393 8356:12585805 8238:16899118 8230:23932069 8189:21914634 8140:21171803 8105:12584984 8097:21163473 8007:PsyArXiv 7988:33790829 7859:26352388 7812:17865973 7765:37445497 7757:19594858 7710:17286905 7582:14537829 7574:17510358 7520:14504450 7485:27900216 7394:34115898 7176:54587999 7168:30511231 7119:23422289 7049:18336850 7041:23138523 6963:17546746 6863:31111452 6755:20889932 6698:23700353 6641:92979433 6545:21813800 6498:28892176 6441:21601842 6351:25295021 6317:: 1071. 6292:15833301 6235:22961943 6061:11340866 5950:23251779 5942:16472550 5904:54494552 5896:10096994 5811:24943737 5739:18300171 5731:15811239 5684:15217330 5637:12412897 5596:25131897 5588:19396732 5546:14948542 5538:18470815 5439:15959465 5400:14948542 5392:18470815 5353:22345373 5345:17705682 5298:18979384 5251:23179581 5216:14827435 5208:20739194 5169:15229389 5161:19056081 5119:11584027 5111:12137141 5069:18949471 4944:23144668 4846:55963177 4778:77568561 4743:42328551 4708:42854121 4613:21117487 4605:19686292 4566:25620942 4540:: 1536. 4515:16099349 4468:14741110 4386:28667328 4329:17048719 4280:12252728 4272:10782105 4233:16274933 3939:(2000). 3937:Núñez RE 3933:Lakoff G 3785:10461197 3711:12239892 3661:45844220 3591:21833256 3406:24475048 3366:PLOS ONE 3203:Language 2964:12613670 2741:Analysis 2695:23408669 2557:10611787 2499:(1991). 2409:Latin: " 2201:See also 2185:warmth. 2150:symbolic 2146:paradigm 2022:and are 1991:from an 1907:referees 1689:robotics 1666:auditory 1627:and the 1492:all caps 1470:towards 1377:valence. 1318:and the 1270:Learning 1209:Language 1096:Robotics 868:linguist 746:Buddhism 730:enaction 696:thinking 654:vitalism 552:— 518:— 466:— 463:context. 460:embodied 399:robotics 275:Robotics 254:Robotics 144:Learning 134:Language 119:Concepts 15013:Enneads 15007:(c. 50) 14973:Timaeus 14963:Sophist 14909:Dummett 14904:Deleuze 14844:Russell 14834:Bergson 14829:Meinong 14809:Bolzano 14769:Leibniz 14749:Spinoza 14734:Aquinas 14719:Proclus 14649:Thought 14639:Subject 14619:Reality 14614:Quality 14584:Pattern 14544:Meaning 14519:Insight 14477:Essence 14462:Concept 14364:Realism 14329:Liberty 14294:Dualism 14167:Russian 14136:Spanish 14131:Slovene 14121:Maltese 14116:Italian 14096:Finland 14064:British 14046:Western 14036:Turkish 14021:Islamic 14016:Iranian 13968:Chinese 13955:Eastern 13922:African 13869:more... 13554:Marxism 13384:British 13327:Dualism 13223:Islamic 13181:Advaita 13171:Vedanta 13145:Scotism 13140:Thomism 13082:Tiantai 13025:Persian 13013:Tibetan 13003:Śūnyatā 12944:Cārvāka 12934:Ājīvika 12929:Mīmāṃsā 12909:Samkhya 12824:Academy 12777:Ionians 12751:Yangism 12708:Chinese 12699:Ancient 12662:Western 12657:Ancient 12616:Realism 12573:Reality 12563:Process 12444:Realism 12424:Dualism 12419:Atomism 12301:Fideism 12027:8984921 11984:2258750 11693:Clark A 11602:3379579 11490:4524628 11467:Bibcode 11440:7839454 11229:Neuron, 11106:3807834 11000:8242020 10894:6693419 10737:2737341 10716:Bibcode 10708:Science 10680:6721399 10516:4411987 10491:: 538. 10386:6603673 10189:Bibcode 9845:3620584 9735:"Atlas" 9418:: 147. 9370:Bibcode 9318:Bibcode 9229:5702630 9212:: 388. 9169:4179427 9161:5818337 9141:Bibcode 9109:2781884 8994:Bibcode 8912:3792367 8895:: 652. 8861:3817588 8844:: 698. 8810:5472128 8761:4241744 8685:3153818 8668:: 213. 8574:3290409 8461:3073610 8434:9599441 8364:1656906 8321:7414142 8180:3377965 7979:8005526 7962:: 703. 7906:1519354 7554:Bibcode 7546:Science 7528:9422028 7477:1415404 7386:2691184 6746:2978768 6689:3658147 6553:8601775 6342:4171992 6283:3908452 6226:3634974 6069:8984921 5692:1729870 5645:1274984 5499:1283759 5306:6329445 5060:3193944 5020:1486554 4935:3490067 4557:4287016 4476:7423629 4377:5493645 4356:Bibcode 4320:2746041 4225:2643163 4205:Bibcode 4197:Science 4170:4075760 4121:4170865 3997:Rosch E 3967:Rosch E 3793:3084733 3582:3153806 3565:: 197. 3397:3903487 3374:Bibcode 3280:4451332 3250:Bibcode 2769:3328150 2686:3569617 2565:8335544 2497:Rosch E 2318:Feeling 2191:priming 2158:ability 2032:control 1969:meaning 1625:sensory 1488:italics 1399:arousal 1368:Emotion 1175:of the 1116:sensory 953:Biology 941:emotion 809:Noë, A. 798:neurons 738:biology 624:History 524:, p. 4. 207:General 154:Emotion 49:Details 15147:(1981) 15137:(1943) 15127:(1927) 15117:(1846) 15107:(1818) 15097:(1807) 15087:(1783) 15077:(1781) 15067:(1714) 15057:(1710) 15047:(1677) 15043:Ethics 15037:(1641) 14939:Parfit 14929:Kripke 14919:Putnam 14879:Sartre 14869:Carnap 14819:Peirce 14764:Newton 14739:Suárez 14729:Scotus 14609:Qualia 14574:Object 14564:Nature 14559:Motion 14539:Matter 14472:Entity 14344:Monism 14126:Polish 14106:German 14101:French 14086:Danish 14076:Canada 14026:Jewish 13988:Korean 13973:Indian 13515:People 13436:Monism 13389:German 13357:Holism 13290:Modern 13268:Jewish 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